International Winter Wheat Improvement Program

Resistance to yellow rust in bread wheat landraces currently grown in Turkey

A. Morgounov, B. Akın (CIMMYT, Ankara, Turkey)K. Akan, L. Çetin, Z. Mert (Central Field Crop Research Inst., Ankara, Turkey)S. Belen, M. Çakmak (Transitional Zone Agric. Research Inst., Eskisehir, Turkey) M. Keser, K. Nazari (ICARDA, Ankara, Turkey) M. Kan, M. Küçükçongar, F. Özdemir, E. Özer (Bahri Dagdas Internatioanl Agric. Research Inst., Konya, Turkey)H. Muminjanov (FAO-SEC, Ankara, Turkey) İ. Özseven (Maize Research Station, Sakarya, Turkey)U. Kuçukozdemir (East Anatolia Agric. Research Inst., Erzurum, Turkey)C. Qualset (University of California, Davis, USA)

www.iwwip.org

Turkey National Inventory of Wheat landraces

• 2009-2013• In total, 61 provinces, 161

counties, 506 villages and more than 1500 farmers were surveyed

– Preliminary communication to local agricultural authorities and researchers and identification of potential landraces growing areas

– Surveys and collection by teams of 2-3 individual during season

– Socio-agronomic survey, random collection of spikes and seed

• Unexpectedly high frequency and diversity

The overall landrace work objectives• Inventory: document where they are in Turkey, what they

are and why they are grown

• Conservation: transfer to National Gene Bank in Ankara• Characterization: evaluation for a set of agronomic traits

including disease and rust resistance• Utilization:

– For improvement of modern germplasm

– For improvement of landraces to provide back to farmers• Selection of the best landrace components and recreation of original

landraces• Crosses to incorporate important traits

• Specific objective of the current study was identification of landraces resistant to yellow, leaf and stem rusts

Wheat landrace movement through evaluation process

Collection year Landraces collected

Headrows planted

PYT lines evaluated

Yield Trial lines evaluated

Lines multiplied

2009 134 2638 630 490 150

2010 258 3252 670 200 100

2011 143 1833 511 200 -

2012 773 12075 2343 - -

2013 165 2500 - - -

Study materials• Selections from the landraces collected in 2009 and 2010 and evaluated

respectively in yield trials in 2012 and 2013. Total 442 pure lines originated from 248 landraces.

Erzurum-51

Afyon-1 Konya-39 Karaman-44

Kutahya-2

Eskisehir-1

Burdur-1

Aksaray-33

Usak-6

Sivas-1

Nigde-27

Nevsehir-13

Rust evaluation• Evaluation under artificial inoculations to three rusts:

1 Conducted by Pathology Group of Central Field Crop Research Institute in greenhouse in Ankara

2 Conducted by Pathology Group of Central Field Crop Research Institute at Haymana Station near Ankara

3 Conducted by Maize Research Station in Adapazari4 Conducted by ICARDA Pathology Group in Izmir

*(Lr1),(2a), 2c, 3, 16, (26), 3ka, 17, 30, LrB, 10, 14a, 18, 3bg, 14b, (20)

**(Lr1),(2a), 2c, 3, 16, (26), 3ka, 30, LrB, 10, 14a, 18, 3bg, 14b, (20)

Year Entries

Stripe Rust Leaf Rust

Seedling Adult Plant Seedling Adult Plant

2012 281 X1

Yr2; 6; 7; 8, 9X2

Yr2; 6; 7; 9X1* X3**

2013 161 X1

Yr2, 6,7, 8, 9X24

Yr2, 6,7, Su,9,27- X3**

Results: Stripe RustYear of collection / test

Province of collection

Number of

landraces

collected

Seedling resistanc

e class

Field resistance class Total numbe

r of lines

R disease severity (DS ≤ 10)

MR(10 < DS

≤ 20)

MS(20 < DS ≤

40)

S(DS > 40)

2009/2012

Erzurum 51 R 4 0 1 0 5S 19 6 17 72 114

Karaman 44 R 1 0 0 0 1S 3 0 0 48 51

Konya 39 R 0 0 0 0 0S 4 0 2 104 110

Overall 134 R 5 0 1 0 6S 26 6 19 224 275

Major genes - 2.1%

APR 2.1% APR 6.7%APR 9.2%

Year of collection/test

Province of collection

Number of landraces collected

Seedling resistance

class

Field resistance class Total number of lines

R disease severity (DS ≤ 10)

MR(10 < DS ≤ 20)

MS(20 < DS ≤ 40)

S(DS > 40)

2010/2013

Afyon 1 R 0 0 0 0 0S 0 0 0 4 4

Aksaray 33 R 0 0 0 0 0S 1 1 1 64 67

Burdur 1 R 0 0 0 0 0S 0 0 2 5 7

Eskisehir 1 R 0 0 0 0 0S 0 0 0 1 1

Karaman 8 R 0 0 0 0 0S 0 0 0 12 12

Konya 21 R 0 0 0 0 0S 0 0 0 14 14

Kütahya 2 R 1 0 0 0 1S 0 1 0 5 6

Nevşehir 13 R 0 0 0 0 0S 0 1 1 10 12

Nigde 27 R 0 0 0 0 0S 1 0 3 19 23

Sivas 1 R 0 0 0 0 0S 0 1 0 0 1

Uşak 6 R 0 0 0 0 0S 0 0 1 12 13

Overall 114 R MG 1 (0.6%) 0 0 0 1S APR 2 (1.2%) APR 4 (2.4%) APR 8 (5.0%) 146 160

Results: Stripe Rust

Results: Stripe RustNursery No Landrace Province County Village masl Farmer S AP12YT-LANDR 36 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU CAMLIBEL 1748 RECEP SARIKAYA 0 TMS12YT-LANDR 484 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU ALATARLA 1545 AHMET UCAR 0 TMS12YT-LANDR 87 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU TOPRAKKALE 1444 MIKAIL ULKER 0 TMS12YT-LANDR 28 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU BALLICA 1560 MEHMET POLAT 0 012YT-LANDR 151 BEYAZ BUGDAY ERZURUM OLTU DUTLU 1204 ALI KORKMAZ 0 012YT-LANDR 61 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU TOPRAKKALE 1456 SELAHATTIN ULKER 0 40MS12YT-LANDR 88 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU SARISAZ KOYU 1362 NEDIM YILDIRIM 7 012YT-LANDR 89 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TEPECIK 1637 NIZAMETTIN OZCAN 7 012YT-LANDR 17 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 2081 HULKI MANSIZ 7 012YT-LANDR 74 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 1832 FIKRET YAVUZ 7 012YT-LANDR 118 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER DEMIRDOGEN 1710 METIN KOK 8 012YT-LANDR 136 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER PORSUK 1789 HUSNU ERKMEN 8 012YT-LANDR 13 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 1845 AHMET FIDAN 8 0

12YT-LANDR 111 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER YUKARI CAKMAK

1731 NADIM SARAC8

0

12YT-LANDR 115 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER DEMIRDOGEN 1730 NECMETTIN KIRTEPE 6-7 012YT-LANDR 152 BEYAZ BUGDAY ERZURUM OLTU DUTLU 1204 ALI KORKMAZ 6-7 012YT-LANDR 18 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 2081 HULKI MANSIZ 7 TMS12YT-LANDR 99 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TEPECIK 1629 MUAMMER KIRTEPE 8 TMS12YT-LANDR 149 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TASKAYNAK 1801 AYHAN CELIK 8 TMS

12YT-LANDR 113 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER YUKARI CAKMAK

1731 NADIM SARAC8

TMS

12YT-LANDR 69 KIRIK ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS 2081 HULKI MANSIZ 6-7 TMS12YT-LANDR 162 DIGE BUGDAYI ERZURUM OLTU DEREBASI 1580 YUSUF ALBAYRAK 7 TMS

12YT-LANDR 112 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER YUKARI CAKMAK 1731 NADIM SARAC

810MS

12YT-LANDR 158 AKBUGDAY ERZURUM OLTU DUTLU 1216 YASEDDIN KORKMAZ 6 10MSS12YT-LANDR 164 DIGE BUGDAYI ERZURUM OLTU DEREBASI 1695 BINALI ALTINKAYNAK 7 10MSS12YT-LANDR 161 DIGE BUGDAYI ERZURUM OLTU DEREBASI 1580 YUSUF ALBAYRAK 7 10MSS12YT-LANDR 122 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TASLIGUNEY 1748 HAYRETTIN AKSAKAL 6-7 10MSS

12YT-LANDR 108 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER YUKARI CAKMAK 1729 SEYDI CINAR

820MS

12YT-LANDR 39 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU CAMLIBEL 1702 YUNUS AKTAS 7 30MS

12YT-LANDR 110 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER YUKARI CAKMAK

1731 NADIM SARAC8

30MS

Results: Stripe Rust

Nursery No Landrace Province County Village masl Farmer S AP

12YT-LANDR 211 AKBUGDAY KARAMAN SARIVELILER CIVLE 1410 ISMET OFLAZ 0 TMS

12YT-LANDR 248 GODEREDI KARAMAN SARIVELILER CUKURBAG 1446 AYSE AKSU 7 TMS

12YT-LANDR 255 GODEREDI KARAMAN SARIVELILER CUKURBAG 1446 UMMU AKKOL 7 TMS

12YT-LANDR 173 GODELI KARAMAN SARIVELILER CIVANDERE 1414 BAKI ALTINKAYA 7 10MSS

12YT-LANDR 476 KUNDURU KONYA HADIM BOLAT 1350 OSMAN TARHAN 7 TMS

12YT-LANDR 328 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN 1164 ALI OZTAS 6-7 TMS

12YT-LANDR 351 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA 1163 YAKUP CENGIZ 7 10MS

12YT-LANDR 217 AKBUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR HISARLIK 1475 OMER CICEK 7 10MS

12YT-LANDR 216 AKBUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR HISARLIK 1475 OMER CICEK 7 40MS

12YT-LANDR 359 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA 1160 ALI DOGRU 8 40S

Results: Stripe Rust

Nursery No Landrace Province County Village Farmer S AP

13LRACE-YT 125 NO NAME AKSARAY GÜZELYURT IHLARA NAFİZ ELLİİKİ 7 TMS

13LRACE-YT 134 ŞAHMAN AKSARAY MERKEZ ÇAĞLAYAN YUSUF BASTUR 8 40MSS

13LRACE-YT 136 ŞAHMAN AKSARAY MERKEZ ÇAĞLAYAN YUSUF BASTUR 8 5-20MSS

13LRACE-YT 194 NO NAME BURDUR AGLASUN KIPRIT 8 10-50S

13LRACE-YT 197 NO NAME BURDUR AGLASUN KIPRIT 8 30MSS

13LRACE-YT 184 KOBAK KUTAHYA ALTINTAS ERENKOY 2 20MSS

13LRACE-YT 36 ALBOSTAN NEVŞEHİR ÜRGÜP AĞAÇÖREN AHMET SESİGÜZEL 8 20MSS

13LRACE-YT 31 ALBOSTAN NEVŞEHİR ÜRGÜP AĞAÇÖREN MEVLÜT ŞAHİN 8 30MSS

13LRACE-YT 67 KAMÇI NİĞDE ÇAMARDI ELEKGÖLÜ NAİM BOZAT 8 30MS

13LRACE-YT 80 KAMÇI NİĞDE ÇAMARDI MAHMATLI TURHAN ARAL 8 40MSS

13LRACE-YT 81 KAMÇI NİĞDE ÇAMARDI ELEKGÖLÜ NUH YILMAZ 6 40MSS

13LRACE-YT 84 KAMÇI NİĞDE ÇİFTLİK ÇINARLI ALİ ERTAŞ 7 10MSS13LRACE-YT 163 ZERUN SİVAS GÜRÜN MERKEZ MEHMET TECER 8 20MSS13LRACE-YT 169 ARIBUGDAY USAK BANAZ KUSDEMIR 6-7 10S

Conclusions: Stripe Rust• Frequency of stripe rust resistant selections from

landraces is on average 15% and varies depending on the province and landrace from 0 to 50%.

• The ratio of Adult Plant Resistance versus major gene resistance is 10:1 – nature votes for APR.

• The highest frequency of stripe rust resistant landraces is in Erzurum.

Results: Leaf Rust major genesNursery No Landrace Province County Village Seedling Adult Plant12YT-LANDR 351 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA 0 5MS12YT-LANDR 351 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA 0 5MS12YT-LANDR 258 GODEREDI KONYA BOZKIR KOVANLIK 0 5MR12YT-LANDR 478 KUNDURU KONYA HADIM BOLAT 0 100S12YT-LANDR 30 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU CAMLIBEL 1 10MR12YT-LANDR 147 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TASKAYNAK ; 10MR12YT-LANDR 12 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU INANMIS ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 255 GODEREDI KARAMAN SARIVELILER CUKURBAG ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 328 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 359 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA ; 5MS12YT-LANDR 183 AKBUGDAY KARAMAN ERMENEK CATALBADEM ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 186 AKBUGDAY KARAMAN SARIVELILER ADILLER ; 10MS12YT-LANDR 209 AKBUGDAY KARAMAN SARIVELILER CIVLE ; 20MR12YT-LANDR 328 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 359 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA ; 5MS12YT-LANDR 366 AKCABUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR HISARLIK ; 100S12YT-LANDR 434 KOCA BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR KAYAPINAR ; 10MS12YT-LANDR 324 SARI BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR SOGUT ; 20MS12YT-LANDR 259 GODEREDI KONYA BOZKIR KOVANLIK ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 477 KUNDURU KONYA HADIM BOLAT ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 441 KOCA BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR KAYAPINAR ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 352 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM GOYNUKISLA ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 411 KOCA BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR ELMAAGAC ; 5MR12YT-LANDR 341 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN ;1 5MR12YT-LANDR 19 TOPBAS ERZURUM OLTU BASBAGLAR 1+ 5MR

Results: Leaf Rust APR

Nursery No Landrace Province County Village Seedling Adult Plant12YT-LANDR 419 KOCA BUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR ELMAAGAC 3 TMR

12YT-LANDR 248 GODEREDI KARAMAN

SARIVELILER

CUKURBAG3 TMR

12YT-LANDR 339 SARI BUGDAY KONYA HADIM SELAHATTIN 3 5MS

12YT-LANDR 144 KIRIK ERZURUM PASINLER TASKAYNAK

3 5MR12YT-LANDR 219 AKBUGDAY KONYA BOZKIR SOGUCAK 3 5MR

12YT-LANDR 7 TOPBAS ERZURUM

OLTU GUZELSU 3 40MSS

12YT-LANDR 73 KIRIK ERZURUM

OLTU SULUNKAYA3 20MS

12YT-LANDR 148 KIRIK ERZURUM

PASINLER TASKAYNAK3 20MR

Conclusions: Leaf Rust• Frequency of leaf rust resistant selections from

landraces is on average 12% and varies depending on the province and landrace from 0 to 30%.

• The ratio of Adult Plant Resistance versus major gene resistance is 1:3 – nature votes for major genes.

• The highest frequency of leaf rust resistant landraces is in Konya.

Wheat landraces: agronomic performance12ENT

RYLANDRACE PROVINCE Village

ALTITUDE

FARMER NAMETYP

E1000kw

59 GEREK 34.9

426KOCA BUGDAY

KONYA

TARLABASI 1549 NEVZAT DEMIROZ BW 47.1

434KOCA BUGDAY

KONYA

KAYAPINAR 1498 AYSE KOCAK BW 47.0

286SARI BUGDAY

KARAMAN

CATALBADEM

1080 MUSTAFA DOGAN DW 47.0

351SARI BUGDAY

KONYA

GOYNUKISLA

1163 YAKUP CENGIZ BW 46.8

328SARI BUGDAY

KONYA

SELAHATTIN 1164 ALI OZTAS BW 46.5

429KOCA BUGDAY

KONYA

KAYAPINAR 1498 HASAN ALTUN DW 46.3

12ENTRY

LANDRACE PROVINCE VillageALTITUD

EFARMER NAME TYPE

Col. lengt

h340 GEREK 4.96

235 GODEREDI KARAMAN CIVANDERE

1414 HASAN KAFES BW7.74

262 GODEREDI KONYA BALCILAR 1655BAYRAM KANDEMIR

BW7.52

233 GODEREDI KARAMAN ADILLER 1413MUSTAFA TASPINAR

BW7.46

243 GODEREDI KARAMAN CIVLER 1410 MEHMET YAMAN BW 7.44

459 KUNDURU KONYA HISARLIK 1475HASAN HUSEYIN SUCU

BW7.30

283 SARI BUGDAY KARAMAN YALINDAL 887 NEBI GURBUZ CW 7.23

1000 kernel weight Coleoptile length

12ENTRY

LANDRACE PROVINCE VillageALTITUDE

FARMER NAME TYPEYieldkg/ha

348 KARAHAN 1673300 GEREK 2120

181YORUK BUGDAYI

KARAMAN

ADILLER 1413 MUSTAFA TASPINAR BW 2946

105 KIRIK ERZURUM

CICEKLI 1879 HANIFI AYDIN BW 2866

325SARI BUGDAY

KONYA

SOGUT 1514 OSMAN OGUT CW 2838

304SARI BUGDAY

KARAMAN

YAYLAPAZARI

900 HASAN ACAR CW 2484

187AKBUGDAY

KARAMAN

ADILLER 1413 CEMAL URESIN BW 2380

161DIGE BUGDAYI

ERZURUM

DEREBASI

1580 YUSUF ALBAYRAK BW 2334

103 KIRIK ERZURUM

CICEKLI 1879 LOKMAN BINGOL BW 2170

13 TOPBAS ERZURUM

INANMIS 1845 AHMET FIDAN BW 2161

305SARI BUGDAY

KARAMAN

YAYLAPAZARI

900 HASAN ACAR CW 2155

Yield

Farmers peception of landracesTrait Good Normal Bad Do not knowYield 19.62 56.42 13.19 10.76Disease resistance 17.36 45.49 13.72 23.44Pest resistance 13.19 42.88 13.72 30.21Cold resistance 44.44 32.29 12.15 11.11Drought resistance 35.07 42.36 10.94 11.63Suitable for family consumption

80.38 14.76 1.74 3.13

Market price 12.67 39.41 22.05 25.87Lodging resistance 16.70 41.04 34.61 7.65Straw quality 53.13 30.73 4.69 11.46Straw yield 44.62 34.38 4.86 16.15

General conclusions• The average frequency of stripe and leaf rust resistant

entries in bread wheat landraces currently grown in Turkey varies from 15 to 20%.

• In the collections of 2009 and 2010 resistance to stripe rust was primarily APR while resistance to leaf rust was mainly major genes.

• The highest frequency of stripe rust resistant landraces was in Erzurum while leaf rust – in Konya.

• The genes determining the resistance have not been identified.

• The value of identified resistance is important to improve the landraces themselves.

Future work• More than 3000 selections from the landraces have been planted

this season in Konya and Haymana and they represent the whole diversity of the collections from 2009 till 2012

• Detailed agronomic description and evaluation for important traits including disease resistance will be conducted.

• Morphology, agronomic traits and DNA-based diversity will be used to define the “Core Set” which will be used for more detailed characterization and association mapping.

• Independently identification of superior landraces components will continue to improve them and provide back to the farming communities.

• Collection will continue in the “white spots” to complete the inventory in 2014-2015.

Acknowledgements

• IWWIP is financially supported by– Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of Turkey– CRP WHEAT (CGIAR)

• Numerous IWWIP cooperators in Turkey