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MIKROBIOLOGIMIKROBIOLOGI MIKROBIOLOGIMIKROBIOLOGI
10/04/23 1Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB
POKOK BAHASAN1. Pendahuluan : Sejarah mikrobiologi, mikroba
menguntungkan dan merugikan, peranan mikroba dalam bidang peternakan.
2. Mempelajari organisme yang berukuran sangat kecil (mikroskopik) : bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, virus.Klasifikasi, struktur dan morfologi.
3. Metabolisme mikroorganisme : metabolisme energi, protein, lemak, karbohidrat. Metabolisme aerob, anaerob dan fotosintesa
4. Reproduksi : Cara reproduksi, kurva pertumbuhan, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
5. Ekologi mikroorganisme pada lingkungan peternakan : Distribusi di alam, interaksi antar mikroorganisme dan organisme lainnya
6. Ekologi mikroorganisme pada industri peternakan : peranan mikroorganisme pada ternak dan produk hasil ternak
7. Metoda deteksi dan enumerasi mikroorganisme pada lingkungan dan industri peternakan
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Dosen dan Penilaian• Dosen : 2 orang, kelas paralel• Penilaian :
– Quis– Tugas– Praktikum– Ujian : UTS dan UAS
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PUSTAKA • Pelczar, Jr., Chan, E.C.S, Krieg, N.R. 1987.
Microbiology. McGrraw-Hill Book Company. New York
• Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. 2001.Microbiology an Introduction. Addison Wesley Longman Inc. New York.
• Jay, J.M. 2000. Modern Food Microbiology. Chapman & Hall. New York
• Jurnal : www.asm.org
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Microorganism & Microbiology
Microorganism
• Living things which individually are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
• All of the following may be considered microorganisms:– bacteria (eubacteria,
archaebacteria) – fungi (yeasts, molds) – protozoa – microscopic algae – viruses – various parasitic worms
Microbiology• Study of microorganisms• Foundation of modern biotechnology • Among the many specialized fields of
microbiology-Virology, Mycology, Bacteriology, Immunology, Microbial Ecology, Biotechnological Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Forensic Microbiology, Molecular Biology
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Microorganism & Microbiology cont’d
Two main themes involved in Microbiology
1- Basic- cellular processes2-Applied- concerning agriculture,
industry and health
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Themes in Microbiology and its field
BacteriologyPhycologyMycologyVirologyParasitologyProtozoalogy
Microbial metabolismMicrobial geneticsMicrobial genetics
ImmunologyEpidemiologyEtiology
Infection controlChemotherapy
Environmental microbiology
Food & beverage techPharmaceutical microbiologyGenetic Engineering
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Microbiology• The branch of biology
concerned with the study of microorganisms and their activities
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Microorganisms can be:• unicellular• multicellular• acellular
– viruses– viroids– prions-proteinaceous infectious
particle
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Microorganism• Too small• Germ-rapidly growing cell• Has habitat• Live in population (not alone)• Communities are either swimming freely or
attached to a surface (biofilm)• Interact between communities; may either be
- harmful (because of waste product)- beneficial (cooperative feeding efforts-wastenutrient)
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Occurrence of Microorganisms
• Air, water. soil• Food • on the human body
– Only 1 in 10 cells of the body is human, the rest are microbial
– A square centimeter of skin holds about 100,000 microbes
– Humans are free of microbes until they pass through the birth canal
• environments– extreme
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Activities of microorganisms
• Destructive– Disease-EIDs
(emerging infectious diseases)
– Food spoilage– Eutrophication
Beneficial Activities- Foods - SCP (single
cell protein)– C, N, S, P cycles– Decomposition– Genetic engineering
(recombinant DNA
technology)– Bioremediation
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Microbes in our lives
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Microbes and agriculture
• Nitrogen fixation• Rumen microbes help digest grass
and hay in cows, sheep etc• Cycles nutrients (C, N and S)• Causes disease to animals and
plants
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Microorganism and Food
• Microorganism and food1) Prevent spoilage (tempeh, salted fish)2) Assist in manufacturing of food
• Microorganisms and energy1) Natural gas (methane)2) Ethanol (biofuel)3) Bioremediation
• Microbes and the future1)Genetic engineering
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Microbes and diseases
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•(384-322) Aristotle and others believed that living organisms could develop from non-living materials. •1590: Hans and Zacharias Janssen (Dutch lens grinders) mounted two lenses in a tube to produce the first compound microscope. •1660: Robert Hooke (1635-1703) published "Micrographia“; drawings and detailed observations of biological materials made with the best compound microscope and illumination system of the time. •1676: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) 1st person to observe microorganisms. •1883: Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe pioneered developments in microscopy (such as immersion lenses and apochromatic lenses which reduce chromatic aberration) exist until the present day. •1931: Ernst Ruska constructed the 1st electron microscope.
A Brief History of Microbiology
Development of microscopy
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Van Leeuwenhoek’s description of Bacteria
From his teeth, he observed(A)& (B)- rod forms(C) & (D)- motion pathway(E)- Spherical form(F)- Longer type of spherical form(H)- Cluster-Royal Society letter (Sept 17th, 1683)
The microscope usedSimple microscope (one lens)
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1836: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) helped develop the cell theory of living organisms, namely that that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells and that the cell is the basic functional unit of living organisms.
1861: Louis Pasteur's (1822-1895) famous experiments with swan-necked flasks finally proved that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation.
Spontaneous generation controversy1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678) was an Italian physician who refuted the idea of spontaneous generation by showing that rotting meat carefully kept from flies will not spontaneously produce maggots.
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The Golden Age of Microbiology ~1857-1914 (about 50 years)
Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugsRobert Koch a. Identified a bacterium as cause of anthrax
b. Introduced agar, inoculating loop to transfer bacteria and prepare pure cultures.
c. Introduced “Koch’s Postulates” and the concept that a disease is caused by a single organism.
Joseph Lister (1865) a. Introduced the “antiseptic technique”.b. Use of phenol (carbolic acid) as disinfectant.
Martinus Beijerinck (1884 - 85) a. Discovered “viruses” (toxins, poisons).b. Infectious agents in tobacco plant fluids.
Paul Ehrlich (1910) a. Introduced concept of chemotherapy.b. Use of salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis.
Alexander Fleming (1928) a. Discovered the first antibiotic - penicillin.10/04/23 20Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB
This eventually led to:
•Development of sterilization •Development of aseptic technique
Louis Pasteur's (1822-1895) famous experiments with swan-necked flasks
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1546: Hieronymus Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro) wrote "On Contagion", the 1st known discussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection.
1835: Agostino Bassi de Lodi showed that a disease affecting silkworms was caused by a fungus - the first microorganism to be recognized as a contagious agent of animal disease.
1847: Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865), a Hungarian physician- decided that doctors in Vienna hospitals were spreading childbed fever while delivering babies. He started forcing doctors under his supervision to wash their hands before touching patients.
Proof that microbes cause disease
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1857: Louis Pasteur proposed the “Germ theory of disease”. - Ancients believed that disease was the result of a divine punishment. Pasteur fought to convince surgeons that germs existed and carried diseases, and dirty instruments and hands spread germs and therefore disease. Pasteur's pasteurization process killed germs and prevented the spread of disease.
1867: Joseph Lister (1827-1912) introduced antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic acid on surgical instruments, wounds and dressings, he reduced surgical mortality due to bacterial infection considerably.
1876: Robert Koch (1843-1910). German bacteriologist was the first to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside the body using blood serum at body temperature.
Proof that microbes cause disease
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"Koch's postulates" (1884), the critical test for the involvement of a microorganism in a disease:
1.The agent must be present in every case of the disease. 2.The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro. 3.The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host. 4.The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host. This eventually led to:Development of pure culture techniques •Stains, agar, culture media, petri dishes
Koch's postulatesRobert Koch demonstrated the first direct role of a bacterium in disease
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Eucaryotes vs Procaryotes
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Eucaryotes• True nucleus
– nuclear membrane– more than 1 chromosome– chromosome replicated by mitosis– membrane-bound organelles
ex. algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, animals
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Eucaryotic Cell
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Procaryotes
• Nuclear area (nucleoid)– no nuclear membrane– 1 chromosome– no mitosis– ribosomes are the only membrane-
bound organelles
ex. bacteria (rickettsia, blue-green algae), archaea
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Procaryotic Cell
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic cells– No Nucleus– No Organelles– Cell Wall of
peptidoglycan– Binary Fission– 1 circular
chromosome
• Eukaryotic Cells– Nucleus– Organelles– If cell wall,
Cellulose or chitin– Mitosis– Linear
chromosomes
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Kelompok mikroorganismeKelompok
Ukuran Karakteristik spesifik
Bakteri 0.5-1.5µm x 1.0-3.0µm,
Prokariot, uniseluler, struktur internal sederhana, tumbuh pada media buatan, reproduksi aseksual (pembelahan sel)
Virus 0.015-1.2µm Sangat kecil (mikr.elktr), tidak tumbuh pada media buatan, obligat parasit
Yeasts 5.0-10.0µm Eukariot, uniseluler, tumbuh pada media buatan, reproduksi aseksual : pembelahan sel dan budding, seksual
Molds 2.0-10.0µm Eukariot, multiseluler dng struktur bervariasi, tumbuh pada media buatan, reproduksi : seksual dan aseksual
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Kelompok mikroorganisme
Kelompok Ukuran Karakteristik spesifik
Protozoa 2.0-200 µm Eukariot, uniseluler, tumbuh pada media buatan, bbrp tumbuh sbg parasit intraseluler, reproduksi seksual dan aseksual
Algae 1.0µm-bbrp feet Eukariot, uniseluler dan multiseluler, umum pd lingk.akuatik, mengandung klorofil, reproduksi :aseksual dan seksual
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