1998:

1:

1998:

1:

. / -

apapad.users.uth.gr

. / -

www.georgebouckovalas.com

. / -

apapad.users.uth.gr

. / -

www.georgebouckovalas.com

- 2009 -- 2009 2009

1998: : :

-- -- --

(.. , , (.. , , )) ( ) ( )

, , (.. , (.. , ) ) , :, :----, (.. , (.. =475 )=475 )-- , (.. , (.. =95 )=95 )

&

&

&

&

= +

,

.

() ( ) , :

()

amax() Sa(T)

: San Francisco 1957

amax = (0.05 0.1g)/0.1g = 0.5 1.0Sa(..T=0.5s) = 0.17g/0.08g = 2.1 , Sa(..T=0.2s) = 0.15g/0.4g = 0.4

: San Francisco 1989

(Bay mud)

75 cm/sec2

170 cm/sec2

amax = (170cm/s2) / (75cm/s2) = 2.3

;

SS V

H4T =

;

1957

1989

0.4 1.25

1.0 3.2

: Mexico 1985

&

amax = 130/35 = 3.7, Sa( =2s) = 0.7/0.1 = 7

: Kobe 1995

amax = 0.32g/0.82g = 0.4

: 1999 amax = 0.19g/0.06g = 3.2

N

S

N

S

: 1999

B

N

025

50

75

100

(%) o

f bui

ldin

gs

BoreholeCHT2

DH5

80

60

40

20

0

DEP

TH (m

)

Vs (m/sec)

_ Vs,30 =697 m/sec

360 7600 1300

_ Vs,30 =613

_ Vs,30 =545 _

Vs,30 =500 _ Vs,30 =496

N S

0 1300 0 1300 0 1300 0 1300

: -

(%)

(

m)

CHT2

: 1999

1-

0.01 0.1 1PERIOD (sec)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Sa

(g)

DMKFYLPAR

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Sa g

/Sa b

DH-5

CHT-2

0

25

50

75

100

(%) o

f bui

ldin

gs

BoreholeCHT2

DH5

80

60

40

20

0

DEP

TH (m

)

Vs (m/sec)

_ Vs,30 =697 m/sec

360 7600 1300

_ Vs,30 =613

_ Vs,30 =545 _

Vs,30 =500 _ Vs,30 =496

N S

0 1300 0 1300 0 1300 0 1300

CHT-2 DH-5

1- Northridge&

0.01 0.1 1PERIOD (sec)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Sa

(g)

PKC-EWPKC-NSAIGIO

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Sa g

/Sa b DH-5

CHT-2

DH-5

() :

&

amax = 0.4 3.7( 0.6 2.0)

Sa 0.4 7.0!

( 3.5)

.

.

. . amax Sa;

.

0KXXCYM =++ &&&

UXY +=UMKXXCXM &&&&& =++

tiO

2tiO eUUeUU

== &&

tiOeFKXXCXM

=++ &&&O

2O MUF =

:

:

: [eit = cost + i sin t]

UY

UY

UYAY &&

&&&& ===

/1.

/ = . / T.

.. : . () 5, () 70.

1998-1: &

-- , ,

-- , , , ,

-- (5) (, , (5) (, , C, D, E)C, D, E): : (2) (2) (S(S11 & S& S22): ):

-- ( ( ), ), () (() (--): ): aagRgR

-- , , , , , : , : SSee(T(T)) SSveve(T(T))

, , , , (.. (.. --) :) :

) ) SS 30 30mm

) ) NNSPTSPT CCuu

N hi Vi( 30m)

aamaxmax, , S = 1 S = 1 1.4 (1.4 ( > 5.5) > 5.5)

S = 1 S = 1 1.8 (1.8 ( < 5.5) < 5.5)

, , : : : : (. ) 0.8(. ) 0.8 : 0.55 : 0.55 : : qq (. ) (. ) 11

1998-1: &

1998-1: &

-- SSee(T(T) ) : :

: : aagg = = aagRgR , , S = S = = =

-- : :

C-8

Vs,30 > 800m/s

NSPT (-)

Cu (-)

EE

DD

CC

BB

, 5m

AA

0.05

0.10

0.10

0.05

0.05

M5..55

TTBB

1.6

1.8

1.5

1.35

1.0

M5..55

SS TTCC

0.25

0.30

0.25

0.25

0.25

M5..55

0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

S e /

a g

A B C

D

E

> 5.5> 5.5

C-8

Vs,30=360-800m/s

NSPT > 50

Cu > 250kPa

EE

DD

CC

, , , , ,

BB

AA

0.05

0.10

0.10

0.05

0.05

M5..55

TTBB

1.6

1.8

1.5

1.35

1.0

M5..55

SS TTCC

0.25

0.30

0.25

0.25

0.25

M5..55

0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

S e /

a g A

B C

D

E

> 5.5> 5.5

C-8

Vs,30=180-360m/s

NSPT=15-50

Cu=70-250kPa

EE

DD

/ ,

CC

BB

AA

0.05

0.10

0.10

0.05

0.05

M5..55

TTBB

1.6

1.8

1.5

1.35

1.0

M5..55

SS TTCC

0.25

0.30

0.25

0.25

0.25

M5..55

0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

S e /

a g

A B C

D

E

> 5.5> 5.5

C-8

Vs,30 < 180m/s

NSPT < 15

Cu < 70kPa

EE

( )

DD

CC

BB

AA

0.05

0.10

0.10

0.05

0.05

M5..55

TTBB

1.6

1.8

1.5

1.35

1.0

M5..55

SS TTCC

0.25

0.30

0.25

0.25

0.25

M5..55

0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

S e /

a g A

B C

D

E

> 5.5> 5.5

C-8

[ :Vs < 360m/sNSPT < 50Cu < 250kPa ]

Vs C D 5 20m, Vs > 800m/s

EE

DD

CC

BB

AA

0.05

0.10

0.10

0.05

0.05

M5..55

TTBB

1.6

1.8

1.5

1.35

1.0

M5..55

SS TTCC

0.25

0.30

0.25

0.25

0.25

M5..55

0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

S e /

a g

A B C

D

E

> 5.5> 5.5

C-8

Vs,30=180-360m/s

NSPT=15-50

Cu=70-250kPa

EE

DD

/ ,

CC

BB

AA

0.050.100.100.050.05

M5..55

TTBB

1.61.81.5

1.351.0

M5..55

SS TTCC

0.250.300.250.250.25

M5..55

< 5.5< 5.5

0 0.5 1 1.5T (s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

S e /

a g

A

B

C

D

E

C-8

SS11 1010mm (PI > 40%) (PI > 40%) ((, , VVs,30s,30 < 100m/s < 100m/s CCuu = 10 = 10 20kPa20kPa)) SS22 , , , , SS11

SS22

1998-1: &

-- SSveve(T(T) ) : :

: : aavgvg = 0.= 0.99SSaagRgR , ( > 5.5), ( > 5.5) = = = 0.05= 0.05sec, Tsec, TCC = 0.15sec, T= 0.15sec, TDD = 1.0sec= 1.0sec

-- : :

Sve/avg3

1

4 4 : : (.. ) (.. ): : : : (.. , ) (.. , )IV: IV: (.. , (.. ,

, ) , ) -- = 1.0= 1.0, ,

( : 10% ( : 10% 50 , . 475 ) 50 , . 475 )

-- -- : 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 1.4, : 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 1.4,

1998-1: &

q q H H --

-- , , qq

O O qq 5% 5% ( ( : .. : .. -- ) )

1998-1: &

1998-1: & . . SSdd(T(T) ) : :

Sd/ag

2.5S/q

2S/3

: : aagg = = aagRgR , , S = S = = = q = q = (( 1)1) = =

( , =0.2)( , =0.2)

1998-1: & . . SSdd(T(T)), :, :

aavgvg = 0.9= 0.9aagg aagg ( > 5.5)( > 5.5) S = S = 11 , , , , SSdd q = q = ((= 1 = 1 1.5)1.5), ,

. . 2 2 SSdd(T(T))

. . ( ( > 1), > 1), ( ( 19981998--5)5)

. . . , . ,

&

&

&

&

Fou

rier

( )( )

1.3 - 3.2 NS1.0 - 2.8 W0.8 - 2.0

Z!!

SITE Site classification according to EC8 EC8 3D 2D SH

2D SV

CIVITA Isolated cliff 1.2 1.75 +46% 1.40 +17%

1.30 +8%

ALTINO Isolated cliff 1.2 1.30 +8% 1.22 +2%

1.22 +2%

MT. TITANO Ridge with crest

width significantly less then the base width and average slope angle > 30

1.4 1.58 +13% 1.18 -16%

1.32 -6%

CASTELLARO

Ridge with crest width significantly less then the base width and average slope angle < 30

1.2 1.25 +4% 1.09 -9%

1.28 +7%

Paolucci 2002

-

- i>30o

- i

: 1999

RICOMEX

Athanasopoulos et al.(2001)

Kallou et al.(2002)

30o40 m

Site 3Sites 1,2

Section b-bVs,30=370 490 m/sec

(NEHRP C)

Hotel DEKELIA

16o 14o35 m

Section a-aVs,30=380 m/sec

(NEHRP C)

< 300m

Gazetas et al.(2002)

a-a

b-b

1

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3(S

a)2-

D/(S

a)1-

D Section a-a

0.01 0.1 1PERIOD (sec)

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

(Sa)

2-D

/(Sa)

1-D Section b-b

EC-8

-

b-b

1 1

a-a: 0.6 1.75

b-b: 0.9 2.75

() :

.

.

. ;

+

0.6 - 2.75

amax (& Sa)

- (, )

- -

incomingSV wave

incomingSV wave

incomingSV wave

PreflSVrefl

2i-90o

i

H Rayleighwave

incomingSV wave

Rayleighwave

:- : SV, SV P, Rayleigh. - . , , !- , .

SVSV

SVSV

SVSV

SVSV

RayleighRayleigh

RayleighRayleigh

A.2 A.2 SSTT = 1.0 = 1.0 i i 1) > 1) SSee(T(T))(ii) (ii) 22-- , , -- H H >> 30m30m

A.3 A.3 :: SSTT >> 1.0 1.0 SSTT = 1.0 = 1.0

&

&

&

&

1- 1-

, VS, VS HSHS

, Vb, Vb

abmax, Sab, Te

abmax, Sab, Te

agrmax, Sagr, Te

agrmax, Sagr, Te

1 80(step 1)

1 80(step 1)

HHss (m)(m)

100 800(step 10)

100 800(step 10)

VVs,30 s,30 ((m/sm/s))800 & 1200800 & 1200VVbb (m)(m)

4 8(step 1)

3 6(step 1)

nn

0.20 0.40 (step 0.10)

0.10 0.25 (step 0.05)

TTee (s)(s)

0.20 0.50 (step 0.10)

0.10 0.20(step 0.05)

aabbmaxmax (g)(g)MM > 5.5> 5.5MM < 5.5< 5.5

101066 ....

1- 1-

Reference:Reference: Bouckovalas, G.D. and Papadimitriou A.G. (2003) Multi-variable relations for soil effects on seismic ground motion, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 32(12), pp. 1867-1896

0.91

1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8

S

EC8Vb=800m/s

Vb=1200m/s

Average

A B C D E

EC 8 VS,30

EC 8 VS,30

A

B

CDE

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

H (m)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Vs,3

0 (m

/sec

)

Vb=800m/s

A

B

CDE

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

H (m)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Vs,3

0 (m

/sec

)

Vb=1200m/sVb=800 m/s Vb=1200 m/s

H (m) H (m)

V s,3

0(m

/s)

(M > 5.5)

-Vb

VS -Vb

VS

-

Vb

VS

30 m

VS,30Vb VS,30VS VS,30< VS

VS,30

VS ;

VS,30

VS ;

0.91

1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8

S

EC8Vb=800m/s

Vb=1200m/s

Average

A B C D E

A

B

CDE

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

H (m)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Vs,e

l (m

/sec

)

Vb=800m/s

A

B

CDE

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

H (m)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Vs,e

l (m

/sec

)

Vb=1200m/sVb=800 m/s Vb=1200 m/s

H (m) H (m)

V S(m

/s)

EC 8 VS

EC 8 VS

(M > 5.5)

0.91

1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8

S

EC8SuggestedVb=800m/s

Vb=1200m/s

Average

A1 B C D EA2

A1

A2

A2 B

CDE

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

H (m)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Vs,e

l (m

/sec

)

Vb=800m/s

A1

A2

A2 B

CDE

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

H (m)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Vs,e

l (m

/sec

)

Vb=1200m/s

H (m) H (m)

V S(m

/s)

Vb=800 m/s Vb=1200 m/s

VS

VS

(M > 5.5)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80H (m)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

V s (m

/s)

A2

D

B

EC

A1

A2

& (S)

0.5

1

1.5

2

S

EC-8G.B. et al

A1 B C D EA2

0.5

1

1.5

2

S

EC-8G.B. et al

A1 B C D EA2

M>5.5

M

. . . . . . ECEC--8 8 , : , : = (= (aagg))ECEC--88

, , 40% . . . .

1.20AEAK1.15AEAK1.00AEAK1.00AEAK0.85AEAK AAEC-8

1.40AEAK1.35AEAK1.15AEAK1.20AEAKAEAKAAEC-8

1.401.351.151.201.00SS

EEDDCCBBAA

. . . . . . ECEC--88 .. , .. , VS, 30 . . . ! VS ( ) ( A & B EC-8) (S) .... ( )1-

& (.. Telastic > 1.0 1.5 s)

2-0.5 0 0.50

1

Ah

=a

h/a

h, f

f

(-) (+)distance, x(km)

B

1.1

0

0

Ah,max

0

0.5

1

Av

=a

v/a

h,f

f

-0.5 0 0.5

(-) (+)distance, x(km)

B

0 .1

0

0

A v,m ax

Bouckovalas & Papadimitriou (2005)

Dh

Dv

4 :90 -

i, /, ,

:

ShT SvT

0.3Dv0.2Dh

:

( ) ( ) ( )NIHhA AhJAhHAhGAhF

+=1max, ( ) ( ) ( )NIHvA AvJAvHAvGAvF

=max,

4 : i, /, ,

( ) ( ) ( )NIH

DhJDhHDhGDhF

=/HhD ( ) ( ) ( )NIH

DvJDvHDvGDvF

=/HvD

Bouckovalas & Papadimitriou (2005)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 /

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

F(H

/)

0 30 60 90(o )

0

1

2

3

4

G(i

)

0 5 10 15 20 (%)

0

1

2

3

H()

0 4 8 12

0

1

2

3

J(N

)

FAh

FAv

FDh = FDvGAv

GAh

GDh = GDv

HAv

HAh

HDv

HDh

JAh JAv

JDh

JDv

i

ASSMAKI ET AL (2005) (1999)

(. str

. . . . . . ECEC--88 ( ), ( ), ! 2 SvT ! S S , , -! S S = 1 1.4 -! , , ,

P ( ) // +

S ( ) __ SV ( .)SH ( )

Rayleigh P SV

Love SH

VS(m/s) = [ Go(kPa) / (t/m3) ]0.5 (S) Vs(m/s) < 100 150- 100 200 200 300 250 350 400 (.. ) 550 800 > 1200

VP = VS [ 2(1-v) / (1-2v) ]0.5 (P) v = Poisson (.. 0.33) ( v=0.5, VP VP = 1525m/s,

P )

Go : e

VR 0.94VS Rayleigh (R)

(Kramer 1996)

( )

( P)

( P)

( SH)

( )

3-

Crosshole

( 2002)

: +- , - & SPT

,

Vs & Vp Cross-hole

tP = 10.1mstS = 35.5ms

X = 6m

Vp = x / tp = 6m/10.1ms = 594m/s

Vs = x / ts = 6m/35.5ms = 169m/s

Downhole

( 2002)

:

( Snell)

Crosshole

: Uphole:

(Seismo-cone)

( 2002)

Downhole 3- CPT

- (Spectral Analysis Surface Waves)

( 2002, Kramer 1996)

S ()2 x & 2x S,

- Fourier- (f) f- , f, : t(f) = (f)/2f- : VR(f) = x/t(f)

R(f) = VR(f)/f

- x- - (trial-and-error) VR-z VR R

VR

!!

( ) ( ) M . ., . . (2005), " . . ", , ..., 25(1), 9 - 22, -

M . ., . . (2005), " . . ", , ..., 25(1), 23 - 36, -

. ., A. ., ., ., E., I. (2006), " ", , 5 , ,