사회학영문강독

제15강

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jkh96@cnu.ac.kr

강독내용

• 사회학자 Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault, Norbert

Elias

• 신체 Body 명사(名士) Celebrity

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Louis Althusser (1918-1990)

• 프랑스의 마르크스주의 철학자. 알제리 출신으로, 파리의 고등사범학교(É cole Normale Supérieure)에서 수학, 그 곳에서 철학 교수로 재직.

• 프랑스 공산당 이론가였으며 그의 주된 논쟁들은 사회주의의 이데올로기적 근거에 대한 여러 위협들에 대한 응답이었다.

• 프랑스 구조주의의 다른 부류와 결코 간단히 얽히는 우호적 관계를 갖고 있지 않았음에도 알튀세르는 흔히 구조적 마르크스주의자로 분류됨.

• 1980년 부인을 교살하였으나, 정신착란으로 형 면제 처분

• 1990년 정신착란으로 고생하다가, 심장마비로 사망

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Michel Foucault (1926-1984)

• 프랑스의 철학자, 사회학자,

• 말과 사물(Les mots et les choses, 1966)은 당초 구조주위의 고고학이란 부제가 붙여져 있었기 때문에, 당시 유행하던 구조주의 서적으로 알려져 있음

• Foucault는 자신이 구조주의자라고 생각하지는 않고, 구조주의를 오히려 비판하기 때문에, 후기구조주의자로 분류된다.

• 그의 저서에는 광기의 역사(Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique, 1961) , 감시와 처벌 (Surveiller et punir, 1975), 성의 역사(Histoire de la sexualité) 등이 있다.

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Human Body

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Body

• Body (인체)란 표현은 의학, 해부학, 생리학, 생물학, 공학, 미학, 미술 등의 분야에서 널리 이용된다.

• 인체의 겉모습은 머리, 목, 몸통, 양어, 양다리로 구분이 가능하며, 이들을 보통 5체라고 부른다.

• 대체적으로 성인 남성의 키는 170cm 정도라고 보며 이는 운동이나 식사법에 많이 좌우된다고 볼 수 있다.

• 물론 유전에 의한 요소가 강하다고들 하지만 신체 타입이나 신체의 특성은 영양에도 적잖은 영향을 받는다.

• 한 개체가 성인의 시기로 접어들기 까지 온몸의 세포는 대략 100조 개의 세포로 이루어져 있다고 한다.

• 각 부분의 유기체는 필수적인 생명 기능을 수행하도록 되어 있는데 이들에는 순환 체계, 면역 체계, 호흡 체계, 소화 체계, 배설 체계, 근육 운동, 신경 운동, 남성과 여성의 생식 등이 포함된다

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Sociology of the Body

• Especially important within the sociology of the body tradition is the sociology of health and illness. This is because illness may obviously reduce the level of normal functioning of the body.

• Also, increasingly people in society believe that illness is prevented by fulfilling activities leading to a healthy body (thus changing one's lifestyle) such as dieting and exercise, as well as avoiding anything that can cause damage to the body, like smoking.

• Moreover, medical science is now able to alter our bodies through plastic surgery, transplanting organs, reproductive aids and even change in an unborn baby's genetic structure

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Celebrity

• Celebrity: 특정의 개인에게 명예를 위한 특전이나 센세이션을 불러일으키는 지위를 부여하는 것: the attachment of honorific or sensational status to an individual.

• Ascribed celebrity: Prince Williams, Caroline Kennedy, Jade Jagger

• Achieved celebrity: 자신의 능력이나 업적을 통해서 특정의 명예나 센세이션을 불러일으키는 지위를 획득한 사람

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What are celebrities?

• Celebrity is the site of a surplus of contemporary society’s charisma—by its very nature it involves individuals with special qualities

• Mills: celebrity is the “American form of public honor”

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Celebrity and its Public

Scant social science attention except as “celebrity as pathology”

• Celebrities aren’t necessarily more talented, skilled, intelligent etc., just

better packaged, promoted and thrust upon hungry gullible masses

• Celebrity is dangerous and fans and the rest of society is damaged by their

contact with it

• Celebrities are narcissists

• Fans’ “celebrity worship” linked with negative traits: dependency, “game-

playing” in romantic relationships, shyness, loneliness, authoritarianism

Celebrity as Commodity

• In line with critical theory approach; (Horkheimer and Adorno),

when citizens give themselves up to the easy pleasures of

capitalism (like mass media, consumerism, celebrity) they are

more readily controlled by tyrants.

• Fans and consumers have been duped by capitalism into

fancying something worthless and unhealthy

• Pacify and squelch dissent inducing somatic complacency

Celebrity as Commodity

• Celebrity as replacement god

• Opiate of the masses

• Carrier of ideology

Consumption of Celebrities

• We consume them; celebrities both sell and are sold

• What happens to celebrities (their commodification) is just more

explicit of what capitalism does to all of us; turns us into things to be

bought and sold

• Celebrities embody 2 dominant Western ideologies: individualism and

market capitalism

• They serve as signs through which these ideologies get passed onto the

population

Celebrity: Interactional Approach

• Microstructuralism approach: Cultural norms are built into

the context of each interactional situation and the actors’

behavior either conforms to or deviates from these norms.

• “negotiated order” perspective: norms are not necessarily

fixed but are often negotiated interactionally as situations

emerge and develop

Regular Guy Pretends to be an

Obama, first US black president

Fake Celebrities at Mount Rushmore

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Fans and Celebrity

• “illusion of intimacy”

• One-sided; imbalance of power

• Asymmetrical

• What about Twitter and FB?

• Celebrities as “intimate strangers”

• Celebrities = strangers

• Friends, family, colleagues = intimates

The Moral Order of Celebrity

Sightings

• Celebrity sighting provide insight into the everyday rules of interaction that govern mundane encounters

• Status differentials when normal people rub elbows with the famous Presence of a celebrity represents a “situational impropriety” something is out of place in a situation (Goffman 1963)

“We’re not worthy! We’re

not worthy!”

The Moral Order of Celebrity

Sightings

• Etiquette of these encounters based on “civil inattention” which involves looking at someone and then quickly looking away as you approach them on the street, but not giving them any further attention or acknowledging them in any way

• When we approach someone we know we engage in “Deference rituals” in which the approached person’s status is acknowledged overtly through the greetings and gestures of the approaching person (1967:72)

• Rituals serve to preserve the status of those deferred to, and their violation threatens it

• So… which interaction rules should be used?

Moral Orders • Moral order is a shared set of values and norms,

prescriptions and proscriptions, punishments and rewards that create and maintain social cohesion, community and solidarity.

• Functions of the moral order: facilitates social cohesion, provides a form of social control, offers a set of rules of behavior for which persons are held accountable, and furnishes guidelines for managing conflicts when they arise

• Are celebrities intimates or strangers? Does how we proceed depend on the answer to this question?

Interpretive work of Celebrity

Encounters

• Two types:

• Recognition work:

• When seers struggle to define and comprehend the presence of a celebrity in their ordinary world

• Response work:

• When seers present themselves to the celebrity, engineering the encounter to create a particular definition of the situation

Interpretive Work: Recognition work

• Recognition work – recognition of a celebrity is not automatic and the process of recognition is problematic specifically because the presence of the extraordinary challenges routine assumptions about ordinary experience

• Double take – recognition may begin with a sense of familiarity (somehow recognizable)

• Great expectations – celebrities don’t always look the way we expect them to look (eg: shorter in person)

• Proof positive – after recognition is made we seek some evidence to authenticate that who we are seeing is really who we think it is (eg: that knowing smirk…)

Interpretive Work: Response work

• Response work - attending to the presentation of our ordinary self in the presence of the extra ordinary star

• Staying cool – can take the form of playing it cool… (easiest course of action to take)

• Preserving the celebrity's privacy is part of the moral order, but so is avoiding your own embarrassment by sticking to the situational rules

• Your biggest fan – the recognition of a celebrity and the gushing over them exposes you and the celebrity to potential embarrassment, so mitigate it with accounts of excuses (“biggest fan, I had to!”)

• Two thumbs down – when celebrities encounter non-celebrities in public, they themselves are expected to do their part in upholding the moral order of the situation

• What do we expect of celebrities in public?

• Too flashy? Boo…

참고문헌

Louis Althusser (1970) “Lenin and Philosophy” and Other Essays Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an Investigation)]

Foucault, Michel (2007). Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrage MacMillan

Foucault, Michel (1975). Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison, New York: Random House

Marc Prensky

• Dave Grossman(Author), Gloria Degaetano(Author)

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참고문헌

• Richard Dyer (1998), Stars, New edition. London: Film Insitute.

• David Giles (2000), Illusion of Immortality: A Psychology of Fame and Celebrity. London: MacMillan

• Thomas Laqueur (1999), Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Massachusetts , Harvard University Press)

• Nettleton (2006), The Sociology of Health and Illness, Second Edition, Cambridge: Polity Press, ISBN 978-0-7456-2828-8, p. 104

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참고문헌

• Thomas Laqueur (1999), Making Sex: Body and

Gender From the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge,

Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

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