-
- 1
.
-
500-400 . . 250-70 . . 100 .. - ?
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, 520 .., . qanat : . qanats. (1) , (2) ( ), (3) (), (4) , (5) ,
(6) , (7) , (8) , (9) .
-
. (, , 23):
, , , 740 , . , . 18,5 , . , 1,5 , 2,7 , , . , , , 90 .. .
Perino del Vaga, Solon Giving Laws to the Athenians, c. 1541.Lent
from the Royal Library by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (National
Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.).
-
(). : ( Zeno Diemer, Deutsches Museum, , Lettenmaier, 2004). 250
.., () ( , ), (). :
http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Screw/SourcesScrew.html
(New York University, Department of Mathematics).
-
1870 . 1900.
-
(Ven Te Chow, 1964, , 1999).
1400 .. , , , , , 1400-1600 Da Vinci, B. Palissy, , 1600-1700
(Perrault, Mariotte, Halley)1700-1800 (Bernoulli, Pilot, Chezy,
etc)1800-1900 , (Darcy, Poiseulle, Dupuit, Thiem, Ghyben Herzberg,
etc)1900-1930 1930-1950 (Sherman), (Horton), (Theis), (Gumbel),
(Hazel), (Bernard).1950- /. . .
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Artois
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( )
-
: . : () () () ()
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PIERP=E+R+I
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P: (, , , ..): (: + : )R: ( ): ( ).
: : (%) (mm) (m3) P = E + R + I100% =
E%+R%+I%P(m3)=E(m3)+R(m3)+I(m3)P(mm)=E(mm)+R(mm)+I(mm)
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( km3/). 1: . , 2: . , 3: , 4: , 5: , 6: ( ).
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() - Evapotranspiration: = + : . :
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()Mu et al., 2007: Remote sensing of environment
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(): / / . . ():, ,
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(Infiltration) ( ) ( ) ( ) .
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=> () () ( , , , ) => => ( )
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; /
-
- Runoff: , , (, ) .: ( ) .
-
- Runoff
-
. . . . , .
-
- : (, ..) .
-
( , %) . .
-
:
: : : :
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: D: Ln: : : : :
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P (Precipitation) ( ) - P=E+R+I
-
P (Precipitation) : : . , . . , . . . . (.. , , ..)
P=E+R+I
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P (Precipitation)Source: Man's Domain, a Thematic Atlas of the
World. Norman J. W. Thrower, editor, McGraw-Hill 1970
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P (Precipitation)
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P (Precipitation) . : , ..
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P (Precipitation) : , (, , , ..) (mm) 30 .
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P (Precipitation) : , () (h) . .
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. (mm/m). (x) (y)
