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11. 1.1 , , . .
1.1.1 .
1.1.2 : , ,
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1.2 . . : ( ) . , : . ( : , , ), . . . ( , ). , . . , . , :
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. , . , , . , . (Central Processing Unit CPU). . , , . , , , . CPU (Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU), . / . . , . . . . , (buses). . ,
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. , , . , . . , , , (hardware) , , , (software). CD DVD, .
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, . , , , . , .
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, , , , . (software), : . , , , , . , , . . , . , . . . , . , , , .
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, , , , . . : Multi user: . . Multiprocessing: (CPU). Multitasking: . Multithreading: Real time: . , DOS UNIX . (real-time) , . , .
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1.3 , , . , . (datum, data) , , . , . , . , . , , .
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, . bit ( binary digit). 0 1 , . , , bits, . byte 8 bits. , , , . , , , , , . , . ASCII.
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1.4 . : (supercomputers). , , () . , . (mainframes). , , . , . , , , . , . (personal computers pc). (desktop) (tower) , 1981 IBM. , , mainframes, . PCs . Mac. PCs, , MAC.
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. . (laptops notebooks). PCs, . notebooks laptops. , PCs, PCs. (palmtops). , .
, , e-mail, . (Personal Digital Assistant PDAs). pin (). PDAs , . . mainframes PCs client server. , . , , . mainframes PCs
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4: Client Server