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The economies of mankind have evolved dramatically over time. From hunter-gatherers, we settled down once we discovered the art of farming, thereby giving rise to the first settlements and the first true economies. Nevertheless, as settlements became towns we became reliant on trading, even more so as empires started to flourish in the ancient times. This, in turn, resulted in a manufacturing base which grew rapidly with the start of the industrial era in the 1800’s which further cemented the dominant position that the West had in the world. However, as we know, it did not stop there and soon it became apparent that in order to manage such complex systems, information and knowledge was required. The age of the knowledge worker was upon us and it is estimated by the IDC that the growth rate of knowledge workers worldwide doubled compared to that of other occupations between 1999 and 2007. This has underpinned the continuing economic growth of the West, but also necessitated structural changes in its economies as knowledge work differs not only from manual work in that it delivers information rather than goods, but it also requires higher degrees of flexibility and autonomy and is reliant on innovation driven by collaboration. This, in turn, necessitates different systems, working practices, technology and organisational models. Whilst the West has been building up its knowledge industry, it did so at the expense of its manufacturing industry as its citizens became wealthier and rising labour costs made it economically unviable to compete with developing countries who were not burdened with such welfare and legacy costs. The result was a notable shift in manufacturing from the developed countries towards the developing countries, but as the latter ones are building up their product base too, many of them are now also undergoing a rapid transition into knowledge based industries. 2
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MARTIJNMOERBEEK
INTELLIGENTCOMMUNITIESURBAN ELECTRONIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS
COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIATIONTHE CHANGING ROLE OF ECONOMIES...
Brains & Creativity
Muscle & Efficiency
THE MANUFACTURING ECONOMY(LOCAL & AT-ARMS-LENGTH)Competitive differentiation is based on the following characteristics:
Availability of natural resources Visible & task-based processes Presence of physical labour Manufacturing prowess Product development Economies of scale
THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY(GLOBAL & SOCIAL)Competitive differentiation is based on the following characteristics:
Availability of information Invisible & flexible processes Presence of educated labour Ability to absorb innovation Service development Economies of scope
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)2 /
SOCIETAL EVOLUTIONTHE CHANGING ROLE OF CITIES...
CITY STATES & EMPIRES (>2000BC)Walls, floors and roofs for shelter and protection with primitive networks to enhance operational efficiency and enable growth to larger scales such as Roman roads, water supply and sewage systems.
skeletons
& skins
mechanical
metabolism
s
electronic
nervous systems
THE INDUSTRIAL ERA (>1800AD)Urban networks multiplied, differentiated, grew in scale and their operation became mechanised through the introduction of pumps, engines and mechanically powered vehicles in buildings and utilities. THE ELECTRONIC ERA (>1945AD)
Primitive urban nervous systems were developed which are now evolving into the brains of cities with pervasive sensing resulting in real-time and vast new data streams data about urban activities.
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)3 / (based on Mitchell, 2008)
88% 76% 75%
SOCIALIt is forecast that in 2050 approximately 88 percent of the developed world’s population will live in cities (compared with 67 percent for developing countries), which will act as economic powerhouses but also give rise to poverty and exclusion.
ECONOMICIn 2010, 76% of the total US workforce was classified as knowledge workers and metropolitan areas contain an disproportionally and increasingly large share of these highly skilled, educated, creative and entrepreneurial workers.
ENVIRONMENTALElectricity usage has doubled from 1975 and continues to grow. The 20 most populous cities are responsible for 75 percent of the planet’s energy consumption and 80 percent of green house gasses.
CLOUDS ON THE HORIZONMEGA TRENDS THAT NECESSITATE SMART CITIES...
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)4 /
PRINCIPLES OF SMART CITIESA “SIXTH SENSE” TO SEE HOW THE PLANET IS OPERATING...
1
2
3
4 SENSE(INSTRUMENTED)
The workings of a city’s system are turned into data points and
the system is made measureable and manageable by computers.
RELAY(INTERCONNECTED)
People, systems and objects have the ability to communicate and
interact with each other regardless of the language that they speak.
ACT(INTELLIGENT)The created information can be used to model patterns of behaviour and be translated into informed actions.
RELATE(INTERRELATED)Each data point has a context, ensuring that cause-and-effect conclusions can be drawn with other people, systems and objects.
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)5 /
CITY SYSTEMS AND INTERRELATIONSA WEB OF STAKEHOLDERS AND SYSTEMS...
BUSINESS
TRANSPORT
SAFETY & SECURITY
city operations systemscity user systemscity infrastructure systems
CITY SERVICES
CITIZENS
UTILITIES
REAL ESTATE
GOVERNMENT SERVICES
CITY STRATEGY
CITY POLICY
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)6 / (based on IBM, 2010 & Cisco, 2010)
A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMSSMART CITIES REQUIRE INTELLIGENT INFRASTRUCTURES...
DescriptionSOCIAL NETWORKS(COLLABORATION & SOCIAL COHESION) SERVICE ORIENTATED ARCHITECTURE
(OPENNESS & TRANSPARENCY) Transport
Safety & Security Government services
Real Estate Utilities
THE NETWORK & CLOUD(INTERCONNECTIVITY)
PERVASIVE SENSING(THE INTERNET OF THINGS)
MOBILISED USER-CENTRIC SERVICES(EMPOWERMENT OF CITIZENS) Home/residential Fan Office School Shopping Wellness Transportation Government
softw
are
hard
ware
services
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)7 /
CITIES AS A SERVICETHE BUSINESS MODEL FOR SMART CITIES...
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)8 /
PUBLIC SECTOR "A fabric for interconnecting the components of a city enabled by
the network, taking costs out and improving services; creating
sustainable, innovative economic improvements through new
business models.”
POLICY & REGULATIONS
CITY STRATEGY
GOVERNMENT SERVICES
PRIVATE SECTOR
TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
APPLICATIONS & SERVICES
DATA ANALYTICS
COLLABORATIVE ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL COHESION
FLEXIBILITY & MOBILITY
QUALITY-OF-LIFE
KNOWLEDGE WORKERS
TAXGDP
Service subscriptionsApplication charges
Bundled utilitiesNetwork as the fourth utility
licenses & managed services
inefficiency removal
IMPLEMENTATION HIERARCHIESPOTENTIAL LEVELS OF SERVICE PROVISION...
11
22
33
44
NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE Fibre network Active components Sensing and data-mining
CONTENT & COMMUNICATIONS Telephony Broadband internet access Video-on-demand
BUILDING INTELLIGENCE Cause-and-effect automation Management of utilities System optimisation
PUBLIC SERVICES Transport, safety, health & education Cooperative democracy Informed, responsible choices
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)9 / (based on Orange, 2008)
DECISION POINTSFOUR BUILDING BLOCKS TO A SMART CITY...
BRAND POLICY CITIZEN CORE CITY SYSTEMS
DECIDE WHAT THECITY SHOULD BECOME Define the
differentiating strengths that will attract skills, knowledge and creativity;
Emphasise these strengths in a strategy;
Prioritise investments in the core city systems.
ADOPT POLICIES FOR KNOWLEDGE GROWTH Enhance the quality-
of-life services; Offer education
services and training; Use data collection to
analyse changes in the labour force;
Retain talent to prevent a braindrain”.
OPTIMISE AROUND THE CITIZENS OF THE CITY Instigate tailored
services that meet individual needs;
Use data provision to enhance the quality-of-life within the city;
Encourage participation in decision making.
APPLY ICT TO IMPROVE CORE CITY SYSTEMS Collect, analyse and
optimise to achieve desired behaviours;
Make services (e.g. transport) responsive to data patterns;
Identify inefficiencies and reduce slack and waste in the systems.
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)10 / (based on IBM, 2010)
STRATEGIC PLANNING FRAMEWORKDECIDE WHAT THE CITY SHOULD BECOME..
WHAT ACTIVITIES DO CITIES CURRENTLY DO THAT THEY SHOULD SHED? Outsource to reduce costs
and free up resources; Divest non-strategic interests.
WHAT ARE A CITY’S CORE ACTIVITIES THAT SHOULD BE RETAINED? Sources of competitive advantage; Do they need to be optimised,
reorganised or consolidated?
IN WHICH ACTIVITIES SHOULD CITIES PARTNER FOR EXTERNAL EXPERTISE? Necessary alliances to meet
critical needs; Continue to partner and develop new
alliances with external partners.
WHAT NEW ACTIVITIES SHOULD A CITY BE EXPANDING INTO? New sources of sustained advantage; Use of internal assets, relationships
and capabilities.
currently have
currently don’t have
non-
core
com
pete
ncy
(ext
erna
l spe
ciia
lisati
on)
core
com
pete
ncy
(inte
rnal
spe
ciia
lisati
on)
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)11 / (based on IBM, 2010)
ECO SYSTEM STACKA NETWORK OF EXTERNAL PARTNERS...
loca
l par
tner
s
IP NETWORK & EXCHANGE
HARDWARE & CONTROL
INSTALLATION & SERVICE
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
SERVICE PROVIDERS
MANAGED SERVICES
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)12 / (based on Cisco, 2010)
A FORMULA FOR SUCCESSPEELING BACK THE LAYERS OF COMPLEXITY...
PUBLIC / PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS A committed multi-disciplinary team; Mutually beneficially business models; Outcome and performance driven relationships.
GOVERNMENT POLICY & REGULATIONS A compelling vision of what the city should become; Leading by example in government operations; Employing integrated planning techniques.
TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Strong security protocols for partner access to network; Industry specific standardisation and compliance; Affordable access for users to technology.
LONG-TERM ADOPTION A new dynamic of participatory citizenship dynamics; Digital inclusion initiatives and education programmes; A service structure with sufficient long-term funding.
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)13 /
SMART BENEFITSTOWARDS AN INTELLIGENT FUTURE...
Intelligent Communities / © Martijn Moerbeek (2010)14 /
FOSTERING A SOCIAL CITY Efficient city management; Enhanced social cohesion;
Improved quality-of-life.
PROMOTING THE ENVIRONMENT Sustainable urbanisation; Environmental awareness; Eco-friendly infrastructure.
BOOSTING ECONOMIC GROWTH A city fit for the knowledge economy; Inefficiency identification & removal;
The ability to compete globally.
Contact
Martijn Moerbeek10 Hartington RoadBuxtonDerbyshireSK17 6JWUnited Kingdom
t: +44 (0)1298 747 22e: [email protected]
