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Presentation of 6th Conf on Radioelectronic Systems
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„Psychofizjologiczne problemy integracji człowieka z systemami:
łączności, sterowania i dowodzenia a bezpieczeństwo operacji”
• Jerzy Achimowicz, Olaf Truszczyński, Grzegorz Nowicki
• Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Lotów i Klinika• Wojskowy Instytut Medycyny Lotniczej• Ul. Krasińskiego 54, 01-755 Warszawa,
6. KONFERENCJA URZĄDZENIA I SYSTEMY RADIOELEKTRONICZNE POD PATRONATEMKomitetu Elektroniki i TelekomunikacjiPolskiej Akademii NaukKomitetu Narodowego Międzynarodowej Unii Nauk Radiowych
STRESZCZENIE
• • Autorzy pracy dokonują przeglądu aktualnych tendencji rozwojowych i problemów badawczych pojawiających się na
skutek szybkiego rozwoju autonomicznych systemów uzbrojenia takich jak bezzałogowe pojazdy latające i naziemne oraz podwodne roboty pola walki.
• Mimo powszechnej automatyzacji systemów sterowania systemami pozwalającymi na rozpoznanie pola walki, prowadzenie działań bojowych oraz dowodzenie rożnymi rodzajami wojsk z zapewnieniem interoperacyjnosci w systemie NATO, rola czynnika ludzkiego staje się coraz ważniejsza.
• Z doświadczeń NASA w zakresie projektowania i realizacji złożonych misji/projektów takich jak np. nowy system kontroli lotów lotnictwa cywilnego i wojskowego wynika ze można osiągnąć większe bezpieczeństwo operacji jeżeli zmieni się tradycyjne podejście do integracji człowieka ze złożonymi systemami już na etapie ich projektowania. W tzw. modelu HSI (Human-System Integration) człowieka nie traktuje się jako potencjalne źródło problemów/błędów ale jako główny element systemu zapewniający jego niezawodność.
• W związku z tym w procesie projektowania np. centrów dowodzenia misją uwzględnia aktualne osiągnięcia w dziedzinie psychofizjologii przede wszystkim umożliwiające określenie zdolności poznawczych człowieka o raz ich zwiększanie prowadzące do efektywnego podejmowania trafnych decyzji.
• Powyższe podejście zostanie zilustrowane na przekładzie systemów selekcji i szkolenia operatorów dronów, projektowania ich systemów pilotażu wykorzystujących takie techniki jak augmented cognition and reality raz biofeedback AFTE ( Autogenic Feedback Traing Exercise) i BCI (Brain Computer Interface).
•
Human Systems Integration in Maintenance
5
A technician performs maintenance on a Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) in building 3202 in preparation for a test firing at the NASA Stennis Space Center. (ca. 2002)
Human System Integration
6
7
RECEIVE INPUT
PERCEPTION
INTERPRETATION
SITUATION ASSESSMENT
DECISION MAKING
ACTION EXECUTION SYTEM CONTROL
MACHINE OPERATIONSPROVIDE FEEDBACK TO USER
HMIs
Information Processing Model Wickens 1992
A View of the Human-Machine Interface
Conceptual Shift
From Human –Machine Interface
• From humans as a source of error…• To humans as a source of resilience
To a new paradighm – HSI
• (Human System Integration)
8
904/12/20239
New approach: HSI and Automation
Automation and Computer Science
Human Systems Integration
• Iterative technology requirements• Resilience and error implications
• Complex environment• Task requirements
1010
Human-Systems Integration
HumanFactors
Engineering
PersonnelSelection
Training Manpower Habitability PersonnelSafety and
Survivability
System and Task DesignHuman-System
Interfaces
Human Capabilities And Competencies
Adequate Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
Human Workload
Staffing and Work Distribution
Fitness for DutyHuman is Qualified,Rested, Motivated,
and Healthy
Together, these building blocks produce Optimal* Human Performance
Human-Systems Integration: Systems Engineering Motivation
Fewer Errors(Fewer Mishaps,
Reduced Scrap, Fewer Delays)
ReducedLife-Cycle Cost
andImproved Safety
and Mission Success
Reduced StaffReducedMaintainability
Improved HumanProductivity and
System Performance
Adapted from HSI chart byBased on DoD HSI Acquisition Approach (e.g., Army’s MANPRINT)
1111
SystemDesign
Human Performance Model-BasedRequirements & Standards
Generative Mechanisms ofHuman Performance
Human Performance Metrics & Models
Require
ments/N
eeds
Tech
nolo
gie
s & C
ap
abilitie
s
HSI Research Philosophy
Psychophysiology:from understanding functions
to developing countermeasuresfor a more resilient system and hence greater
operation safety
12
AUGMENTED REALITY AND AUGMENTED COGNITION
• Human-centered concepts of operation for the Next Generation Air Transportation System automation that promote
– Situation Awareness
– Transparent Automation
– Seamlessly Shared Authority
The major element of our work is the Cockpit Situation Display
Flight Deck Display Research LaboratoryGeneral Research Focus
The Flight Deck Display Research Laboratory (FDDRL) develops advanced display concepts and prototypes to support the Next Generation Air Transportation System.
UAV Ground Station Interface Advanced Flight Deck Interface
15
Cockpit Situation Display (CSD) This presentation is a brief overview of
the CSD, a prototype display developed by the FDDRL to support:
Integrated
Traffic Awareness
Terrain Awareness
Weather Awareness
Trajectory Management
Based upon availability of high quality information on traffic, weather and terrain
16
Weather DisplayGoal is to develop an intuitive 3D convective weather display.
Today:Classic Airborne Radar2D – Storm tops not displayed, must use tiltRange Limited – More tactical viewImmediate
NextRad 2D – Storm tops still not typically displayedRange unlimited - StrategicUpdates every 5-10 min
Today/Tomorrow:FAA is investing in “4D Weather Cube”Range Unlimited - Stragetic3D – Storm top information available4D – Forecast information availableUpdates every 1 min
17
Terrain Display
Goal is to develop a strategic trajectory-based terrain hazard display
• USGS SDTS DEM 30 meter Data• 3D extruded terrain for low
altitude 3D viewing• 2D projection for high altitude
3D viewing• Trajectory based terrain
alertingAmerican Sierra Nevada range approach
Tahoe Nevada
Talon and MAARS
LS3 Program & AlpaDog
• Tag Team Threat-recognition Technology Incorporates Mind, Machine
• September 18, 2012• DARPA links human brainwaves, improved sensors,
cognitive algorithms to improve target detection
• http://www.darpa.mil/NewsEvents/Releases/2012/09/18.aspxRead more: http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/this-is-your-brain-on-silicon/#ixzz2hv529y8z Follow us: @digitaltrends on Twitter | digitaltrendsftw on Facebook
BCI – Brain Computer Interface
Basically, a soldier wears an electroencephalogram (EEG) cap that monitors his brain signals as he watches the feed from a 120-megapixel, tripod-mounted, electro-optical video camera with a 120-degree field of view. (Translation: incredible detail in a huge range of vision.)
AFTE- Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise
AFTE Trainer Controls 20 Displays
1. Blood Volume Pulse left hand2. Blood Volume Pulse right hand3. Respiration Rate4. Heart Rate5. Skin Conductance Level6. Hand temperature7. Blood flow – head8. Blood flow – toe9. EMG – left arm10. EMG – right arm11. EMG – left leg12. EMG right leg13. Systolic Blood Pressure14. Diastolic Blood Pressure15. Mean Arterial Pressure16. Thoracic Fluid Volume17. Stroke Volume18. Cardiac Output19. Total Peripheral Resistance20. Vagal Tone
Typical Preflight AFTE SessionHeart Rate
45
55
65
75
85
bp
m
Cardiac Output
4
8
12
16
20
lite
rs/m
in
Mean Arterial Pressure
70
80
90
100
110
1 25 49 73 97 121 145 16915-second means
mm
Hg
Skin Conductance Level
20
25
30
35
40
1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169
15-second means
mic
rom
ho
s
Total Peripheral Resistance
4
8
12
16
20
1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169
15-second averages
un
its
80
120
160
200
240
ohm
s/cm
Stroke Volume
BioHarness and Software
Measures
• Electrocardiography• Respiration• Chest Skin Temperature• Posture• Activity• Acceleration (XYZ), minimum and peak
BioHarness
• Requires non-skin contact sensors
• Can interface with a PC or cell phone
• No sensors for skin conductance, hand temperature, and blood flow, EMG
A Autonomous Mode Behavior: condition when a high state of physiological arousal is accompanied by a narrowing of the focus of attention
• Sustained Operations:Fatigue, vigilance, sleep loss, contribute to human error accidents
Performance x Phases of Flightflight 1 (pre-training) vs flight 2 (post-training): AFTE
Performance DimensionsCrew Coordination
and Communication
Planning and Situational Awareness
Stress Management Aircraft Handling
Checklist execution * Taxi/takeoff
Initial cruise
Touch & go + * *Cruise search & rescue * *
Emergency initiation * * *Emergency return to base * *Emergency approach & landing * * *
flight 1 vs flight 2 for Controls were not significant, except a lower score for touch and go (+) on flight 2
* p <0.05
Future Applications of AFTETransfer NASA Technology and Validation Studies
• Training of Polish Military Pilots• Training of U.S. Naval Pilots for Airsickness Mitigation• Training of U.S. Veterans as a Treatment for Post-
Traumatic Stress Syndrome• Training of Astronauts and Cosmonauts
Develop/ Test New Monitoring and Training Capabilities• Stream-line software• Neuro-feedback and autonomic coherence• Unobtrusive physiological Monitoring
Towards a dynamic balance between humans and automation: authority, ability, responsibility and control in shared and cooperative control situations
•ÜbersichtFlemisch, F.; Heesen, M.; Hesse, T.; Kelsch, J.; Schieben, A.; Beller, J.: Towards a dynamic balance between humans and automation: authority, ability, responsibility and control in shared and cooperative control situations, In: Cognition, Technology & Work (CTW), Springer, Berlin 2011, ISSN 1435-5558, S. 1-16 (online)KurzfassungProgress enables the creation of more automated and intelligent machines with increasing abilities that open up new roles between humans and machines. Only with a proper design for the resulting cooperative human–machine systems, these advances will make our lives easier, safer and enjoyable rather than harder and miserable. Starting from examples of natural cooperative systems, the paper investigates four cornerstone concepts for the design of such systems: ability, authority, control and responsibility, as well as their relationship to each other and to concepts like levels of automation and autonomy. Consistency in the relations between these concepts is identified as an important quality for the system design. A simple graphical tool is introduced that can help to visualize the cornerstone concepts and their relations in a single diagram. Examples from the automotive domain, where a cooperative guidance and control of highly automated vehicles is under investigation, demonstrate the application of the concepts and the tool. Transitions in authority and control, e.g. initiated by changes in the ability of human or machine, are identified as key challenges. A sufficient consistency of the mental models of human and machines, not only in the system use but also in the design and evaluation, can be a key enabler for a successful dynamic balance between humans and machines.
•Schlagworte
Assistant systems, Automation, Human-machine cooperation, Adaptive automation, Levels of automation, Balanced automation
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