Upload
ppantaz
View
257
Download
10
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Σκοπός του Περιοδικού Αειχώρος είναι η προώθηση του διαλόγου και του προβληματισμού για ζητήματα που αφορούν την Πολεοδομία, τη Χωροταξία και την Ανάπτυξη και σχετίζονται τόσο με την ελληνική όσο και με τη διεθνή εμπειρία. Το περιοδικό δέχεται για δημοσίευση πρωτότυπα επιστημονικά άρθρα. Επίσης δέχεται κείμενα για ζητήματα πολιτικής, κριτικούς σχολιασμούς για συνέδρια, συνεντεύξεις με ξένους και Έλληνες επιστήμονες, θεματικές κριτικές (review articles), καθώς και κριτικές/παρουσιάσεις για σχετικά βιβλία, οπτικοακουστικά προϊόντα/ υπηρεσίες των νέων τεχνολογιών που αναφέρονται στην προηγούμενη θεματολογία (κινηματογραφικές ταινίες, τηλεοπτικά προγράμματα, βιντεοκασέτες, DVD, CD-ROM, δικτυακούς ιστοχώρους, κ.ά.).
Citation preview
18 201
3
. ., . : M . : 1989-2006 ., . . : ,
. A
RETHINK :
,
18
ISSUE
YEAR18 2013
ISSN 1109-5008
Webpagehttp://www.aeihoros.gr
,
12
4
94
144
66
116
2013
158
: , , 383 34 http://www.aeihoros.gr, e-mail: [email protected].: 24210 74456 fax: 24210 74388
H H
- ()
-
- ()
-
-
-
-
- Tufts University, USA
- ()
- ()
- ()
- University of California, USA
-
-
-
-
- ()
- Queen Mary, University of London
- ()
-
-
-. - Universite de Paris I, France
-
- ()
- ,
Special Issue
,
2
12 . , ( ).
: Layout:
: : :
3
.
., .
:
M
.
:
1989-2006
., .
.
: ,
.
A
RETHINK :
4
12
66
94
116
144
158
, 18
4
, 18:
o ,
"" . "-" . - , , "" ( ) - - ( ). ( "", . ) (. . Marx, . 1973). - , , "" (. .. Rostow, 1956 Hirschman, 1958 Rosenstein-Rodan, . 1966 Lpple, 1973 Musgrave Musgrave, 80 Folin, 1981 Biehl, 1986).
( - ), , , , , . - ,
4-11
5
, , - (Skayannis, 1990 , 1992 1994).
, ' , , - () (Lpple, 1973).
, : , 1974 , , (, 1992).
, , -, -. :
, - , . - (.. ), ( ), ( ), - ( ' - ).
, .. .
, - .
6
(, 1992).
, , () (Musgrave Musgrave, 1980). :
. ,
. ,
. .,
( ), - , ( ) .
- , , - . , Build [Own] Operate Transfer B[O]OT, ..
- . planning, , , mega projects.
planners , " ( ) - , .
: .
7
, .. -,
. - ,
. , , , .
, " - , " ( ) , .
1. (. ) . , "
: " ( - ), ( ) - ( ). , . ( ) .
, " : 1989-2006", . - (, , , , , ) 1989-1993 ( 1986-1989) 2000-2006. - , , ( ).
1 . - ( ) .
8
, , - () .
" " . . , . , - . . ( ) "" .
" : , " . - , . , , - . "" .
( ) , ( ).
. " " , , -
9
. - - . .
, , , . . - , . "" ( ) ( ) , , , , (discourse), .
"" ( ) 1985, - . , planner - (in context). ("RETHINK : "), , . . , .
2013
. (1992) " : ", , 4/92: 45-75, : /.
. (1994) , : .
10
Biehl D. (1986) "The Contribution of Infrastructure to Regional Development", Final Report and Annex (2 .), Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities.
Folin M. (1981): "The Production of the General Conditions of Social Production and the Role of the State", : Harloe M. Lebas E. (.), City, Class and Capital. London: E.Arnold.
Hirschman . (1958): The Strategy of Economic Development. London: Yale University Press.
Skayannis P. (1990) "The General Conditions of Production and Infrastructure: the case of post civil-war Greece", D.Phil. Thesis, University of Sussex.
Lpple D. (1973) Staat und Allgemeine Produktionsdedingungen: Grundlagen zur Kritik der Infrastrukturtheorien, West erlin: VSA.
Marx K. (. 1973) Grundrisse, Middlesex: Pelican. Musgrave P. Musgrave R. (1980) Public Finance in Theory and Practice. London:
McGraw-Hill.Rosenstein-Rodan P. (.1966) "Notes on the Theory of the `Big Push"", : Ellis H.
Wallich H. (.), Economic Development for Latin America, London: Macmillan, 57-81.
Rostow W. (1956) "The Take-Off into Self-Sustained Growth", The Economic Journal, LXVI: 25-48, London: Macmillan/Royal Economic Society.
11
12
, 18:
: M
o ,
,
. 19 , () . , - - - , . , , . 80, , . , , , .
, , , , (), (), (), -.
12-65
13
he Infrastructure Projects in Greece and the presence of Mega Transport Infrastructure Projects (MTIPs): Changing paradigms and priorities
This article deals with the development of infrastructures in Greece with special reference to the mega transport infrastructure projects (MTIPs). The review starts from the end of the 19th century and spans until today, trying to decipher the major political, economic and social challenges that historically influenced the formation of the Mega Transport Infrastructure Projects. We propose a periodisation according to broader periods that relate both to socio-political changes and to changes of the priorities of the country that reflect the transformation of the regime of accumulation. We present critically the main factors for each period and the way they have influenced the planning, financing and creation of infrastructures, hence of the MTIPs.Emphasis is particularly attributed to the periods after the 80s which we consider as the most informative for the formation of todays framework for planning and materialisation of MTIPs. The paper concludes with our thoughts on the difficult dilemmas and questions related to MTIPs that are in the phases of planning or construction, given the importance of several broader challenges such as privatisation, economic globalization, environmental protection, and the economic and institutional viability of the state.Keywords
Infrastructure, transport, construction, mega transport infrastructure projects (MTIPs), Community Support Framework (CSF), planning, National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF).
1.
, ()1.
: ()
1 , OMEGA Centre (2012) US Federal Highway Administration 1 . =~750.000 ). , - ( .. ) (.. 90 1,2 =~3,5 . ), (.. ).
14
, () .
2.
1 Skayannis (1990) . , ( "" ).
1. -1
1
pi
pi pi &
pi
()
""
pi
pi pi
& pi pi
& pi
: Skayannis, 1990 .
15
( ) , ( Skayannis, 1990). , .
, (AMECO), 2.
2. -2
2
pi
pi
pi
()
(pi.. )
pi
pi
pi
pi
pi
: 1 (EUROSTAT/AMECO)
( ), , , - , () , . ( ) ( "-" ) , ( )
16
(. 3). AMECO ( . EURO), 1960 , (K) ( ).
. , AMECO , , . . - , .
, , , . , , " ", - 2.
, , . , .
3.
, , . - , , , , (), .
2 (, , , ..) , . .
17
- (. 1981 Skayannis, 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2008) , . , , - , ( []) ( [ ]). 3 ( ), - , , , , . - . 1962, 1973, 2007, 80 1986 , .
, - (. , 1994), 7 .
, , , , . ( ), ( , ) -, , , ( ), (, ), , .
. , , , .
18
3. [3][3]()
-2,0%
-1,5%
-1,0%
-0,5%
0,0%
0,5%
1,0%
1,5%
2,0%
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
-12,0%
-10,0%
-8,0%
-6,0%
-4,0%
-2,0%
0,0%
2,0%
4,0%
6,0%
8,0%
'62 - '73 '74 - '80 '81 - '86 '87 - '07 '08 -
'62 - '73 '74 - '80 '81 - '86 '87 - '07 '08 -
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
19
3.1 (1949)
, , .
18 18 . 1824 1830, . (.. 1812-1820). -, ( 1825, , , ) .
, - (.. 1853-56, 1 2 ), (.. 1873, 1929). , , ( ), .
, - . - , , - , . : , , , .
19 , , "" , . -
20
19 , 3.
1949, - 1897 4, 1949. : , (1 ). , - . , , 1,2 (. -: -1) . , - (1871, 1917, 22), 1922, 1933-1936.
, , 4 , .. (2007), , -
3 : 1875, 1880, 1882-85, 1886-1890, 1892-1893, and 1893-1895.
4 1897 1897 , 1912-1913 1913 1914-1918 1916 / (), /
1917 ( - )1919-1922 1923 ( )1925 ()1940-1945 1940-19451945-1949
21
, (1866-1873, 1883-1888). 1897 1900-1910 . () 1929 , ( 11%) , (, 2009). .., " - 1931-1932 - . 1937 373 ( 2.526 " ... 1990") 1959 2.538 ... 1890".
4. 18331948(1990)
1
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
1830
1835
1840
1845
1850
1855
1860
1865
1870
1875
1880
1885
1890
1895
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
(G
ary
Kham
is)
: New Maddison Project Database
(, , -, ) - . -
22
( ) . , - . , (1835), 1859, 1862, 605 . ( 1972), ( 1869)5 (. , 2006). . - ( - ).
(1875) . (1999), 19 20, 6 ( 4.000 . 1890), - (1892-93)7, ( )8 , , , 1917. .. (2002) , , (2000), , (1869 1910) () 1883, , 1910 23 - .
: " . . -
5 ( "") , . .. (2007).
6 1882-1910, . (1982), - , - .
7 , . (1989), - .
8 , . (1991).
23
. , , 1893" (, 2000).
, , , (1923) Siemens-Halke (1930), , , , (, 2000: 120-121). 1923-1940 - , - ( ). , , , , , -, - ( ) Power & Traction ( -). 1927 , , , Shell, (. , 2000: 120-121).
. , - , - ( 30, , . Kafkoula Vitopoulou, 2002).
, 2 , - . ( , , ) 19 " ", . , " ",
24
, ( 1922, 1929, 2 ). , . - , . - .
3.2. (1949-1962)
, -. - , Bretton Woods (1944)9 - . (5/6/1947) , 14 . . , (12/3/1947), ( 4/4/1949) . .
2 1949. 1962 - .
9 [WB], [IMF], [GATT].
25
. , , ( - ) - (1947). 18/2/1952 - , ( 1955) .
, , , , , 80 . ( ), , , , .
2 . (1941-1945) -. 23,3% ( .., 2002: 51), 18% (, 1946: 113). , ( . ), 1.
1.
(>6.) 90%
50%
o
100% 24%
80% 30%
100% 20%
50% 10%
100 . 24%
: (1946)
26
- . , , .
, - , , , , , , , , , , . , - , .
(AMAG) 1953, . (2005) "" 1951 1.922,7 . , 27% 35% . " - ( 50% 1953, , 2687/53)". 1953, - , , (Munkman 1958: 193-201 Skayannis, 1990: 165).
, 5, (.. : 6,8%) (1962), . 1962-1963, - (, 2009) . 1962-63 10,
10 . , , .
27
, , 5, . , , , , .
, , , 1962, , . - .
: - , "" ( ), .
- (.. ). -, (bias) (Skayannis, 1990)11. (, ) - . , - - . .
. 2, - ( ) , 1/3, , . ( ) .
11 Skayannis (1990) "infrastructure biased regime of accumulation".
28
5. ,19481962(.,1970)
2
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
% ( )/
05
10152025303540
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
.
( )
020406080
100120140160
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
.
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
% (pi + pi & ) /
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
(pi + pi & ) / ( )
: T (1984)
29
2. 1938-1954
.
(.)
*
(.)
***
(.)
1938 2.634 15.760 2.700 48
1952 2.594 22.071** 100
1954 7.638
* , ** 2.750 ., ***.
: , 2009
, - . , ( . - ), , . . (), .
3.3. (1963-1973)
, - ( 68, - , ..) - . , " " , 1974 .
, (1962-1967) () (1967-1974). , -
30
. , - . (1964-1965) , 1974.
, - , , . , , , .
, ( , ..) , (1973-74: ) . . - , , . , - .
, " ( ), " ( 2005).
, , - . . , - "" , " " ,
31
. , , , . "" ( 1985: 105).
(1962-1973), 8,2% 9,8% 7,8% . , , , (. 6).
(1962-1967), - (. 30% 395/68 -), ( ), . ( , . ), - , ( - ). , - , (, 1994).
( 1967-1973), . - (, 1976: 293). . 1972 624 29% , 1967-1973 () 6 ., 3,3 . (, . 838: 20, , 1976: 297). , , " ". 1972, 0,7% - (, 1978: 200).
32
6. ,,19621973(2005)
3
0
50
100
150
200
250
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
( )
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
( ) %
% (pi + pi & ) /
(pi + pi & ) / ( )
:Annualmacro-economicdatabase(AMECO),EU
33
" ", , , , ( 1969 - 1958 jet), - , " " (12). - S (. , 2009). , ( ) () (1962, Smith), .
, , . - . - . , , ( ) - (, .., 2002: 84). , 1972 (5,8 . . 1970), (2,8 . . 1973), (7,0 . . 1973) .., (, 1985).
1971 . 1971, , , Mac Donald , . , -. ,
12 - 1963, - 1967, - 1959, 1973, 1962, 1969.
34
. 12 . , 1974 - . - ( .., 2002: 84).
, -. , -. - ( ) . , - (Skayannis, 1990). , , .
3.4. (1974-1980)
. - ( , , , ..), - -. .
, , , - . , (), . -, . 1976 .
35
, 1974, - ( 1973), - (1974) .
. , - . . .., ( .., 2002: 93).
1974-1980 3,0%, -2,5% -2,5% , , (. 7).
, , : ) , ) - , ) , ) (Skayannis, 1990)13.
13 , . -, 1984 , 1985 .., 2002.
36
7. ,,19741981(2005)
4
0
50
100
150
200
250
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.
( )
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%19
73
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
( ) %
% (pi + pi & ) /
(pi + pi & ) / ( )
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
37
3.5. (1981-1986)
- . R. Reagan (1981) M. Thatcher (1979). ( -), , , ( ), , - , . , - .
, , : () 14 , () - 15. , , (" ", ..).
, - , " -" . , " ", ( ). , , , -. - , , , . - .
14 1961, 1977 .
15 .
38
1985 . " " . , .
, , , , - - , (1) , (2) - , (3) , (4) - , , . . - , , - - - , (Skayannis, 1990).
, , 1981-1986 0,6%, , -0,2%, , , -1,9%, . 1984-85 (. 8).
, - . (2004) 80, , , , , .
39
- (, 2004). , - , " ". , .
, - . . , , - - . - .
, -, 1986 " ", , . . 1986-1990 1986 ( 4/4/1986: 39, 4/4/1986: 18, Skayannis, 1990). ( - 1987) : (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) , (5) , (6) (. 11/2/1987: 16, 15/2/1987, 21/2/1987: 11, 25/2/1987: 25, Skayannis, 1990: 191).
, . , , - .
40
8. ,,19811986(2005)
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
( )
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%19
80
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
( ) %
% (pi + pi & ) /
(pi + pi & ) / ( )
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
41
3.6. (& ), , (1987-2007)
. 2 , . , "", " " 1989, 1991 (. ). - ( ), .
( 1996) . , , .
, , :
. ,
. ( , 1 1993) (1 2002),
. (2004),
. .
, " " - (1989) (1990), . (1996) . .
42
, 1962-1973 (4,9%) (2,4%) - 2,8% (. : -1 9). - ( 2001) . , , .
5 , 2001 (. 9).
( ) (), () (). / - , , - ( , , ..). - . 80. , - .
1984-1993 ( ' ) . - , . ' .
, 1988, 1, -. , -
43
. , . . - .
90, " 2010" ( ' ) . (&, 2005), . . 80, 1990 1991, . . , , , , , , , , -, (Papaioannou Peleka, 2006). - , 1991-1996. ' ' ( , , ), "- ", , ( , ).
44
9. ,,19872007(2005)
6
0
50
100
150
200
250
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
( )
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%19
86
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
( ) %
% (pi + pi & ) /
(pi + pi & ) / ( )
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
45
' , . , - - (&, 2005). ( ) (. ). , " " .
, " " (1962), " ". , : () "" "" "", () - , , .
, . , , . - . - , , - .
, . , . ' (1994-1999),
46
"" . , .
, , , , . -, ( , ), , (. , 2007). 3 (2000-2006), , , . . 2000, , , 2006 ( ) , ' .
3.7. ( ) 2008
. - (2009) 2007-2008, . "" , , - ( , , ).
2009 - . ( , ) 2010, ( 2011), "" ( 2011), . ( 2011) ( 2012) (,
47
, ) . (- 2013). (6 , 2 , 2 , ..) .
, 2008-2012 -4,3% , -15,4%, -6,9% (. 10).
, 2004 "" - - . - 2008 (, 2007 , 2012). , (-65), , (, 2007 , 2012). 9 , uild perate ransfer (, 2007). , ( ) 2011 2014 (, 2012 Ypodomes Portal, 2012).
2008, - , (, 2008). . 2007 . , , .
48
10. ,,20072012(2005)
7
0
50
100
150
200
250
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
( )
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%20
07
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
( ) %
% (pi + pi & ) /
(pi + pi & ) / ( )
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
49
, , , (BMI, 2009). . 3 , 2015 2013 - . SIEMENS. . ( 2009) ( ) (, 2010 , 2012). , (, 2010 2012).
2010 - 110 . , , ( 65//06.05.2010, . 3845/10). 2012, 2 , , ( 28//14.02.2012, . 4046/12). , -, , .
( ), , - , ( - ), - .
50
, "" fast-track, . ( 188//4.11.2010, . 3891/10) ( 33//3.3.2011, . 3920/11). - , , , - . (, 2012).
, ( , ) , ( , ). (, 2012 Ypodomes Portal, 2012). , , - . (, ) (, 2010 Ypodomes portal).
, (PPPs). , , .
- . .
51
- , (, 2010 , 2012). - - . , , ( , - ), . , . ( 14%) - (Reuters News, 2011). , (Reuters News, 2011 , 2010) .
- 2007-2013, (, 2012). , - (Reuters News, 2011).
3.8.
3 - . , , , .
52
3.
19 . - 2 . . 1949 - 1962 1963 - 1973 1974 - 1980
.
. , 1967.
.
, .
. . .
. .
.
/
. .
. .
( )
.
( ) ( ). ( . : 3,65%)
( . : 7,8%)
( . : 2,5 %).
. . . .
, .
(. : 6,8%)
(. : 8,2%) .
(. : 3%).
( )
. . . .
. momentum .
( )
. . . . .
. momentum .
: , .
: , , .
. .
53
1981 - 1986 1987 - 2007 2008 -
. . .
.
. .
, , , .
/
..
, , .
, . ( ) . .
( )
( . : -1,9 %).
( . : 2,4%).
( . : - 6,9%).
. /. , . . . .
. , , . .
. 83 . (. : 0,6%).
(. : 2,8%).
(. : -4,3%).
( )
. .
.
( )
. . .
.
: , , .
.
/ .
54
3. ()
19 .- 2 1949 - 1962 1963 - 1973 1974 - 1980
&
. . . . .
.
1967-1973.
.
.
2 . . 1974, .
2 . .
/
1973. 1979.
(mega events)
/ , -1
,
/ /
1 2 . , , , , , , .
. .
/ 20 .
. .
.
.
. .
( ) .
( )
.
55
1981 - 1986 1987 - 2007 2008 -
&
. (). .
( ).
/
-
(mega events)
2004
/ /
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
56
4.
- , - .
, , - "" 19 . - . -, , , . , "" .
. - . "" . , - , .
90 . , . , .
57
, . - , . .
. - , . - . , , . , .
. - ( efficiency) . " " . .
. , - . (2012-2014) ,
58
, ( ).
, , -. - . , .
( ) (2010) " ", 8/12/2010, . ( : http://www.agelioforos.gr. : 1/3/2012).
. (2007) " : ", / " : , 21 ", .
.. (2011) " 2018 ", . ( : www.ametro.gr. : 1/3/2011).
. (1978) " ", : . (.), , : , 193-208 ( , 24 1975).
. .. (1946) " ". : , .
[] (2000) " (1821-1897)", 1833-1897 // , [Online]. ( : http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/gr/1833_1897/economy/choros/04.html).
59
. ., 2005. " (1964-2004)", , 91, .
. (2008) " 1960-2007: , ", ( : www.ine.otoe.gr. : 1/2/2013).
. (2006) " ", Archive. ( : http://www.archive.gr/news.php?readmore=204. : 25/2/2013).
A., 2004. " : ". , , .
. (1981) " 1948-1974", , 2: 7-38.
., E. (2009) " , 1830-2007", : . (.), , , : - .
. (1984) " : , ", , . 3: 134-174, : .
., ., ., ., . (2007) 1830-1939. : , : .
. (2000) . , : .
. (1976) , : . ., ., ., ., ., .,
, . , . (2007) . 170 , : (2 ).
[] (2011) " 2021", , .
. (1991) : (1889-1956), , : .
60
. (1982) (1982-1910): , , : .
. (1989) : , : .
., (2012) " ", 3 , , 9-10 2012, .
. (2009) " : 1922 1972", , . ( : www.uadphilecon.gr. : 11/2/2013).
. (1994). " ", : (1945-1967), 115-132, : .
. (1994) , : . . (2009) " S :
;", : 25 , 69-118, : .
( ) (2010) " ", 8/3/2010, .
[] (2009) " 1929, 1928-1940", : ( , ).
& [&] (2005) , Trademco Planning , .
, [] (2010) : , 22/11/2010. ( : www.ametro.gr. : 1/3/2011).
() 65//06.05.2010, 3845/10:" ", : .
61
() 188//4.11.2010, 3891/10:", .", : .
() 33//3.3.2011, 3920/11:", ", : .
() 152//1.6.2011, 3986/11:" 20122015", : .
() 28//14.02.2012, 4046/12:" (....), , , ", : .
Business Monitor International [BMI] (2008) "Greece Infrastructure Report Q2 2008", 1/5/2008.
Business Monitor International [BMI] (2009) "Greece Infrastructure Report Q2 2009", 29/4/2009.
Business Monitor International [BMI] (2010) "Greece Infrastructure Report Q2 2010", 14/3/2010.
Business Monitor International [BMI] (2012) "Greece Infrastructure Report Q2 2012", 22/3/2012.
EC, DG for Economic and Financial Affairs) (2010) "The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece", Occasional Papers 61, Brussels, May.
GRReporter (2010) "A new tender will be carried out for the Attiki highway and Kasteli airport in Heraklion", 14/10/2010 ( : http://www.grreporter.info. : 1/3/2011).
Kafkoula K. and Vitopoulou A. (2002) "Visionaries versus politicians: rejecting the resource of knowledge in building the Greek post-war cities", Sixth International Conference on Urban History, Edinburgh.
Lambropoulos S. (2010) "PPPs in Greece: Past, Present and Future", European International Contractors (EIC) General Assembly, 8th October, Athens.
Munkman C.A. (1958) American Aid to Greece, New York: F. Praeger.
62
OMEGA Centre, 2012. "Mega Projects Executive Summary. Lessons for Decision Makers: An Analysis of Selected International Large-scale Transport Infrastructure projects". Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, p.2.
Papaioannou P. Peleka M. (2006) "Recent Experience on Success and Failure Stories from Funding Large Transportation Projects in Greece", 1st International Conference on Funding Transportation Infrastructure, 2-3 August, Alberta, Canada.
Reuters News (2011) Greek road operators want toll dodgers punished, 8/2/2011 ( : http://uk.reuters.com. : 1/3/2011).
Skayannis P. (1990) "The General Conditions of Production and Infrastructure: the case of post civil-war Greece". D.Phil. Thesis, University of Sussex.
The Economist (2009) "Greece risk: Infrastructure risk, Economist Intelligence Unit Risk Briefings", 3/3/2009. ( : www.eiu.com. : 1/3/2011).
, : http://www.ametro.gr ( : 1/3/2011).
[]: http://www.fhw.gr/fhw/.o [Ypodomes Portal]: http://www.ypodomes.com. [] , :
http://www.hradf.com. ( : 24/8/2012).New Maddison Project Database, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University
of Groningen: http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/.
() , , , , , 383 34 ,e-mail: [email protected]
, , , , , 383 34 ,e-mail: [email protected]
63
-1. ,()62-73,74-80,81-86,87-07,08-12
8
8,2%
3,0% 0,6%
2,8%
-4,3%
9,8%
-2,5% -0,2%
4,9%
-15,4%
7,8%
-2,5% -1,9%
2,4%
-6,9%
-20,0%
-15,0%
-10,0%
-5,0%
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
1962-1973 1974-1980 1981-1986 1987-2007 2008-2012
( )
(.pi )
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
-2. ()2005
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
,
200
5
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
64
-3. ,,
9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
7019
60
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
EC
U/EU
R
- - - - pi
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
-4.
9
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
65
-5.
10
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
: Annual macro-economic database (AMECO), EU
-1. ,18612001
()
(. )
/
(.)
(%, .)
1861 1.096.810 47.516 50 (8,0%) 88 1870 1.457.894 229.516 ( ) 50.211 59 (9,6%) 140 1879 1.679.470 50.211 90 (10,5%) 176 1889 2.187.208 344.067 (, ) 63.606 149 (15,1%) 330 1896 2.433.806 63.606 180 (15,7%) 382 1907 2.433.806 63.606 250 (16,4%) 399 1920 5.531.474 2.666.011 (, , ,
, ) 149.150 453 (22,9%) 1.267
1928 6.204.684 673.210 (-514.585 , -415.945 , +1.221.849 )
129.281 802 (31,1%) 1.930
1940 7.344.860 129.281 1.124 (32,8%) 2.409 1951 7.632.801 121.480 () 131.944 1.379 (37,7%) 2.878 1961 8.388.553 131.944 1.853 (43,3%) 3.632 1971 8.768.372 131.944 2.540 (53,2%) 4.665 1981 9.739.589 131.944 3.027 (58,1%) 5.659 1991 10.259.900 131.944 3.073 (58,9%) 6.043 2001 10.964.020 131.944 3.188 (59,7%) 6.546
: ., E., 2009
66
, 18: 66-93
: 1989-20061
,
(, , , , , ) 1989-1993 ( 1986-1989) 2000-2006. - , . , (), - . - , , () , .
, (), , , , .
1 , " ".
67
Infrastructure in Greece: n appraisal of the aid of the Community Support Frameworks 1989-2006
The article attempts an overview of the contribution of EU aid to basic infrastructure (transport, environment, telecommunications, energy, health-care, culture) in Greece from the first CSF 1989-1993 until CSF 2000-2006. The purpose of the article is not to assess the progress of EU aid in infrastructure in detail, but to give a comprehensive and concise picture of this. After a brief introduction and some theoretical assump-tions, the paper analyzes the objectives of planning in each period for infrastructure in the horizontal level of the sectoral programs and the results of their implementa-tion. In the last part there is a conclusive analysis of the problems faced by the aid for infrastructure, which opens the dialogue for the identification of the (political) reasons, since many of the problems still exist today.Keywords
Basic infrastructure, Community Support Framework (CSF), transportation, environment, energy, telecommunications.
1.
, () , . (, , , , ) 1989 2007-2013 ( , , ) . , , -, - ( ) (Dallerba, 2005). 1993, , ( ) , , , , .. (Martin, 1998). , ,
68
-. , (.. Martin Rogers, 1995) "" "" . , . , (2008) , , ( ) , , , , - , , - . (Basile .., 2001) , , - .
: () () (1986-1993) (2000-2006) , () () . , ( , ), - . , 2 8-10-2010 9 , , (1989-2006) .
, , , - .
2 " , : : ", 8/10/2010, , -.
69
. . , , . , , 1989-2006 -, - , .
, - , . , - ( ) , .
, . , -, , , - .
2.
- , 1, ( ) , .
42 2010, 72, 4 . - (, , , , ) 27 , , 48,4 ( 2010).
70
(48,9%) (57,3%) (75,1%). 7,3 ( 9,6 ), 3 ( 4,2 ). 2,2 1,4 , , , 1,1 . - 5,4 , 3,4 .
1. (1989-2006)2010(.)
% % % %
2.908 48,9% 10.131 57,3% 13.990 75,1% 27.029 64,1%
5.279 49% 20.912 63,0% 24.238 79,4% 48.448 66,8%
956 16,1% 479 2,7% 1.435 3,4%
1.940 18,0% 865 2,6% 2.805 3,8%
1.233 20,7% 3.677 20,8% 2.461 13,1% 7.371 17,4%
1.788 16,0% 4.512 13,6% 3.303 10,8% 9.603 13,2%
239 4,0% 1.277 7,2% 1.558 8,3% 3.074 7,2%
354 3,2% 1.774 5,3% 2.080 6,8% 4.208 5,8%
612 10,3% 1.654 9,4% 2.266 5,3%
1.405 13,0% 4.087 12,3% 5.492 7,5%
449 2,6% 666 3,5% 1.115 2,6%
994 3% 898 2,9% 1892 2,6%
5.948 100% 17.667 100% 18.675 100% 42.290 100%
10.766 100% 33.144 100% 30.519 100% 72.448 100%
: ,
: , , . , , .
, , 2010:100, (1993):47,2, (1999):70, (2006):88)
71
2.1. 1986-1988 () 1989-1993 ( )
() 1984, 1986 . 1989, 1993 . 3,6 ECU, 2 ECU (EOK-C298, 1990). , . , , ( , , , ). , , 1989 724 . ECU (EOK-C298, 1990), , . (, 1995). - - - . , (.. 1981-1985) , - . - .
1 ( ), - . , 3,1 ECU ( 5,6 ECU) ( , 1989). - 2.
72
2. 1989-1993 (1989)
1 ( . )
- . 209
- 142
- 178
- /. 153
- 80
364
- 190
- 190
- 80
- 157
305
: 1989-1993, ,
2, , - . ( ), , , 1996. - , (1991-1993) . , (1991) .
. 1989-1994 60 . - - 40 . - , , ( 800-1.000 ., . , 1994).
73
- "" . , , "crash programme" ( , 1989 Caloghirou, 1994) - , - .
, , . , , . ( , 1989).
- , , , .
, ( ), . , -. , - 37,4% , 28,8% (.. , ) ( , 2004).
,
74
( , 1989).
2.2. 1994-1999 ( )
1994-1999 - , , 17,6 . 10 () 3.
3. 1994-1999(1994)
( . )
- 3.183,2
1.327,4
. - . 1.301,0
294,1
250,7
- 3.844,0
1.678,0
. - 1.301,0
- 865,0
1.315,1
226,4
- 235,0
853,7
: 1994-1999, ,
90 - , (, , / , ) (, 1998).
" " -
75
. ' . , - (, 1995), , - , (Papadaskalopoulos Christofakis, 2008)3.
(BOT). , . (, 1998). 1998 830 ( -) (, 1998). 1 2000 .
- 200 ./ , , , - - ( , 2000). , , -, . , , ,
3 , (, , , , , ) ( : , -, : , , , : , , , , , ..) , -, , .
76
, - .
, 2005 "" , 600 . (, 27-1-2005). , "" . 58% , 34,4%. 1997 . (-, -, ) ( ) 1996. , "" - .
, 2001 (1999+2) . ( 14 ) ( ), , ( 1994-1999, 2002).
: ,
, ,
, , , -
, , ,
.
77
, . 7 - , ( , , ) , . 1994-1999 , , (1993) . , (.. ) - , . , , . , . , 264 NATURA, , NATURA (Aperghis Gaethlich, 2006).
, . . , , , (.. ) (.. ) ( , 2-6-2011). .
78
, , . , ( ), , - , (&, 1994).
- , () - , ( ) ( , 1994).
( , ) - ( . ), , , , ( , 1994).
- , - ( ), - 2001, (, 2002).
- , .
, . -
79
-. . , ( , 2003).
, .
, , , , , , ( , 1994). , , - ( 1994-1999, 2001).
2.3. 2000-2006 ( )
2000-2006 9 . 4 ( ).
, , 4. . - - (, 2000)
4 , () .
80
4. 2000-2006(2000)
( . )
6.646
, , 3.519
, , 1.468
- 1.833
2.650
399
- 1.378
481
- 392
: 2000-2006, ,
(3.519 . ) , , , ( ). , (67 .) , -, . 2003 70% . 2003 37%, 2005 41%, 2007 80% . 2004, , , , - . , , (, 2008).
2010 160 . - , 61,5 . ( 94,6 . 4,3 . ). 1994-1999, 163,5 . .
81
, 70,5 .
" " ( , , , ) ( 10 ), , , , , (&, 2008).
", , " ( ) , , . , , - , , (&, 2000). . 2006 39,77% 30% (&, 2006), "" 2010. , - , . " " - . 72 (- , 2-6-2011).
(&, 2011):
82
, "" , , , , .
() - . -, . 2000-2006 , , (, 2000). , 2003 16%, 2004 2007 69%. (, 2009) 2009, 29% . 45% , .
( 1.400) , .. - , , ..
(, 2009) :
H (, , , , ..), (, , ) ,
,
-,
83
.. -, - , , , , ..,
.. , .
, , - . 55% 2007 (2003: 20,4%, 2005: 37,6%) ( , 2010). - , , .
, , , () . , - , ( , 2003).
- . ( 2003: 7%, 2005: 31%), ( 50% ), 2008. . , - ( ) .
84
3.
, -, . , , - - .
:. , -
, , . , , , "" (, ), - . , - .
. - . .
. 700 . - . - (, ) , -, - ( 70% , . , 2010), - 11 , - .
.
85
100% , - . - , , (.. - ) 5. -, , - - ( , , NATURA .).
- , , , , , - -, , (, , , ) - . (1989-2006) ( 2.500 ) . - , . - 1996 2002 ( -), . - 9.200 (, 2009).
5 , (, /).
86
. 620 . . - , (.. ), - 30%. . - . , , , - . , (- , ), . - , , .
3.1.
, - . - 80 . 27 ( 2010) (----- ) 64% ( 42,3 ). 48,4 2010.
40.000 . . , 10.000 . (), ().
(2012) 1600 . ( 3.000 . 2013, ,
87
- , ).
30.000 . , 75.000 . (Ypodomes Portal). 1989-2010 - 1.500 . , 70 . , . , 1 . 7 . ( , 5-1-2011). 65 . . 20 . ., , 9 . . 20 . . , - , 17,3% (2000-2008), , -27 28,4% -15 36,8% (EC, 2005).
-. 18 25 - 2.552 . (2008), 20 25 264 . (2008). 2005 1,7% 14% -25 (EC, 2008), 20 25 - 2008 1995.
2000 .
: () 25,8 . 24 -
. , 60 . , 26 . . 2.000 ,
260 , 1.700.000 .
88
14.000 - 700.000 (&, 2008).
3.2
, , . , , . ( ) 53.000 . 65.000 ( ). , ( ) 44.000, 130.000 ( ) 42.000 ( ). 2000 ( ) (Global View AE-Speed AE, 2004 &, 2008).
3.3.
, , - - 1989 2008 (2006+2) .
, "", , . - . , , , - ( - 2/6/2011) - . (, , ) (
89
, ..) - , ( -, 8/10/2010).
. . - , overbooking ( , ), ( ) (, ), / /. ( 30-40% ) , , - (, 1994). , - . (745 . ), 30 - 5-6% (, 2010). , . 75%-25% (- ), (25% -75% ) ( -, 8/10/2010).
90
, - . (, , ..) -. , -, .. - . - (, 1994). . , , 5 (9/6/2004) "" , .
, . , . - - ( ), - ( ), - - ( - ). ( ) (-, -, -) . , , (, , ) (-, , ) ( -, 8/10/2010).
, , - , -, (20-30 ) .
91
1989 2020 , - , , , (TGV) -, .
, - ( ) . - ( ) -, , (. ) - . - , , . , (, 1994).
Global View AE-Speed AE (2004) " ", Global View AE- Speed AE, .
. (1995) , : .
. (1995) " ' 1994-99: ", , 10/95.
(2002) " , 1994-1999", ".
1994-1999 (2001) " - , ", 1994-1999, .
1994-1999 (2002) " ", 1994-1999, .
92
[] (1998) 2000-2006. ( : www.hellaskps.gr/kps/2000.htm).
(1989) 1989-1993 , :
. (1994) " () ", , 7/94.
. . (2004) , : .
. . (2008) " : ", , 14: 127-160.
. (1994) , -: .
[] (1994), " , , ", , 1803.
. (2010) "", , 25/10/2010. [&] (1994) " 1994-1999,
", . [&] (2000) " , ",
- , . [&] (2006) "
2006", - , .
[&] (2008) " , ", .
(1994) " 1994-1999, ", .
, [] (2000) " 2000", -.
, [] (2000) " ", .
, [] (2008) " , 2008", -, .
, [] (2009) " 2000-2006, , , .
93
(1994) " -, - ", , .
(2010) " ", , .
(2003) " 1994-1999, ", - .
(&] (2011) " , ", .
Aperghis G.G. Gaethlich M. (2006) "The natural environment of Greece: an invaluable asset being destroyed", Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 6(3).
Basile R., de Nardis S., Girardi A. (2001) "Regional inequalities and cohesion policies in the European Union", ISAE Institute for Studies and Economic Analyses, Working Paper 23.
Caloghirou Y.D. (1994) "Reforming Greek Telecommunications", : Williams H. Borman M (.), Telecommunication: exploring competition, Ios Press.
Dallerba S. (2005) "Distribution of regional income and regional funds in Europe 1989-1999: An exploratory spatial data analysis", The Annals of Regional Science, 39: 121-148.
European Commission [EC] (2005) Energy & Transport in Figures 2005, Brussels: Directorate-General for Energy and Transport in co-operation with Eurostat.
European Commission [EC] (2008) Energy & Transport in Figures 2008, Brussels: Directorate-General for Energy and Transport in co-operation with Eurostat.Martin P. (1998), "Can Regional Policies Affect Growth and Geography in Europe?", The World Economy, 21(6): 757-774.
Martin P. Rogers C.A, (1995) "Industrial location and public infrastructure", Journal of International Economics, 39: 335-51.
Papadaskalopoulos A. Christofakis M. (2008) "Transport infrastructures, development axes and spatial development: The spatial development in Greece in national and Balkan context", Studies in Regional and Urban Planning, 11b: 33-55.
o [Ypodomes Portal]: http://www.ypodomes.com.
, . , , . 136, 176 71, e-mail: [email protected]
94
, 18: 94-115
1
,
,
. . , , - . . (, , ) . .
1 "5 " - () (IMET) , 27-28 2011 cd " ".
95
.
, , , .
Territorial impacts of transport infrastructure and policies promoting sustainable spatial development
This article deals with the interaction of transport infrastructure and sustainable spatial development. First, it examines the role of transport infrastructure and the significance of accessibility. Second, it identifies the main objectives of European policies, i.e. parity of access, balanced development, environmental protection and socio-economic cohesion, the effectiveness of which is linked to the changes in the supply and demand of transport infrastructure. Third, it proposes a simplified theoretical model concerning how spatial development patterns interrelate with changes in transport infrastructure. Selected socio-economic, traffic and environmental indicators corresponding to both the steps of the model and the policy objectives are introduced in order to monitor the territorial impacts of transport infrastructure. The approach is tested with empirical examples drawn from a recent study of the multimodal transport corridor that has the Egnatia Motorway as its main backbone and connects North Greece with South Italy and Northwest Turkey. The conclusion underlines the contribution of the approach for the formulation and assessment of alternative policy priorities promoting sustainable spatial development.Keywords
Transport infrastructure, accessibility, territorial impact, sustainable spatial development.
1. :
- . , . - .
96
- (Vickerman .., 1999).
, . , . . , , - (, , , ). , , . , , , - , - . .
- . Krugman / (Krugman, 1991: 23-25). - . , . (McQuaid .., 1996). - , .
. -
97
(Giuliano, 2004). , , . . - . , (Buunk .., 1999 Buunk, 2003).
- . , , , - (Vickerman .., 1999). (Martin and Rogers, 1994) - , . , , - (. , , , - , ..) -. , , , , - (Massey, 1979: 50-51).
H (SASI, CODE-TEN,CGE-Europe) - ().
SASI, - "Socio-Economic and Spatial impacts of Transport Infrastructure Investments and Transport System Improvements" (Schrmann .., 1997 Schrmann Talaat, 2000), , - .
98
- , - . SASI - "IASON: Integrated Assessment of Spatial Economic and Network Effects of Transport Investments and Policies" (Spiekermann Wegener, 2006) CODE-TEN ESPON (European Spatial Planning Observation Network).
CODE-TEN "Strategic Assessment of Corridor Developments, TEN Improvements and Extensions to the CEEC/CIS" (ICCR, 1998) .. - . - CODE-TEN . Union Territorial Strategies Study (MCRIT and INRETS, 1996) - SASI. ESPON, SASI, CGE-Europe (Brcker .., 2005). - (Brcker, 2002). , - (Lundquist, 2008).
.
2.
- , / .
99
(CEC, 1999), (CEC, 2008) (CEC, 2001).
() - , 1999. - . . 2007 - . - ( ) ( ).
, 2001, (CEC, 2006), 2009 (CEC, 2009) , - . , , .
- : 1: -
. . , - - . ,
100
.
2: -. - . , - . - .
3: . (. , , , ..). . - (. , , , ..) -.
4: .4. () .
. - .
4. ( ). - - - .
- .
101
2.1.
: .
. , -
:
. - ( - ) .
. . - .
. .
- , - (- ), .
- (National Economic Research Associates, 1999). .
(Geurs and Van Wee, 2004):
i. ,
ii. - ,
102
iii. - -.
.
2.2.
( 1) 7 . - Bruinsma .. (1997) - 2.
: 1: () 2:
: 3: : 4: ()
() : 5:
: 6: : 7: .
.
- . 1, 2, 3, 6 7 1 ( ) 4 5 - 4 ( ).
103
, - , .. - .
1.
: Bruinsma .. (1997)
3, 5 6 - 2 (- ), 3 ( ).
- 1.
104
1. :
/
1
2
3
4
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7:
:
2.3.
( - ) - - ( , 2004). - :
1. 2. 3.
, , ( 2).
( , 2004) : . , .
.
.
105
.
( ESPON TERM).
. - :
- (.. , ) " (NUTSII and NUTSIII).
- (.. , , ) - .
2 :
1 / , - / . : , Natura, - - .
2 - : -, , .
3 -, : () , / / , (/) (, , ). : (, , ) .
4 ( ),
106
, , .
5 : , , , , - , , . - .
( 6 7) . .
2.
:
107
2.
1
2
/ / /- / /
(/) , ,
/ /
/- /
/
(/)
-
(...)
3
4
/ /
- / /
(/)
Natura 2000
(/ )
/
-
(...)
(decoupling) -
/ (1000 /)
:
108
, . - ( 2). - .
3.
(SIMCODE:IGT) (Kafkalas Pitsiava, 2008). .
- : , ( 3, 4 5).
( 3), 2006 (NUTSIII) 1996-2006 (NUTSII).
- ( - ).
( . )
109
2006. , ( ) .
.
3.
: Kafkalas G. Pitsiava M. (2008)
110
1996-2006 (NUTSII) ( 4). , , , , , , 14%. .
4.
: Kafkalas G. Pitsiava M. (2008)
, - (NUTSII) ( 5). ( 25% ) , - . -
111
, - . , , , . - .
5.
: Kafkalas, G. Pitsiava, M. (2008)
4.
- . . - , -
112
, , .
, , , . . .
- , , , - .
. . (2004) " : ", , () ... ( .. ) ( . .).
Brcker J. (2002) "Spatial effects of European transport policy: a CGE approach", : G.J.D. Hewings, M. Sonis, D. Boyce (.), Trade, Networks and Hierarchies. Modelling Regional and Interregional Economics, Berlin: Springer, 11-28.
Brcker J., Cappello R., Lundqvist L., Meyer R., Rouwendal J., Schneekloth N., Spairani A., Spangenberg M., Spiekermann K., Van Vuuren D., Vickerman R. and Wegener M. (2005) "Territorial impact of EU transport and TEN policies", ESPON 2.1.1 Final Report, Institute of Regional Research and ESPON Coordination Unit, Kiel/Luxembourg.
113
Bruinsma F., Rienstra S. Rietveld, P. (1997) "Economic impacts of the construction of a transport corridor: A multi-level and multi-approach case study for the construction of the A1 highway in the Netherlands", Regional Studies, 31(4): 391-402.
Buunk W., Hetsen H. Jansen, A.J. (1999) "From sectoral to regional policies: a first step towards spatial planning in the European Union?" European Planning Studies, 7(1): 81-98.
Buunk W. (2003) "Discovering the Locus of European Integration: The Contribution of Planning to European Governance in the Cases of Structural Fund Programmes, Trans-European Networks, Natura 2000 and Agri-Environmental Measures", Delft: Eburon.
Commission of the European Communities [CEC] (1999) "European Spatial Development Perspective: Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the EU", Luxemburg: CEC.
Commission of the European Communities [CEC] (2001) "White Paper of European Transport Policy for 2010: a time to decide", COM (2001) 370 final, Brussels: CEC.
Commission of the European Communities [CEC] (2006) "Keep Europe Moving - Sustainable mobility for our continent", 2006 White Paper Mid Term Review, COM (2006) 314.
Commission of the European Communities [CEC] (2008) "Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion: Turning territorial diversity into strength", COM (2008) 616 final, Brussels.
Commission of the European Communities [CEC] (2009) "Evaluation of the Common Transport Policy (CTP) of the EU from 2000 to 2008 and analysis of the evolution and structure of the European transport sector in the context of the long-term development of the CTP", DG Energy and Transport, D3-Final report, Brussels.
Geurs K. T. van Wee B. (2004) "Land-use/transport interaction models as tools for sustainability impact assessment of transport investments: review and research perspectives", European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 4(3): 333-355.
Giuliano G. (2004) "Land use impacts of transportation investments: highway and transit", : Hanson S. Giuliano G. (.), The Geography of Urban Transportation, UK: Guilford Press, 237-273.
Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences [ICCR] (1998) "CODE-TEN: Strategic Assessment of Corridor Developments, TEN Improvements and Extensions to the CEEC/CIS", Baseline Methodology, Main Report, Deliverable D1, Vienna: ICCR. ( : http://www.iccr-international.org/code-ten/docs/codeten-report1-apx.pdf. : 16/03 2009).
114
Kafkalas, G. Pitsiava, M. (2008) "Spatial Impact Indicators: Synthetic report, WP4, Final deliverables, SIMCODE:IGT", Program part financed by the EU (INTERREGIIIB, ARCHIMED), SDRU and TEL, Research Committee, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (scientific coordination: Kafkalas G. and Pitsiava M.).
Krugman P. (1991) Geography and Trade, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: MIT Press.
Lundquist L. (2008) "Spatial development and cohesion impacts of European transport investment and pricing policies", : Giaoutzi M. Nijkamp P. (.), Network Strategies in Europe: Developing the Future for Transport and ICT, London: Ashgate, 133-150.
Martin P.J. Rogers C.A. (1994) "Industrial Location and Public Infrastructure", Discussion Paper No. 909, London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. ( : http://www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP909.asp. : 29/09/2009).
Massey D. (1979) "In what sense a regional problem?", Regional Studies, 13: 233-243.McQuaid R. W., Leitham S. Nelson, J. D. (1996) "Accessibility and location decisions
in a peripheral region of Europe: a logit analysis", Regional Studies, 30(6): 579-588.MCRIT sl Planning Support System and Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports
et leur Scurit (MCRIT and INRETS) (1996) "Union Territorial Strategies Study Linked to Trans-European Transport Networks study: A Territorial Impact Assessment of Trans-European Transport Networks", Study prepared for Directorate General VII Energy and Transport of the European Commission. ( : http://www.mcrit.com/uts/. : 30/04/2009).
National Economic Research Associates (1999) "A Framework for Assessing Studies of the Impact of Transport Infrastructure Projects on Economic Activity", Report to the Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions: London
Schrmann C., Spiekermann K., Wegener, M. (1997) "Accessibility Indicators, Summary of 'Accessibility Indicators: Model and Report'", SASI Project, Deliverable D5, Institut fr Raumplanung, Universitt Dortmund. ( : http://www.raumplanung.uni-dortmund.de/irpud/pro/sasi/sasid5.htm. : 16/03 2009).
Schrmann C. Talaat, A. (2000) "Towards a European Peripherality Index", Final Report for Directorate General XVI Regional Policy of the European Commission, Universitt Dortmund: Institut fr Raumplanung.
115
Spiekermann K. Wegener, M. (2006) "Accessibility and spatial development in Europe", Scienze Regionali, 5(2) [Special Issue]: 15-46
Vickerman, R., Spiekermann K. Wegener M. (1999) "Accessibility and economic development in Europe", Regional Studies, 33(1): 1-15.
, , , . , , . . 491, , , 541 24 e-mail: [email protected]
, . , , , 541 24 e-mail: [email protected]
116
, 18: 116-143
: ,
. ,
H , . , . , - - , , , , . , o , .
, , , , .
117
Metro and Urban Form n Thessaloniki: Characteristics, Planning Ideas for their Interconnection and Critical Obstacles
An integrated transport management for the efficient use of critical and highly expensive infrastructure and a shift to public and alternative transport modes are recognized today among the most crucial policies for achieving sustainable spatial development. The purpose of this article is to relate the urban form of the city of Thessaloniki with the metro under construction in an attempt to read their spatial interconnection, to highlight the potential for connecting transport and urban planning through specific planning and design schemes and to identify the key obstacles raised in implementing such policies. It is argued that, despite the observed high rates of suburbanization and the dispersal of urban activities in the urban periphery over the last twenty years, the compact part of the city of Thessaloniki, which is crossed and served by the metro, still holds a large share of population and urban activities and is dominated by mixed land uses, advantages that should be used with specific planning proposals and initiatives. Moreover, it is argued that the most critical obstacle to the promotion of these policies is the absolute focus on the process rather than the outcome that characterizes the Greek planning system.Keywords
Urban form, compact city, Thessaloniki metro, urban planning, transport planning.
1. :
. H - , . , 1990 , .
, .
118
- (Geerlings Stead, 2003), , . , . , , ( ), , . , , , , - .
" " " " , (Tsai, 2005). , , - , , - (Cervero, 1995 Newman and Kenworthy, 1999 Stead and Marshall, 2001 Schwanen, 2002 Kenworthy, 2008) (Cervero, 2008 Newman Kenworthy, 1999 Priemus, 2001). , - , (Naaes, 2006). , , - ( ),
119
. "Finger Plan" 1947 ( -), "" , (Naaes, 2006).
, - , - (Kenworthy, 2008). , , - , , (Cervero, 1995 2008 Newman and Kenworthy 1999 Kenworthy, 2008). , - (Kenworthy, 2008), , - , .
, , , - -, - , / - (Van de Coevering Schwanen, 2006 Jenks .., 2010). , - - , (Van de Coevering Schwanen, 2006).
120
, , . , . .
, - - . o . - . - - , , , . , .
2.
, (Y, 2008), . , - . , -
121
, . , , , " " . , ( ) ( ) (, 2007), . , , ( 2508/1997), , - , , , , ..
(, 99 . 2 . 1892/1990 7 . 1 . 2052/1992) : " ( , , - , , ..), ./ ., (..)". , , , , . , , , " ". ,
122
( ) , " , , - - ..". , , , , , , - .
, , - , ( .225/2000) ( . 240/2009). ( . 240/2009), -, . , , : " . 1892/90, - - . , , - , , - - ". : " , ... - (). -
123
, , -, .. - , , . ".
, , .
- , , .
3.
3.1.
1 . - 1/10 . , (, . 1561/1985 ) , , ( 1) . 1990, (, . 1561/85), , .
124
, , , , , , , . , - , , . , - 1991-2011 ( 2012) ( 2011) .
1.
:
125
To 1991, , o ( ) 80% , - . 2001 76%, 2011 70%, - 1990 ( 1). 1991-01, (11,6% 1,1% ) (6,7% ). , 3,5% 2,8%, 0,7%, , .
1.
(%)
1991 2001 2011 1991-01 2001-11
( ) * 783.151 836.820 800.111 6,9 0,7 -4,4 -0,4
/ 187.916 247.181 304.349 31,5 2,8 23,1 2,1
/ 971.067 1.084.001 1.104.460 11,6 1,1 1,9 0,2
/ / 80% 76% 70% -4,8 -0,5 -7,3 -0,8
: , 1991 2001, , 2011 ( )
* 2011 ,
2011, - - , , 30% . 2000 1,9%, - (1,3%).
126
( ), .
, , , 55.000 , 7-9 . , - .
, '90 . - . , . , , , . , , , (.. ) . -, , , - . - ( ) - ( , 1999).
, , , , . -, ,
127
. , , (- ) .
3.2.
, - 20061, () ( , ) 9,6 ., - ( 2). , , , - 33 . ( 2). 9,6 . . H , ( ), , , , . - 55-60% , 45-50% .
, , , , ( ), (, ) .. ( , 2010), , , . , . , , , ,
1 M - (2010).
128
- .. , "" 5,5 ., (monorail)2.
2.
:
2 .., www.ametro.gr ( 30/12/2012).
129
, . 100-200 /ha, ,
700 ./ha ( 3). 200 ./ha. , , 10 , 8 - 420 565 ./ha 2 220-275 ./Ha ( , 2010). - , , , . , : , - , . - , - -, .
3.
:
130
4. /
: Google Earth
- , ( 4). . ( , , - , - , , ..) , , . - -
131
. , ( 1,7 33 . 3,5 3) .
4.
- . ( ) . - (), - . , . -. , - , .
4.1.
4,8 ., , . . , . .
3 , 05.03.2012.
132
( ) . , 30 . , , ( 561 12-10-90), 2000 " ". , , , - .
( , 2010) 2009-11, - . , , .
, . - , , . , .. - ( ), - . - , , , - . , , .
" "
133
- ( 5).
5.
: (2011)
, . - , , , - , , ..
134
- . 10%. , , , , / - , - , ".. /." 65% ( , 2011).
( ) / , , . . , , , .
. , ( ) - , , - . (), (. 1561/85) ( ), , , , 4. , ,
4 , .. 2045/28-1-2011.
135
, , , 2003 ( , ) - 2006. , , , , , . , - " " (. 1561/85, 148 14, . 2.5). - , , . .
4.2.
- , . 365 , . , 165 , - . , Hebrard 1917, . , 30 ( . ), ( ) . , 90 , "".
136
( ) . - ( . ). , ( ), , , - ( , ). , - . . -