ofSy'I d'Gw'D g' ofSy'I ;i-h'Def]cf] d'Gw'Dn[G

s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-of

_a'wl n]s-jfxfI vfDwfs-

tSgfxG (Introduction):

;'ofIa[Da[Kdf] d'Gw'DdlG d'FfafIxfCF[ yfs- s'wfs- rSd'Ff k[Dd'Ff d[aft-t'FV ylSg[Pf]C glg[Pf]CF[ d[P[K;'F

d[o'MF'aff ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G y'I;fKmfCcfI s';lI glk-dfaf]i-. gft-nf gft-nfcf] clStls- g' ;fDbls-xfCF[

rf]s-;fI d[Tt'af kfg-a]claf tIclt- ;fDdlnf kf]i-ifI j[a'GbfS of jfwfSgfnfD j[a'Gbfq] s[Fd-af rfJ x[Ss]

;fDhlS d'Gw'Dn[G ru'af r[Id'Sk[Nn[ d'FfnfD rSd[Da'Caf k'GgfI s'aG s'aGcf] ng-. sGglG m[hlSs'DafFC

d[g-gfI ;fDhlSs'Daf ;'Tnf k[GgfDcf] d'Ff d'Ff xli[cfI jfC. c'gfx'Fl o[DdfI sTgfaf ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G

;fSylDV o[TpfDafhfV dfIwlD/;fDof]V ylDhlSV yfs-o'ylDV nf]o[DwlDV ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzSxfC kf]u[wSkf

tS_;fKd'Gw'Ddlaf x[GhlzSefcfI kfk-df;fI v[Db'C.

sF sG d'Gw'D s[FCaf ;'TnfclG kfk-df g' v[Dd[Nn[ cfSv[Gaf ;'F'Caf rf]s- v[Defc] sG ;'Tnf ;lufI gld-

;lIdfcfI zSgld- rf]s-dfV x[GhlwSdf g' g'D;]s-slG s';lIglk-dfcfI ;fDhlS d'Gw'Dn[G ;fIblu[af s'a] mfi-

d[G s[w'Daf rf]s-. x[GhlwSdf g' s'a] mfi-d[G v[Daf ofIofIaf g' ;'F'Caf xf]k-. clS;fu[G vfDa]s-df] g'

tFi-blI tfI;fIn[G d'bfInlId[G cfSv[Gaf ofDaf kT x[Ss]cfI t'Iu'u[G j[Fi-n[G d'xInlId[G cfSv[Gaf d'xlk-

;f]af g[ v[Defc] ;fDhlS d'Gw'Dn[G s'x[GhlnfV s'a]V s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-ofclG s';lIglk-df g' zSgld-

rf]s-d[G kfSn'Daf rf]s-. sG ;lufI gld-;lIdfcfI ;fSylDdlafV ;fDof]clafV yfs-o'clafV ;fKkfg-glaf g'

;fDhlSs'Daf glnfDdf]g' zSgld- rf]s-d[G r'Ijfu[G t]s-vlD s[d'SkfcfI gfDef]of] x]df s[g[af d[GpfDu[G

gfDofKdl;fclNn[G ;lu] s';f];fDdlG jfofu[G ySn'K ;lufIg' sf]k-dfcfI nk-df s';ls- of

d'xInlI_v[xInlIcf]af d'xlk-;f]_y[xlk-;f]jfaf t'Iu'u[G j[Fi- ;lufIg' nTylS tf]s-;]CclG vldfcfI nk-df

s';ls-nf].

r[ofd-ef] (Problem):

d'Gw'DdlG ;'TnfF[ glnfDdf]g' ofSy'In[G ‘d'S’ x[Ss]cfI ;fSylDn[ glnfDdf]g' nTylS s'uKnlIcf] cfTtlG

;lufI ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G o[TpfDafhf xlIi[cfI ofS. ;fKzSn[ glnfDdf]g' k'I;fKzS cfTtlG ;lufI yfs-

o'claf ;fDdlnfF[ gfcla]s-sf] kfIv[bfCV oScfi- v[bfCV clStls-slaf g' ;fDbls-slaf kfI;fDdlnfV kfI;fDnf]V

d'Skfg-V kfg-n'K g' sf]o[Daf v[bfCV ;'DV kfIjfclnfV ;fDdlnfV gl;fd-a]V nS;fd-a] g' df;fd-a]xfC xli[cfI

ofS. tS_;fKd'Gw'D cfTtlNn[ ofSy'In[G ofIhlSV ;'dfhljf g' ylDhlSxfCV xlDafqDV s[;'qI g' ;'TgfF[G kf]wS

rf]u'C. xft-tlG sa'u[G kfIe]Caf ;'bf o'd]V t'Tt'u[G t'DofIxfIV m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[Ff g' ;lefS

ofg' t'Da'xfCg' ;'ufDdfI jfCV o'IV nfIP]s- v[Nn[ d'Gw'Dn[ kfg-bfCcf] oFlS clt-gld-V yfclI g' ;lSs'DblI

glIjfC sTt'. sF v'g[CcfI d'Gw'DdlG y] Z ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] s'b[GV s'a[G g' s'o[s-of y] jfC Z s'glIjfC

;lufI s';lI glt-t'cfI jfC;fI xU;[CcfI kfk-df d[;'St'G.

;]g-nfKxfC(Questions):

d'Gw'Dn[ kfg- kfk-dfF of zSgld- rf]s-dfF k]s-d[Nn[ glIjfC ;lufI cfKmfn-n[;fI sSs]bIaf kFlSkf

;]jfu[G ;]g-bf]xfC glIjfC ;lufI d[bfM:

(1) d'Gw'D ;'TnfclG ;'ofIa[Da[Kdf] kfk-df g' v[Dd[Nn[ ;'F'Caf jfCaf x[Ss]bIaf ofDglIjfC kf]i- sF sG

;'Tnf ;lufI gld-;lIdfcfI zSgld- rf]s-dfF k]s-d[Nn[ d'Gw'Dn[G s'a] mfi-df g' x[GhlwSd[G v[Daf ;'F'Caf

d[af]i-g[G. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'D d[Kdfgfa[G ;[Svfc] y]af Z sNn[ s'a]clG cfSs]FlS x[GhlwSdf ;'St[T

Z d'Gw'DdlG cfSv[G kFlSsf] xfMdf ;'St[T Z

(2) d'Gw'Ddlaf g' ;fDhlSs'DafV ;fSylDdlaf g' ;fDof]claffV ;fKkfg-glaf g' ;fKzSslaf glnfDdf]g' zSgld-

rf]s-d[Nn[ ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] d'Gw'Dn[G y] s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-of jfC Z y] d'Gw'DdlG tfChlSkf g'

;fKrlclaf rf]s-kl Z

;fKkGxfCF[G F[Igld- (Review of Literature):

ofSy'I ;fDhlS d'Gw'D ;fDbfI v[Def ;fKkGxfC vfM]df ;'Sd[Gb[Tg[G. d[jfC;fI ;'NnlSFS d[jfC. ;fDhlS

d'Gw'DxfC m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]s-sf] ;fDafV o[af]s-sf] o[af_o[dfV t'Tt'u[G t'DofIxfI g' d'Gw'D;faf

vbfSdlxfCnfD rSd'Ff k[Dd'Ff d[aft-t'F o[MafNn[ d'Gw'DdlGgfI do[MF o[Mu[F g'a[F o[McfI rlelelk-kf kf]s-v[

r'F[.

zlFlhIufxfI (822_925)V zlFlhIuf t[OcI;l (1704_1741)V nfn-zf]U ;[GbfI (1840_1926) g' afh-alU

yNnI;lF[ of]bIcf]cfI d'Gw'D ;fKkGxfC ;fFlS d[jo[ s[FCaf kUdfIul vfM]d[b[Tg[G. tIa]_1929n[ cldfg-;lI

r[d-hIn[ ‘zlFlhIuf d'Gw'D’ ;fKt'cfI jo[ (m'F'Daf]C_1997). kf]i-df ;'S ofSy'I ;'jfIif] v[G d'Gw'D

;fKkGglG s[F[Sg'n-n[ ylS;lu]s-kf. v[G c]ufI 1931 n[ ;'a]bfU a'wlFfh- mfuf] g' h;- dfg- ;fd-ef;lF[

‘slFft-;fD d'Gw'D’ ;fKt[;'cfI jo[ (nlDa' h]VcfU_ 2002). sGglG gl;lu]s-kf d'Gw'D ;fKkG kf]s-v[.

‘zlFlhIuf d'Gw'D’ (1929) g' ‘slFft-;fD d'Gw'DxfCcf] y]w] d[aT vfM]df ;'S d[Gb[Tt] jfC.

gfhlFl tIa] 1961 n[ zf]w'Iu[G cldfg-;lI r[d-hIn[ ‘slFft- d'Gw'D’ ;fKt'cfI jo[. v[Ggf] clS;fu[G

vfDa]s-V s]hIu[G ;'FlTV reTt] y'IjfV j[FS j[FIV yfa'u[G ;lInfV yS;fu[G k';f g' d[GpfDu[G ofKdlF[

kf]s-df d'Gw'D kT. sF sG ;fKkGglG m[hlSs'Daf g' ;fDhlSs'Daf ;'Tnf g' b]j-gfufFlS zSzSsf] jfCa[Nn[

s';lI glk-df rfC. 1991n[ ;'SvlD o'Smf] gl;fDnSnfD y'k[T s[af]i-af ‘kft-tlnf ;fKzS’ (ofSmf 9 g' 10)cf]

zf]w'Iu[G alValV d'FlInfF[ ;fKt'af v[CnS (chapter) ‘rclt- d'Gw'D’cf] dlV rfJV ;'Flt-V clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V

tfI;fI vfDa]s-nS g' d[GpfDu[G ofKdl rclt-xfC cfSs]FlS kfs-v[ s[FCaf kfg-xfC kT. sG ;fKkGglG kft-

tlnfcf] jfCa[Nn[ ;'ofIa[DafF[ nful glk-df g' s';lI glk-df ;'Ss[b[Kkf jfC. x[Ss]FlSs] tIa] 1991cfI sTgf

;fDglaf g' d'Gw'D;fafxfCF[ d[;fKt' d[oM'F';laf ylSg[Tpl d'Gw'D ;fKkGxfC d[jfC. v[GxfC cfSs]bIaf d[jfC Z

y]F[ ;fDbfI n'Da]s-(centerlised/focused) d[jfC. clt-vSjf of tf]o[DjfclG (limitation) y]w] jfC Z

v[Nn[ nful ylSylS d'Gw'D ;fKkGxfC F[Igld- rf]s-d[G o[s-kf jfC.

;fKkf]s- rf]s-d[G d'Gw'D (s}nf_1991)cf] s'tfK;fDdfI vMdf ;lFlIdf vMdfV tS;I dl;]s-V t[GpfDdf vMdfV

o'dfdfI vMdf xlD;fDdfIxfC vMdfV y[af ;fDdfI (s]d-af/cfDe' ;[clt-dfI) vMdfV cf]rfFf klKrfdf g' j[uIdf vMdf g'

s'wS s[Flk-d[Nn[ s'dfIu[GgfC rf]s-dfF[ kfg-xfCFT kf]wSdf sf]t-t'';lcfI d[aT.

gfx[G d'Gw'D (1994)cf] a}Fful s}nfF[ d[GpfDu[G ofKdl;fxfCF[ df;l vs-;lg- t'D;[cfI d[wfK;'Nn[ s'PSdfg-

klGb[ k]cfI n'I;fDbfI r'St[cfI ccl kf]s-v[af. vfDn'I cclg- g' ;'DbfI tSdl n'Ddf] gfx[G kf]s-v[af kfg- g'

tfu[ tfSgfD ;[s-df m[MF[Nn[ vfDn'I cclNn[ tfSgfDdl cfa' ;[F'af xSt';lcfI g' s'g'Ddf] gfx[G kf]s-df x]s-

t[afF[ kfg-xfC d[aT.

;fD;f]Pf d'Gw'D (s}nf_1994) nfD ;'xfIa[Daf g' nfxfbIgf;lF[ rlTnlIu] d'oi-af ;fDbfI cfa'u[G ;fxfC s]t-

t[;lcfI oSv[;l. v[Da[Nn[ nTylS rlxfK xfKt'V g[KdfIn[ v]t-t[;lcfI gfKgfKkf r[O;lNn[ t[s-v[cfI k'CF[.

x[Ss]n-n[u nfKm];[ tM];[;la[G ofSk]s-sf] r'St[cfI ;a[G;lI kf]s-v[cfI nlIP[. c]ufI v[G d'of o'Sgf kf]s-

v[. d'ofclNn[ vfDaf]i-af t[Daf]i-afxfCF[ ;fM_cM]xfC t]CF';lcfI o[s-v';l. ylSo[G dlStfS;f] kfn-nfclI;fxfCF[ r]n-

nldfV ;fKkFl k[DaFld[GgfI d'ofclNn[ j[bf]cf]g' kSv' t]CF'cfI s'xfKkf] s[Tt'af kfg-xfC s';lI glt-t[T.

tI;lI tSdf d'Gw'D (s}nf_1995)cf] o[ufqI;lI mf]i-dfV cs-jfuf] ;fInfIuf]afxfC tls-dfV m'Ijf rfIdfV jfofu[G

kIn'I n[KdfV ;l tI;lI g' xlI tI;lI ;[DdfV dfIjf s'bs- klCdfV g[Ttlu[G s'm'I tf]s-dfV reT y'Ijf m'IdfV

kft-y'Iu[G n]s-if tfk-dfV m'Ijf nli-df g' s'g'Ddf] cTt'u[G nfi[ g'i-df d'Gw'DxfC xSt';lcfI d[aT.

;;lS d'Gw'D (1995)cf] s}nfF[ vfKk'Ff g[NnIblDdf tlu[GhIgf ;l;fu[G d[GplG s[F[cfI s]F'I sf]xld- nfCdf

x]s-t'. ylSo[G s'FfIxfC xfUbfC;f n[CF'cfI n'I;fDbfI s]hIu[G ;'Flt- jfg-plIn o'Ii[Nn[ cfDb'S ;fxfD nfM;[cfI

s]hIu[G ;'Flt-;f;lT jfg-b'. sF sDafqI d[Kdf d[F[;'Da[Nn[ ;fD;' odlI df;lGgfI xStSsf] v[G cfa'u[G

;fclG ;fM]w. c]ufI vf v[G ;;lS ;';'Cd]t- kf]s-v[ s[FCaf kfg- kT.

ofSy'I t[GwfD d]s-vlD (1998)cf] kGwfs-n[ ;fD;lF] yl mlDdfV gfx[G vMdfV ylaf]i- ofSy'I ;'jfIif] rf]s-df

s[af]i-af ylDxfCV dfIu[GgfC rf]s-dfV d]s-sfD sfDdfV ;]jf df]dfV o[xfI ;[MdfV mf;f tf]n-nf nlF[ yfIdfV cGbI

;fif gfs-df g' m'Ijf rfIdf kfg-xfC ;fKt';lcfI d[aT.

ofSy'I m'I;f]s- tlDdf d'Gw'D (1999)cf]cfI ;fD ;lF] yl;f]s- mlDdfV o[xfI ;[MdfV klTpf ;'Daf]s- m[IdfV

g[xfIdf vMdfV gfx[G vMdfV dfIu[Ggf vMdf reTn'I ofi[jf ;fDV xfFfdf klTpfdf ;fD mlDdfV o[s- yfMdf (jf;fi-V

;lUkI yfMdf) tfu[Ff glIjfCm' ofC xfSdf d'Gw'DxfC kGwfs-xfIilNn[ xSt';lcfI d[aT.

;'D;[Daf o[uqI;lI tI;lI tSdf d'Gw'D (kGwfs-_2001)cf] sG d'Gw'D ;fKkGgf] tfKm]i- rf]s-dfV

tfK;fDdfI vMdfV cSjfgfdf yl;f]s- klCdfV klFlD;lI tfIdf d'Gw'DV o[xfI ;[Mdf d'Gw'DV d'hlSgf v[of]i-gfF[

d'Gw'DV n'Iw'I sfcl m[SdfF[ d'Gw'DV g[xfIdf vMdfV m'Ijf rfIdf d'Gw'DV clw'S ;f]Pf gfk-df d'Gw'DV jfof

kIn'I n[Kdf d'Gw'DV ;lu[ ;f];fD m'Idf g' tlIblI gfx[G yfMdf d'Gw'DxfC d[aT.

;ld]FlI d'Gw'D (2003)cf] kGwfs-xfIilNn[ ;fD;lF] yl;f]s- mlDdfV ;fD rDdfV vf c'dfV tI;lI tls-df g'

tSdfC klCdfV klFlD;lI tfIdf d'Gw'DV o[xfI ;[Mdf d'Gw'DV d'hlSgf v[of]i-gfF[ d'Gw'DV n'Iw'I sfcl m[SdfF[

d'Gw'DV g[xfIdf vMdfV m'Ijf rfIdfV o[xfI ;[Mdf d'Gw'DV m[bfIdfV ;fDaf g' o[xfC jfF'D;lDdfV tfu[Ff glIjfCm' ;ls-

slq yfMdfV g[Ttl s'm'I ;[DdfV s';lj[T g' s'xlIj[T ;fD ;[DdfV dlSjf gfO ;fIdfV v[dfxlD oDdfV ;lnfD ;fSdf g'

;fD;]s-df d'Gw'Dn[ kfg-xfC ;fKt';lcfI d[aT.

rclt- d'Gw'D (s}nf_2003) gfjfu[G rclt- kf]i-dfV yfMa'u[G ;lInfi- kf]i-dfV ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV g[Ttlu[G

s'm'IV oIPIu[G if;fV ;lSr]g- yfCafV jfofu[G kIn'I g' d[GpfDu[G ofKdl kf]i-df d'Gw'DxfC sG rclt-

d'Gw'Ddf] vfM]d[b[T.

d'hf]t-n'I v[hf]t-n'I d'Gw'D (kGwfs-_2003) ;lufI o'df d'Gw'DV ;af ;fDdfIV g[xfIdfV tS;Idl;]s- kf]s-df

d'Gw'DV ofIvg-hdf kf]s-dfV clb'S ;f]Pf kf]s-dfV o[ufqI;lI mf]i-dfC d[GpfD ofKdl rf]s-dfV cSjfgfdf mf]i-dfV

jfof kIn'I n[KdfV dfIu[GgfC d[TplIdfV g[xfIdf vMdfV ;fclt- gfs-df d'Gw'DxfC d[aT.

;fDglaf t]h-dfg- cfIb[Da]F[ (The Classical Limbu Language: Grammar and Dictionary of a Kirat

Mundhum, 2011), cf] ‘d'Gw'D’ ;'TnfclNn[G ‘s'a'I kf]i-df’ ;fDbfI x[GhlwS rf]u'F s';'S;'S s'a] mfs-cfI

ofSy'I d'Gw'Dn[G ofSy'I ;fKkfg- g' x'Kkfg-cf] s'b[G g' s'o[s-ofclG kf]wSdf sf]t-t'cfI kT. sF ;fDgla[Nn[

s'ofd-aSslG r'NnlSg'n-n[ oNnlS x'Kkfg- ;fDbfI n'Da]s- kf]s-v[cfI jfC.

al;-g' g'uf] (2012)n[ o[af]s-sf] o[bls-nfafV F;[Gwf]h- tfDnlInfD rTofs- rf]u'cfI zSnlIwf]s- rf]u'af

‘s'bf]k-df ;ltI;lI tSdf d'Gw'D’cf] ylS;lu]s-a[Kdf] ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] ;ldf kf]i-ilNn[ cfSs]FlS y]w]

rf]s-df kf]i- s[FCaf rf]s-ylDn[G kfg- g' gl;lu]s-a[Kdf] ;ltI;lI tls-dfF[G d'Gw'D kT. sG ;fKkGcf]cfI

d'Gw'Dn[G s'x[Ghl d[aTg[G.

;fKkGxfCF[G tf]o[Djf (Limitation of Literature):

sG yfi- F[Igld- s[af]i-af d'Gw'D ;fKkGxfC clI;'Ddlaf (informative), rlc'i-d'Skf, g'i-h[Daf (reflective)

g' ;'Tnf ;fKk]cf] s'Gw]nlaf d[hf]s-. sF ylSr'D ylSk] n[SvfIg' n[Sjfu[G rDof]s- ySdf;lF k]s-d[Nn[

;fKkGxfCcf] tf]o[DjfxfCcfI vfM]b[T. ylS;lu]s-k[Kdf] ;fDglu[Daf t]h-dfg- cfIb[Da]F[ s';fKkG kfxlS clNnlS

;fKkGxfC m[hlFl m[bfIdfV cf;fDuf] ;fDe[Ff g' ;lefS ofg' t'Da'xfCF[ o[xfI d'Gw'D d[aft-t'afxfC d[;'K;'cfI

zSnlIwf]s- d[hf]u';lcfI d[jfC. sG ;fKkGxfCcf] d'Gw'D d[Kdfgf y] s[FCaf kfg-glG v[Def x[GwS d[hf]u'F

s'a] d[efs-v'cfI kKkf vfM]d[b[Tg[G. gl;lu]s-a[Kdf] ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] d'Gw'Dn[G y] s'b[G g' s'o[s-of jfC Z

sG k[GhlxfC ;fKd'Gw'DV ;fSylDV dfIwlDV ;fKkfg-V ;fKzS g' ylS;]i-jfF[ glnfDcfs]g' ;[af]Ffaf g'

tfrlSslaf d[hf]s- of d[Ghf]s-g[G v[G d'Gw'D ;fKkGxfCF[ kf]d[wSt'G. ;'D;lu]s-k[Kdf] ;fKkGxfC m[hls'Daf

(classical), ;fDhlSs'Daf (philosophical) g' yfs-o'claf ;fKk]cf] ;'Tnf g' gft-nfxfC d[aKk[Nn[ ;'ofIa[DafV

;fDglu[DafV ;fDglaf g' x[Gglk-kf_x[Gglk-dfxfCF[ nful glk-df g' s';lI glk-df ;fFlSs] sf]xlwfi-af rf]s-.

d'Gw'D ;fKkG ;lufIaf n'D;l (central theme) g' s';]s-kf kfg- g' rf]dlSxfC (ideas) gli-b[D (grasp)

rf]s-df d[hfC. nl;lu]s-k[Kdf] oFlS tIaf d'Gw'D ;fKkGxfC rclt- kf]i-df d'Gw'DV dfI vMdf ylD g' ylD;]g-

xfCcf]FC n'Da]s- d[af]s-v[cfI d[jfC. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ sG ‘ofSy'I d'Gw'D g' ofSy'I ;i-h'Def]cf] d'Gw'Dn[G

s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-of’ ;fDbfI ofFlK s[af]i-af ;fKkSjfclNn[ d'Gw'Dn[G s'a] xDdf g' ;i-h'Def]cf]

d'Gw'Dn[G s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-ofclG n[Sjfu[G rDof]s- ySdf sf]t-t'.

ylD;]g-wS g' ofa'G (Methodology and Source):

cfTtlGpfI r[ofd-ef]xfCF[ s'a]xG rf]s-df g' ;]jfu[G ;[g-bf]a]xfC gf]uKdf;lF[ nful j]Cj] kFlSkf j]Cj]

ofa'GxfC cf]ufK rf]s-dfcfI clI;'DjfxfC(informations) m'Idf ;'St[T. sG clI;'DjfxfC s'ef yStf]af ofa'G (personal source)g' s'ef ;fKtf]cljf ofa'G(documentary source) nfD kf]i-.

sG ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;fDbfI gld-;lDdfcfI zSgld- rf]s-dfF[ nful ylS;lu]s-a[Kdf] yStf]af ofa'G clI;'DjfxfC

kfIe]C kfIe]Caf ;fDhlS d'Gw'Dn[G ;fIblu[af t'Tt'u[G t'DofIxfIV vbfSdlV kfg-hfs-_clIhfs-;fDaf g' m[hlFl

m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[FfV ;lefS ofg' t'Da'xfCcf]g' tfCh[Iul g' kfg-wSjfnfD m''Sv'I;lIcfI d[jfC. s'ef

clI;'DjfxfC dfIV d[Po'Nn[V dfI d[g[;'Nn[V dfI d[;ft-t'Nn[V kfg-bfCxfC d[xGb'GNn[ ofSy'I d'FfafIxfCg'

o'ifI_jofIifI ;ffKnli- g' rTofs- rf]u'I;lI m'Sv'I;lifI g' s'ef dfIb]s- d[PMo'Nn[V tfKm]i-V ;fKkf]s- rf]d[G

d[hf]u'Nn[V m'I;f]s-xfC d[b]M;'Nn[ s'ef ;ltI;lI g' xlI tI;lIxfC d[bls-t'Nn[ o[xfIxfC ;ffKnli- g' rTofs-

rf]u'I;lIaf d'Gw'Dn[G gfd-e]cf] cl;'Cu[G r'Igf x[Tt'I;lIcfI d[aT.

;fKtf]cljf ofa'GnfD vfM]u[b[Kkf clI;'DjfxfCcfI cf]ufK rf]u'I;lIifI d[jfC. cfSv[G ;fDglafxfC g'

o[Ss]af_o[Ttld-afF[ d[;'Kt';lafV d[e'Sv';lcfI zSnlIwf]s- g' cf]hD d[hfM]u';laf d'Gw'D ;fKkGxfCcfI

cld[Nn'Iaff ;fKtf]claf ofa'G d[af]s-v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ sG zSgld-cf] v[G ;fKkGxfCcfI rfxfaf t[GxfCcf] cf]ufK

rf]u'I;lIifI d[jfC.

zSgld-n[G tIh[D (Organisation of Study):

cfSs]bIaf ofd-aScf];fIV zSgld- tIh[d-n[G oDaf s'g'gfd] g' yfi-;'a[Daf s'b[G jfC. sF zSgld- ofd-

aSslG cfSs]FlS tIh[D rf]s-df kf]i- v[Nn[ clwfk-klG s[;fKk[Nn[[ s'x'Ssf]c] jfC. s'glIjfCclNn[ s'yfK yfK

tIh[D rf]s-df ;'St'.

sG ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;fDbfI gld-;lGdfIcfI zSgld- rf]s-d[Nn[[ ylS;lu]s-a[Kdf] kfIe]Caf kfIe]CxfCcf] k]s-dfcfI

;fIblu[af d'Gw'D;faf t'Tt'u[G t'DofIxfIV vbfSdlV kfg-hfs-_clIhfs-;fDaf g' m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[FfV

;lefS ofg' t'Da'xfC t'Dd'I;lIifIV tfCh[IulV kFi-uf g' kfg-wSjf rf]u'IV d[Grf]s-k'Gaf glI;fcl;f]d-xfC

(unstructured interveiw)nfD clI;'DjfxfC m'Sv'I;lI. gl;lu]s-kf o[Dbf]C;[Ggf] (Phase-II) d'Gw'Dn[G x[Ghl

ySdfF[G ofd-aS g' ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] d'Gw'Dn[G s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-of ;fDbfI ;fKkSjfclG

ofFlK rf]s-df ;'St'I.

ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] d'Gw'D:

ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfC dfIuf]n}t- ;i-n[G nTylS r'Skf s';fFf;lefI s';lIglg- d[af]i-. v'glC gfDu[G

g[Kkfn-V ;'SvlDV gfDwf afIufN g' gfIhIn'IdfxfC g' sf]xlT rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'xfCF[ ofa'af t[Gcf]af tfI;lI

vS;lI;lFf]. g[Kkfnl ;oi-afF[ ‘nlDa'’ d[d[Tt';lCefuqV ;'SvlDcf] d'b[Daf g' cld]k-xfCF[ ‘rf]I’ d[g-uq;f

‘;'ef’ efI oFlS t[GxfCcf] j]Cj] ;oi-afxfCF[ d[d[Tt';l. sF cfafi] ;'jfI n'Ddf] gl;'D d[alC;lIn[ ‘ofIy'Iaf’

efI d[a[GplI. ofSy'afxfC ;fKd'Gw'D g' ;'dfhljfF[ dlSk]cf] cld]k-kf ;'jfxfCg' glt-tfIaf gfCcl d[uTt'glefuq

;fKkfg-n[ kfg-gf] d'b[DafxfCg' gfCcl n[uTt'. j]Cj] t[GxfCcf] ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[G vf]s-tfIaf] cfSv[G

jfCcl sF ;'SvlD vfDP'cf] sfS vf]s-tfIaf] 607688 (Census,2011, Govt. of India)cf] 56650 (9V32%)

ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G jfC (DESME, 2006, Govt. of Sikkim). x[Ss]FlSs] g[Kkfn- nfh]Ccf]

ofSy'IafF[G vf]s-tfIaf] 356000 (Yonzone, 2001, p. 23).

ofSy'I d'Gw'D: s'a] g' x[Ghlnf

d'Gw'D ;'TnfclG v[Dd[Nn[ g[Tpl s';]s-kf ;'Tnf ‘d'G’ g' ‘y'D’ nfD kf]s-v[cfI ng-b[af x[Ss]bIaf rlh[K kf]i-

. sG ofDglIjfclNn[ glnfDdf]g' cl;'Cu[G r'Igf x[Td[Nn[ ;'Tnf ‘d'G’ a[Nn[ s[d'Gaf g' ‘y'D’ a[Nn[ s'y'D s[ofSkf

s';lI glt-t[T. vSkf kfg-gff] d'Gw'D ;'TnfclNn[ s'a] y];fI nTylS d'DdfF[G y'D s[ofSkf of d'DdfF[G d'S;fD

s[uKkf clSnf of ;'TnfefI kfk-df ;'St[T. sG clSnf of ;'TnfclG d'FfnfD x'Sdf x]s-g' ySslNn[ d'S;fDn[G

y'D vfM];'cfI s'd'G s[ofSkf kf]i-. dfIglaf g' dfi-glafV x[Gglaf g' d'hf]s-kf yS;fDdlG kf]i-.

;fDglaf cldfg-;lI r[d-hIn[ s'ofDglIjfCcf] d'Gw'DdlG „the power of great strength‟ mfcfI s';lI glt-t[T

(Chemjong,1966 & 2003,p.18). sG ;fDglaf r[d-hIn[ x[GhlwSt'af cl;ls- ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[

d'Gw'DdlG ;[SvfblIaf g' d'S;fD s[alCaf dfI;fDaf zSzSefI g;fg- d[hf]u'C. ;fDglu[Daf a}Fful s}nf

(1999), ;'ef (2001,24) g' dfxf d'Svf nf}tl (n,d,), d'Gw'DdlG „moving or kinetic energy‟ (mun

„move‟ and dhum „strength or energy‟) (Angdembe, 2011, p.3). rfO;fI;'ofIa[Da[Kdf] d'Gw'Da[Nn[

‘d'DdfF[G y'D’ s[ofSkf of s[uKkf d'S;fDn[G koDoDaf ‘y'D’ cfTtlG ;lufI yS;fDV xfI;fDV dfI;fDxfCF[G

s'd'S ofS. sKdf d'S;fDa[Nn[ ‘power’ g' y'Da[Nn[ „strength‟ s';lI glk-df kf]i-. s}nfF[ s'hS d'Gw'DdlG

y] ofDa] ;fDbfI n'Da]s- kf]s-v[cfI jfC s[FCaf kfg-glG (2011, p.11) cf] sSs]FlS xSt'C „Mundhum,

oral or written, is related with the creation of the cosmos, earth, different dieties and man and rest

of the mortal world‟. d'Gw'DdlG kfg-a]claf;fI of ;fKk]claf;fI ;ldlSn'IdfV clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V kFlS

kFlSkf ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV d[GpfDu[G ofKdl g' kft-y'Iu[G xlIjfxfC kf]s-dfF[ kf]eSnfg' sfCcl v]i-;lGgfI

jfC.

jlbfT, c]V g' ;'ef, alV (1985) ;lF[ d'Gw'DdlG „the Limboo religion, the Limboo religious

literature‟ (1985,pp.2-3) nFlS x[GwS;'. sG v'GplC ofDglIjfC cl;ls- d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I

;'jfIxfCF[ ;fDof]V ;fDof]blDaf zSzS. s'hS v'GplC „Mundhum is a legend, a folktale, prehistoric

account, sermon and moral or philosophical exhartation in poetic language. It is scripture living

in oral tradition. It devotes a Limboo religion literature‟ nCFlS xS;'C. sG xSjfnfD d'Gw'DdlG

;fDdlnfF[ ;fKkfg- ;lufIaf tft-o' tft-o'af d'Sv[bfCV tS_d'Gw'Dclaf ;fKofs-V dfIwlDjf g' ylDhlS of

;fDhlSs'Daf clI;fKjf. sGglG d'Ff d'Ff ;lufI s[xlIafcfI s[jfCaf k];fK. ofSy'In[G ;fDof]blDaf

;fKzSslGg' gfCcl sTp'CefI glIh[K rf]s-;'C.

u[G;N(2002)F[ „Mundhum is „oral tradition, ancestral knowledge,‟ or more generally „traditional

way of life‟ nFlS s' mfs-v' (Angdembe, 2011, pp.2-3). u[;Nn[ d'Gw'Dn[G s'a]clG x[GwSt'af cl;ls-

d'Gw'DdlG kfg-a]claf yfs-o'wlDV tfSo'claf ;lSs'D of c[Ss]afcf] yfs-o'claf xlIdGn[G nfDa].

x[Ss]FlSs] bStU r}tfGgfO ;'ef (1995)F[ „Mundhums are source of inspiration, information and

englihtement for Limboo and way of life, costume and rite-depassage are guided by it. Language

of mundhum is classical, mostly allegaricol and full of religion. The correct and authentic

translation of mundhums is very difficult‟ efI kf]wSt'. v'g[C s'afg-;'D cl;ls- d'Gw'DC ofSy'In[ nful

ofD;fIV clI;'Djf g' ;lSs'DblI glIjfCF[G ofe'. x[SsfOI kft-y'Iu[G xlIdGV nf]o[DwlD g' o[TpfDafrfxfC

sNn[c] tls-t';l. d'Gw'Dn[ ;fKkfg-glG m[hlSs'Daf jfC cla'claf kf]wSnf g' ;fKcld-a]F[ tlD;[af jfC.

;[Svfjfaf d'Gw'Dn[G kfn-n[I rf]s-d[G s[hfCaf kf]i-.

nfdf cfU klV g' u'F'I c[DV c[D (2005) ;lF[ „Mundhum itself is a legend or falktale of the prehistoric

era which comes out like the cascading waterfall from the mouth of the narrator‟ nCFlS s'a] mfi-

df sf]t-t[;lcfI kT. sG g[Tpl ;fDglafxfCF[ kfg-;'DnfD d'Gw'DdlG r[Id'Sk[Nn[ s'DafqnfD j[;[Ff x[Ss]

s[j[TkfF j[a'bf]q s[Fd-af tSd'Gw'D o[Daf k[Dd'S v[bfC of d'Sv[bfCFf]efI s';lI glt-t[T.

d';fKtfIaffV kGwfs-n h]V cfF-V n[cfI d'Gw'DdlG y]a] s[FCaf kfg-gf]_ „The mundhum itself is a kind of

a religious song which has lived since generations. It contains legends, myths, traditional belief,

philosophical thoughts etc of the Limboos. It is a very rich folk literature of the Limboo tribe

where lives the history of this great tribe. As mundhum has come from mouth to mouth since

generations it is bound to have omission of changes (1999). Mundhum are the descriptions and

veliefs of the creations of the universe, the earth, the planets,……. The Mundhums are the

volumes repositories of a timeless wisedom preserved in oral tradition by the Phadangmas, the

religious priest in the Limboo society (2005). d'Gw'DdlGwf] yfs- s'wfs- tul g' s[xlIafcfI s[oM'af

nTylS ;fDof]claf ;fDd]u[G ;fDnfFf]. sG ;lufI ofSy'In[G k[Dd'Sv[bfCV yfs-o'claf g;fg-V ;fDhls-s'Daf

ySjfxfC d[ofS. vfDaf]i-af t[Daf]i-afxfCF[G ooDaf ;fKd'Gw'D s[xlIaf nTylS s'Gw]nlaf ofSy'In[G d'S

;fKzSnf]. yfs- s'yfs- tulg' nTylS d'Gw''DdlG rSd'Ff k[Dd'Ff ;g-b[F o[Ma[Nn[ o[u[F g'a[F n[S;lGn

k]afFf] (1999). d'Gw'DxfC ;ldlSn'IdfV clS;fu[G vfDa]s- g' chfxfCF[G d'hf]s-n'IV…. d'Gw'DxfC m[hlFl

m[bfIdfC ofSy'I ;i-h'DF[G clhfafF[ rSd'Ff k[Dd'FfnfD d[;[k-t' d[o'F'af vSo[[D d[g-g]af yfs-o'blDaf

;lSs'DblI glIjfCF[G s'aG s'aG o'St'afFf].

d'Gw'DdlG s'ef ;'jfIxfCF[ „thuture ved‟, tfI d[d[Tt'.sG d'Gw'DdlG x'C;lIdfF[ nful d'FfafIxfC (Limboo

Shamans) gl;fDxlDdf] k]s-dfcfI d'Gw'D ;fKkGxfC glk-df g' ;fKdf g'kGh]FlzS vfM]df rfxf d[hf]s-g[G.

cfTtlGd'FfafIilGpfI (m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[Ff g' ;lefS ofg' t'Da'xfC) yfd] dfg' mf]s-n'I t'Iu't-

j[FS g[d[Tgf ;lIdfI rclT d[TplIifI vh'D vclS g[TplIn[ dlSslzf] m'Infi-d[Nn[ of ;]g-blCa] k];fK

;fKdfIilNn[ s'g' tjf ;'Sk'Ggf] m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[Ff g' ;lefS of nd-df ;fKt'cfI kTsF

d'Gw'DdlG ;fDhlS d'Gw'D;fDa[Kdf]g' x'C;lGgfI n[;'CV s'ef o[G tfblu[G ;[KdfIdf] dfSt'cfI;fI x'C;lG. v[Nn[

rf]u'Nn[ cfSv[Gm[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[FfV ;lefS ofg' t'Da' g' jfofu[G o[TpfD;fDafxfCF[ d'Gw'DdlG

d[dfCF'cfI d[Daft-t'G.

d'Gw'DdlG kfg-a]cljfnfD (through recitation) y];fI rclt- kf]i-dfF[G r[Id'Sjfg' rf]blDjfaf d'FfafIxfCF[

d[GpfDu[G ofKdl kf]s-df o[DdfI sTgfc] d[hf]s-u' d[oM'F'af dfIhf]s- ylDxfC (rituals) Ff]. sGglG nTylS

y'I;fK cfTtlNn[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;'dfhlaf g' ;fSylDdlaf xlDafqdlG nfD tls-t'CV nfD cf];]g- yfSt'C

x[Ss]cfI mf]ufK d[Tt'cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlG kfg-a]claf kf]i-n of ;fKk]claf kf]i-n sF ;fDdlnfF[ gfcla]s-

sf] gft-nf gft-nf kf]i-ifI clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V tFi-blI tfI;fIV tfu[ tfSgfDV m[u[ m[SgfDV dlw'I v];]dlSV

;lrlFl ;lofSk]s-V sf]xlt- rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'V yfa'u[G ;lInfV kf]s-nfu[G s'F'IV yS;fu[G k';fV ;lSr]g-

yfafV t'Iu'u[G j[FSVj[FI kft-p'Iu[G i[s-ifV g[Ttlu[G s'e'IV ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV jfofu[G kIn'I n[Kdf g'

d[GpfDu[G ofKdl kf]s-dfF[G kfg-xfC y[Kk[TtfI kf]wSt'.

cfTtlG nfh]C vfDP'V kfIh'DV kfIe]C g' t[G s[o'Iaf;fI tfC s'wfC s[d[Daf s[o'k-kf ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[

d'Gw'DdlGwf] ;'jfIn[G xfSgfd-e]V kft-y'u[G xlIjfF[ rKklFf]. ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;'dfhljfV ;fSylDjfV

ylDhlSjf g' ;fDof]F[ ;'ofIa[Daf clt-gld- g' g'D;]s-xfCV kfg-a]claf v[bfC d'Sv[bfCV rSv[bfCV

k[Dd'Sv[bfCVd'S;fd-a]V ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]cljf g' v[Ckfg-V kfg-n'K g' d'Skfg-xfC c'gf o[Dg'c] yfs-o' s'o'

d'Gw'DnfD d[af]s-v[F d[o[McfI cfNnf];fI d[af]i-n d[jfC. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ cfTtlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIilGpfI

d'Gw'D ;lufIi] xli[cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlGgfI v'g[C s';lufIi] xli[cfI jfC: nTylS mf;fIu] of]wfIdf

ofIP[Nn[SslNn[G j]Cj] kf]i-df d[Gp'Sdfgf g[Tpl j]Cj] s'gfxfC x[Ss]V g[S;fC g' dfSvlCF[G gfCcl. ofSnfu[G

ofSy'I ;'jfIn[ nul d'Gw'DdlG g[KdfIV y'I;fK g' k];fK. sG ;lufI ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G dlS;]g-jfV

ylS;]i-jf g' ylSk[Ghljf ofS. ;fSylDV dfIwlDV yfs-o'ylDV nf]o[DwlD g' ;fKkfg-xfCF[G dlSslm'I ofS. kfg-

a]claf ;fKzSn[ gfcla]s-sf] v[bfCV ;'DV kfIjfclnfV ;fDdlnfV gl;fd-a]V nS;fd-a] g' df;fd-a]xfC s'aG

s'aG xli[cfI ofS. vf sG d'Gw'D ;lufIi] ofSnfu[G ofSy'In[G ;fi-u'u[G ;SdfV ;fcl g' cfs- ofSV y'D

ofSV yS;fDV d'S;fDV dfI;fDV xfI;fD ofSV cfIblI g' y[;fSsfI ofS. ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]F[GgfI clStls- g'

;fDbls- ofS. d'Gw'DdlG k'I;fKzSg'n-n[FT d[g-gfI tS_;fKd'Gw'Dg'cfI yfi-wfS df]d'S d[jfCg[G:

tS_;fKd'Gw'D o[DafcfI ofSy'In[G ;fKd'Gw'D ;fKofs- kf]s-v[cfI ofS. ofIhlSV ;'dfhljfV ylDhlSV xlDafqDV

s[;'qI g' ;'TgfF[G kf]wSnf g' kg-ag- y[Cw[C ;lhf] kf]xlF[G v[bfC ofS. vf sG k[GhlxfCF[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG

nTylS xfSn'I cfTtlNn[ s'uKnlIcf] ;fSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;i-h'Def]clG sK;lI of xlV ;fSylD g'

;fDof]clG gfI;fIn[ s'efI kf]i-ifI xlIV ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzSslG cfIbfI kfk-d' nMf].

yfi- ;fKgft- ;fKgft-tf] s[xS;lDaf ofDglIjfC cl;ls- d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G d'FfafI (m[hlFl

m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[Ff g' ;lefS ofg' t'Da'xfC)F[G d'FfnfD j[a'GbfS of jfwfSgfnfD j[a'Gbfq] s[Fd-af rfJ

x[Ss] rSd[Da'Caf s[a'DafcfI ;fDdlnfF[ gft-nfxfC x[Ss] s'gft- s'gft-tf] ;fDhlSs'Daf g' m[hlSs'Daf ;'Tnf

;fKk]cf] s[Fd-af s'aG s'aGaf kfg-a]claf of yfs-o'claf ;fKzS: cfTtlG ;lufI g[KdfI y'I;fK g' k];fKxfC

t[G vfM];'C. d'Gw'D ;'TnfxfC dfI;'Tnf;l x[Ss]cfI d'Gw'D ;fKkfg-xfC dfI ;fKkfg-;l. cfTtlNn[ d'Gw'DdlG g;fg-

rf]u'CV gfhD d[Tt'cfI d'Gw'D ;lufI gld-;lI v[GglG x[Gglaf g' d'hf]s-kf kf]i-. dfIgl;fDaf kf]i-ifI

glIjfCm'dfV dfIV ;fDdfIV rfOIdfIxfCg' glt-tfI kf]i-. sli-ul tSdfV rfIPl kMf]dfI vfM];'CV ;[c'u[G c'efI g'

gfI;fIn[ s'efI vfM];'C. xfIjfV dfIjf g' d'F'D clgf vfM];'cfI yfa[ k[;lIV yfd[ d[;lI s[T. clt-pf]F[G s'clt- s[Tt'CV

kft-pf]F[G s'aft- s[Tt'CV rf]s-;lIn[ s';fI n;'C.

j]Cj] ;fKkfg- ;fKzSxfCF[ dlSk]cf] d'Gw'GdlG kfg-a]claf ;fKzSFTpfI nlh'D nla]clNn[ mf;fIu] tf]n-nf

yfIdfF yIdfuq dlSm't-nf ;fKzSF[G alo'n-K (c[Iunf] ;[S;[G o[Daf)V clnlofb- g' cf]bl;l (xf]dF-)

k[Ffb};- n;-t g' k[Ffb} Flu]G (dlNtG)V xlGblF[G Ffdfofgf g' dfxfefFfTtfV ju[FfxfC x[Ss]bIaf nTylS

df;fd-a] Ff]. sG ;lufI v[bfCxfCF[G kf]wSnfclG v[CnS g' s'P[CnSxfCcf] d[xfM;lGgfI d[ofS. v[GxfC ;lufI dld-

of]d-afV c]t-nfCafV ofIjfnfCafV y'D;fclafV d'u'clafV ofDofclafV ;gfclafV glIa'Skf g' glIdfMaf ;fKzSsf] rfxf

s]hf]s-kf ;jfxfC (F;-) g' v[bfCclafV ySjfclafV glI;fOt-tlafV rclt-tlaf kf]wSnfF[ xSjfxfCcfI d[ofS.

ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] d'Gw'Dn[G ofSmfI;[G:

m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[FfV ;lefS ofg' t'Da'V jfofu[G o[TpfD;fDaf g' s'ef t'Tt'u[G t'DofIxfIxfCF[ tfs-

o' tfs-o'V yfs- s'wfs- rSd'Ff k[Dd'Ff d[aft-t'cfI j]CF[ ylSg[Pf]C glg[Pf]C d[P[K;'F d[oM'F'af kfg-;ljfclG

d'Gw'DefI s';lIglg- kf]i-.

d'Gw'DdlG cfSv[G kFlSkf jfC s[FCaf kfg- ;lufI gld-;lDdfcfI zgld- rf]s-dfF k]s-d[Nn[ ;fDglu[Daf cldfg-

;lI r[d-hIn[ ofSy'In[ d'Gw'DdlG y'I;fK d'Gw'D g' k];fK d'Gw'DsG g[Tpl nSsf] xfM;'cfI jfCafcf] cfu[TtfI

nfIu[Tyld-a[G tf]s-. ;fDglu[Daf r[d-hIn[ s'ofDglIjfC cl;ls- y'I;fK d'Gw'D v[G k'Iclk-k[G (original)

d[Kdfaf]i- cfTtlG tul tulg' d'Ff d'Ffcf] xli[F o[McfI jfC. x[Ss]cfI cfTtlGglG ;fDof] ;fDbfI d[;fKt'af

;fKkG kf]i- v[GglG k];fK d'Gw'D d[d[Tt' (2003, pp.18-19). r[d-hIn[ k];fK d'Gw'DdlG o[Ddf] s'S nl;l

kFlS: zSzS d'Gw'DVo[xfI d'Gw'DV ;fKrl d'Gw'D g' ;fKd'Gw'Dcf] ;[Gb'cfI jfC. zSzS d'Gw'Dcf]

;ldlSn'IV d[GpfD ofKdl g' tlIblI gfx[G kf]s-df d'Gw'D tfMVo[xfI d'Gw'Dcf] sG clS;fu[G vfDa]s-sf] sfSg'

tul s[bfaff d[GpfDu[G ofKdl kfg-V ;fKrl d'Gw'Dn[ gf];fD g' m[G;fD g' ;fKd'Gw'Dcf] cfNnf] d[;fKt';laf

kfg-xfC d[bfefI ;fDglu[Da[Nn[ xSt'C (2003, pp.18-27).

;fDglu[Daf cldfg-;lI r[d-hIn[ ofSy'In[ d'Gw'DdlG y]F[ rKklcf]V cfTtlG glnfDbf]d-d[Kdf] o[K;'cfI

ofSmfI;[G rf]u';fIV s'hf]clt-cf] t[Tgfd- rf]s-dfcfIofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG nl;l kFlSsf] xfMdf ;'St[T. v[GxfC o[xfI

d'Gw'DVo[;ls-d'Gw'DVo[clI d'Gw'D g' o[ufK d'Gw'D.

(1) o[xfI d'Gw'D:

o[xfI d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] s[F[Sg'n-n[ ku]d- s]d-af d'Gw'Dnf]. sG ;lufI kFlS kFlSsf]

v[bfCclaf kf]wSnfxfC nSnSsf] d]xfM;lGgfI d[ofS. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ sGglGkfg-a]claf df;fd-a] of k'I;fKzS

kfk-df;fI glafg- d[af]i-g[G.o[xfI d'Gw'DdlG dgf d[;lcfI ;ltI;lI d[bls-t'Nn[of ;fD d[;f]n-n[V s';I xlDcf]

cSjfgfdf d[ef]s-v'Nn[V ;fD;f]Pf tI;lI of ;'D;[Daf tI;lI d[bls-t'Nn[V t[GwfD d]s-sfD d[hf]u'Nn[V m'I;f]s-

d[hf]u'Nn[V g[xfIdf d[Po'Nn[V c]s-n[;Ibf]s- o[Dd[Nn[V cfa' ;lKd] ;[Kd[Nn[V clw'S ;f]Pf ;[Kd[Nn[V m'Ijf

d[hfIP'Nn[V o[xfI d'Gw'DdlG d[;M;'C. sG d'Gw'Dcf] ;fjfu[G o[xfIxfCF[ kfg- g' clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V tFi-blI

tfI;fIV tfu[ tfSgfDV m[u[ m[SgfDV dlw'I v];]dlSV ;lrlFl ;lofSk]s-V sf]xlt- rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'V yfa'u[G

;lInfV kf]s-nfu[G s'F'IV yS;fu[G k';fV ;lSr]g- yfafV t'Iu'u[G j[FSVj[FIV kft-p'Iu[G i[s-ifV g[Ttlu[G

s'e'IV ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV jfofu[G kIn'I n[Kdf g' d[GpfDu[G ofKdl kf]s-dfF[G kfg-xfC y[Kk[TtfI v[bfCcla[Kdf]

tIclt- ;fDdlnf gfcla]s-sf] kf]wS;lG.

(2) o[;ls- d'Gw'D:

o[;ls- d'Gw'DdlG o[xfI d'Gw'Dg'n-n[ tfIaf x[Ss]cfI o[clI d'Gw'Dg'n-n[ s]d-af rf]s-. o[;ls- d'Gw'Dcf]

;fjfu[G o[xfI d[;[Mg[G. sG ;lufI dfIb]s- d[xGb'Nn[ of ;fSdfq d[Po'Nn[V tfKm]i- d[hf]u'Nn[V ;fKkf]s-

rf]d[G d[hf]u'Nn[V ofIbfI d[e]s-t'Nn[V gfx[G d[Po'Nn[Vts-;f]s-_r[;f]s- d[Po'Nn[Vyl;f]s- d[elGb'Nn[V d'b[G

;fDdfIV koIn'DdfVsfKkf] y'IbfIV y[af;fDV ;fIdfI (rs-pf]af ;fDafI)V dfIu[Ggf d[Po'Nn[Vs';I s'FlI

(yld[GgfDafxfC) d[xfg-b';lNn[ ju[Ff of s[FfS xlD;fDdfI g' tfK;fDdfIxfC d[Po';lNn[V d[g[;';lNn[ g' ;'u'T

d[;ft-t'Nn[ d[aft-t''af d'Gw'DxfC sG o[;ls- d'cf] d[bf.

(3) o[clI d'Gw'D:

m[hlFl m[bfIdfV cf;fDuf] ;fDe[Ff ;fDafV ;lefS ofg' t'Da' g' jfofu[G o[TpfD ;fDafxfC ;Sjfu[G d'clI

d[i[Tt';lcfI sli-ul kfId]af ;'bf o'd]xfCcf] dfI vM;[V dfI g[;[ d[a]s-n[ nf]s-mfu[G ;lIPlD s'bfdf] of

dfhlFldfnfDbf]d-d[Kdf] ;'xfIbf] xfIef yf]s-d[Gdf] x'SrlFl x'S d[Ghf ylV nfIhlFl nfI d[Gp' ylV sFSs]

tSof ylV vfDa'hf o[Tndf ylV y'Iaf] o[KkF] ylV sfTtfs-jf ;fInf]k-df ylV ;fK;lIa'I s'Ff]k-df ylV vfFfdfS

nfdlGbfI ylV nfv[;'I k]o'Kdf yl d[o'Sv'cfI r[Tylof ;f]Ffcld[Gg'V clS;f vfDa]s-V tFi- tfI;fI y'd-a'CclGg'V

t]d[G j[FI kfh'Gg'V ylSs'Ttl of];ls-df ofIg'V mf;fIi] of]wfIdf ofIg'V xfDa]s-;f] o[Kn[t-nfd[Gg'V vlof;f

vi-nf d[d[Tt';lcfIV kSsGbl nfDwfg- d[d[Tt';lNn[m[hlFl m[bfIdfV cf;fDuf] ;fDe[Ff ;fDafV ;lefS ofg' t'Da'

g' jfofu[G o[TpfD ;fDafxfCF[ ;fd' ;lF]xfC ku' yl;f]s- d[elGb'Fd[clIP';lF d[ef]s-;lNn[ x[Ss]cfInf]s-mfu[G

;lIPlD s'bfdf] dfIPdf r't-tfI gfFl s'h[D d[d[Tt';lNn[ ;fd' ;lF]xfC clI d[;'Kt';lF d[g's-v';lNn[ d[aft-t'af

d'Gw'DdlG o[clI d'Gw'D d[d[Tt'.

(4) o[ufK d'Gw'D:

o[ufK d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] s[F[Sg'n-n[ kbfItfIaf d'Gw'Dnf]. sG d'Gw'DdlG ;'ofIa[Daf ofSy'I kfg-

cf] ‘d'Gw'K’ g' j]C ;fKkfg-cf] ‘dGtq’ d[d[Tt'. sG d'Gw'DdlG d'Gw'Kk[Nn[ kft-t'Nn[ ;lufKkfI j]CF[

g[Pf]CclNn[ v[K;';fI s';lIglk-d[Gb[Kdfgf clSnfcf] d'Gw'Kt'. sG d'Gw'Dcf] ‘dfIgl;fD ;'TnfF[G d'S’ ofS

s[FCaf g;fg- jfCa[Nn[ d[aft-t'Nn[ xft-n[cfI d[IP[Dd] d'Gd[w'Kt'F of clId[;'Kt'F kf]i- d[g-uF s[b'SkfxfC

d[Gj]t-g[G of d[ofg-b'G;lG s[FCaf jfC. s';lI:dgfclG c;]s-slNn[ cu'Nn[V vfO s[gfIa[Nn[ xfCF'Nn[V ;fD of

;'u'Tn[ xfCF'Nn[V dl tlSslNn[V r}F[s-n[ yfSt'Nn[ d'Gw'K;fa[Nn[ d'Tt'alF';lNn[ d'Gw'Kt'af ;'TnfxfC g[Pf]CclNn[

v[Ddf ;'St';fI s';lIglk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. o[afclNn[ o[Kdfw'Idf ;lUkI of c]s-n[ ;Ibf]s- yfMdf tul o[xfI

d'Gw'D ;[M;'a[G s[F[Sn[ v[Ddf g' s';lIglk-df ;'St[T sF o[Kdfw'Idf ;lUkI of c]s-n[ ;Ibf]s- yfMdf clt-t'Nn[

d'Gw'Kt'aff ylS_g[Tpl ;'TnfxfC v[Ddf g' s';lIglk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G y]cfIa[Nn[ v[G d'Gw'DdlG ‘o[ufK d'Gw'D’ .

ofSy'I ;i-h'Def]cf] s'b[GV s'a[G g' s'o[s-of:

d'Gw'DdlG d'Gw'DdlafV ;fSylDdlafV ;fDof]claffV ;fKkfg-glaf g' ;fKzSslaf glnfDdf]g' zSgld- rf]s-d[Nn[

ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] sGn[G yfi-;'a[Daf s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-of jfCaf s';lI glt-t[T. d'Gw'D ;lufI gld-;lDdfcfI

zSgld- rf]s-d[Nn[ sGglG tfChlSkfFT d[g-gfI ;fKrlclafcfI rf]s-kf vfM]b[T.

cfTtlG nfh]C vfDP'V kfIh'DV kfIe]C g' t[G s[o'IafofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[;fI kft-y'u[G s'xlIjfclG

d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jfCaf glb[T. ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;i-h'Def]V ;fSylDV ylDhlSV ;fDof] g'

;'ofIa[Daf clt-gld- g' g'D;]s-xfCVkfg-a]claf v[bfC d'Sv[bfCV rSv[bfCV k[Dd'Sv[bfCVd'S;fd-a]V ;fDd]u[G

;fDnf]cljf g' v[Ckfg-V kfg-n'K g' d'Skfg-xfC c'gf o[Dg'c] yfs-o' s'o' d'Gw'DnfD d[af]s-v[F d[o[McfI cfNnf];fI

d[af]i-n d[jfC. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ cfTtlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIilGpfI d'Gw'D ;lufIi] xli[cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlGgfI

v'g[C s';lufIi] xli[cfI jfC: g[S;fC g' ;]g-blCF[G ;[Ddf d[Gp'Sdfgf gfCcl x[Ss]. ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[

nul d'Gw'DdlG g[KdfIV y'I;fK g' k];fK. sG ;lufI ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G dlS;]g-jfV ylS;]i-jf g'

ylSk[Ghljf ofS. ;fSylDV dfIwlDV yfs-o'ylDV nf]o[DwlD g' ;fKkfg-xfCF[G d'F'D clgfC g' dlSslm'I ofS. vf

sG d'Gw'D ;lufIi] ofSnfu[G ofSy'In[G ;fi-u'u[G ;SdfV ;fcl g' cfs- ofSV y'D ofSV yS;fDV d'S;fDV

dfI;fDV xfI;fD ofSV cfIblI g' y[;fSsfI ofS. ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]F[GgfI clStls-V ;fDbls- g' cld-a]cljf ofS.

d'Gw'DdlG k'I;fKzSg' tS_;fKd'Gw'DxfCF[G s'a[Gg'n-n[ yfi-wfS df]d'S d[jfCg[G. tS_;fKd'Gw'D o[DafcfI

ofSy'In[G ;fKd'Gw'D ;fKofs- kf]s-v[cfI ofS. ofIhlSV ;'dfhljfV ylDhlSV xlDafqDV s[;'qI g' ;'TgfF[G

kf]wSnf g' kg-ag- y[Cw[C ;lhf] k[xlF[G v[bfC ofS. k'I;fKzSn[ gfcla]s-sf] v[bfCV ;'DV kfIjfclnfV ;fDdlnfV

gl;fd-a]V nS;fd-a] g' df;fd-a]xfC s'aG s'aG xli[cfI ofS. vf sG k[GhlxfCF[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG nTylS

xfSn'I cfTtlNn[ s'uKnlIcf] ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;i-h'Def]clG sK;lIV ;fSylD g' ;fDof]clG gfI;fIn[G

s'efI kf]i-ifI xlIV ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzSslG cfIbfI kfk-d' nMf].

ofSy'I d'Gw'Dn[s'b[GV s'a[G g' s'o[s-ofclG df] kf]wS s[af]i-af k[GhlxfCF[ glnfDdf]g' zSgld- rf]s-d[Nn[

;fFfIifI yfclI kf]i-.

(1) d'Gw'DdlNn[ ofSy'I ;'jffIn[G ;fSylD g' ;i-h'DdlG xfIu[G rf]u':

ofSy'In[ ;fSylD g' ;i-h'Dn[ glnfDdf]g' kf]Cd[Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG nTylS sKnlI cfTtlNn[ t[Tgfd- ;fDbfI ofSy'I

;'jffI g' ;i-h'ef]clG xlIi[cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlNn[ ofSy'In[ ;fSylD g' ;i-h'Def]clGnC d[g- sF dfIwlDV

nf]o[DwlDV yfs-o'ylDV ylDhlS g' ofIhlSxfCcfI xfIu[G rf]u'cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T. ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G y[df;fI

of cfSs]bIaf o[TpfDafhf;fI s[F[S d'Gw'Dcf] rKkl d[TplGgfI jfC. s';lI: ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIilG dfM;lGuF

vfd[c'M;'. d]s-sfD o[Dn[ gfnlu[G yfIa[G g' ;l;fu[G d[GplGxfC d[o'Sv';lcfI nlh'D nla]clNn[ mf;fi] tf]nf

d[wfIP';lV o'KkfF[ r[KofI g' dlhfS d[P[Sv'. s';I nf]s-mfu[G ;lIPlD d[rf]u'cfI cSjfgfdf d[ef]s-v'Nn[ ‘yS

yfD yfD’ nC s] d[xlKt'F xfI;lTnfI salq d[Ffi-. xfI;lTnfIdf g' nfDw]s-cf] clS;f vfDa]s- y'd-a' (b'al)

d[PlK;'C. dfIu[GgfC g' g[xfIdf d[hf]u'. gfx[G g' ;fSdfq d[Po'C. ofI;lIuf] r]n-nld[G xfi-hfs- mfTrf k]s-slNn[

;lDofIV o'KkfV ofI;f s'Gw]V sfI;fV ;'j[G ju[FfxfCF[ d[at-t'C. ofV m[bfIdfxfC dfIP;[ d[bfMF';lNn[ dfnfDcf]

t[Tylof ;f]Ffcld[Gg' t'Db'D ;]FlV xfDa]s-V clS;f vfDa]s- y'd-a'V t]d[G j[FI kfh'Gg' g' yl;f]s-

d[o'Sv'cfI nfDwfg- d[bfs-t';l. m'I;f]s- d[b]M;'Nn[ n'IwfSs] ;'Tp' g[d[Tyf] dfInf]s-m'Idf d[F]t-t'. sG

s[F[Ss] ;fSylDxfC of dfIwlDxfC ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jfC.

(2) d'Gw'DdlG ;lSs'Dn[G ofDa]cljf:

ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] d'Gw'DdlG ;lSs'Dn[G ofDa]cljfFf]. xft-tlGpfI ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] ru'a[G ;fKzSV ;fKkfg-V

;fSylD g' dfIwlDxfCcf]cfI ru'a} rf]s-. d'Gw'Dcf] kfSn'Daf ;lSs'DblI glIjfC s[uKk[G dfIh'D rf]s-dfV kfn-

nf_clInf;fDaf rf]s-dfV ;fDdlnfV v[bfCV ;'DV clpfKxfC ;fKd[Kdf] g' ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]d[Kdf] ;'Tnf g' ;fKkfg-

;fKk]clNn[ d[xfKt'G. y[df ofDa] ;fDbfI;fI ;fIblu[af g' ru'af rf]s-V vfDaf]i-af of yfs-o'claf ;lSs'DblI

glIjfC of xfa]s-xfC ofa'GbfSkf rf]s-.

(3) d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;fKkfg-n[G s'a'GbfC:

d'Gw'DdlG ;fKkfg-glaf glnfDdf]g' kf]Cd[Nn[ rlc'i-d'SkfV yfi-;f]u[G s'a[Gjfaf g' s'Gw]nlaf jfC. j]C

;'jfIxfCF[G ;fDof] ;fKkfg- of ;fDof] ;fKkGcf] s[aKkf ;'TnfV kfg-jft-tl g' gft-nfxfC d[aft-tlNn[V d[;fKt'Nn[

cf]ufK kf]i-df d[;'Sg[G. s';lI: ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf]af ;'TnfV kfg-jft-tl g' gft-nfxfC kft-d[Nn[ of ;fKd[Nn[

cfSv[Gaf ;'F'CcfI cf]ufK d[af]i- v[DefxlGb' ;fDof] ;fKkGcf] s[aKkf gft-nf g' ;'TnfxfC k[gl kfg-cf]

tfCd[h[IilNn[[V v[bfCV ;fDdlnfV ;'D ju[FfxfC d[;fKt'Nn[ cf]ufK d[Daf]i-g[G. x[Ss]FlSs] mf]k-kf ;fKkfg-

(Tibetan Language)cf] d[;fKt'cfI s[aKkf tf]dfI ;fDof] ;fKkGcf]af ;'Tnf g'gft-nfxfC tfCd[h[IilNn[ o[Ddf]

d[;fKt'Nn[ cf]ufK d[af]i-g[G. sF ofSy'I ;fKzSsf] ;fKzSslaf ;fKkSjfxfC d[;fKt'Nn[ of ;fKkfg-gf]

tfCd[h[In[[ ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf]af ;'TnfV kfg-jft-tl g' gft-nfxfC ;'F'CcfI cf]ufK rf]s-df. ;fDaf g' clt-pfKkfxfCF[

d'Gw'Ddlaf ;'Tnf ;fKk]V kfg-jft-tl g' gft-nfxfC d[P[CF'F d[;fKt';laf ;'D_clt-pfKV ;fDdlnfV v[bfCV nS;fd[a]V

gl;fd-a]V ju[FfxfC glk-d[Nn[ rlc'i-d'Skf g' yfi-;f]a[Gaf kf]i-.

(4) d'Gw'D ;'TnfclG dfIgl;fD ;'Tnff g' ;fKkfg-:

d'Gw'D ;'TnfclG dfIglaf ;'Tnff x[Ss]cfI d'Gw'DdlG glIjfCm'dfF[G ;fKkfg-efI ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[

g;fg- d[hf]u'. d'Gw'D d[Kdfgfa[G s[F[S ;'ofIa[Daf ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[ d[F[;' s[FCaf d[g- sF v[G

dgfg- cfTtlG dfI of glIjfCm'd[Nn[ ;]u'cfI kfIP'C v[Nn[FC n[;'C of d'Gw'Dn[G ;lSs'DblI glIjfCF sTt'. v[Nn[

rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'D s[F[af dgfclG of ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIcf]af d'FfafIxfC dfIgl;fDn[G ;lSs'DblI glIjfC

s[uKkf dgf;l xft-xfC glIjfCm'd[Nn[ dfIgl;fDn[G d'S;fD klF';lcfI clS;fu[G vfDa]s-sf] kfIP';lcfI d[jfC.

d'Gw'DdlG ;lufKkf r[Id'Sjf x[SsffOI;fC d'Gw'D ;fDa[Nn[ ;lufKkfI sTt'.

(5) d'Gw'D zSgld- ;lufI od[Nn'Ijf ofS:

d'Gw'D zSgld-;lufI od[Nn'Ijf ofS. xft-tlNn[ ofSy'I d'Gw'D yfclI d[uTt'G of d[F[;'G v'g[C ofSy'I

;fSylDV nf]o[DwlDV yfs-o'wlDV dfIwlDV ;'dfhljf g' ;fKkfg-xfCF[G y]cfI d[F[;'G of ;lSs'DblI glIjfC

d[uTt'GV od[Nn'Ijf s';lI d[glt-t'G. v'g[C ofSy'I ;fSylDV nf]o[DwlDV yfs-o'wlDV dfIwlDV ;'dfhljf g'

;fKkfg-xfCF[G kfg-xfC;lufI gld-;lDdfcfI v[Def ;'F'CcfI zSgld- rf]s-df d[;'St'G. ofSy'I ;fSylDV nf]o[DwlDV

yfs-o'wlDV dfIwlDV ;'dfhljf g' ;fKkfg-xfCF[G ;fk-klG d'Gw'DdlG g' c'gf o[Dg'c] yfSyfSdf vlclG c[TplGgfI

ofSkf x[Ss] ;lufI n]t-plGgfIV clP]i-;lGgfI jfCa[Nn[ d'Gw'DdlNn[ ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;'dfhljfaf_;fSylDdlG

y[Kk[TtfI s';lIglk-d[Kdf] s'efC cfalC. cfTtlG dgfclG d'Gw'Dcf] ru'af of ;fIblu[af jfC v[G dgfclNn[ ;fKkfg-

;lufIaf kfg-a]claf r[Id'SjfxfCV ;'TnfxfCV kfg-jft-tlxfC ;'F'CcfI ofIofI s';lIglt-t'C kft-tlNn[ cf]ufK rf]u'C.

d'Gw'D ;'TnfxfC s[F[af dgfclNn[ kft-tlNn[V ;fKt'Nn[ s';I ;'TnfxfC rf]s-dfF ofSdf rfxfaf xf]k-. d'Gw'DnfD

cfSv[G ;'TnfV k[GplIV ;fKk] g' kfg-jft-tlxfC ;lIgft- rf]s-dfF cf]ufK rf]s-df ;'St[T. ofSy'I ;fSylDV

nf]o[DwlDV yfs-o'wlDV ;fDof]V ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzS ;fDbfI sf]Def] s[hf]s-kf ;fDglu[Daf of ;fDglafxfCF[

d'Gw'Dn[G clt-gld- d[IuTt'GuF ;fIblu[af kf]i- d[Gp'Sg[G.

(6) d'Gw'Dcf] ru'af s[jfCa[G ofSy'I ;fKkfg- g' ;fSylDn[ kfg-gf] rfu'af kf]i-:

cfTtlG ofSy'Ia[GpfI d'Gw'D;lufI s[gld-;lDafcfI d'Gw'Dn[G rf]s-ylD g' kft-ylD s[MF[afV dfIh'Dn[G ;fKr'bljf

s[uKkf of ofSy'I d'Gw'Dn[G kfg- s[MF[afV d'Gw'D kfg-p'DxfC mfi-df s[;'Skf g' s';lI s[glk-kfV d'Gw'D rf]s-

ylDn[ ru'a[G k]Flu[G kfg-hfs- rf]s-d[Kdf]V clIbf]g-d[Kdf]V clId]af rf]s-d[Kdf]V t'DofIxfIV xfSkfF] g'

kfn-nfD ;fDd[K d[Kdf]V o[xfI ;[Md[Kdf] rf]s-;'blDaf g' kft-p'blDaf kf]i-. ;fSylD g' dfIwlDn[ kfg-gf]cfI

rfu'af kf]i-. cfSs]bIaf t[GV o[D g' jfgfDdf];fI ofSy'I ;fKkfg-gf] kfk-d[Kdf] d[xfKt'GV ;fIblu[af kf]i-.

v[DefFT d[g- ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] ru'af s[jfCa[G ;fKd[Kdf] (;fKzSsf]cfI) ru'af rf]s-. sSs]FlSs] d'Gw'Dcf]

;fKr'bljfafV rf]s-;'blDaf g' kft-p'blDaf s[jfCaf ofSy'Ia[G ;i-h'def]cf] yfi-;'a[Daf s'a[GF[G t[GV ;f]w'I g'

dlI;f] vfM].

(7) d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;fKzSn[G s'a'GbfC:

;fKzSslaf glnfDdf]g' d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;fKzSn[G s'a'GbfCefI kfk-d[Nn[ y]cfI ;fDafg- d[af]i-g[G. ofSy'I

;'jfIcf] ;fKk]claf ;fKzS x]s-;lDdfg'n-n[ tul d'Gw'Dn[G gfd-e]cf] kfg-a]claf ;fKzS jo[. cfKmfn-n[

ofSy'I;fxfC v'glC n[Ddf o'M;[Nn[[V d[b'd[V d[h'K;[V d[o'I;lGgfI xfSkfF]V kfn-nfDV t'DofIxfI ;fDnf]xfC

;fDd[d[Tt'V vfOnlxfC d[aft-t'. s'ef o[D v[bfCxfC d[h[Sv'V d[h[S;lG s[P[DafF[ d[P[K;'. sG v[bfCxfC s[F[Ss]

ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jo[. c]ufI ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] ;fKk]claf ;fKzS x]s-;lG x[Ss]n-n[

ofSy'I ;fDaf g' clpfKkfxfCF[ vf v[G d'Gw'DdlG t[Tgfd- d[d[Tt'cfI v[bfCxfC ;fKdf d[x]s-t';l. ;fDdlnf

;fDafxfCF[cfI d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC cf]ufK d[hf]u'F ;fDdlnfxfC ;fKdf d[x]s-t'. ofSy'I d'Gw'DnfD s'bf]k-df

d[e[Tt';lcfI d[;fKt';laf v[bfCxfC ‘s] kf]s-df d'Gw'D’ (m'IjfhfIdf d'Gw'DnfD)V ‘;fDdfI r[OI g' d[GpfD ofKdl’

g' ‘mfTtld-df g' m'GbfJ’ (o[xfI d'Gw'D nfD). x[Ss]FlSs] j]Cj] oFlS ofSy'I v[bfCxfC d'Gw'DnfD ;fjfg-

d[af]s-v[. cfNnf];fI cfSv[G d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[d[Tt';lcfI d[;fKt';laf v[bfCxfC ;fKkGxfCcf] vfM]d[b[T. vf

x[Ss]FlSs] ;fDdlnfF[ t[IuKkf]cfI cfSv[G ;fDdlnfxfCcf] d'Gw'DnfD ;fDdlnf ;fKdfF[ k[GgfD/;fKk]xfC

;fDafF[ d[e[Tt'cfI ;fDdlnfxfC ;fKdf d[x[s-t'af g' d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC cf]ufK d[hf]u';laf vfM]b[T. v[DefFT

d[g- ofSy'I ;fKzSsf] ;'DV gl;fd-a]V nS;fd-a]V kfIjfclnf g' j]Cj] clpfKxfC ;fKd[Kdf]cfI ofSy'I d'Gw'D

;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC clpfKkfxfCF[ cf]ufK d[hf]u';lcfI ofSkf vM]b[T. s';lI: clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V tFi-blI tfI;fIV

tfblu[G ;[KdfIV sf]xlt- rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'V yfa'u[G ;lInfV kf]s-nfu[G s'F'IV yS;fu[G k';fV t'Iu'u[G

j[FS_j[FIV kft-y'Iu[G i[s-ifV g[Ttlu[G s'e'IV ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV jfofu[G kIn'IV d[GpfDu[G ofKdlV jfofu[G

;]g-bf]V t'Tt'u[G t'DofIV gfnlu[G yfIa[GV ;l;fu[G d[GplGV nf]s-mfu[G ;lIPlD ju[Ff ju[Ff cfNnf] vfFfS;fI

ofSy'I ;fKzSsf] cf]ufKnfaf g' o[KdlIaf d[jfC.

(8) ofSy'In[G ;fDof] of dfIwlDdlG d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jfC:

“The Limbus are neither Hindu nor Buddhist, even though numerious syncretic elements appear

in their beliefs. They have a religion which is peculiar to them, traditional religion ‘without a

name’ that might formerly have been termed ‘animistic’. It has its own mythology, its own

pantheon of gods and goddesses, and its own group of priests.” (Sagant Philippe,1976, p.58).

[ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[G g;fg-jf (belief) cf] oFlS kFlSkf ;fi-alCxfC mTt[cfI ofSkf glwfk-;fI v'glC

kfu xlGb' kfu tf]dfI;l. v'glC dlI d[g-g]af ylSk[Ghlaf ‘c[gldl;-t’ d[Kd[Nn[ s[nfCaf jfC. sGn[G cfafi]

tfu[Ff glIjfCm'df jfCV cfafi] d'Gw'D jfC x[Ss]cfI cfafi] d'FfafxfCF[ n'K d[jfC.]

;fDglu[DafxfCF[[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;fDof]clG ‘c[gldl;-’of d'FfafIgld-aff (Shamanism) of

oFlS g;fg-jfF[G ;fi-alCxfCg' mTplIaf nTylS s'dlIwf] s[xf]k-kf ;fDof] d[d[Tt'F sF ofSy'In[G dfIwlD

(faith and belief system) dlGwf] d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jfC. x[Ss]cfI ;fDof]F[G s'hf]s- ylDxfC

of nwfC_ndlSxfC d'Gw'Dn[ s'uKnlIif] xfIu[G d[af]i- of d[xl. d'Gw'DdlG yId[Nn[ nfh]C of o'Smf] xfIu[G

s[hf]s-kf mfIgfd-e] (Constitution) x[Ss]bIaf cfTtlNn[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;fDof] of dfIwlDdlG

nfDbf]g-b'C of nfDnf];'C. ;'F'Ca[Kdf] d'Gw'DdlG nTylS gfufK (remote control) cfTtlNn[ ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G

dfIwlDdlaf o[TpfDafhfxfC g' ;'dfhlaf xlDaqfDdlG mf]ufK rf]u'C.

(9) d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G k'I;fKzS:

o[xfI d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G oDaf k'I;fKzS. sGglG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G df;fd-a]

kfk-df;fI nfCF'. sG d'Gw'D;lufI v[bfCxfCF[G kf]wSnfclG v[CnS g' s'P[CnSxfCcf] d[xfM;lGgfI d[ofS. v[GxfC;lufI

dld-of]d-afV c]t-nfCafV ofIjfnfCafV y'D;fclafV d'u'clafV ofDofclafV ;gfclafV glIa'Skf g' glIdfMaf ;fKzSsf]

rfxf s]hf]s-kf ;jfxfC (F;-) g' v[bfCclafV ySjfclafV glI;fOt-tlafV rclt-tlaf kf]wSnfF[ xSjfxfCcfI d[ofS.

j]Cj] ;fKkfg- ;fKzSxfCF[ dlSk]cf] o[xfI d'Gw'GdlG kfg-a]claf ;fKzSFTpfI nlh'D nla]clNn[ mf;fIu]

tf]n-nf yfIdfF yIdfuq dlSm't-nf ;fKzSF[G alo'n-K (c[Iunf] ;[S;[G o[Daf)V clnlofb- g' cf]bl;l (xf]dF-

) k[Ffb};- n;-t g' k[Ffb} Flu]G (dlNtG)V xlGblF[G Ffdfofgf g' dfxfefFfTtfV g[Kkfnl ;fKzSF[G

;fSs'GtfnfDV ;'nf]rfgfV klTylalUFfh- rfjfg-V kqdlyfO;- g' aGs';'D (bfJ}sf]tf) b]jf;'F- ;fIufqD g' dfgf}

(df]w-gft- kT;lqt) rl;f] r'nf] (afn- slq;-gf ;D) g' cfdf g' hGdfe'dl (sf;fOK)xfC x[Ss]bIaf nTylS df;fd-

a] Ff]. sG;lufI v[bfCxfCF[G kf]wSnfclG v[CnS g' s'P[CnSxfCcf] d[xfM;lGgfI d[ofS. v[GxfC ;lufI dld-of]d-afV

c]t-nfCafV ofIjfnfCafV y'D;fclafV d'u'clafV ofDofclafV ;gfclafV glIa'Skf g' glIdfMaf ;fKzSsf] rfxf s]hf]s-kf

;jfxfC (F;-) g' v[bfCclafV ySjfclafV glI;fOt-tlafV rclt-tlaf kf]wSnfF[ xSjfxfCcfI d[ofS.

(10) ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG m[hlSs'Dafg'n-n[ d'Gw'Ddlaf jfC:

ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG d'Gw'Ddlaf glnfDdf]g' kf]Cd[Nn[ ylSk[Ghlaf rf]s-. d'Gw'Dcf] ;fjfu[G o[xfIxfCF[G kf]wSnf

g' clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V tFi-blI tfI;fIV tfu[ tfSgfDV m[u[ m[SgfDV dlw'I v];]dlSV ;lrlFl ;lofSk]s-V

sf]xlt- rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'V yfa'u[G ;lInfV kf]s-nfu[G s'F'IV yS;fu[G k';fV ;lSr]g- yfafV t'Iu'u[G j[FSV

j[FI kft-p'Iu[G i[s-ifV g[Ttlu[G s'e'IV ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV jfofu[G kIn'I n[Kdf g' d[GpfDu[G ofKdl

cfSs]FlS d[a]s-F[ sFCaf kfg-xfC g' kf]wSnfxfC ofS. sG r[Id'SjfxfC m[hlFl m[bfIdf ;fDaf]s-sf] ;fDe[FfV

o[af]s-sf] o[af_o[dfV jfofu[G o[TpfDafxfCF[ ;ltI;lI of xlItI;l d[bls-t'n-n[V ;fD d[;f]n-n[V ;'ofIa[Daf tI;lI

d[o[K;'Nn[ x[SsfOI ;f]Pf tI;lI d[o[K;'Nn[V c]s-n[ ;Dbf]s- d[o[Db'Nn[V g[Ttlu[G m'Ijf d[hfIP'Nn[V t[GwfD

d]s-sfD d[ufK;'Nn[V s';I nf]s-mfu[G ;lIPlD d[hf]u'afcf] cSjfgfdf d[ef]s-v'Nn[ kf]d[wSt'C.

(11) d'Gw'Dcf] clStls- g' ;fDbls- ofS:

d'Gw'D d[Kdfgfa[G clStls- g' ;fDbls- s[ofSkf yfs-o'claf tIclt- ;fDclSnf. gft-nf gft-nfcf] clStls- g'

;fDbls-xfCF[G rf]s-;fI d[Tt'af kfg-a]claf tIclt- ;fDdlnf kf]i-ifI j[a'GbfS of jfwfSgfnfD j[a'Gbfq] s[Fd-af

;la't- y'jf x[Ss] ;fDhlS d'Gw'Dn[G ru'af r[Id'Sk[Nn[ d'FfnfD rSd[Da'Caf k'GgfIs'aGs'aGcf] ng-.

d'Gw'DdlG cfTtlG kFlSkf: o[xfI d'Gw'DV o[;ls- d'Gw'DV o[clI d'Gw'D of o[ufK d'Gw'D kf]i-n sF

d'FfafIilNn[ of r[Id'Sk[Nn[ kft-t'Nn[ j]Cj] kFlSkf clStls-sf]g' cfTtltl v[K;C[ v[K;[C s[FCaf clSnfcf]

;fDbls- kf]i-ifI ng-. s';lI: cf;fDuf] ;fDe[FfclNn[ ;ltI;lI tls-t'Nn[of s[;la[Nn[ s';fDdlG tls-t'Nn[ n'IdfC

kxld- s[xld-af ;fDbls-cf] ;fDclS n[St'F o[xfI d'Gw'D ;[M;'C. clIwfn-n[cfI j]C kFlSkf clStls- g' ;fDbls-

s[ofSkf clSnfcf] cfIbfI kfk-d' nf]. dlw'I r[Sof m[Sv'C. d'FfafIilNn[ of r[Id'Sk[Nn[ j]Cj] kFlSkf

d'Gw'DxfC kft-t'Nn[ v[G ;lufIaf clStls- g' ;fDbls- j]Cj] d[af]i- of n[S;lG. s';lI: d'FfafIilNn[ of

r[Id'Sk[Nn[ sfKkf] y'IbfI vMo'Nn[ v[G o[;ls- d'Gw'Dcf] s[F[Sn[ mfI;l clStls-xfC d[ofSkf vfM]b[T x[Ss]cfI

o[Ddf] kf]s-sfI o[;ls- d'Gw'DdlG kft-t'F nfi-n[ v[G ;lufI clStls- t'S;lFT d[ofSkf vfM]b[T. v[G clStls-g'

tIbI ;fDbls-slGgfI n[S;lGgfI ofSkf vfM]b[T. x[Ss]FlSs] m[bfId[Nn[ dfIu[GgfC rf]u'Nn[ nTylS d'Gw'D gft-

nfcf] clStls- mfI;l mfI;l ofSt'C. v[Gg' s'bI ;fDbls-slGgfI n[S;lG. tfKm]i- m[bfIdf of ;fDa[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[

d'Gw'DdlG clStls- mfI;l mfI;lcf] gfk-;'F j]C kFlSkf ;fDbls-sf] kft-t'. sG d'Gw'Dcf]af ;fDbls- g'

clStls-xfCF[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'In[G ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf] rf]s-df g' jfd-d[KdfcfI oFlSs] clK;lI g' nSmfC

s[Tt'cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T.

(12) d'Gw'Dcf] cld-a]cljf cf]ufK kf]i-:

ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG cld-a]cljfff (Alliteration)F[G nTylS jfa'GbfS kfk-df;fI glafg- d[af]i-g[G. cfTtlG

d'Gw'Dn[GpfI ylS;lu]s-kf ;'Tnf of gft-nfclG gl;lu]s-kf ;'TnfclNn[ clg-b'cfI of gft-t'cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T.

x[Ss]cfI o[Ddf] ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] g[KdfI: tScld-a]cljfff (anaphora) g' c]s-cld-a]cljf

(apostrophe)xfCcfI cf]ufK kf]s-v[cfI ofSkf vfM]b[T. sF sG g[Tpl kFlSkf cld-a]cljfcf] c]s-cld-

a]cljfclG tScld-a]cljfffg'n-n[ clFlSs] cf]ufK kf]i-af vfM]b[T. s';lIn[ nful:

[c]] clS;f [kfs-t[Nn[]

vfDa]s- [kfs-t[Nn[]

[c]] tFi- [kfs-t[Nn[]

tfI;fI [kfs-t[Nn[].

sKdf] tScld-a]cljfff ‘c]’clG c]s-cld-a]cljf ‘kfs-t[Nn[’ ;'NnlSs] cf]ufK kf]s-v[cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T. cfNnf]

sG cld-a]cljfF[G g[KdfI tScld-a]cljfff g' c]s-cld-a]cljfxfCF[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G kfI;fDnf] (kfn-

nfDV xfSkfF]V t'DofxfIV g' vfOnl) g' sf]o[Daf ;fDnf]jfd[df g' rf]s-d[Kdf] nSmfC g' clK;lI s[Tt'cfI jfCaf

vfM]b[T.

(13) d'Gw'DdlG sfDa]wf]s- ;'TnfF[G s'a'GbfC:

ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;lufI sfDa]wf]s- ;'Tnf g' gft-nfxfC vfM]b[T. sfDa]wf]s- ;'Tnf of gft-nfa[Nn[ g[Tpl ;'TnfxfC gfCcl

v]i-g[;lcfI m[wf]s-xfC sfDg[;laf x[Ss] nTylS s'PSdf ;'Tnf of gft-nfF[G s'a] kf]i-. s'ef gft-nfxfC

kfDd]kf] g' dlI ;'TnfxfC tIg[;lcfI s';f]g-ofC of s'ufSkf s'a] s[Fd-af kf]i-. s';lI: clS;fu[G vfDa]s-

(s[clS;lDafF s[aKkf of s[o'Iaf vfDa]s-df)V tFi-blI tfI;fI (tFi-ilG x[Ss] s[aKkf tfI;fI)V sf]xlt-

rIefI (s'xlt-nf yfa' ;lInfF[ t[Kt'af y[u')V dljfu[G s'gfD (dl x[Ss] s[blk-kfF s[aKkf gfD)V ;[GbfIu[G

s'nf (;[Gbl s[cf]k-kf/s[wfk-kf nf)V jfd[G xi-u' (rfJF[G j[a'GbfS s[g[af xi-u')VdlS r'Dh'D nfDwfcldf

(s[F[n[G dlS s[bf]s-kf nfDw]s-)V ;'Dn[F[ ;'Dxf]Cb'D (;'D;l n'I xf]Cb'D;f s[o'Iaf) jfu[Ff. x[Ss]FlSs] s'ef

d'Gw'D ;'TnfxfCcf] kfDd]kf] g' kfDd]FT tIg[;lcfI s';f]g-ofC of s'ufSkf s'a] s[alCaf kf]i-. s';lI: r'Ijf

t]s-vlD tf]d-df (r'IilNn[ s[P[Caf x[Ss] t'SdfcfI o'Idf)V t[Tnfu[G cDb'g[df (cDb'af t[Tnf m[Sjfg- x[Ss]

g[Mdf)V gfDef]of] xM]df g[Mdf (gfDdlNn[ x]F[af x[Ss] g[Mdf) ju[Ff. sGs]bIaf ofSy'I d'Gw'dcf] sfDa]wf]s-

;'TnfxfC vfM]b[Kkf x[Ss] j]C ;fKkfg-xfCcf] v[Def vfM]b[T s[FCaf glg-wf] xf]k-.

(14) ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] kfg-n'KxfC vfM]b[T:

d'Gw'Dcf] ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G cld[Nn'Iaf kfg-n'KxfC vfM]d[b[T. s';lI: ‘dlSzf]F[ xIef jfCdf’ sGn[G s'a]

;'F'Ca[Kdf] cfKmfn-n[;fI glIjfC d[Gbfc] jfCdf. g[Pf]CF[ tfbf jfCdfF[ s'a] cfKmfn-n[;fI kfg-wf]d-g'FC jfCdf.

rlNnl x[Ddf tf]dfF[ s'a] gf x[Ddf. g[Ttl s'e'I cDdfF[ s'a] ;l Mdf. t'Iu't- j[FS g[TdfF[ s'a] ;lulTgf

cg[s-jf xfI;lDdf kf]i-. ;fD;' odlI dfM;lDdf s'a] ;l Mdf. sG x[Ss]bIaf d'Gw'Ddf] s[jfCaf kfg-n'KxfC

nd'u[G tfCh[I rf]s-d[Nn[ of y];fI ;fKd[Nn[ of clpfKxffC ;fKd[Nn[ cf]ufK rf]s- ;'Sd[b[T.

(15) d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC tfSmfblDaf g' yfi-;'u[G s'a[Daf rf]s-:

ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC ;'ofIa[Daf ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfCg'n-n[ of kft-t'D d'Gw'D ;fKkfg-glG ;'ofIa[Daf

;fKkfg-g'n-n[ tfSmfblDaf g' yfi-;'u[G s'a[Gaf kf]i-. sG x[Ss]bIaf tfSmfblDaf of yfi-;'u[G s'a[Gaf

d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC kfk-dg g' ;fKdf of ;fKzSslaf t[GuKcf] cf]ufK rf]s-dfuq ofSy'I ;fKkfg- g'

;fKzSslGgfI s[Flk-kf g' tfSmfblDaf rf]u'C.

(16) d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkf rf]s-:

d'Gw'DdlG zSgld- rf]s-dfF k]x[Dd[Nn[ tfhlSkf jfCaf vfM]b[T. s';lI: ofSy'I d'Gw'Dn[ d[GpfDu[G ofKdl;fxfC

kf]Ff]s-dl oDefdldfId[Nn[ ySk'u[G s'a' xlV ;ldlSnf kIdlSnf vfKk' g' ;lIb'DaSjf_n'Ib'DaSjf rfJclG

;CF'cfI d[GpfDu[G ofKdl rf]u';l s[FCaf kfg- r[Sv'. sG d'Gw'DdlG d[g- kfk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. cfNnf];fI

d[GpfDu[G gfDofKdl ySslG c's-d[Nn[ vfKk' ng- x[Ss]cfI g'SdfcfI gfDd[Nn[ jfxl gfD. cf]s- x[Ss]u

bfUglhD g'D;]s-n[ d[GpfDu[G gfDofKdl;fxfC ;af (clUuDaf g' yfs-nfIuf]af) nfD d[af]s-v[ s[FCaf kft-t'C. sG

g'D;]s-slGgfI d[g-b'S kfk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. sF ;]g-nfKklG sG jfC_ c'gf o[Daf ;af (c[UuDafxfC of yfs-

nfIuf]afxfC) d[GpfDu[G gfDofKdl d[af]s-v[uF cfNnf]af ;afxfC (c[UuDafxfC of yfs-nfIuf]afxfC) y]cfI ;afc]

d[jfC Z dgf d[af]i-g[G Z cfNn ;fKrfclG tfhlSkfalt- of d'Gw'DdlG jfC Z

x[Ss]FlSs] d'Gw'DdlNn[ rlSgfjfclG gfD nt-t[Nn[ gfDdlNn[ dlblu[cfI dTy[OcfI t[Tnf nfF'K o[Kd[Tgf

nf;[cfI rlI;lGa[G n[Gbl gfDdlG kTtlNn[ d[Fg-g[G gfD nft-tfI ;[GblFC ng-.

m'Gb'jfclNn[ s'bfJclG kfaf]of] t[Gw'IxfIn[ d'b[De]CcfNn[ k[Tt' t]M;'cfI dfSvlCclNn[ rfCF'a[G cfNnf];fI x[t-

nC. d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkf jfCalt- d[jfCg[G s[FCaf kfg-gf] gfg-hlS rf]s-dfF[ kfg-g] d[bfMg[G. cfTtlG

glnfDdf]g';fI ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkf jfCaf vfM]b[T. sG kfg-glG kUdfulaf rf]s-dfF[ nful cfSv[G s';lIxfC

klCdf v[Defc] glt-d[Gp'S kf]i-. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkf xf]k- s[FCaf gfg-hlSsf] xD;lDd[G nfofs-

gfDofs-nC t]MdfF[G kfg- kf]i-.

(17) d'Gw'D g' ;fKrfF[ n'Ddf] oDaf sfCcl jfC:

ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkfFC d[g-gfI cfSv[G s'glcf] (in many aspects) ;fKrfclaf jfCaf vfM]b[T. d[g-pfI

d'Gw'DdlG g' ;fKrfF[G n'Ddf] oDaf xSd[Gb[Kdfgf sfCcl jfC. s';lIn[ nful: d'GwlD cl;ls-;lxf]g-bf]s-

_d[Gxf]g-bf]s-slG clS;fu[G vfDa]s-sf] sfSg' tul s[FlIaf yfa'u[G ;lI;fcf] nTylS t'Da' ;lI;fefI jfC. sG

kfg-glG d[g-b'SefI kfk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. ;fKrfclNn[cfI sG ;lxf]g-bf]s-_d[Gxf]g-s-slG t'Da' ;lI;fefI r[Sv'.

x[Ss]FlSs] d'Gw'DdlNn[ kf]Ff]s-dl oDefdldfId[Nn[ jfofu[G kIn'I (kSn'D)dlG ySn]u[G dfDdfI

kfIe]Ccf]g' n[Kt'a[G yf] d'PIn'I vIefn'Id[Tyf] tf]s-t[cfI ;[MF[n[ dlw'I v];]xfC kf]s-v[V dlw'I s'dfS dfSt'cfI

s]hIu[G ;'Flt- nfs-v[V kIu[GblI jxlt- d'St[cfI oI;Iu[G y'Sjf k] x[Ss]cfI yfa'u[G ;lInf s[MF[. sG

d'Gw'DdlG ;fKrfclaf d[jfCg[G kfk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. sG jfofu[G kIn'IilG d'PIn'I vIef n'Id[Tyf] tf]s-t[cfI

;[MF[a[G ;fKrf]cf]af „Big Bang Theory‟clG g' yIdf ;'St[T.

c]s-gf;'D (Conclusion):

d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G nTylS xfSgfd-e] cfTtlG ;fDbfI ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;fSylDV dfIwlDV yfs-o'ylDV

nf]o[DwlDV ;fKzS g' ;fKkfg-xfC t[Tgfd- d[TplGiffI ;i-h'Def]clG s'uKnlIcf] xl. d'Gw'Dn[G ofSy'I ;'jfIcf]

cfSv[G oDaf yfi-;'a[Daf s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-of jfC. cfTtlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'IilGpfI d'Gw'D ;lufIi]

xli[cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlGgfI v'g[C s';lufIi] xli[cfI jfC. d'Gw'D ;lufIi] ofSnfu[G ofSy'In[G kft-y'Iu[G

xlijfV ;fi-u'u[G ;SdfV ;fcl g' cfs- ofSV y'D ofSV yS;fDV d'S;fDV dfI;fDV xfI;fD ofSV cfIblI g' y[;fS

ofS. d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G d'F'D clgfC g' dlSslm'I s[alCaf dlS;]g-jfV ylS;]i-jf g'

ylSk[Ghljf. sGglG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[ nul g[KdfIV y'I;fK g' k];fK. v[DefFT d[g- d'Gw'D ;lufI

kfg-n'KV d'Skfg-V kfg-jft-tl g' ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]F[G clStls-V ;fDbls- g' cld-a]cljf ofS. d'Gw'DdlG

k'I;fKzS g' tS_;fKd'Gw'DxfCF[G s'a[Gg'n-n[ yfi-wfS df]d'S d[jfCg[G. tS_;fKd'Gw'D o[DafcfI ofSy'In[G

;fKd'Gw'D ;fKofs- kf]s-v[cfI ofS. ofIhlSV ;'dfhljfV ylDhlSV xlDafqDV s[;'qI g' ;'TgfF[G kf]wSnf g' kg-

ag- y[Cw[C ;lhf] k[xlF[G v[bfC ofS. k'I;fKzSn[ gfcla]s-sf] v[bfCV ;'DV kfIjfclnfV ;fDdlnfV gl;fd-a]V

nS;fd-a] g' df;fd-a]xfC s'aG s'aG xli[cfI ofS. ;i-h'Def]V ;fSylDV ylDhlSV ;fDof] g' ;'ofIa[Daf clt-

gld- g' g'D;]s-xfCV kfg-a]claf v[bfC d'Sv[bfCV rSv[bfCV k[Dd'Sv[bfCV d'S;fd-a] g' v[Ckfg-xfC c'gf o[Dg'c] yfs-

o' s'o' d'Gw'DnfD d[af]s-v[F d[o[McfI cfNnf];fI d[xli[cfI d[jfC.

xft-tlGpfI ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] ru'a[G ;fKzSV ;fKkfg-V ;fSylD g' dfIwlDxfCcf]cfI ru'a} rf]s-. d'Gw'Dcf]

kfSn'Daf ;lSs'DblI glIjfC s[uKk[G y[df ofDa] ;fDbfI;fI ;fIblu[af g' ru'af rf]s-V vfDaf]i-af of yfs-o'claf

;lSs'DblI glIjfC of xfa]s-xfCcf] ofa'GbfSkf rf]s-. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG ;lSs'DblI glIjfCF[G

ofDa]cljf. d'Gw'D ;'TnfclG dfIglaf ;'Tnff x[Ss]cfI d'Gw'DdlG glIjfCm'dfF[G ;fKkfg-efI g;fg- jfC. d'Gw'D

d[Kdfgfa[G s[F[S ;'ofIa[Daf ofKdlxfCF[ ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[ d[F[;' s[FCaf d[g- sF v[G dgfg- cfTtlG dfI of

glIjfCm'd[Nn[ ;]u'cfI kfIP'C v[Nn[FC n[;'C of d'Gw'Dn[G ;lSs'DblI glIjfCF sTt'.

d'Gw'D zSgld- ;lufI od[Nn'Ijf ofS. sGglG cld-a]cljfffF[G nTylS jfa'GbfS cfTtlgcf] g[KdfI: tScld-

a]cljfff g' c]s-cld-a]cljfxfC vfM]b[T. sG ;lufI g[Tpl ;'TnfxfC gfCcl v]i-g[;lcfI m[wf]s-xfC sfDg[;laf x[Ss]

nTylS s'PSdf sfDa]wf]s- ;'Tnf g' gft-nfxfCF[G s'a] ofS. d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkfFC d[g-gfI cfSv[G s'glcf]

tfhlSkf g' ;fKrfclaf x[Ss]cfI d'Gw'D g' ;fKrf n'Ddf] oDaf xSd[Gb[Kdfgf sfCcl jfC. sF d'Gw'DdlG

o[Go[Gg] o's-mf]bls-kf (marginalised) kf]i-n k]s- kT. o[Dn[ ;fKnli- kf]i- d[;'Sg[Guq s'd'F'D clgfC

;'g-n k]s-.

o[s-;fKxfC (References): Primary Source: Field Survey

Secondary Sources:

Articles: Jones, Rex, L., 1976, Limbu Spirit and Shamanism, in John T. Hitchcock and Rex L. Jones, Spirit

Possession in the Nepal Himalayas, Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, 5 Ansari Road, New Delhi-

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Jones, Shirley Kurz, 1976, Limbu Spirit Possession: A case study, in John T. Hitchcock and Rex L. Jones,

Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas, Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, 5 Ansari Road, New Delhi-

110002.

Muringla, B.B., (1998), Cho-i:t Mundhum, in Limboo Text Book (Class-IX-X), Departmnent of

Education, Govt. of Sikkim, Cyber Print & Systems, Below Childern Park, Balwakhani, Gangtok.

Sagant Phillipe, 1976, Becoming a Limbu Priest: Ethnographic Notes, in John T. Hitchcock and Rex L.

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Delhi-110002.

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Mundhum, Nepal Academy, Pragya Chhapakhana, Kamaladi, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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Kathmandu (Reprinted).

Kainla, Birangi, 1991, Sapo:k Chomen Mundhum, Hasna Press, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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and Binding Works, Calcutta.

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Bengal.

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Nang Road, Gangtok.

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Marg, Nam Nang Road, Gangtok.

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Subba, J. R., 2003, Mujo:klung Khejo:klung Mundhum, Ambica Printers, 109 Ground Floor, Prakash

Mohalia, East Kailash, New Delhi-110065.

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Kailash, New Delhi-110065.

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Publication, New Delhi.

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110002.