Upload
mohammed-enab
View
81
Download
12
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
0
Wאא אא
١٢٠
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
1
א
א
א 5 א
6
אWאא
( 1 – 1 ) 10
( 1 -2 ) 12
( 1 – 3 ) א15 א
( 1 – 4 )א 17
( 1 – 5 )אא 17
( 1 – 6 ) א 19
( 1 – 6 – 1 )אאא 19
( 1 – 6 – 2)אאא 21
( 1 – 7 )אא 22
( 1 – 8 )אא 25
( 1 – 9 )אאא 27
( 1 – 10 ) 28
( 1 – 11 )אא 32
( 1 – 12 )א 33
( 1 – 12 – 1 )אאא 33
( 1 – 12 – 2 )אאא 35
( 1 – 13 ) 39
( 1 – 14 )א 43
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
2
אWאא
( 2 – 1 ) 47
( 2 – 2 )אא 49
( 2 – 3 )אאאא 51
( 2 – 4) 52
( 2 – 5 )אאא 54
( 2 – 6 )אאא 56
( 2 – 7 )אא 58
( 2 – 8 )EאאF 61
( 2 – 9 )אאא 63
( 2 – 10 )אאא 65
( 2 – 11 )אא 66
( 2 – 12 )א 70
אWאא
(3 – 1 ) 73
(3 –2 )אא 75
(3 – 3)אא 77
(3 – 4 )אאא 77
(3 – 5 )א 78
(3 – 6 )אאא 79
(3 – 6 – 1 )אאא 80
(3 – 6 – 2 )אאא 81
(3 – 7 )אא 82
(3 – 8 )אא 83
(3 – 8 – 1 )אא 83
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
3
(3 – 8 – 2 )אא 84
(3 – 9 )א 85
אWאאא
( 4 – 1 ) 88
( 4 – 2 )א 90
( 4 – 3)א 92
( 4 – 4)אאאאא 94
( 4 – 5 )אאא 99
( 4 – 5 – 1 )אאא 99
( 4 – 5 – 2 )אאאא 100
( 4 – 5 – 3 )אא 101
( 4 – 5 – 4 )אא 101
( 4 – 6 )אא 102
( 4 – 7 )אאאאא 103
( 4 – 8 )א 104
( 4 – 9 )א 106
( 4 – 10) 108
( 4 – 11 )א 113
אWאא
( 5 – 1) 116
( 5 – 2 )אא 118
( 5 – 3 )א 119
( 5 – 3 – 1 )אאא 119
( 5 – 3 – 2 )אאא 119
( 5 – 4 )אאאא 121
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
4
( 5 – 4 - 1 )א 121
( 5 – 4 - 1 - 1 )אא 121
( 5 – 4 - 1 - 2 )אאא 122
( 5 – 4 - 1 - 3 )א 122
( 5 – 4 - 2 )א 124
( 5 – 4 - 2 – 1 )א 125
( 5 – 5 )אאאאא 127
( 5 – 6 )אא 129
( 5 – 6 – 1 )אאא 129
( 5 – 6 – 2 )אאא 130
( 5 – 7)אאא 132
( 5 – 7 – 1 )אאא 132
( 5 – 7 – 2 )אא 136
( 5 – 8 )א 138
( 5 – 9 )אא 140
( 5 – 9 – 1 )אאא 140
( 5 – 9 – 2 )אא 142
( 5 – 10 )אא 144
( 5 – 10 - 1 )אאא 145
( 5 – 10 - 2 )אא 145
( 5 – 10 - 3 )אאאאא 146
( 5 – 11)א 147
א149 א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
5
א،אא،א
W، אאאאאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
KאאאWאא א א א אא
،אאאאאאאאא،
א ،אאא א אא א אאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאא،אאאא
Kא ? א א א אא א ?Kאאאאאא אאאאאא
،א אאא א ،א א א א
Kאא ؛אאאא
Kא אאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
6
Wא
F ١١٥ א א E א א ،אאKאא
F א א ١٢٠א א א א E אאאאא
אאאאK אאאאא،
א E א א א א א Fא، אאא،
EאאFאאאאאאא
א،אאאאאFאאאE א א א א
אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאא
אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא،אא
אאאא א א א א אKא
אאא ، א אא אא אא א א
א א א ، אאאא،אאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
7
אא،אאאאאKאא
אאאאאאKא
אא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
8
אאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
9
Wאא
אKאאאאא
אאאW Wאא
Kא Kאאא אאא،אא
Kאא Kאאא،אא אא،א
Kא Kאאאא Kאאא Kאאא אאאאא
אאאאאאאKא
אאאאKאאאאאא،אא
Kאאא
אאאWK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
10
א
The Electric
( 1 – 1 )Introduction W ،אאאאאא
אאאאEאFאאא א א א ، א א א א א א א א א א א א א
א،אאאאאאFאאאאא،אאאאEאאא
אאא אא א ، א א א
אאאאאprotons )E P א( neutrons ) ( n )
electrons )( ( e )،אאאאא،אא
( e+ )،אe- )،Eאאא א
Kאאא א א א א א
E א F א אWאא
)11( enq
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
11
אאאאא א)106.1( 19 Cxee א
Wאא )10673.1,1011.9( 2731 kgxmkgxm pe
אא א א ،אאאאאא
Kא א א א א א א א א F א א א אאאאאא،אא
א،E)11( Kאא
א( 1 – 1 )
،אאKאאאא
אא)(Cאאא),,( nאא
١١٥K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
12
( 1 – 2 )s Law ’ :Coulomb א )11( א א
،אא،אKא
אאאאאאא F Charles De Coulomb E א א 1875،
אאאא)21(
( 2 – 1)א
אא א אאKא
Wאא אאאאאאW
אאKאאאא א אא א W א
Kאאא،א )21(21 qqFE
אאאאאאWKאאאא،א
)31(1
2
rFE
W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
13
)41(2
21 r
qqFE
)51(tan2
21 r
qqtConsFE
אאאאאא
א،אאא)( ISאאאאאאאאא)15( Wאא
)61(4
12
21
0
r
qqFE
א)4
1(
0 )( Kא،
אאא)4
1(
0 r
K
א)61(
Wאא )71(
2
21 r
qqKFE
א)71( אאKאא
W FKאאאאW
21 , qqKאאאאאאW rKאאאW 0אWא)1085.8( 2212 CmNxK
KאאEאFW)109( 229 CmNxK אאא١١٥א
אא)( N K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
14
W
،אאאאKאא
( 1 – 1 )W אאאאאאאאא
)1052.0( 10 mxr K Wא
Wאא
Nxx
xxx
r
qqKFE
8
210
19199
2
211052.8
)1052.0(
)106.1()106.1(109
Kא
( 1 – 3 )אא (The Electric Field )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
15
אא א א
Kא )( q،،
אאא،אKאא،
K
אאאאאאאאK( 3 – 1 )אK
( 4 – 1 )א
Wאא
אא א א א א אKא
א)،אאא Positive Charge ) ( א)( 0q א ،
، א א א א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
16
אא )( EאאאאאF
Wאא
)81(0
q
FE E
א، אאא Kא אא א )81(
)/( CNאא)( ISK Wאאאאא
א)71( )( 021 qqandqq אWא
)91(2
0 r
qqKFE
א)91( א)81( W )101(
2
r
qKE
א )101( ،א אא ، אא
K
)21( W א)3( Cnאא25.0(א( m
K Wא
( 1 – 4 )אא( Capacitor or Condenser ) W
C
Nxx
r
qKE 432
)25.0(
103)109(
2
99
2
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
17
אא א א א א א אא ، א،
Kאאא אאאאאאאאאאאא
، א א א א Kאא
א א א א א Kאאא
אאאא FEK ( 1 – 5 )אא(Capacitance )W
אאא،אאאאא)(V א)( A
אאא)( dK א א ، א א א א אאא،אאא
אKאא :
)111( d
VAq
א)111( Wאאא )121(tan
d
VAtConsq
א،אאאאאא)( 0
א)121( Wאא )131(0
d
VAq
אא)( 0 d
VA א ، א )(Cא(Capacitance )K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
18
א)131( Wאא )141( VCq
א)141( W،אאא q א،אאW)(CK V،אאW)( VK CK،אאW
אאא)141( )(V
qC
אאא،)/( VCאא( Farad )Kא
אאאא א א א ),,( FPFnFW
FxFP
FxFn
FxF
12
9
6
1011
1011
1011
אאאאא)131( Wאא )151(0
d
VA
d
VAq r
،אrאאאKאאא
( 1 – 6 )אConnection of Capacitors )(W אאאW
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
19
KאאWאא Kאאאא
( 1 – 6 – 1 )אאא In Series ) Capacitors( W ، אא E F אא
),,( 321 CCCא)41( K
( 4 -1 )א
א א א א א א Kא
Wאאאאאא אאא),,( 321 CCC،אא
אא)( Vאאאא،)( 1C
אאא)( qאאאא)( q،אאא
K W
WאאאאW )161(321 qqqq
Wאאא،אאאWאאאא
)171(321 VVVV W
1VKאאאW
2VWKאאא 3VKאאאW
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
20
VKאאאW א)411( א)171( Wאא
)181(3
3
2
2
1
1 C
q
C
q
C
q
C
q
א)161( א)181( Wאא )191(
321
C
q
C
q
C
q
C
q
א)( q W
)201(1111
321
CCCC
א)201( Kאאאא W
)211(1
......1111
1321
n
ii
i
CCCCCC
אא א א א
Kאא ( 1 – 6 – 2 )אאאIn Parallel ) Capacitors(W
Kאאאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
21
א ( 1 –5 ) ),,( 321 CCC ،אא Kאא
(5 – 1 )א
،אאאאאאא،אאאאא א א א אא
אאKאאא Wא
)221(321 VVVV א א א א q
W،אא )231(321 qqqq
א)141( א)231( Wאא )241(332211 VCVCVCVC
אא)221( א)241( Wאא )251(321 VCVCVCVC )( Vא)251( W )261(321 CCCC
א)261( אאKאא
W )271(.......
1321
n
iii CCCCCC
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
22
אא א א א אKאא
( 1 – 7 )אאא ( Storage Energy In Charged Capacitor ) W
אאא א א אאאאא،א
)( qdW )281( qdVwd
א)141( W )291( qd
C
qwd
אאאאאאאאא)( q W
)301(2
1 2 qC
W
א א)(U 301(א( Wאא
)311(2
1
2
1
2
1 22 VCVqqC
U
( 1 – 3 ) W
)2,4( 21 FnCFnC אא )12( VK
Wא ١ J KאEאFא
٢ J KEFא
٣ J ؟אKEFאא
Wא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
23
١ J Wאאא
4
3
2
1
4
1111
21
CCC
FxC 91033.1 ٢ J Wאא،אא
CxxVCq 89 106.1)12()1033.1( Wאאאאאא
Cxqqq 82 106.1
٣ J V
x
x
C
qV 4
104
106.19
8
1
11
Vx
x
C
qV 8
102
106.19
8
2
22
Wא VvoltVV 128421
( 1 – 4 )W )100,400( 21 FnCFnC אא
)110( VK Wא
١ J KאEאFא
٢ J EFאKאא Wא
١WאאאW FnCCC 50010040021
٢W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
24
Wאאא CxxVCVCq 59
1111 104.4)110()10400( Wאאא
CxxVCVCq 592222 101.1)110()10100(
Wאאא
Cxxqqq 5521 105.510)1.14.4(
( 1 – 1 )W אא א א א א א
KאKא
( 1 – 8 )Wאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
25
א Kאאאא
،אאאאאא א F א א אEאאא
Kא אא א،אא
E א F א א א א א ، א א א א אא ،
K Wאא
Kאאאא Wאא
Kאאאאאאאא W
)321(
t
qI
Wאא )331(
td
qdI
אא )sec/(Cא אאא)( ISK
א א א א א א אא א א ، א א אא א א ، א א
א א א ، א א א، Kאאא
Wאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
26
אאאאDirect Current ) (W ،אאאאא
אאKא،א אא)( CDאאFDirect Current EK אאאאAlternating Current ) EW
،אאאאא א א א
אאאא،Kא אא( A C )אAlternating Current ) EK
،א א Current Density) EWKאאא
)341( A
IJ
א)(2m
AK
( 1 – 9 )אאאElectrical Circuit ) (W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
27
אא،אאאאאאאאא،א
אאKאEFאKא
אאאאאFEאאא(1- 6)
،אאFKE
( 6 – 1 )א
אאאא א א ، א
אא א א א ، אאאאאאאא،א א א א א
אאאאאאאאא)(Volt)(VK
אאאאא א א א א א
Kא Wאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
28
אא א א א א K
אאK Wאאא
WKW، א א אא א א
Kאאאאא ( 1 – 10 ) s Law) ’Ohm(W
אאא،אאא א א א א א א
Kא א،אאאאא
FאKE( 1 – 7)K
( 7 – 1 )א
Wא )351( IV)361(tan ItConsV
א א א א א ،אRאא Resistor )( Kאא
א)361( Wאא )371( IRV
א)731( WK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
29
V،אאאWVK I،אאאאWA K R א א W)/( AV א
אאא)(K א ، א א א
Kא W
אאאאאKאא
אא)( l )( A،אWKאא
)381( A
LR
)391(tan A
LtConsR
، E א F א א )( )( rohK
א)391( Wאא
)401( l
AR
A
LR
א،א)( m
א א א ١١٥ א401(א( K
א ( 1 - 1 )Wאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
30
אא ).( m
710282.0
710719.0 0071065.349
710172.0 710176.0
99.98%7100.1 71022.2
71062.9 710162.0
??0071043.0 71021.6 71058.0
7100.5 1613 101102
11109 11102
אא 11103 5101
3105א21033.8 אא31094.2
( 1 – 1 )
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
31
א،אא( )K W
)411(1
AR
L
)(
m.
1
)( 1 mK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
32
( 1 – 11 )אא) power Electric(W א )81(
)( V א ، ،אאאא
א א א א א א אא א
אא)( qdאאאא א א)( Vא א ،)( Wd א
Wא )421( qdVWd
א)331( W )421( tdVIWd
Wאאאא
)431( IVdt
dtIV
td
wdP
אאKאא Wאא
)441(
22
R
VRIP
א)sec/( J)(Watt KEאF
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
33
( 1 – 12 )Wא Wא
KאאWאא Kאאאא
(1–12-1)אאא( Series Connection of Resistors )W אאאאא،אא אא ،
Kא א ( 1 – 8 ) ),,( 321 RRR، אא
אאאא),( baאאאא،אאאא،
Kאא
( 8 – 1 )א
W אאאWאא
Kא W
)451(321 VVVV
1VאאאWKא 2VKאאאאW 3VKאאאאW
VKאאאW
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
34
אאאאWKא
W
)461(321 IIII
W
)471(,,, 33322211 RIVRIVRIVRIV
א)471( )451( W
)481(332211 RIRIRIRI
א )461( W
)491(321 RIRIRIRI
א)461( IW
)501(321 RRRR
א)501( אא א א Kאא
W
)511(.....0
321
n
iii RRRRRR
Kאאאאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
35
( 1-12-2)אאא(Parallel Connection of Resistors )W א אאאא
א א אא K
א( 1 – 9) ),,( 321 RRR،אאאאא)( aאא
א )(b، א א א אא Kאאאאאא
Kא
( 9 – 1 )א
W )521(321 VVVV
W
)531(321 IIII
W
)541(,,,3
33
2
22
2
11
R
VI
R
VI
R
VI
R
VI
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
36
א)541( א)531( W
)551(3
3
2
2
2
1 R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
א)521( W
)561(322
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
א)561( IW
)571(
1111
322
RRRR
א)571( א א
Kא
W
)581(1
11....
1111
1
322
n
i i
i
RRRRRR
א אאאא אאאא،א
Kאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
37
( 1 – 5 )W א )1,4( 21 RRאא
א)10( VWאK ١ J Kאאא
٢ J א؟אK
Wא ١W
אאאאאא،אאאW
ARR
V
R
VI 2
5
10
14
10
21
אאאאאאW
AIII 221 ٢W
VRIV 8)4()2(111 VRIV 2)1()2(222
Wא VvoltVV 1021
( 1- 6 ) W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
38
א)9,6( 21 RRאאא)18( VWאK
١ J Kאאא ٢ J Kאאאאא
٣ J Kאאאא
Wא
١W
18
5
9
1
6
1111
1
RRR
6.35
18R
٢אאW A
R
VI 3
6
18
1
11
AI
VI 2
9
18
2
22
٣WאאW WAIII 53221
WAR
VI 5
6.3
18
( 1 – 13 )( Kirchhoff Rules ) W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
39
אאאאאאאאאא א אא א
אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
Kאאא א،אא
אאאאאאאא،Kאאא
، א אא א א אאאאKא
Wא
אאאאאK
Wא
K )1131( W
Wאא
אא א אאאא אWKאאא
)591(outin II
Wאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
40
אאאאאאאאאKאא
)601(RI
( 1-13-1)אאאאאאאW
א ،א א אא אא א ، אא א
אאאאא א א א א א
Kאאא،א
א אאאאKאא
אאאאאאאא א א א א ، א
אאא א ، אא אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאKא
( 1 – 8 )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
41
א אא )(a , c ))18אא אא( b , c ))12( אאאאא
Kא
Wא
outin II
)1(213 III Wא
)2(RI WאאאW
)3(61218 32 II WאאאW
918 2 I )4(5.02 AI
אאאאא)( 2I)5.0( AאKאאא،אאאא
א)( 2Iאא،)( 3Iא)3( W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
42
612)5.0()18( 3 I 6129 3 I
1512 3 I
12
153 I
)5(25.13 AI א)( 2I)( 3Iאא)( 1Iא)1( W
)5.0(25.1231 III )6(75.11 AI
( 1 – 14 )Wאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
43
: ( 1 -14 – 1 ) ),( 21 qqא)106.2( 8 Cx )105.1( 5 Cx א א א ، אא )5.0( mא K
Kאאא،אא ( 1 - 14 – 2)Wאא
)03.0( mא)101( 19 Nx K :( 1 - 14 – 3 ) אא א א
)30( cmא)105( 9 Cx K ( 1 -14 –4 ) Wא )10( A א א ،
)2.0( mmKאאאא ( 1 -14 – 5 ) W ( FCFCFC 2,4,3 321 )،
אאאאאאאאאאא)120( VWא،
١ J Kאאא
٢ J Kאאאא
٣ J Kא
٤ J Kאא
( 1 -14 – 6) W א )4.1( A )12( V ،
Kאאא ( 1 -14 –7)Wאאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
44
( 1 -14 – 8)WאאאאאWאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
45
Wאא אאKא
אאאW
Wאא אאאאK אאאK ،אאאאאא
אאאK אאא،אKאא אאאK אאK אאאאא
אאא،אאאK
אאK אאK אאאK Kאאא
WאאאK
١٢٠E
،
א
( M)(S
אא
א
K א
א F
( א
K
אא
Magnetic P
א אא
א
א
א K
،1819
א
א)( 43 OFe
אאאאא
Poles )
)(N
E ، א 9
The M
،א אא
א א
( 2 –
אא א אאא
א
46
אMagneti
א
אאא
Fאא
(K
1 –א )
א F
א א א
ic
IntroduWא אא
אאאאא
K ، ،F
( 2 – 1 )
א ،
א א
א ( Oerste
א
uction
א א אאא
אאא
אאא אאא
א ،
אא
ed )
א
( 2 – א
א
א
אא
KE
א א
א
אא
אא
1 )
א
א
א
א א
א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
47
א א א א א א א ، א א א א
א א א Kא
אאאאאאאאא
Kאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
48
( 2 – 2 )אאMagnetic Field )(W אאאא
)( E א א א א
א)( E)( EF
)(qאא81(א( W
EqFE
Wאא W،אאאא
)12( BqFB
אא،א א א 12(א(
،Kא Wאאאא
)( qאא)( dvאא ، א א א א
dvF אא،אאאא،Wאאאאאא
)22()( BvqF dB
א)22( אאאא
אאאאא אא א א ،،
אא א א א 180(א( א א א
Kא אאאאא
Kאאא א א א א א
אאאאאFא١١٥א)22( Wאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
49
)32(sin BvqF dB
א)22( Kאא،
אאאאאא( 2 – 2 ) א ،א א א א א א
، א א א א אאKאא
( 2 – 2 )א
אאאאא א، אאאאא
אאאאKא א א )(N א א)(C
אsec)/(m אאאא ،)22( )/( mAN א )(Teslaא א א )( IS،
)(Tאא،אאא)(Gauss)(G)101( 4 TG K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
50
( 2 – 3 )Wאאאא אאאאאאאא
،،אאאWאאאאאא
( 2 – 3 – 1 )אאDiamagnetic)(W אאאאאא אאאFאאאא،Eאאאאא)1( Kאאאאא
( 2 – 3 – 2 )אא Paramagnetic)(W א א א א ، א אא
Kאאא אא אא E א ، א ، א F
)1( אאK ( 2 – 3 – 3 )א Ferromagnetic) (W
אא א אא אא )1( אאא،א،אאא
KEא،א،אF،
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
51
( 2 – 4 )( Biot – Savar Law )W אאאאא
אאK Kאאאאאא
אא א א 1820אאאאאאאאאאא
Kאא
אא)32( W
( 3 – 2 )א
Fאdl،EIאdBאאPאr،א
FאאאאEFdlE)(rK א dBאא א א א
Wאאא )42(
sin2
r
dlIBd
)52(sin2
r
dlIConstsntBd
mA
WbKtCons
70
104
tan
W0אא
mA
Wbx 7104K
52(א( Wאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
52
)62(
sin2
r
dlIKBd
א)62( א،אא
א ، א א א אא א)( aאא،א
)62( Wאא
)72(2
0 a
IB
( 2 – 1 )W אאאאאא،
אא)101( 3 Tx אא)3.0( mK Kאאאא
Wא
a
IB
2
0
Axx
xBaI 3
7
3
0
105.1)1014.3()4(
)101()3.0()14.3()2(2
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
53
( 2 – 5 )אאאW F א ، א אא א xEא
Fא،אאאEK אFאEא
א( 2 – 4 )אאא)22( אאאא
א)22( W
sin)( BvqBvqF ddB
Kא
אאאאאאאאאא
א א ، א א Kאאאא
Fאאא( 90א)22( W
)82( BvqF dB
א א א א Fא( cFאאFא
١١٥WאאE
)92(2
r
vmamF d
c
א א 92(א( )82( W
)102( Bvq dr
vm d
2
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
54
)112(
Bq
vmr d
א)112( Fאאאאא( dvאאאKא
r א א אא א אאא)112( K
( 4 – 2 )א
( 2 – 2 ) W א )sec/103( 6 mx )1030( 3 Tx אאאאא،
K Wא
NxxxxBvqF dB143619 1044.1)90sin()1030()103()106.1(sin
( 2 – 6 )אאWא The Force Between Tow Conductors )(
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
55
אאאאKאאא
Wאאא א )( a
א),( 21 IIKא( 2 – 5 )K
( 5 – 2 )א
)( 1Bא1(א()( 2Bאא)2(אאאאאא،
2(א(א)( 2Bאאא )1(אא،אאאאאא،אאאא
Kא אא1(א(Fא،lWE
)122(211 lxBIFB
)( 2B)( l،אא)72( א)122( Wאא
)132(2
210 a
lIIFB
אlW
)142( a
II
l
FB
2210
142(א( אאא،אאא2(א(Kא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
56
،אאאאאKאאא
א א ، אEאאFא ،
،אאKאא אאא،אאאא
، א א א א א אKאאאא،
( 2 – 3 )W א א א )15,10( 21 AIAI א א ،
)2.0( mא،אאא)/1057.12( 7
0 mAWbx Kאא Wא
mNxx
a
II
l
FB /105.1)2.0()()2(
)15()10()1057.12(
24
7210
W
Kאאאא ( 2 – 7 )אא( Faraday Law )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
57
،אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
Kא אאאא1819א
א א א אK
אאאאאאאא ، א ،
Kאאאאא א،אאאאא א א ، א א،אא،אאא
א א ، א א א אא Kאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא(2)אא
(2)אאאאאאאאא،אאא،אאאאאא
Kאאא אא
אאאאא( 2 – 6 )K
( 6 – 2 )א
א،אאאאאאא،אא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
58
אאאKאא
،אאאאאאאא،אאאאאW
אא א אא א אא א Wאאאאאאאא،א
Wאאאא،
)152( dt
dB12
א א Wא א א א אWא
)162( A 2 W
)172( dt
dBA 1
2 Wא
)182( dt
d B אאאאאFא
KEאאאאאאא א א אא א Nא
א،182( א( Wאא )192(
dt
dN B
א)192( W
)202( dlEdABdt
d
dt
d B
202(א( Kאא Wאא
א،אאאWא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
59
)212( dt
d
R
N
RI
( 2 – 4 )W א)105.1( 2x )( N،
אאאאא،אאאאאאא295/(א( SECTK
Wא Wאא
dt
dBAN
dt
dBAN
dt
dN B
)( 2rA W
)295()105.1()()5( 222 xdt
dBrN
V1 אאאאאאאא
K
( 2 – 8 )אFWEא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
60
אא،אאא( 2 – 7 )Wאאא
WUK
א E א F WאKא
KW KאאW
( 7 – 2 )א
אאאאאא F אאא א E א א
אא،אאאאאKא
אאאאKאא
Wאאאאאאא )222(
dt
dN B
Wא אאFאא (Wא
)232( t
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
61
W )242( )(cos t
dt
dBAN
)(cos t)sin( tW )252( )sin()( tBAN
W )262( tBAN sin
א א אא א )270,90( W
)272( t sinmax BANmaxKאאאא،
( 2 – 9 )אאא( Self Induction )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
62
א،א،אא( 2 – 8 )،אאאא)( Nאאא،
א אא א، א אאאא)( Bא
)(Kאאא Wאאאא
)282( IB )292( IKB
KKא Wא
dt
dN B
א)292( Wאאאא )302(
dt
dIKN
KNאאאLא)302(
Wאא )312(
dt
dIL
א)302( )312( W )322(
dt
dN B
dt
dIL
Wאא )332( BNIL
אאאאאKא
אאאאאא)332( W )342(
I
NL B
א א אא א )/
(SA
V )( Henry
)( HK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
63
( 8 –2 )א
( 2 –5)W 50אאא،)106( 3 Hx אאא
)1012( 3 Ax ،Kאא Wא
Wbxx
N
LIB 44.1
)50(
)106()1012( 33
( 2 – 10 )אא( Energy of a charged Capacitors )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
64
אא،א( 8 – 2 )א،אא א א א
722(א( W
dt
dIL
אאא)( qdW )352( qdWd
א)312( W )362( qd
dt
dILWd )(
)372( dIILId
dt
dqLWd )(
אא)372( W
IdILWdI
0
)382( 2
2
1ILW
א،אא( 2 – 36 )Wאא
)392( 2
2
1ILU
U ،אא( )JK ( 2 –6)W
אא )4( H )2( Aא א ،Kאא
Wא
JILU 8)2()4()2
1(
2
1 22
( 2 – 11 )אאAlternating Current ) WE
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
65
W،אאאאא אאW)( CDK אאW)( CAK
א،אאאאKאאא
אאאאא5060،א
א א א אא ، א אאאאאא،אאאאאא
אא،אאאאאא א אא א א،א
א א א א)( CDא א א א א)( CA א
)( CDK א א א א א
א א ، אא א אKאאאאא
אא א אא א א אאאאא،אאא
،אאאאאא( )K
א א א א Wאאאאאאאא
WאאW ، א א א ،
אא)( SecK WאW
אFאאאKאאאE
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
66
W )402( 11
f
א )1
( 1 SecSec
א)(Hertz)( ZHK
WאאאW Kאא
WאאW Kאאאא
WאאW אאKEF
WאאW א א א
Kאאא،אא W
Fא2 - 9،Eאאא}אא א א א
א א ( Sin ){ א א א א)272( W
)412( tVVt sinmax W
tVאאאW)(VK maxVאאאW)(VK אאאW)(
Sec
radK tאW)sec(K
אא)( tIWא )422(
R
VI t
t
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
67
א)412( אאאאWאא
)432( tR
VIt sinmax
)442( tIIt sinmax
maxIאאאW)( AK Wאאאאאא
)452( )(max22 tSinRIRIVIP tttt
אWאאאאא )462( RIV
VV smrsmr ..max
max.. )7.0(
2
)472( R
VI
II smr
smr..
maxmax
.. )7.0(2
W smrV ..KאאW smrI ..W Kאאא
אא אאא)..( smr אא )( squarmeanrootאאאK
RKאאאW Wאאאאאא
)482( )()64.0( maxVVav )492( )()64.0( maxII av
W maxVKאאאאW maxIאWKאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
68
( 9 – 2 )א
( 2 – 6 )W א)1.0( k אאא،
)220( VW ١ J Kאא
٢ J Kאא
Wא V
VV smr 6.155
2
220
21 max
..
AxR
VI 6.1
101.0
6.1552
3
maxmax
( 2 – 12 )Wא :( 2 – 12 – 1 )אKאאאא
Kאאאאאא؟א :( 2 – 12 – 2 )؟EאFאאאא
K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
69
( 2 – 12 – 3 )W)sec/103( 6 mx )03.0( T א ،)106.1( 19 Cxe א
Kאאא ( 2 – 12 – 4 )א )10,15( 21
AIAI א א א א א )20( cm
Kאאא :( 2 – 12 – 5) )350( א ،
)3.1( A א א ))101א 4 Wbx אא א אאא)sec06.0(K
( 2 – 12 – 6)Wאאאאאאא)5122( K ( 2 – 12 – 7)Wאאאאאאא)5122( K
( 2 – 12 – 8) W א )1.0( k א )210( tSinV Wא
١ J Kאאאא
٢ J Kאאאא
٣ J Kאאא
٤ J Kאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
70
אאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
71
Wאא Kאאא
אאאW
Wאא Kאאאאאאא ،אאKאאאאאא א،אאאאא
Kא אאאאאא
K אאאK אKא
WאאאK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
72
א Semiconductor
( 3 – 1 )Introduction W אא א א א א א
W ١ J א( Conductors ) K
٢ J אDielectrics ) (K
אאאאאאאא،
Kאאא ،אא
אאאאאא،אאאFאאאFאEא
FEאאאאאEא
אאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאא،א
،אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא
،אאאEאFאאKאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאא،אאאא א אא א
،אאאאא ، א א א א אא
K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
73
אאאאאאאאאאאאא،
K אאאאFאאE
א א א א ، אKאא
( 3 – 2 )אא( Atomic Structure ) W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
74
אאאאאאאאאאFא،אEאאאא،א،
אאא،אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
،אאאאאאאא،אאאאא אא א א אא א א
Kא אאא E א F אא ،
EF אא،אאא ، אא א
אאאאאאא ،אא אא א EF אא א
א א( Valence Orbit ) אא א א ،אאאא
E א א F א ، אאאאא،
אאאKאאא
א ( 3 – 1 ) אאאאאא
١٢٠E
א F
א
א
( z =
= 32 )
א
W
75
( z = 14א
(3– 2 )
א4 )
א
א
א
א
( 3 – 1 )
( 3 –א
אא
א
– 3 )
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
76
א( Si )א( Ge )،אאאאאא( 3 – 2 )א،
א،אאאאא
(Ge)אא אא،)32( Zאא،אא
אאא،אאאא
Kאא ( 3 – 4 )אאא( Covalent Bonds )W
א( 3 – 3 )אאאאאאEאאFאאאאא،
אאאאאאאאאאאא،אא
אK אאאא( 3 – 3 )א ،،א( Covalent Bonds )אאאאא
א א אKאאא
( 3 – 3 )א
( 3 – 5 )א Energy LevelsW
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
77
א( 3 – 2 )،אאא،אא( 3 – 2 ) א
K ،אאאאאאא،אאא،א
אאFאE،אא
א( Conduction Band ) א، א א א ، א א
אאא א אאאאא( holl )Kא
Wאא WאKאאא
KאאאאWא
אאאאאאאאWאKאאא
Wאאאא אא א א א אא
אא א אאKא( 3 – 4)K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
78
( 4 – 3 )א
( 3 – 6 )אאא
P – Type and N – Type Semi-ConductorW א ( 3 – 4 ) א אא א א
Kאאא א ، א א אאא،אאאא
אFאאאEW
١ J אאא Semiconductors ) p – TypeKE
٢ J אאא Semiconductors ) n – TypeEK
K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
79
( 3 – 6 – 1 )אאא Semiconductors ) n – TypeWE Eא F א
אFאSbא،PאE،אא،אEאFאאאאא א Kאא א
א،אאאאאKאאא
א( 3 – 5)אK
( 5 – 3 )א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
80
( 3 – 6 – 2 )אאא semiconductor p – TypeW E א F א אFאAl א،BאE
א אא ، א א E א F אאאאאאK
אא אאא،אאKאאא
א(3 – 6 )Kא
( 6 – 3 )א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
81
( 3 – 7 )אא ( p – n Junction ) p – n W א א א ( Diode )
אאא( n – Type )אאאF( p – Type
א( 3 – 7 )K
( 7 – 3 )א
E א F א א אאאאאאא
אאאאאאא אא E א F א א
אF)1( mE א א א
אאא،אא،אאאאאאא
אאאא אא،אא)7.0( V،)3.0( VK
אאא)(K
( 3 – 8 )Wאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
82
Wאא KEאאFאאWאא
אאאWאא)KEאא
( 3 – 8 – 1 )Wאא אאאא،( n )
א א אא ،F3 – 8 Eא ،א א א א א אאאא،אא א א ، א א
אאא،א(n)אא(p)א א א א(n)א א א
א ،א א א אאאKאאא
( 8 – 3 )א
( 3 – 8 – 2 )Wאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
83
א،אא א א א ، א(n)א א ،
א(p)א،( 3 – 9)K EאFאאא،אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאא،אא(p – n)Kאאא אא(n)א(p)אאK
(9 – 3 )א
( 3 – 9 )Wא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
84
( 3 – 9 – 1)אאW؟K
( 3 – 9 – 2 )אאWK
( 3 – 9 – 3 )אאאK
( 3 – 9 – 3 )אאאאWKא ( 3 – 9 – 4 )Kאאאאא ( 3 – 9 – 5)אאאא( n)(p)K ( 3 – 9 – 6 )W
Kאאאא
Kאאאא
Kאאא
( 3 – 9 – 7)Kאא ( 3 – 9 – 8 )Kאא ( 3 – 9 – 9 )Kאאאאא
( 3 – 9 – 10 )W Kאא
Kא
Kאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
85
אאאאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
86
Wאא
Kא
אאאW Wאא
אאאאKאאא Kאאא Kאאא Kאאא א،א
K אאאאאאK Kאאא
WאאאK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
87
( 4 – 1 ) Introduction W אאאאאאEאFא،
אאאEאFאאא א א א א א א
א א א א א א א א، א א א
אאאFאאאאא،אאאא
E א א א א א F א א אאא אא
،אאאאאאאאא،
EKKKאאK אאFאE
א،אFאאא،Eאאא ، א א א
א א א אאHz F20 – 20kE א אא
א א אא א א א אאאא
אאאאאאאאאFאאאאא
אא، א אא א א א אא
א א א אא א אKאא
אאאאאאאאא،א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
88
אאאאא א א Wא א
KKא
Wא א א אאKK
א( 4 – 1 )K
( 1 – 4 )א
אאאאא
אאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
89
( 4 – 2 )אFsound frequencyEW אא،אאא
א א אא א K
אאאאאW אאLFAudibleEW
אאאHz(20 –20K)אאאKאא
אאאאאאFHz 20 Eאא ( 20 KHz ) אאאא
אאאאא10 KHz )KE FאאLultrasonicEW
אאא20 KHz )Eאאא א K אא א
אאא40 KHz )،Eאא א אאKאאא
אאL( Infrasonic )W אא( 20 Hz )אאאא،
K אאאאאאאא
Kאאאא،אא א א א א אא،א אא
אאאאאאאאאאK א אא א
א ( 4 – 2 )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
90
١ J אא)(אWא،אא)(SecK
٢ J א)( fW،אאאEאFאאאא)( zHK
٣ J אאאאאאאWאKא
٤ J אאWאKא
٥ J KאWא
٦ J אא)( אK
( 2 – 4 )א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
91
( 4 -3 )א( Sound Speed ) W אא١١٥אא،
Kאאאאאאא W
)14( t
xv
אאא)14( ؟א אא،א14(א(
אאא،אאא)14( אKא
א)14( אאאאאאאKW
)24(1
t
f א)( f א )( frequency )
1(
Sec
)( Hertz،)( zHאאאאK E א F)(א א אא אא
)14( Wאאא، )34( fC
W C:א)/( SecmK :אא)( mK f:א)
1( zHor
SecK
א)34( ، א א א אKאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
92
( 4 – 1 )W )1010( 6 zHx،אאא)/340( Secm
K Wא
( 4 – 2 ) W
א א ))/1530א Secm ،)85.0( m،K
Wא
zHf
Cf
180085.0
1530
mm
xf
C
344.3
1010
3406
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
93
( 4 – 4 )אWאאאא Wא
KאW KאW
Wא
)44( B
C
W C:א)/( SecmK B:Kאא :Kא
א)44( Kאאאא אא א )( TF
אא)(K W
)54(/
lm
FFC TT
W m:א)( KgK
l:א)( mK א א א א א
א44(א( אאא،אאאא،א
)(Wאאא،אא )64(
BC
א א א א א )44( ،אWאאאא
)74( B
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
94
W :Kאא :Kא :אא)(
VC
C K
C:Kאאאא VC:Kאאאא
א)74( א)44( W
)84(
C
Wאאא )94( TRnV
W :،אV:،אn:،אR:،אT:Kאא
א )(M
mn m ، א Mא א
א،mאא)(
m
V Kא)94( Wאא )104( TR
M
mm
א)104( )(m
W
)114( TRM
א)114( א)84( W
)124( M
TRC
W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
95
)134( M
TRC
134(א( ،אאאאKאאא
א א אא א)/61.0( Secmא Kאאא
Wאא،אאאא )144()()61.0(0 TCCT
W TC:Kאא 0: CאאK
T:Kאא
( 4 – 3 ) W אאאאא)20( CK
Wא )20()61.0(5.33120 C
SecmC /7.34320
אא)44( אא)( ModulasElasticא،)( DensityK
א אאאאאא،אא א Kאאא א
אאאאאאאאאאאKא
א אא אא، אא א ،א אא א
Kאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
96
א( 3 – 1 )Wאאא
א א)m/sec(א00(אC( 331
א200(אC( .7343
00(אC( 1286
אF00CE 317
00( אC( 972
א 1493
אא 1143
א 1533
א 5100
א 3560
א 5130
א 1322
א 54
( 3 – 1 )
( 4 – 4 ) W
א א ))/5900א Secm א ،)/7900( 3mKg،Kא
Wא
B
v
Wא 22)(
B
v
B
v 2
aPxvB 1122 108.2)7900()5900(
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
97
( 4 – 5 ) W אאאא )/2( KmolKgאא،
)4.1(، א א )/8314( kKmolJK א ،אא)27( CK
Wא Wאאא
KT 30027273 W
M
TRv
)2(
)300()8314()4.1( v
Secmv /1869
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
98
( 4 – 5)אאא( Sound Interference )W א ،אאא
אאאאא،אאKאאאאא
אאאאW Kא
Kאא
Kא
Kאא
( 4 – 5 – 1 )Wאאא Wאאאאא
١ J Kאא
٢ J Kאאאא
٣ J אא א א א א)( nK).....,3,2,1,0( nK
،אאאאK
א אא א א א א א،( 3 – 4 )א،א
Kא
( 3 – 4 )א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
99
( 4 – 5 – 2 )Wאאאא אאאאW
١ J Kאאאאא
٢ J אא)( K
٣ J אאא)2
1( nK
).....,3,2,1,0( nK ،אאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאאא( 4 – 4 )אאא،
Kאאא
( 4 – 4 )א
١٢٠E
K
א
א
(4
א F
،
א
،א
4 – 5)
אא
א
אא
א
، ،
W
א
א
אא
א
א
،
( 4 –
100
א( K
א Kא
א
K
אא
א
5 –א )
W
)
W א אא
Kא
אאאאא
א
אאא
א
א
א
אאא
Kא
א
( 4 – 5 –אא
א،א
( 4 –5–א
א א
א J J
א
אאא
אא
– 3 )
אא
– 4 )
אא
א
١J٢J
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
101
( 4 – 6 )אא( Standing Waves )W א ، א א א א
א،אאאאאאאא
אאאKאא אא)( Nodes)( AntinodesK
א( 4 – 6 )W
( 6 – 4 )א
אא،אאא،א
،אאאאאא،א ، א
א א א ، א א א אKאאא
( 4 – 7 )Wאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
102
אא،א،אאKאאא
אאא،אאKאא
،אאאאWאאאאא
)154(2211 ff
א)154( Kאא אא א א א
Wאא
2
1
2
1
T
T
F
F
f
f
( 4 – 6 ) W
א)28.0( mאא)300( zH،אא
18.0(א( mא KאאאKא
Wא
2211 ff
)18.0(
)28.0()300(
2
11
2 f
f zHf 4672
( 4 – 8 )א( Sound Intensity )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
103
אא،אאאאאK
אאאאאKאא
א א א א א א א אKאאא W
)164( At
EI
W IKאW E،אW)( JK tאW)( SecK AאW)( 2mK
א )( PWא
)174( t
EP
א)(Sec
Jא)( Watt)( WK אא)164( א)174( W
)184( A
PI
184(א( א אא Kאא
אא)( 2
2
mWorm
WK א א א א אא א א א
)101( 212 mWxא א אא א אא ،א )1( 2mWא
אא אאאאא ،אKאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
104
Wאאאא
Wאא ١ J אא ، אא א
אאאKא
٢ J אאא،אאאKא
٣ J א א ، א א Kאא
( 4 – 9 )א( Intensity Level )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
105
א א א א אא א Kאאאאא
אא،אאאאאאאK
אא)( BWא )194(log10
0
I
IB
W BKאW IKאאאW 0IKEאFאאW
אW אdecibel ) (א،(deci)
אא،)( BelKא א)( BdK
WאKאא ( 4 – 7 ) W
)/101( 210 mWx Kאא، Wא
12
10
0 101
101log10log10
x
x
I
IB
BdB 20
( 4 – 8 ) W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
106
א )84( א א
)101( 212 mWx א א)1( 2mW ،Kאא
Wא אאW
)0()10()1(log10101
101log10log10
12
12
0
x
x
I
IB
BdB 0 אאW
)12()10(10log10101
1log10log10 12
120
xI
IB
BdB 120 א ( 4 – 2 )אאWאא
א אIWm‐2
אdB
אא
104
160
103150
א 1120
10‐390
אא
10‐570
א3.2x10‐665
10‐750
10‐1020
א10‐1110
א100
10‐120
( 4 – 10 )( Doppler Phenomenon )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
107
אא،א E F א אאאEאFא
Kא א אאEאF
Kא Fאאאא1482،E
אKאא א،אאא
א ، א א א אאא،א א אאא
Kאאאא אא،אא
Kא )( S א،
)( OW svKאW 0vKאאW cKאאאW sfKEאאFאW
f WאKEאאאאFא KאאW
אאWאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
108
אאאWאא
אאאא)( fWא 0
., vvff ss
،אאאאWאא،Kאא
Wאא אאאW
א אא )0( 0 v ، אא אאאאאK
Wאאא אא،אאא
א،אאאאאאKEאאאאFKאאאאאאא
W )204(
אא)(א)( ss
s vorf
v
א)204( Wאא )214(
s
s
f
v
אא)( f W )224(
c
f
א)224( אא)214( Wאא )234(
s
s
f
vc
f
W )244(
sf
c
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
109
)254(
s
s
s
s
s
vc
cf
f
v
f
c
cf
Wאא
)264(
s
s vc
cff
א)264( FאאאאEאאאאKא
Wאאאא אאאאאאא
אא)( f אEאFא)( sfK אאא)264( Wאא
)274(
s
s vc
cff
א)274( Kאאא )14( W
א )274( א אא א ،)204( ، א א א א
Kא Wאאא
))0אאאא svK א אא E F א א אא א ، א
،אאKאאא Wאא
Wאא )284(0 vcv
Wא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
110
)294(0
vcv
f
W )304(
sf
c
א)294( אWא )314(000
c
v
c
cf
c
vcf
f
c
vcf ss
s
)324(1 0
c
vff s
א)324( אאאאאאאאKא
WאאאאW אFאאאWאאE
)334(1 0
c
vff s
א)334( אא אאאאKאא
)24( W א)334( אאאאאא،،
א)284( אאK WאאאW
א)00( 0 svandvK Wאאאא
)334(0
s
s vc
vcff
),( 0vvsWא ١ J אאא)( sv)( 0vK
٢ J Kאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
111
( 4 – 9 ) W )1000( zHאא א א
א )/344( Secmא א א א ،)/15( SecmWאא
KאאאW KאאW
Wא W
zHc
vff s 956
344
151)1000(1 0
W
zHc
vff s 1044
344
151)1000(1 0
( 4 – 11)W ( 4 – 11 – 1 )W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
112
١ J Kאאא
٢ J Kאאאא
٣ J Kאא
٤ J Kאאאאא
( 4 – 11 – 2 ) W )12( m )06.0( Secאא)1.0( mK
: ( 4 – 11 – 3 )אא،אאאאאKאא)/344( SecmK
: ( 4 – 11 – 4 )אא،אאא)2100( MPa)/1000( 3mkgK
( 4 – 11 – 5 ) W א א)( dB )101( 25 mWxK
( 4 – 11 – 6 ) W،אא)09.0(Kאאא،א
( 4 – 11 – 7 )W)850( zHא،)/20( Secmאא Kאאא
Kאאא :( 4 – 11 – 8 )אא)7104( אא א
Kאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
113
Wאא אאKאא
אאאW
Wאא Kאא Kאאאאאא אאאאK K אאאאאK אאאאK ،א،אא
אאK Kאאא
אWאאK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
114
א The Light
(5 – 1 )Introduction W אאאאא1927 א،
אאאאאאאאKאאא
، א א א א אא Kאאא
אאאאאאא ، א אאא
אאKאאאא אאא،אא
אאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאKא
א א א א א א
Kאאאא אאא
Kאאאא א
، א אKאאאא
K אאKאאאא
1804 אא אא אאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
115
אאאאKאאא
אאאאKאא אא K א אא א א
אא א אא Kא אKאא
1905 אאאאאאאאא
אאEFאFאאאE א FX-RayE
אאאKא
1924 א א א א ، א אא،
Kא Kאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
116
F5 – 2 EWאא Kא א א א
Kאאאא א ،א א
Kא אאא
،אא،א אאאאאKאא
א אאאאאא،
אא،אאאאאאK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
117
( 5 – 3 )Wא אאאאאKא
Kאאאאא
( 5 – 3 – 1 )Wאאא אאאאאאא
אאאאא)sec/109979258.2( 8 mxc ،אFGalileo Eאאא
א، אאאאאא )sec/101.2( 8 mx 1675אאא K
FFizeauE 1849 א )sec/1015.3( 8 mxאאאאא،
אאא אאא،אאFMichelsonEאאאא
אא )sec/1099796.2( 8 mx ، א א א א אאאאאא
אאאאא א)sec/109979258.2( 8 mxאא)sec/103( 8 mxאאא)( c
( 5 – 3 – 2 )Wאאא א ( 5 – 3 – 1 )אאא)sec/103( 8 mx
א،אאאאאאKאאאא
א א א ، א א אKאאאאאא،אא
אאאאאא)589( mn
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
118
אאsec)/10( 8 m אא 2.99792
אא 2.9970
א 2.25
2.20
2.00
א 1.97
1.89
1.81
1.24
( 5 -1 )
א א א אא א א אאא)( cKאאא)( v،
א ، אא אא א א א א אאאא)Re( IndexfractioneTheW
)15( v
cn
W cאאאW)sec/( mK vאאאW)sec/( mK
א א א א אאאאא،א)1( n
Kאאאא )34( אאאא)( fc
אאאא)( vK
F5 – 4 אאאEWא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
119
אאאא،אא،א
Kא א אא א
אאאאאEאFאK F 5 – 4 – 1 EאFThe Reflection of lightEW
א א א א،אאאאאאא،
אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאK
אWא אWאFSpecular reflectionEK
אW אFDiffuse reflectionE، אKא
( 5 – 4 – 1 - 1)אאFSpecular reflectionEW
א ، א א אאאK
)( ri W، i،אאWrKאאW
אאאאאאאאאKאא
( 5 – 4 – 1 – 2 )אWEאFא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
120
א א א ، א אKאאא א( 5 – 1 )Kאאא
( 1 - 5 )א
( 5 – 4 – 1 – 3 )אW
Wאא אאאאאאאא
Kא Wאא
אאאאK)( ri K א( 5 – 2 )א א א
Kאא
( 2 – 5 )א
W
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
121
אאW ، א א א א
K Wאאא
א א EF Kא
Wאאא אא
K Wאא
אאאאאאאאKאאא
אאW Kאאאאאאא
אאW Kאאא
F5 – 4 – 2 EאFThe Refraction of lightEW
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
122
אאאאאאאKא
א Eא אF אאEאא،אאאFאא
אא،אאאאאKא FאאאאאאאEא
אאFאא אאאאאKE
א א א ،אאאאאאאא
Kא אא( 3 – 5 – a ) K
( 3 – 5 )א
א )( 1vא אF
אא)( 1nE،אא)( 2vF،אאאא)( 2nאE)( 1K
Wאאאא ١K Kאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
123
٢K אאאאאאא)( 2אאאאF אאא
אאאאאאאאKE
٣K א אא א א א א،א
אא א א א אאאא( 5 – 3 – b )K
( 5 – 4 – 2 – 1 )אW Wאא
Kאאאאאאא Wאא
א )( 1n א)( 1 אא )( 2nא)( 2W
)25(sinsin 2211 nn F א א Snellא א E
FSnell’s lawE . אאאא
K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
124
( 5 – 1 ) W א א ،א )48( ،
אא)32( Kאאא، Wא
W
)5.0(
)7.0()1.0(
)32sin(
)48sin(12
n
n
4.12 n
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
125
F 5 – 5 EאWא אאאא
אאKא א א א א
א،Kא אKאאאאא
Wאאא ( 4 – 5 )אאFא
אאEאא אאאאFאאא
אא א א א ، Eא א אאאאא،אאאאא
א א א F א א א א אEאאא)90( אאא،
אאKאאאא
( 4 – 5 )א
אאאWאאאא א אא א א)90( ،
( 4 – 5 )א K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
126
Wאאאא
cnn sinsin 211
1
22 sinsin
n
nc
02 90
1
2sinn
nc
)35(sin1
21
n
nc
35(א( א א אאא
،אFאKE אאאאאאאאאא
א אאאא EאאF א א א א א א
FאאאאKE אאאאא
אK Wאא א אאאא
אאאאאאK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
127
( 5 – 6 )אא(Mirrors )W Wא،אאאאא
Kאאא
Kאאא
( 5 – 6 – 1 )Wאאא ، א א א א
אא אEFאאאא
א א א א Kא
אאאKא Wאאאא
Kאאא ١ J K
٢ J Kא
٣ J אאאKא
٤ J ، א א א אא א Kא
٥ J FאאאKE
( 5 – 5 )אKאאא
( 5 – 5 )א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
128
( 5 – 6 – 2 )אאא( Spherical mirrors )W אאא א،א אא
אא،אאK Wאא
אאא(Concave mirrors)W א א אאאא א א
Kאאאא
אKא אא (Convex mirrors)W
אאאאאאאKאאאא،א
Kא Wאאאאאא
אא( Optical axis ): א א א א א
K א( Center of Curvature ) :
FאאאאCE K א( Vertex ):
אFאאאאVKE אאPrincipal focal point ) (:
אא א א א א א אKא،א אא( Image focal point ):
אאאאאאאאאאK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
129
אא( Focal length ): KאKאאא W
2
Rf
א)( RW
Kאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
130
) 5 – 7 (אאאImage formation spherical mirrors ) (: Wאאאאא
Wאא אאאKא
Wאא Kאא
) 5 -7 - 1(Wאא אאאאאFאאKא
WEא Wאאא
، א א א א Wאאא
١ J Kא ٢ J אאKא
٣ J EFאאאאאKאא
٤ J א א ، א א EFא EאF א א
EFא،Kאאאאאא
אאKאא
אאאאא( 5-6 ):א ١K אאאאאאא
K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
131
٢K אאאאאאאKא
٣K אאאאא)(אאאאאאאK
٤K Kאאאאא
Fאאא،אאאאאא،אא
א אאא אאאאEK
( 6 – 5 )א
Wאאא אאאאאאא
אאאאאKאא
אWאאא ١K אאאאאא א
Kא ٢K אאא א א א
Kא
٣K Kאאאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
132
٤K אאאא)(אאאKאאאאא( 5 –7 )K
( 7– 5 )א
אאאא،אא،אאאאאאא
Kא
א א אא אא אKא
K א א א א א א א א א א א
אאאKאא
( 5 – 2 ): א א א
א ، א אאא א א Kאא
Wא
אKאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
133
( 5 – 3 ): אאEאF
א א א א אא א ، אKאא
Wא
Kאאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
134
( 5 – 7 – 2 )Wאא Wאא
א אא אאWאאא
)45(111
ssf
W fאאWאא)
2(
Rf
Kאאאא s W، א א א،א
Kאאאאא sאאא،אW
אא א،א אא אאאKאאאא
א)45( אאאאאKא Wאא
١K Kא ٢K K
Wא
)55(
s
sm
Wאא ١ J 1mK ٢ J 1mK
٣ J 1mKא
אmאא،אmאKא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
135
( 5 – 4 ): א )20( cm א ،
)30( cmKאא، Wא
Wאאא
ssf
111
30
1
20
1111
sfs
cms 60
)( sאאאK
Wאאא 2
30
60
s
sm
Kא،א،א
) 5 – 8 (אThe Lenses ) (:
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
136
א א א א ، אא)245( ، א
،אאאKא ( 5 – 8)K
( 8 – 5 )א
W ١ J אאConverging Lenses ) (:
אא،אאאא،א
א א א ، א א א אאאאאאK
٢ J אא Diverging Lenses ) (:
אא א، אאאאאא
א א ،א אאא א ، א א אאאא
Kאאא א א א אא א א
אאK א( 5 – 9).
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
137
( 9 – 5 )א
Wאא
Wאא א א אא א א
Kאאאא
Wאא
אאאKא
Wא Kאאאא
Wאא אאאאאאא،א
אK Wאא
،אאאאאאאאאאאKא
אא א אאא א K
אאW
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
138
אאאא،אאKאא
5 – 9 ) ( Wאאא KאאWאא KאאWאא
5 – 9 – 1 )(אWאא WאאאW
Wאאאא ١ J Kא ٢ J Kאאאא
٣ J א א א א ،אאKאאא
٤ J א א א א EFKאא
אא א א א( 5 – 10):
( 10 – 5 )א
١K Fא١אאאאאEKא
٢K Fא٢אאאאEאK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
139
٣K Fא٣אאאE1FאKא
אאאW
אאא E א א אא F
אK(9 – 5 )א.
( 5 – 1 ) : א א א א ،
W
אא א א אKאאא
אאאאאאאKאאא
F 5 -9- 2 WאאE אאאאאא
א)45( K
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
140
ssf
111
אKאא
W fKאאאאאאW sא W، א א א
אאאא،K sא،אWאא
אאאאאאאאKאאא
א אאאאא
K E،،Fאא
K Wא
s
sm
mאWאK sWאK sWאK
Wאא ١ J 1mK ٢ J 1mK
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
141
٣ J 1mKא
אmאא،אmאאK
( 5 – 5 ) W )45( cm ، 30(א( cmא،
Kא Wא
Wאא
ssf
111
45
1
30
1111
sfs
cms 18
Kאאא אWא
4.0)45(
)18(
s
sm
Kאאא
( 5 – 10 )Wאא אא،א
EאאFFא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
142
אEאאאKא אא ، א
،אאאאאאאאאאאא( 5 – 10 ) .
Kאאאא
( 10 – 5 )א
א אאא אא א( 5 – 5 )אאא،
אא א א אF אאאאאאEאאאא
א،: ( 5 – 11 )
( 11 – 5 )א
) 5 – 10 – 1 (Wאאא ١ J אFKSingle‐mode fiberE
Kאא
٢ J FKאMulti‐mode fiberE
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
143
Kאאאאא
) 5 – 10 – 2 (Wאא
א( Core ) : אאאאKא
א( Cladding ):
Kאאאאאאאאא
אא אא אא אKא
אאא( Buffercoating ):
Kאאאאא א( 5 – 12 )Kאא
( 12 – 5 )א
( 5 -10 – 3 )WEאFאאאאא ١K אאאאאא
א אאא، אאא א
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
144
א אא א א א א אא אKאא
٢K אאאK ٣K אאאא)GB/sec 200(K ٤K אאאאא
Kא
٥K Kאא
٦K א א אא א א אא Kא
٧K אא א א א אא Kאאא
٨K א،אאאאאKאאא
٩K Kאאא
١٠K אאK
א א א אאאאא
אא،אאאא ، א
א F א א א א Eאאאאאא
אK
( 5 – 11)W ( 5 – 11 – 1 )אW
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
145
KEKKKKKKKKKKKFאאאאאאאW
אאאWKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKF
אWKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKF
KEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFאאW
KEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFאW
( 5 – 11 – 2 )W
KאאW
KאאW
KאאW
KאW
KאW
: ( 5 – 11 – 3 )Kאא
: ( 5 – 11 – 4)אאאא)sec/103( 8 mxא،،)sec/105.1( 8 mxאא،
Kאאא
: ( 5 – 11 – 5)א،אאKאא
: ( 5 – 11 – 6 )،אאאאא،א אאא
،אאאאאKא
: ( 5 – 11 – 7) א א ،אאאא،א אאא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
146
، א א אאKא
: ( 5 – 11 – 8 ) E א F א א אא،אKא
: ( 5 – 11 – 9 )، א א אאא אא ، א
אאאאא،Kאא
: ( 5 – 11 – 10 )אאאאא א א א א ، א ،
א ، א א Kאא
: ( 5 – 11 – 11 )א،א،אא،אאאאא
אאאK
אא
אא F١٢٠E
אאאא
147
א א
1 K، א K F א א אE
א( 2000 )אK
2 KEאאKFאאאאא
( 1999 ) K
3 ،א ،א K ، F א א
KEא( 2009 )אK 4 KEFאאא( 1984 )אK
5 KEאK،אKFאאאא
( 2008 )K 6 KEאאKKFאאא( 2009 )אK 7 KEאאאFא( 2006 )K
8 KEKKFאאאאא
( 2004 ) K
9 אK،אאאKFאא،
EKא( 2002 )אK 10 Fאא JEא2006 א
11 EאKKFא( 2004 )אK 12 1996 Serway R.A (Physics for scientists and Engineers )
13 W
http://www.hazemsakeek.info/vb/index.php