EVAPORATOR

The evaporator is a heat transfer system, and is that part of a refrigeration cycle in which liquid refrigerant is evaporated for the purpose of removing heat from the refrigerated space or product.

Penyejat ialah satu sistem pemindahan haba, sebahagian daripada kitaran penyejukan di mana bahan penyejuk menyejat untuk memindahkan haba dari ruang dalam peti sejuk atau peralatan.

EVAPORATOR

Evaporators are manufactured in a wide variety of types, shapes, sizes and designs, and are classified in the following way:- type of construction method of refrigerant feed operating conditions method of air (or liquid) circulation type of controls application

EVAPORATOR

The capacity of any evaporator or cooling coil is the rate at which heat will pass through the evaporator walls from the refrigerated space to the vaporizing liquid.

Keupayaan mana-mana gegelung penyejat atau penyejukan adalah pada kadar haba yang akan melalui dinding penyejat dari ruang dalam peti sejuk dalam bentuk cecair dan wap.

BARE (PLAIN TUBE) TYPE

This type consists of a bank of tubes, copper or steel.

They are used for cold rooms with natural air circulation over the tubes.

Maintenance consists of keeping the internal walls of the tubes free from oil and external surfaces clear of ice.

Copper tubes are used with the halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants.

Steel pipes are used with ammonia R717 refrigerant.

BARE (PLAIN TUBE) TYPE

On some commercial plants, pipes containing refrigerant are sealed between two dole-plates.

The gap between the plates is filled with a low temperature freezing point solution to improve heat transfer.

Alternatively, the gap is evacuated (DIPINDAHKAN) to form a vacuum. This vacuum type relies on heat transfer being conducted through metal contact only. (See Figure 1)

FORCED CONVECTION EVAPORATORS

PLATE TYPE

The refrigerant is contained between two plates to give a large cooling surface (aluminium corrugated and prefromed in a ‘U’ shape).

This type of evaporator is widely used in domestic refrigeration.

The only maintenance requirement is to keep the plate free from ice (See Figure 2)

FORCED CONVECTION EVAPORATORS

High velocity air over a closely finned coil can increase heat transfer.

The use of forced draught can reduce the overall size and weight of the evaporator which can reduce purchasing and installation costs.

Forced draught also gives:- more rapid cooling even temperatures good humidity control easy defrosting.

FORCED CONVECTION EVAPORATORS

The fins on a forced draught evaporator are very closely spaced which gives a high capacity rating.

Defrosting must be carried out more frequently.

It is possible to operate these coils at about 60% flooded conditions (High velocity air is forced through the finned coils with powerful fans.

The fan motors can be single or three phase).

FORCED CONVECTION EVAPORATORS

FORCED CONVECTION EVAPORATORS

DRY EXPANSION EVAPORATORS

Dry expansion evaporators are so called because liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator by an expansion valve and vaporizes by the time it reaches the end of the evaporator coil.

There is always at least 20% vapor present within the evaporator pipe work.

The amount of liquid present in dry expansion evaporators will depend upon the fixture load.

At light load conditions, the amount of liquid will be small, and in high load conditions, the amount of liquid will be large.

The larger the wetted surface, the greater the efficiency. (See Figure 3)

DRY EXPANSION EVAPORATORS

FLOODED EVAPORATORS

A flooded evaporator is completely filled with liquid refrigerant, and the level of the refrigerant is maintained in an accumulator by a float-valve.

Evaporators are connected in parallel to the accumulator.

One pipe from the bottom of the vessel supplies liquid refrigerant.

The return pipe containing liquid refrigerant and vapour enters the vessel near the top.

The liquid from the accumulator is quite often pumped around the evaporators.

FLOODED EVAPORATORS

The disadvantage of the flooded evaporator is that it requires a considerable charge of refrigerant and is bulky.

The main advantage is that the inside of the pipes are completely wetted with refrigerant and this produces a very high rate of heat transfer

FLOODED EVAPORATORS

FLOODED EVAPORATORS

EVAPORATORS USED FOR CHILLING LIQUID

Evaporators used to cool liquids can be divided into five general types:- double pipe coolers shell and coil coolers shell and tube coolers baudelot coolers tank type coolers

DOUBLE PIPE COOLERS

This cooler consists of one pipe inside another. The fluid to be cooled flows in the inside and the refrigerant flows in the outer space between the inner and outer tube in the opposite direction to the fluid to obtain a high heat transfer rate – counter-flow action

SHELL AND COIL EVAPORATOR

Shell and Coil evaporators have one or more spiral shaped, bare tube coils enclosed in a welded steel shell.

They are generally dry expansion type with refrigerant in coils and chilled liquid in the shell.

They have thermal capacity for application for high but infrequent loads.

They are used for chilling of drinking water and other aspects where cleanliness is a factor, e.g. Bakeries and Photographic Laboratories.

SHELL AND TUBE EVAPORATOR

Shell and Tube evaporators consist of a cylindrical shell in which there are a number of straight tubes arranged in parallel, held in place by end plates.

When in operation, refrigerant is expanded in the tubes with chilled liquid in the shell.

Shell diameters range from 150 mm to 1.5 m, numbers of tubes from less than fifty to several thousand. Tube diameters range from 16 mm to 50 mm with tube lengths 1.5 m to 6 m.

SHELL AND TUBE EVAPORATOR

Steel tubes are used for ammonia and copper tubes used for other refrigerants.

Copper tubes give high heat transfer coefficients. Evaporators using Freon refrigerants often have fins on the refrigerant side, i.e. internally (because of low film conductance of these refrigerants).

The shell and tube evaporators are very common, highly efficient, compact and readily available.

They are used for both Dry and Flooded applications.

BAUDELOT COOLERS

The Baudelot Cooler consists of a series of horizontal pipes, one under another, connected to form a circuit.

They can be either dry or flooded. Refrigerant flows through the tubes, while chilled

liquid flows in a thin film over the outside, (in a counter flow direction).

This is then collected in a trough at the bottom of the cooler.

They were used for cooling milk (prior to the introduction of the E.E.C. Regulations) wine and water, since it is possible to chill to very nearly freezing point without damaging equipment

TANK TYPE COOLERS

The Tank type cooler consists of bare tube refrigerant coils installed in the centre or at one end of a large tank containing chilled liquid.

The tubes are submerged in the liquid but separated from the main body by a baffle.

An agitator circulates liquid over the coils at a velocity of 0.5 m/s.

Coil forms are spiral or race-way. The coils are operated flooded. Applications involve chilling

water, brine or other liquids used as a secondary refrigerant. They are particularly suitable for applications having frequent

and severe fluctuations in load. Large storage tanks are used to minimize the rise in

temperature of chilled liquid during peak demand. (See Figure 5)

CONCLUSSION

To summarise some of the points about coolers, we can classify them as follows:-

Liquid Cooler Sub-classified as to whether refrigerant, either (a) inside

tubes or (b) outside tubes with a corresponding classification of dry or flooded.

Dry Coil Has a thermostatic expansion valve metering just the correct

amount of liquid refrigerant to maintain predetermined degree of superheat

Flooded Coil Has a float valve maintaining liquidate constant level, ie, as

fast as refrigerant evaporates, more liquid is admitted by the float.