( )
70 ,


.
,
.
, , 2
.
, 1 70 55
.
,

.

.
,
.
, ,

.
....
.
, ,
, ,

.
.


.
75
, 80
.
, ,

.
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, .
....


.
, , ,
.

- 2 , BOD 20PPM
600
- 500cc 300 330
- 300 3.3
10,000


.
,
.
,
.
1993 ,
39 , 61
.

.
.
....
.

.
- ( )
( ) ,
- , , , 1994 ,


BOD 3-4 ppm , 1-2
ppm .
.
,
.
,
, .
, 20 ,
.
, ,
.

.
, ,
( ), , ,
, ,
.
.
,
,
.
3.3.3.3.
....
o
, . 2
.
o , 2


.
,
o (1990), (1990),
(1991)
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
o
,

o

.
....
o . 95

.
. , ,
.
.
.
o
.
o
,
.
....
o

.
- 70%, 64%, 44%, 43%, 40%
.
- 44.4%, 15.8%, 15.1%, 12.6%
o
.
. 30% 45%

. 1300-2000cc 91% 1000cc
3.2% .
.
,
.
....
o 45% 20%
.
o ,
. 100
0.5 C 2030
1.5-4.5 C, 20-140 .
o
.
.
.
.
- ,
.
.
.
. ,
- ,
....
o
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
, .
....
o

.
o , , ,
l
, ,
, .
o
.
....
o
, , .
.
. fqkftodwpvna
.
. ,
o

.
.
.
o ,
.
o ,

,
.
,




< >
( )
3333
21212121
21

(UNCED:United Nations Confernce on Environment and Development)
1992 6 .
, ,

21 (Agenda 21) .
“ 21” 37
“ 21 ” , (‘96.3.19)
.
,
.
“ 21”
(Sustainable Development) .
“ 21” .
92
, . 96 OECD

.

.
20 58
, 95%
.
20 3
. ,

.
(WCED:World Commission on Environment and Development)"
Gro Harlem Brundtland
. 1987 3 WCED “Our
Common Future( )” ,
“Sustainable Development( )”
.
,
, .
<WCED >
“ ”
2) (UNCED)
1972
, ,
, 1989 44
20 1992 ek
.
1992 6 118
,
.
7 , .
< >

21 21
(ECOSOC) (CSD) - 1993 1995 CSD , 1999 2001

,
3) 19
1992 5
, 5 1997 6
, 60
182 , NGOs .
25 ,
.
,
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,
“ 21 ” , “
21” .
3. ( )3. ( )3. ( )3. ( )
, 21, 21, 21, 21
....
21
. 21
. 21

.

.

.

.
21 ,

.
. 21
21
.

.
. 21
.
21 .
.
, 21, 21, 21, 21

....
21 .

.

.
. “ ” ,
21 “ Sustainable Indicator"
.
, ,
, , .
1992 150
99 20
.
40 .

.

.
, 21, 21, 21, 21
....
21 21
. 21
.
, .
21 21 9
.
21
21
.
.

, , .
“ ( ) ”, “ ”, “
” .
,
.


.
, 21, 21, 21, 21
....

.
.

.

.
, , , , , ,
, , , 11
19
,
.

.
.

.
, ( ) ., ( ) ., ( ) ., ( ) .
,
.
21
.
4. ( )4. ( )4. ( )4. ( )
1) 21
.
21 21 “
” , 21
. ,
21
.
21 ‘ ’
. , ,
, , , 3
3 ( ) 3 ( )
.
21
.
‘ ’ ‘ ’
21 ‘( ) 21
( )’ . 21
, 21
,
.
2)
society) (ecopolis) . ‘ ’
' ‘
, (Ecocity Planning) . )
)
)
3) (eco­office)
, ,
.
21 .
(eco­office) .
,
. , , ,
.
(eco­office check)
, .
, .
‘ ’
. (BPR : Business Process
Reengineering)
,
. (LCA)
.
, .
,

.
, ‘ ’ .
, 1

. Eco­Check
25 77 .
4)
- , , ,
5. ( )5. ( )5. ( )5. ( )
....
(1)


.
.
(2) 21
21


. ,
.


.

.



.
21
.
.
.
21


,
.
....
(1)

, .

, .
(2)
, ,

.
, , ,
.
, ,
,
, (initiatives)
.
( )
1.
4

( )


.
,
.

.

.
, .

,
, ,
.
.
....
....
( : ,2001)
( 1) ‘95 ’96
‘97
. 1
’98 1.0k/g .
,
2000 47.05%, 41.3%
.
95 96 97 98 99 2000

(%) 17.8 4.5 4.1 7.0 2.3 1.8
1 ( / ) 1.07 1.11 1.05 0.96 0.97 0.98

(%) 23.7 26.2 29.0 34.9 38.1 41.3
( 2)
,
‘95 31.6% 2000 24,6%
. 1
.

(%) 31.6 29.1 27.3 26.5 25.4 24.6
1 ( / ) 0.34 0.32 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.24

(%) 2.1 3.3 9.8 21.8 33.9 45.1
‘97 84.0%
,’98 2000
45.4%.45.1% .
2000 10% .
....
( 3) 53%
30% , 12%, 5% .
.
( 3) (2000. )
( )
100% 53%(41%) 30%(42%) 12%(13%) 5%(4%)
‘97
, ,
. ( 4) 53%
, 29%, 13%, 5% .
( 4) (2000. )

100% 53%(53.1%) 29%(18.6%) 13%(14.7%) 5%(13.6%)
‘97 10.4%
, 8.6% , .

.
....
( 5) ( / )
99 00 01
1,472 1,526 1,576
1 (kg/ ) 0.19 0.23 0.22
( / )
99 00 01
126 202 286
....
....
(2000) 1)
33.7% , ,
.

.2)
12.6%


. 3)
48.9%, 20.9%, 11.4% .4)

, , , .
....
(1998) 800

31.2% ,
(19.1%),
(18.2%), .
( ; . 2002)

....
1. .1. .1. .1. .
.
.
2. , .2. , .2. , .2. , .
,

3. , .3. , .3. , .3. , .
.
.
4. .4. .4. .4. .
.

.
5. .5. .5. .5. .
(
, . ) .
6. .6. .6. .6. .
,
.
7. .7. .7. .7. .

.
8. .8. .8. .8. .
15% 20% .
.
....
1. .1. .1. .1. .
.
.
2. .2. .2. .2. .
(44%).
.
.
3. .3. .3. .3. .
. 32%
.
.
4. .4. .4. .4. .
,
.
5. .5. .5. .5. .

, .
6. .6. .6. .6. .

. .
7. .7. .7. .7. .
,
.
8. .8. .8. .8. .
.

.
....
1. .1. .1. .1. . .
.
.
2. .2. .2. .2. .
,
.
.
3. .3. .3. .3. .
,
.
4. .4. .4. .4. .
1 ,
. .
5. .5. .5. .5. .
(10g)
.
.
6. , .6. , .6. , .6. , .
,
.
7. .7. .7. .7. .

.
8. . .8. . .8. . .8. . .
“
?” .
....
1. .1. .1. .1. .
.
2. .2. .2. .2. .
.
.
3. .3. .3. .3. .
. .
4. .4. .4. .4. .

, .
5. .5. .5. .5. .

, “ ”, “ ”,“ ” .
6. .6. .6. .6. .

. .
7. .7. .7. .7. .
.
.
8. (Food Bank) .8. (Food Bank) .8. (Food Bank) .8. (Food Bank) .

.
Check ListCheck ListCheck ListCheck List
, Check
List
( ,× )
( ,
, )


( )




5
< - , > - ,- ,- ,- ,
( )
. ( ). ( ). ( ). ( )

- : 43,258
- : 1,446
- : , ,

- : 200 /
2
- : 85,400
- : 13

- : , ,
- : 2000 2004 (5 )
- : 1,100 ( 512, 588)
- : (2 3 )
/
- : 171 / ( 68, 49, 54)
- ( )
- :
- : 3,014 ( 912 )
- : 99 /
- :

- : 43,888 (13,276 )
_ : 318 ( 157, 161)
- : 2000. ~ 2003. 7
- : 1991. 11 1994. 12 ( 3 )
....
.
( ) , , .
,

.(< 1>).

.
,

. 1 , 1
.1)

. ,

.
.
.
,

.
(UPP) .

.

. .
.
.
.
, ,
,
.


.
.
,

.

1) , 1999 ,531 .
,
,
. .

.


.
.


. ,
.

. ,
.

, .
.

2
. , , ,
.

.
.

.
, , ,
. 1995

.
.
.

,

,
.
.
.

.
?

. , .
.

.


.
.
....
20
. ,

.
1. 201. 201. 201. 20
20 ‘ ’
.
1948
170 .

.
,
.
1950 .
1960 30
. 70 ,

. 80

.

.

.
2. 902. 902. 902. 90
21 10 90

.
90 .
(1)
1961 ‘ ’
1980 . 86 ‘ ’
.
. 90

.


.


.

.
91 ‘ ’
92 ‘ ’
.

.

,
.
3. 903. 903. 903. 90
(1)
.
.

.
1994 ,
,

.
(2)
.

( ) . -
.
1 95

. .
.

.
(PUSH)
(PULL)
.

, , ,
,
. 1997 1998

.
, 1


.





....
, 1990 (1)
(2)
.
? ‘
’

.
1.1.1.1.
(1)

.
,
.
( )
( ) .
?
2 “ ”
, , , , , , ‘
’ .
,
.
2 :
→→→→
. ,
, ( )
( ) .

-
, ,
.
97 : - ,
(reengineering)
. 3 97
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
.

.


.
2001 : 2001
( ) .
, 2

.
1997

.
‘ ’
.

21
. , ,
‘ ( )’

.
....
.
.
,
. ,
.
, , .

. , < >
< > .
. ,
.

.
. , ‘
’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ .
,
.
, .

.
.
‘ ’ ‘ ’
.

.
‘ ’ ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
. ,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
. ,
.

. ,

.
.
. .
,
. , , ,
, , .
.
2000 <21
>
.
6666

1.1.1.1.
-
-
- :
( )
- 1 300kg
- 5
2.2.2.2.
(2000 )

1> 1 1
94 1.33kg - 95 1.07kg - 96 1.1kg - 97 1.05kg - 98 0.96kg - 99 0.97kg - 2000 0.98kg
2>
3>
(1) 4 1% : 639
( 107 , 24 , 3 , / 505 )
(2)
4.4.4.4.
1>
- , 1 -
-
- ( , )
- - ( )
- ( )
- ( )
-
-
2>

- ,
.



30cm
.

, ,
.

,
.
.

( )
.

.

, .
2.
3.
4.
5. , , , ,
6. , ,
1111
- 74%, 35%, 58%

- 30 17
- 1,500 (7.5 ), 4,200 , 28 (30 1
)


, ,
( )



,





, ,
, ,
, , pvc , ,
, , , , pvc ,

-
.
- .
- (40 ~ 50 ) .

- , , , , , .
-
. ( kg 150
)
/

- ,
.
- , , ,
.
- 30cm .
- .



pp

- :
- : , - : , , , , ,


- ,
.
-
.
( )
/


- , .
- .
- .

- .
- .
1111
/ /






(1 )(1 )(1 )(1 )
- 85%, 97%
- 4
- 96%

,


, , , ( )

,
.

,
.

7777


200ml 4 , 1000ml 4 , , , , ,
, , ,
1.
.(3 - 4 )
2.
.
. (

.)


1000ml 6 , , ( ),
, ,

1. 1000ml 6
.(
.)
2.
4
.(

. . 3 2 .)
3.

.(
,
.)
4.
.(
.)



1. .
( )
.
4. .
(
)
.


1. 10Cm,
50Cm .
3.
. (
)



1.
. (2 )
)
4. 4Cm
.
.
.

, , , ,

" ", " ", " " .
2.

.

.

1. .
2. . (
,
)
3. .
4.
,



1. ( )
.

.
.

, ,


1. .
2.
.
3.
.


, , , , ,


1.
.
.

(1000ml), , ,


1. .
2. 2cm .
3. 2
.

.


, , , , , ,

1. .
* (7×11cm)
3.
.


, ( 20mm),
( 2cm), , , , ( 3cm)


1. ,
.
2.
.
3.
.


(1000ml, 250ml), , 8 , ,
(15×15cm),
1.
.
.
.
8
(Energy)(Energy)(Energy)(Energy)
( ) , ' '
' ' , ' ' .
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
. 18 19 ' '
' ' .
, ,
. .
.
.
, , , , ,
.
, .
( : External)( : External)( : External)( : External)
( :Kinetic)
(Potential)
(E=½mv²: m , v ) .
(E=mph : m , g , h
) ,
.

.
( : Internal)( : Internal)( : Internal)( : Internal)
( : System) .
( ) ,
.
.
,
,
.
( : Thermal)( : Thermal)( : Thermal)( : Thermal)
( : Heat) ,
.

.

- ( ) .
,
. , ,
.

( )
. , ,
. (
)
. , ,

.
( : Nuclear)( : Nuclear)( : Nuclear)( : Nuclear)
( ), ( )
, .

( ) (E =mc²: m , c
) ( :Fission) .
( : Fusion)
,
.
( ) , (
) , ( ) . (
Resourc) ( ), ( ), ( )
( ), ( ), ( ), , ( Biomass), ( ), ( ),
( ) . , ,
( Fossil fuel) .
( )
, , , , , (
: Renewable) .
1 , 2 .
1 (Primary) ,
,
, , , (LNG ) , , , , ,
, . 2 (Secondary) 1
( ) , (Final) ( ,
, ) .


.

.

. ,

.
.
,
( )
, ,
.

, , ,
.


,
.

.

* .
* .
* , .
* .
* , .
* 20 , .

* .
*
.
*
.




. .
.
.
. 11


.



.


.
' '
13.5m 5 . 1966
24 kW/day .

1 8 4 .
24 .
.
.
.
.

.

. ,
. ,
m 10m .
.
.
.


. 1%

.
, ,
.
(NASA) 100kW
1984
7 1,500MW . 1991
3 , 660
.
1974
100kW 2 , 10
.

* .
.

.
, ,
.
.
.


.


. '70
, NEDO
.

'70 Sandia Lab. ,
Sun-Shine .
GEOTEC(Geothermal &
Ocean Thermal Energy Convesion) .

,
.

. '90 .

* .
*


,

.
,
.
,
.

,
.
, ,
.
- : .

- :
< >
, ,
, , m .
. ' ' ,
, .
,
. .
, .

.
.

* , .
*
, .
* . ,
.

.
1979 1 , 1982 2
.
500 kW ,
.
1997 60kW .

1.
.
, , . ,
,
. 1960 90% 1970 70% ,
1992 60.7% .
, ,
, , .

.

. (pomato)

.
2.
. . ,
. , .
.
,
. , 70%
.
, ,
.
.
3.
, . , .

.
. 1999 2
, 1 8 3
" " .
,
, ,
.
4.

,
. ,
.


.

.
.

.
,
.
.
,
.
.
, .
, .

.

, , .
.


.

.

.
, , , 20 30m
.
(5 2 ) ,
, .

( ) .

.

200 .
.
.

(Hydrocarbon)
.
.
(Tar) (Pitch)
.
(Rock Oil) .
19 .
150 7,600 .
, .
. (Oil
Reservoir)
(Sandstone) (Limestone) ( ) ( Shale)
.

.
(Petroleum) Petroleum Petra
( ) Oleum( ) .

5

.
.
, 400
.
(Crude) . 12
.
, , ,
. ,
,
.
19
.
( )
(Kerosene) 19
. , ,
.
.

, ,
(Fossil Fuel) ,
, , , .
1 (Primary Energy) (Final Energy) . 1

,
.
, 1
,
.
(Petroleum Oil) . (Crude Oil)
(Petroleum Products) .

.
, ,
, .
,
.
.

( ), ( )
( ), , ,
. , ( ) , .
,
( ) .
,
, ( )
( ) .
. ,
. ( , ,
) , ( ) . , .
, .
(condensate) , ( )
LP . . ( ) . ( ) . , (LNG)
( ) 1 .

30 . 1958
' '
, .
1950
, .
( ) (critical element) , .
( ) .
,

. . .
,
( ) ( )
.
,
.
, ,
.
1.1.1.1.
, . ¾ ( )
. 1965 10 (International
Hydrological Decade) .
.
2.2.2.2.
1,159.2 730 60 %
1 1 3,100 1/10
. 678 23 % .
2,320 ( )
.
3.3.3.3.

. , 1 g
350 g, 1t 150 t, 285 ,
25 , 2,000 . ( ) 50 m
1.0 /sec 353 kW ,
1 270 ,
4,000 .

.
. ,
,

.
( ) ,
( ) . , ,
. ,
( ), ( ) .
( )
, .
.
. ,
. .
.
, ,
2 . “
” .
10
( 21 )
2
.

. 163m
.
(163m) (102.8m) (100m)
.
,
.
.
,
.
3
. 8
.


.
.
, .

,
.
40~50
1 4 68, 5 81 .

.

.
.
....♣♣♣♣
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
, . .
, .
, , , , ,
. ,
, .
....♣♣♣♣
.
,
.
,
( ) .
30 50 .
.
. ,
.
. , (
)
,
. ,
.

. ,
, , 150 200
.
,
5 .
,
.
30 .
, 60.70
.
.
2.2.2.2.
♣♣♣♣
.
:::: ,
.

: → → → ) , ,
: → → → ) , ,
: . ) , ,
:::: .
( ) : , , , ( , ) : ,

: 1 ) , , ,
:
) , , , ,
♣♣♣♣

.

. . ,
. ,
. , , ,
. , ,
.( ) ,

.
.

, (
) .
: : . : ( )
, , .
) , ,
, , , .
. .
.
. ,
. .
,
. ) ,

.
♣♣♣♣
.
, , , .
, , ,
.
, , .
.
,
. ,
.
♣

: ) : ,
: ) : , : , , : . , ,
.
.
: . : . : . : .

,
. ,

.

.
3
, ,
4-5
, ,
,

( ) - . ) , ,
( ) - . ) , ,
( ) - ) ,
3.3.3.3.
♣♣♣♣
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
♣♣♣♣
, , , , , , , ( ) ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ( ),
, , , , , , ,
( )
1
.
,
.
, .
,
‘ ’ .
, , 6
.

(
.
, ,
), ,
, .
,
.

. 5
,
.
.
,
.

6 .
, .
. ,
,
, .
, efms
.
.
.
, .
,
.
.
.

, ( )
(?), ?
. .
♣♣♣♣

,
, .
, .
,
, .

.
♣♣♣♣
‘5 ’
.
.


.
.
, Forsytbia koreana Nakai., Forsytbia koreana Nakai., Forsytbia koreana Nakai., Forsytbia koreana Nakai.♣♣♣♣
, .
,,,,♣♣♣♣


. ,

. .


.
,
.
♣♣♣♣
,
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
.
♣♣♣♣
.
< >
.

.
. ,
. ,
.
,
.
.
11
( 21 )
70% . , 4
.
, ,
,
.
.
,
,

. ,
.
, ,
.
(
-250 ) , ( )

.
. ,
- ( ) ,
( ) .
( )
( ) ( )
( ). ( ) ,
. ( )
( ) .
( )
.

1922-1924
.( 2 )
1972
224 .
( )
120 .
1984
. 18
( )
( ) ( ) . (
)
. ,

.
,

. ,


.
( ) . (521
) ,
.
, ,
.
,
, , ,
.

10 30 38
.
( , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, )
( , , )
( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , ,
, , , , , , ,
10 , . <
>
(1995 ) 21
, 10 31 41
. 29 .
,
, , , ,
6 . , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , 15
, , ,
13 . ,
,
,

.
, . 17
. ,
1
.

. , ,
,
8 ( ), (
), (
) ,

.
TV

.

, , , ,
,
, , ,
, , , ,
.

. 1
' ' . , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , ,
, .

.
, , , , ,

.
, , , .
, ,
.
, ,

. 20-30 ,
.

.
, , .
. ,
.
,
.
, .
21
.
. 2-3

.

, , ,
. ,
, , ,
.
30
, ,
.
,
, .
.