1

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3

1. 1.1 1. 1946(John Mauchly)(J.Presper Eckert)(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)ENIAC

19461958KBENIAC18800150070000170150305000

19581964 KBFORTRANCOBOLALGOLIBMIBM-7094CDCCDC1604

IBM_7090

19641970SSI (Small Scale Integration)MSI (Middle Scale Integration)IBMIBM-S/360

IBM-S/360

1971LSI (Large Scale Integration)VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

II

2. 195619581031965197119831992101997 19993840

3(1(2)

(3) (4)

1.1.2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1.1.3 IEEE19891161. Supercomputer2. Mini-supercomputer 3. 4. Minicomouter5.Workstation6. Personal Computer,PC

1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3

.

1.2.1 1. 123 123.456 (1011)2 (1011.011)2 (1234)8 (1234.567)8 (123A)16 (12AB3.CDEF)16

01234567890110211231102=1002101=103100=1123182=64281=8380=1

2. (1)Decimal notation 0123456789 10 nmD D=Dn-1Dn-2D1D0.D-1D-2D-mD= Dn-110n-1+D n-210n-2++D1101+D0100+ D-110-1+D-210-2++D-m10-m 1234.56

(2) Binary notation 01 2 nmB B=Bn-1Bn-2B1B0.B-1B-2B-mB= Bn-12n-1+B n-22n-2++B121+B020+B-12-1+B-22-2++B-m2-m(1101.01)2=123+122+021+120+02-1+12-2

(3) Octal notation 01234567 8 nmO O=On-1On-2O1O0.O-1O-2O-m, O= On-18n-1+On-28n-2++O181+O080+O-18-1+O-28-2++O-m8-m(1234.56)8=183+282+381+480+58-1+68-2

4Hexadecimal notation 0123456789ABCDEF 16 nmH H=Hn-1Hn-2H1H0.H-1H-2H-m H=Hn-116n-1+Hn-216n-2++H1161+H0160+ H-116-1+H-216-2++H-m16-m(1234.56)16=1163+2162+3161+4160+ 516-1+616-2

3. DB O H

4. 321000004020

(1) r ABCDEF101112131415

(1011.1)2(1011.01)2 = 123 + 022 + 121 + 120 + 02-1+ 12-2= 18 + 04 + 12 + 11 + 00.5 + 10.25= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.25= 11.25

(307.5)8(307.5)8= 382 + 081 + 780 + 58-1 = 364 + 08 + 71 + 50.125= 192 + 0 + 7 + 0.625= 199.625 = 11.25

(3CF.A)16(3CF.A)16 = 3162 + 12161 + 15160 + 1016-1= 3256 + 1216 + 151 + 100.0625= 768 + 192 + 15 + 0.625= 975.625

(2) r rr

57.625 2 57 1 2 28 0 2 14 0 2 71 2 31 2 11 0 57=111001B

57.625

0.625 2 11.25 2 00.5 2 11.0 0.625=101B

57.62557.125= 111001.101B

00

(3)

00004100100151012010611030117111

50.754 O11010110 .10101B50.754 O=101 000.111 101 100B=101000.1111011B

11010110 .10101B11010110.10101B=011 010 110.101 010B=326.52 O

(4) -

0000081000100019100120010A101030011B101140100C110050101D110160110E111070111F1111

40B.2AH11010110.10101B 40B.2AH=0100 0000 1011.0010 1010B=10000001011.0010101B

11010110.10101B11010110.10101B=1101 0110.1010 1000B=D6.A8H

1.2.2 1. (1) (2) (3) (4)

2. (1) bit,018(2) ByteB81B=8bit8

(3) Word

(4) KBK 1KB=210B=1024B(5) MBM 1MB=210KB=220B(6) 1GBG 1GB=210MB=230B(7) 1TBT 1TB=210GB=240B

1.2.3

BCD3ASCII(American Standard Code for Information InterchangeGB2312-80GB18030-2000

1. BCDBCD40000~10010~9

BCD

0123456789BCD0000000100100011010001010110011110001001

2. ASCIIASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII787ASCIIASCII27128ASCII78ASCII2568ASCIIASCII

7ASCII

3. ASCII_

1980GB2312-806763682949454485448

20H54485436H4830H20H5650HASCII01010110 01010000

21ASCII1

1616242432324848WindowsTrueType

1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

1.3.1 1.

2. CPU01

1 19448ENIAC3 5

(2) (Arithmetic Logic Unit) ALUALU

(3) (Control Unit) Central Processing Unit, CPU

(4) Memory CPUCPU

(5) (Input Device)

(6) Output Device

3. :(1) (2)

(1)

:

Operating SystemOS DOSWindowsLinux

:

2050

2050 1954(FORTRAN)FORTRANBASICPASCALCOBOLCVisual BasicVisual C++DelphiPowerBuilderVB.NETVC++.NETJAVAC#

2 /

1.3.2 123

1197119731974197819781985198520002000

19711973 41971Intel4MPUmicro processing unitIntel 4004MCS_4Intel 40040.5MHz0.8MHz48

Intel 4004

19741978 81974Intel8Intel 8080IntelIntel 8085MotorolaM6800ZilogZ80MOS Technology65026502APPLEIIZ80System-31MHz2.5MHz816 FortranBasic

Intel 80806502APPLE II

19781985

Intel 8086Intel 8088Intel 80286

IBM PCIBM PC286

19852000 32198532Intel 80386ZilogZ80000HP32NSNS160321993Intel3280586Pentium31016KB66MHzPentium ProPentium MMXPentium IIPentium III Windows

Intel 80386Intel 80486Intel 80586-pentium

2000 642000Intel64Pentium IV4Pentium IV42001.4GHzPentium IVIntelDPDPE

Intel Pentium IV

2

3

(1) BIOSCPU ISA PCI COM1COM2

(2) Central Processor UnitCPUMicro Proc essor UnitMPU

(3) Read Only MemoryROMRandom Access MemoryRAM

Read Only MemoryROM ROMROMROM/BIOS/ROM

Random Access MemoryRAM RAMRAMRAMRAMStatic RAMSRAMRAMDynamic RAMDRAM

RAMStatic RAMSRAM RAMCacheCPURAMCPU

RAMDynamic RAMDRAM RAMCPUCPU/RAM

RAMRAM

(4).

3.580185123.5512B18802=1.44MB

3.5

G

3 (CD-ROM) (WORM) / 12cm700MB

U USBU256MB2GB

U

(5). BUSCPUDBABCB

(6) 4

(7). Mouse

(9). CRTLCDCRTLCD

CRTLCD

CRTLCD0.21mm0.25mm0.28mm800600102476812801024

1.3.2 3(9). CPUCPU MDACGA EGA VGAAVGA VGA BIOS

1.3.2 3(10).

1.3.2 3(10).

1.3.3 1. (Medium) (Multimedia)

1.3.3 2. (1)

1.3.3 2. (2)

1.3.3 3. 1

1.3.3 (2)

1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3

1.4 1.4.1 1.

1.4 1.4.1 2.

1.4 1.4.1 2. 5

1.4 1.4.1 3.

1.4 1.4.1 3. 4

1.4 1.4.1 4. 3

1.4 1.4.2 1999426CIHMelissaExploreZIPJuly-Killer

1.4 1.4.2 1. CIHBIOS:

1.4 1.4.2 2.

1.4 1.4.2 3.

1.4 1.4.2 4.

1.4 1.4.2 5. /

1.4 1.4.2 6. Norton AntivirusMcafee VirusScan

1.4 1.4.2 6. (2)

1.4 1.4.3 1 Internet

1.4 1.4.3 1

1.4 1.4.3 1

1.4 1.4.3 1

1.4 1.4.3 2 206019731991122080 19837198710

1.4 1.4.3 2

1.4 1.4.3 2

1. A B. C D. CPU2. A B. C D. 3. 12 3 1A B. C D. 2A B. C D. 3A B. C D.

4 A B. C D. 51 234 1A B. C D. 2ACPU B. RAM CALU D. CRT 3A B. C D. 4A B. C D.

6. ARAM B. ROM CRAMROM D. 7 A B. C D. ASCII8 A. B. C. D.

9 A B. C D. 10 A B. ROM CRAM D. U

1ENIAC 2. 3. (12.25)10=( )2=( )8=( )164. (101010.10101)2=( )8=( )16=( )105. 61GB= MB= KB= B7 CPU8 9 10

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. RAMROM7. 8. 9. 10.