Убайдуллаев. Волоконно Оптические Сети.[2001]

..

- .: - 2001 267.

1. .............................................................................................................7 1.1. ............................................................................................................................7

................................................................................................................ 7 ...................................................................................................................... 9 - ......................................................... 10

1.2. ......................................................................................................10 1 ..................................................................................................12 2. .........................................................................................................................13 2.1. .............................................................................................................13

.................................................................................... 15 ............................................................................................................. 15

2.2. ..............................................................................................16 ...................................................................................... 16 (cutoff wavelength) .............................................................................. 20 .................................................................................................................................. 23 .................................................. 27 ........................................................................................... 28 ........................................................................................................... 29 ....................................................................................................... 30 .................................................................................... 33

2.3. ......................................................................................35 ..................................................................................... 35 .............................................................. 39

2 .............................................................................................................................46 3. ...............................................................................................47 3.1. ................................................................................................................47

................................................................................................................... 47 ..................................................................................................................... 49 , , .................................... 54 ......................................................................................................... 55 SC............................................................................................................................................... 55 ST............................................................................................................................................... 56 FC............................................................................................................................................... 56 I ............................................................................................................................................ 57 .................................................................................................................. 58 ........................................................................................... 58 () .................................................................................................... 59 ................................................................................................ 59

3.2. ........................................................................................................60 .............................................................................. 62

3.3. ..............................................................................................................64 (tree coupler) .............................................................................. 65 (star coupler) .......................................................................... 65 (tap)...................................................................................................................... 65 , ......................................................................... 66

3.4. WDM ...................................................................................69 WDM ............................................................ 70 WDM ...................................................................... 72

3.5. ..................................................................................................................73 ......................................................................................... 73 ........................................................................... 74 .......................................................................................................... 74

3.6. .................................................................76 ............................................................................................................................ 76 .................................................................................................... 77 ................................................................................... 78

3.7. .............................................79 ............................................................................................................. 79 ....................................................................................................................... 80 () ............................................................. 80 ()............................................................................. 84 -............................................................................................... 84 ............................................... 86 ................................................................................................................. 87 .................................................... 88 ................................................................ 90

3 .............................................................................................................................91 4. ....................................................................93 4.1. .......................................................................................93

.................................................................... 93 ........................................................................................................ 94 ....................................................................................................................... 95 ........................................................................................................... 97 ....................................................................................................... 99

4.2. ...........................................................................................99 ................................................ 99 ...................................................................................... 101

...............................................................................104 .............................................................................................................. 108 ............................................................................................. 110

4.3. .......................................................................................111 ............................................................................................................. 111 ............................................................................................................. 111 ............................................................................ 113

........................................................................................................................114 4.4. EDFA ..............................................................................................119

........................................................................................ 120 - ............................................................................. 121

4 ...........................................................................................................................122 5. ....................................................................................................................124 5.1. .................................................................................................................124

FDM................................................................................ 124 ................................................................... 125 () ................................... 131 ........................................................................................ 133

5.2. .....................................................................................134 .............................................................................................................. 135 .............................................................................................................. 136 ISDN.................................................... 141 .25 ........................................................................................................................ 142 Frame Relay ........................................................................................ 143 Cell Relay.............................................................................................. 144 .............................. 144

5.3. OSI .................................................................................................................145 IEEE 802 .............................................................................................................. 147

5 ...........................................................................................................................148

6. FDDI ........................................................................................................................................149 6.1. ........................................................................................................................150 6.2. FDDI..................................................................................................152 6.3. ............................................................................................................154

FDDI........................................................................................................... 157 6.4. .......................................................................................160

OBS............................................................................................ 161 OBS..................................................................................................................... 163

6.5. PMD............................................................................................164 MMF-PMD, SMF-PMD TP-PMD.................................................................... 165 PMD ....................................................................... 166 ....................................................................................................... 167 ................................................................... 169

6.6. PHY ................................................................................................................................169 ............................................................................................................ 170 ............................................................................... 170 .................................................... 174 ................................................................................................................. 176 ........................................................................................................... 177 ................................................................................................................ 178

6.7. MAC ...............................................................................................................................178 ................................................................................................................... 179 ................................................ 180 ................................................................................. 184

6.8. SMT .......................................................................................................................185 .......................................................................................... 185 RMT .................................................................................................... 186 , F ............................................................ 187 FDDI...................................................... 187 ................................................................................................. 190

6 ...........................................................................................................................192 7. Ethernet/Fast Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet..................................................................................194 7.1. Ethernet.................................................................................................................................195

Ethernet ........................................................................................................... 195 .......................................... 197 CSMA/CD .............................................................................................................. 200 IEEE 802.3 ....................................... 205

AUI........................................................................................................................................................206 7.2. Ethernet ............................................................................................206

AUI Ethernet................................................................................. 206 FO/M.....................................................................................................................................................208

Ethernet UTP (10Base-T/10Base-FL, 10Base2/10Base-FL) ........ 208 , ............................................................................................. 209 ()................................................................................................. 210 ............................................................................................................................. 213

7.3. Ethernet .........................................217 Ethernet ( 1) ....................................... 217 Ethernet ( 2) ....................................... 218

7.4. Fast Ethernet .........................................................................................................................222 Fast Ethernet.................................................................................... 222 Fast Ethernet ................................................................................. 223 Fast Ethernet ................................................................................................ 226

7.5. Fast Ethernet .................................227 FX .........................................................................................................................................................228

/ .........................................................................................................230 7.6. Ethernet....................................................................................................................231 7.7. Gigabit Ethernet ( IEEE 802.3z 802.3ab) ........................................................232

Gigabit Ethernet .............................................................................. 233 ............................................................. 236 MAC ......................................................................................................................... 239 ............................................................................................................ 240 ................................................................................................... 241 ...................................................................................................................... 241

7.8. Ethernet ...............................................................................243 7 ...........................................................................................................................250 8. ..........................................................................................................253 8.1. ...........................................................................................253 8.2. ..................................................................................255

DWDM...................................................................................................... 255 DWDM................................... 259

8.3. EDFA..............................................................................262 EDFA ........................................................................ 263 EDFA ........................................... 269 EDFA.......................................................... 270

8.4. WDM/TDM ...........................................................................................................274 ........................................................................................................... 275 ............................................................................................................. 276 SDH....................................................................................... 276 ........................................................................................ 277

8.5. ...........................................................................................................277 - 22 ( 22) ...................................................................... 278 nn .............................................................................................. 279 ................. 281

8.6. .................................................................................................................284 8.7. ..........................................................................285

SMWL ...................................................................... 287 ............................................... 288

8.8. AON ......................................................................................................290 AON .................................................................................................... 290 AON ..................................................................... 293 AON ....................................................................... 293

8.9. AON ......................................................................................................298 ................................................................ 299 ........................................................................ 300

8.10. AON......................................................................................................................301 8.11. AON........................................................................304 8 ...........................................................................................................................306 9. ............................................................................................................309 9.1. ....................................................................................310

............................................................. 311 - ............................................................................ 313 " " .......................................................................... 314 " " ......................................................................................... 314

9.2. HFC ......................................................................................................................................315 802.14....................................................... 315 ....................................................................................... 316 .................................................................................... 316 ................................................................................... 317

......................................... 317 9.3. Homeworx...................................................................................................319

....................................................................................................... 319 ........................................................................................ 320 Homeworx ...................................... 323 ....................................................................................... 325 Homeworx ............................................................... 326

9.4. DV6000......................................................327 9 ...........................................................................................................................330

1.

1.1.

- () - , , " ". - - , - . - , , , , .

. , .

-

1014 []. . - .

. 0,2-0,3 1,55 . 100 [4].

- .

. , - , ( , ..). , .

. - () . , 900- 7,5 , 0,1 . "" ,

1,5 , [5, ]

. , , -. ( ) , , "" . , ( , ) , [7]. , , . - .

. . "" , , , , , . , . .

- . - , , .

. , , , , . 2:5. . - . 4000 ( ) 10 / [8].

. . , . , , , 25 . / - .

. . . ,

, . , .

, - , - . - .

.

. . , -, , .

. , - . , .

, .

. ? . , , 1 (109 /2) [9]. , , , 125 1 . , . , , , , . , , (kevlar1). , . .

- , , .

- , , . 1.1.

, (), , , , .., , - () . , . . . , , .

1.2.

( ) ( ) . "" "" . LED ILD. .

. .

. p-i-n , c.

, , ,

. .

.

.

-

,

( , ) 2-10 . ()

, . , , . , .

, ,

. . , . ,

. -

- . , .

, , .

, . ,

, , . , , . , ,

1. , , , , .

. .

2.

.

( 4-8). , - .

- ().

. ( , ) . .

1

A. peed Record: One Trillion Bits a Second", D2 The New York Times,

2. / .. , .

3. . 1-2, .: "",

5. - , 1996. -

200 , 6. J. Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics, Sams Publishing, 1993. - 477 p. 7. X. Li. "Soliton-Based Optic Fiber Systems", WPI EE535 Telecommunications and

Transmission Technologies Course Homepage, April, 1996, http://bugs.wpi. edu:8080/EE535/hwk96/hwk5cd96/li/li.html

8. W. Hioki. Telecommunications, 2nd ed.,Prentice Hall, 1995. - 501 p.

1. . . Green. "Optical Networking Update", IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 14, no. 5, June 1996, pp. 764-779 W. Pollack. "SMarch, 1-st, 1996 - : , . . - .: , 1994. - 160 . . Mariani. - . 2000- , 76-80 - 1994 - 112 .

4. . . . : / . - .: "", 1996. - 84 . : / . . . . - .:

2.

2.1. ,

, . : MMF | (multi mode fiber) SMF (single mode fiber).

(step index multi mode fiber) (graded index multi mode fiber).

(step index single mode fiber) SF (standard fiber), DSF (dispersion-shifted single mode fiber), NZDSF (non-zero dispersion-shifted single mode fiber)

. 2.1. . , , . . , . . .

(. 2.1 , ), , , . 5 , - , , .

, , - , . .

(. 2.1): 50/125 (. 2.1 ); 62,5/125 (.-2.1 ); SF (

) 8-10/125 (. 2.1 ); DSF 8-10/125 (. 2.1 );

NZDSF ( ).

2.1.

MMF 50/125

MMF 62,5/125

SF (NDSF)

DSF

NZDSF

C (Ethernet, Fast/Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, ATM)

(Ethernet, Fast/Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, ATM)

(Ethernet, Fast/Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, ATM), SDH)

, (SDH,ATM)

, SDH,ATM),

800 1600

: 850, 1310 1550 , . 2.8 [1]. .

(50/125 62,5/125)

50 62,5 , . - - . 850 1310 .

(SF)

8-10 . >CF (>CF - ) ( ). 1310 1550 . - . 1310 , . . 0,3-0,4 /, 0,2-0,25 / 1550 .

(DSF) , , - 0 - 1550 . , . 2.1 . , , . 100 . , 1550 .

NZDSF DSF , ( ) " " - , - .

, (EDFA). EDFA

1530-1560 . NZDSF, DSF, , - .

, : SF - 1310 , DSF - 1550 , NZDSF - 1530-1560 . , , 1530-1560 SF. SF , NZDSF, . -w (, ), - (, , , ).

2.2. ,

, , : ; ; .

.

. , , . 2.2. n1 n2 , . , , - :

=(n21-n22)/2n21 (2-1)

, . n1 n1eff.

, :

n1sin1 = n2sin2, (2-2) n1 - 1, 1- , n2 -

2, 2 - .

( ), (n2 =const). . 2.2 . (n1 > n2), C - , (2 = 90). :

C =arcsin(n2/n1). (2-3)

( 2), , . ( 1), .

, , . , .

. , ,

NA = sin A (2-3) - 9

NA. A , , :

.

, :

)52(2122

21 = nnn

=NA ==)( 12221 nnrNA ,

0 . 2n

, (2-10), ,

)62(2/)0( 2221 = nnNAEFF

n1(0) - . . ,

, V,

V=dNA/ (2-7) d - . .

. , - - . / n m (nm nm). n - ( -), a m - ( ). : (m m), , () (nm nm), . , Z, EHnm, Z, nm. , ,

m m

, (2-8) . ,

, nm nm - [10].

- , - . , , . : V < 2,405 ( I0(), [1, 2]). H11. , . . 2.2 , (2-7).

. 2.2, 1550 (2-8), . 1310 ,

. , , , , , . - .

.

.

850 , 850

, 8/

. . 125 : 1310 1550 ,

. 2.2. V

() (%) n1 NA 1550 1310 850 Step MMF 200/240 - - 0,39* V=158,09 187,06 288,29 Step MMF 100/140 - - 0,29* 58,77 69,54 107,18 Grad MMF 62,5/125 2,1** 1,47** 0,28** 35,46 41,96 64,67 Grad MMF 50/125 1,25** 1,46** 0,20** 20,26 23,98 36,95

Step SMF (SF) 0,36** 1,468** 0,13** 25,88 3,990 8,3/152 2,187 MMF (multi mode fiber) - ; step

SMF (single mode fi r) - ; grad MMF - - [3]; ** - , [4]

. " . 2.3.

2.3.

: stepbe

; * Corning

V < 2,405

, , V " V ,

V NM0-2,405 1 11

2,405-3,832 4 11, 01, 01, 213,0832-5,136 7 11, 01, 01, 21, 12, 11, 315,136-5,52 9 11, 01, 01, 21, 12, 11, 31, 21, 415,52-6,38 12 11, 01, 01, 21, 12, 11, 31, 21, 41 02, 02, 226,38-7,02 14 , 11 01, , , , , , , , , , , 01 21 12 11 31 21 41 02 02 22 31

517,02-7,59 17 11, 01, 01, 21, 12, 11, 31, 21, 41 02, 02, 22, 31,

5113, 12, 317,59-8,42 19 11, 01, 01, 21, 12, 11 02, 22, 31,

5113, 12, 31 41, 61, 31, 21, 41 02,

V Nm :

)82()(21

21

21 2

221

222

=

== nndNAdVNm

, . .

:

[ ]

=

branararn

rn2

2/121 0,)/(21)( (2-9)

( - , b - ) :

)102()(21 2

221

2

= nndNm

. 2.3 : , , .

(cutoff wavelength) ,

, . .

( )

, .

, . - , .

F (CF). .

, . , -. CF F. .

- (2-7), (2-8) (2-9) F =dNA/2,405= 1,847dn1 .

CF F, . F CF (transmitted power method) [5, ]. 2 , .

)112()()(lg10)( =

PPA

m

Sm

m- ; Ps - ; m - .

. , . m(), . 2.4, (1). (2), (1) 0,1 . (2) m() .

TIA/EIA

CCITT [1, 2, ]. , - 2. - 200 ; 0,20; 10 , ; 1000 1600 10 .

F 2 , 140 , . 2.5 . , 140 . , (2-7), .

CF 22 . , 140 , . 76 1 -, . 2.5 . , , , 140 .

2.5. : ) ; )

F

F

:

. () ,

:

,

. ,

; ; .

, . 2.6.

. 2.6.

( /) :

=int + rad + =abs + sct + rad (2-12) abs

1,6 - ,

(99,9999%), . 800 1,5 /. . . , , . . .

- 4 , . 2.7.

( ), , . , , ( ) . , . 2.7. 1480 , -. . .

.

, . 2.7. sct. 1970

. 2.7. , 1500

( Corning Optical Fiber, [7])

, , 1550 .

: = rel - 4 + OH () + Ce- k/,

OH () 1480 , (REL= 0,8 4/; = 0,9 /; k = 0,7-0,9 ; ). . 2.8

85 1480 ) .

(

0, 1300 1550 ,

. 2.8.

() rad ,

, , , . 20% . , , .

, .

v=c/, - (3*10

,

8 /). , dv/d= - c/2 , , 0 ,

: =/ 20. 0= 1300 = 200 , v=35 ( 0 = 200 , v=25 . 1550

- WDM. WDM ( - ),

.

35*1012 ) , 0=155

, 0,2 /, . 2.8. , 25 / , .

, . .

( ). ,

-

. - DBR - 0,1 . , 0,8 1530-1560 , EDFA, 40 - 40 . 10 / [8]. - TDM, TDM 100 , - 4 / ( 40 ) [9]. . , , .

,

. , , . , .

- -

L 22)( inout ttL = [10]. 1 , /. , : (

(

w),

mod),

( mat).

, . :

2 = 2mod + 2chr = 2mod + (mat + W)2. (2-13)

. 2.3 , ).

, (

(2-9) :

L - ( 5 ,

- 10 ).

, .

L > Lc , -

, W [1]:

W = 0,44 / *

,

, .

2

.

.

. , ,

. ,

.

(2-16).

. W - ( ) 1 . , .

, . - .

. :

)172()(),( 21

2

== ML

dnd

cLLmat

[1]:

)182()(2),( 21

2

== NLcnLLwt

() N() - , () - . D() = () + N(). /(*). , , . , ( 1310 10 ) () (), D() . , , 0. , 0 .

Corning . 1 . (800-1600 MMF, 1200-1600 SF DSF) , ( 2 ). , , , .

(Sellmeier, [4]): () = + -2 + -2. , , , ,

(), . 2.10. :

D()=/=2(B+C-3)=S0 (-04 /3)/4, (2-19) 0 = (/)1/4 - , S0 = 8B -

( /2 .), , - , .

() = +B+C..ln,

D()=/=B+C+Cln=0 S0 ln(/0), (2-19) 0 = -(1+/) S0 = C/ 0, -

, 0 - , S0 - .

. chr() = D(), - . ( = 2 ),

,

. . 2.4 .

2.4.

, *, W=0,44/

, , / mod

, /( ) D() =2 =4 =35

850 4141) 99,63) 958 766 125 1310 414 1,0 1062 062 1050 1

MMF 50/125

1550 414 19,2 1058 1044 540 850 9733) 106,74) 441 414 114 1310 973 4,2 452 452 450

MMF 62,5/125

1550 973 17,3 451 450 384 SF 1310 0 < 1,8 >120000 61000 6900

8/152 1550 0 17,5 12600 6300 720 1310 0 21,2 10400 5200 594 DSF

8/125 1550 0 120000 65000 7400 ,

- / - , . . 2.4.

2.1. Ethernet . 10Base-FL

.

2.3. Fast Ethernet . 4/5 = 2 (1310

20 . = 35 (850 ) 50/125 125 4 31 , 20 . , , 4

, 3 /, . Ethernet 10Base-FL 2 ( 62,5/125, ), - Ethernet ( = 50 ).

2.2. FDDI . FDDI PMD 4/5 125 . = 35 (1310 ) 62,5/125 450 , 2 225 , 125 , , , 2 , FDDI PMD .

( 62,5/125) , 1310 (450 = 35 , 452 = 2 ), . , - 1310 .

100Base-FX FDDI

125 . )

8/125 120000 100 1200 , 125 . , , 100 , . 25

0,4 /

62,5 .

, 1550 . ,

0,25 / = )

1 , . , =

TM-4) /10, 7 = 0,1 (155 252000 ) 520 , 778 . , , , = 0 ) .

100 DSF. 0 ) 8/125 (20 1 ) , , 20 - 100 / ,

-

). - pmd

, ( 2,4 / ) 0,1 . .

25

, 100 . 2 (1310

8/125 260 0 . 100

126

Fast Ethernet. =2

DSF. (SF),

, 1 . 2.4. 622 / (S

. 622 / 8 78 .

0 ) 8/125 (1260020 100 2

0,1 (155 100 , 2.5. -

= 0,1 (155 DSF 2400 20000 20 120 , 100 . .

. pmd

.

1 (/()), pmd pmd=TL . 2pmd (2-13

, - . , , , . 2.11 . , , . 2.11 .

pmd,

, ,

,

pmd

.

L0 , ,

T = 2 ), ,

= )2 0

100 /) .

(2-16) : pmd =TL2,4 /) - .

() , .

2.6.

chr pmd

/(

=0,5 / =0,05 .

chr =DL pmdL > L

TL, L0 =(T/D=25 .

, L < L0 , ,

.

(> 2.7.

Lmax W=100 ,

, ,

= 1,0 /.

- 0,5. , , .

2.3.

: Corning Optical Fiber, Lucent Technologies Alcoa Fujikura. , . , . , , . 2.5.

2.5. [12]

I/I I

I/I-455-78 IEC 793-1-1 I793-1-1

I/I-455-59 I793-1-1 I/I-455-62 IEC 793-1- I/I-455-170 I793-1-7 I/I-455-175 I793-1-5

I/I-455-113-122 * I/I-455-164 I793-1-9 I/I-455-176 I793-1-2

I/I-455-176 I793-1-2 /

I/I-455-176 I793-1-2

I/I-455-173 IEC 793-1-A3 I/I-455-178 I793-1-6

I/I-455-31 IEC 793-1-1 EIA/TIA-455-28 I793-1-2, 2 I/I-455-111 *

EIA/TIA-455-60 IEC 793-1-1 EIA/TIA-455-89 *

EIA/TIA-455-3 I 793-1-D1 / EIA/TIA-455-72-73 *

EIA/TIA-455 74-75 * - EIA/TIA-455-67-70 *

EIA/TIA-455-76 I793-1- 7 EIA/TIA-455-97 IEC793-1- 7 B D

*

IEC

- 62,

5/125 50/125, , . 2.12 .

,

. 2.12 .

. 2.6 50/125 62,5/125.

, 1300 850 . . ,

.

. 2.12. :

) 50/125 62,5/125; )

2.6.

MMF50/125 MMF 62,5/125 850 (/) 2,4 2,8 1300 (/) 0,5 0,6 850 (/) 2,5 3,0 1300 (/) 0,8 0,7 850 (*) 400 200 1300 (*) 800 400 , 0 () 1297-1316 1332-1354 S 2 , 0 (/( *)) 0,101 0,097 , d () 50,0 3,0 62,5 3,0 , NA 0,200 0,015 0,275 0,015 -60- +850 -60 - +850 -60 +85 850 1300 (/)

0,2 0,2 -10 +85, 98% 850 1300 (/)

0,2 0,2

, () 1100-4400 1100-8800 () 125,0 2,0 125,0 2,0 - ()

3,0 3,0 () 245 10 245 10 5% 5%

(/2) 0,7 0,7 neff 850

1,4897 1,5014

neff 1300

1,4856 1,4966

- (2-14), (2-15) , . D()

1300 ( ) , 850

, ,

, : SF ( , . 2.13 ), DSF (. 2.13 ) NZDSF.

1310 1550 , . , , , , . - . (WDM) 1550 . , , ,

0

100 /(2). , , ~ 50 , ~ 2 . , 850 . , . 1310 1550 , .

, .

[13].

. 2.13.

:

(15

, , ( 0).

- , . , , . - ,

) ( ); ) ( ) SF. 80- 1550

1300 . SF (. 2.13 )

. 1310 , 1550 .

DSF. 1550 , . 80- DSF,

1550 , . DSF . EFDA, . , ( 90- ) ,

50 ), , ( , ), .

DSF WDM.

DSF WDM

, , ( ) .

DWDM .

0 , NZDSF 90-

DSF, . - , , .

. 2.14. 1550 - , ,

: TrueWave Lucent Technologies [14] SMF-LS Corning [15, 16]. ueWave 1523 , 0 , . 2.14. 1998 Corning

. Tr

SMF-LS 156 - - LEAF [15].

TrueWave, SMF-LS LEAF 2.7.

2.7. NZDSF :

TrueWave [141 SMF-LS, LEAF 151

LEAF

TrueWave. - 1 . 1550 . 2 , , , .

D (STM

32 , 40 / ,

,

-16 2,4 / STM-64 10 /) WDM.

(Lucent, MIT, Fujitsu .)

( 1 2,4 10 /) - .

DCF (dispersion-com

2,4

6

, 2,4 10 / . , , , , .

, - . - TDM , - , , . [17]:

pensating fibers). , SF, DCF , . ;

(0,1 ), ;

NZDSF, "" 1550 ,

, , , ( ) .

SF 90 ( 2,4 /). , , 140 , . 2.8 .

, .

10 /. - ( 120-140 ) 2,4 / - - 10 / - . ( 70 ).

SF DSP , NZDSF .

SF DSF , SF

SF,

DSF

, . SF - 1550 , (, DFB ).

NZDSF . 2.8 , . 2.8.

) 2,5 / ()

) 10 / ()

* - ,

. : - , - , -

, - , ASE - (amplified spontane-ousemission), 4-wave mixing - , SPM - (self-phase modulation)

2

1. - : / . 3. , . . , . , - .: , 1994. - 160 .

2. . , . .

-455-80 (FOTP-80). Cutoff Wavelength of Uncabled Single-Mode Fiber By Transmitted Power, Method

6. EIA

(A series of fiber optic test procedures, EIA-455-1 through EIA-455-190

er Planning Requires Flexibility", Lightwave, October 1997. - pp. 50-51

14. TrueWave Single-Mode Optical Fiber, Lucent Technologies, 1997, http://www.lucent.com

15. Corning SMF-LS CPC6 Single-Mode Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber, Product Information, 2/1995; Corning LEAF CPC6 Single-Mode Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber, Product Information, 2/1998

16. M. A. McDonald, "Conventional Single-Mode Optical Fiber and Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber Designed to be Different", Corning TPD, Library-UTC, 1995

17. G. F. Wildeman, C, Weinstein. Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fibers Adapt to Network Capacity and Data Rate Changes (R1052), Corning, 1997, http://pro.corningfiber.com/library/

, .: , 1973. - 832 . (. 777-781) 3. J. Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics, Sams Publishing, 1993. - 477 p. 4. Corning Optical Fiber Information Center, Engineering Handbook, 1994 - 1995 5. 11

/TIA-455-170 (FOTP-170). Cable Cutoff Wavelength of Single-Mode Fiber By Transmitted Power, Method B, Configuration 2

7. W. Hioki. Telecommunications, Second edition, Prentice Hall, 1995. - 501 p. 8. J. Hudgings, J. Nee. "WDM All-Optical Networks", 1996, http://www-

bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jnee/ee228a/ 9. All-Optical Networking Consortium - WDM Slide Presentation, 1996,

http://www.ll.mit.edu/aon/WDMSIide3B.html 10. - : / . .

, . -, . . . - .: , 1993. - 264 .

11. What is PMD? Understanding Polarization Mode Dispersion, Corning TPD - Library, 1994-1998, http://pro.corningfiber.com/library/nv1072.html

12. EIA/TIA-455-A. Standard Test Procedures for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables, Transducers, Sensors, Connecting and Terminating Devices, and other Fiber Optic Components

.), (ANSI/EiA/TIA-455-A-91) (Aug.,1991) 13. . Fuerst. "Optical Lay

3.

, , , , , , , ,

, ,

[1], ,

.., , - .

- . - , ,

- .

, . - , - . : - ( ) , , .

. , , , . ( , connectors) /. .

3.1.

. 3.1. :

, . 3.1 . -

. , . -, . , , . . .

(ferrule).

.

,

. 2

,

.

: (coupling), . 3.1 .

, - , , 3.1 . .

2,5 () . , , . 126 +1/-0 127 +2/-0 .

( 124, 125, 126, 1 7 ) . , , . ( ), ( ). .

: , , , ,

. 3.1. : ) ; ) ; ) : 1 - ; 2 - -; 3 -

; 4 - ; 5 - ; 6 - ; 7 - (); 8 - ; 9 - ; 10 - ; 11 -

{ )

D D = out / in, - a = - 10lgD= -10lgPout / Pin [], in out . . , (in). . out. ( ), 0,3 0,5 . : .

, ( ), , , , / . . . ,

D 1 1 D2 - ,

. D1 < D2 .

62,5/125,

,

. , . , .

- F == - 101g(4n1n2 / (n1+n2)2) [], n1 n2 - ( ). . , , NA1, , NA2, NA == - 10lg(NA2/NA2)2 []. NA1

62,5/125 50/125, (50/62,5) ,

.

. , FDDI (PMD), Fast Ethernet (100-FX) 11 2 . , 3 /, - 0,5 , 62,5 50 , 2,5 , (2 )/

,

- ,

). 1,94 . ] .

, (50 ), (62,5 ). , , 62,5/125, ANSI/T1A/EIA-568A [2] |

,

. ( 16 )

. ,

. : ( , L, S); ; , . 3.2.

. 3,2. [3]: ) ; ) ; ) ; ) -

, L S

(. 3.2 , , ) [1, 4]:

)13(][arcsin

21lg10

= NA

a

)23(],[41lg10

= DLaL

[ ] )33(],[)])/[arcsin()/(21/(1lg10 20 += nNAtgDSaS NA - , D - , L -

, S - , - , .

, , ( ), - , (. 3.2 ).

. - , , , . 3,3.

. 3.3.

:

, ,

.

, n - , . 3.3. (n=1) 0,35 . , - , .

.

F= - 10lgDF= - 10lg(2n1n2/(n12 +n22)) [], n1 - (1,5),

, 0,3-0,4

. , ,

PC, Super PC, Ultra PC, APC

,

. , , ,

, . , ( 1 ) , , , , . ,

, 0 ) (

, . , , .

,

.

. R R=Pr/Pin , b - b = 10lgR = 10lg(Pr /in) [], r - . ( )

. (

) . , ,

S ( ) .

n1 - ( ), n -

(. 3.3). . , RF + DF = 1, . S . , bF = - 101g(RF) = - 101g((n1-n)2/(n1 +n2)) ]. n =1,5 n=1,0 -11 .

, [ 1

S , . . , . ,

, , . 3.1

3.1, (n

. .

1=1,5; n=1,0; . 3.3)

S/, (S/

R APC 5 15 . PC , =1 - 2 80, -70 .

.

, . , , - 120 [].

. 3.4. : ) ; )

- (PC); ) - (APC)

- APC . HFC, ( 1 / ) APC.

. , .

500-

1000 .

)

.

, ,

. . 0,2 . , . ,

, ( , , .

, .

. , . , , .

SC (.

- . , ,

. .

: Biconic, D4,

D-hole FC, FC, SC, MIC (FDDI), ESCON, SMA, ST, - . SC, ST FC. ,

3.2). 3.2.

SC SC, NTT,

, , . SC, . 3.5 . - (push-pull) - . SC (mm), (sm) . . 3.5 ) SC. SC - Duplex SC, , , Duplex SC, . 3.5

, .

4 SC -

Duplex SC . ISO I Duplex SC .

4SC, . 3.5 .

. 3.5. SC: ) SC; Duple SC; )

SC; ) Duplex SC; ) 4SC ( ): SC:

SC; Duplex SC: Duplex SC SC; 4SC: SC.

SC . 3.3. ST ST (. 3.6 , ) , SC.

) x

- , . , . ST mm (Ethernet).

ST

Ethernet (-FL). ST , . ST . 3.3.

. 3.6. ST: ) ST; ) ST (

); ) ST FC FC (. 3,7 , ) 80-

. , SC ST (2,5 ). . , SC. , , SC,

. FC , SC. . 3.7 . FC . 3.3.

. 3.7. FC: ) FC; ) FC

); ) FC 3.3.

(

FC, SC, ST

: SMF - , MMF ~ ,

D - SMF (8-10 ), FLAT - , PC - , SPC - , UPC - , - .

I

MIC (media interface connector) FDDI, . 3.8. Duplex SC. , MIC, , (, , Master, Slave). , FDDI.

- ,

), (

), ( ). . : ST - Duplex SC MM 50/125 5.

. , ( ,

50/125 5, Duplex SC, - ST.

- : ; ; ( -).

. 3.9.

. 3.9.

: a) ST-ST; ) SC-ST

, ..

. , . - , .

, : ( /

ST, FC, SC 1 [7].

() , ,

, . - , , 250 -1 . ( ) ) . , , < 0,2

,

,

),

. , 3 900 (tight-buffer).

< -50 , [7, 8]. .

- , , , ,

- , , , .

, , . . , - . () , , , , . , , , ( ) .

( , , , ). , . -: . , .

).

(fusion splicing)

. , , , , .

V- (V-groove) , . 3.10.

: Seiko Instruments, , , Amphenol, Molex, ADC Telecommunications. () " ". , - - Seiko Instruments (90%

"-", " ", " ". . , (, ).

3.2.

,

. , V- .

S,

. 3.10. V-groove:

) ; ) / ; )

.

.

(

,

.

. (. 3.4) - .

3.4.

V-groove: (cladding diameter distribution);

/ (core/clad concentricity); (fiber curl) -

V-groove 125,01,0 , , Bellcore TR-20 1994 .

1,0 /, 0,8 [10].

. ,

, -. ,

,

,

- ). , .

.

.

, .

. . , , , . , .

. .

, . , .

0,05 0,1 , [9].

- , . , V-groove.

- , , ( 4 12 ). , , . - () , , V-groove. , V-groove. - (36,72,144).

: .

(< -70 ), , - - . , .

n/n < 0,001. , , . , ,

(MFD, mode field diameter). ( ), MFD , . 3.11 .

MFD.

, -- MFD

. . ,

-- , , , () . - , , , . - . - , . , , , , , - . ( ) . 3.11 .

-

9,3 0,5 0,04 . . , ,

. , , -.

, , . ,

. , , , , . .

. 3.11. [9]: ) -

; )

, ,

, , . , : , , .

Fujikura - FSM-30S Sumitomo Electric Industries - Type-35SE.

3.3.

, , ,

.

, , (coupler, splitter). - ,

(all-optical networks). -.

, ,

, [1 ].

, , .

; ; ; .

(tree coupler)

, -

(star coupler)

22 44. 2 . .

(tap)

(. 3.12 ). . n m, n - ( n = 1), m - , . 2 32. . .

.

.

.

, , - , . 3.1

- ,

, .3.12 . 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 116, 132. ( 50%) () ,

. .

. 3.12. : ) ; )

; ) , . 3.12 , :

.

i, j

.

.

i - , i (, d);

i,j - , j i (, 1).

.

(insertion loss) ,

ains(i,j) = - 101g(Pi,j /Pi) . , i = , j = 1. ,

,

, bdir (i,j) = 101g(Pi,j /i) . i, j , i = 2, j = 3, i = , j = (. 3.12 ). , - . i, j , , . 3.13 . , , . ,

.

bbs (i) = 101g(Pii /i) . ii - i

. . - (, 3.13 ).

.

i- .

. ( )

. 3.13. : ) , )

. nn , 2n2n. 44 (

. 3.12 ) . 3.5.

3.5. i,j,

,

4.

6,6-6,9 ,

-46,2 .

. , , (achromatic). 35 . .

(splitting loss) - , , . (1n) n , , SL= - 101g(l/n). - ,

, . , , .

- . :

6,9 ; ( (6,9 ) (6,6

) ) 0,3 ; -48,5 ;

,/)(lg10)( , PPia ij

jiexe

= i, a . - .

(passband) - ,

. ,

. , 44 SL = 6,02 ( ).

(splitting ratio)

, (

), 100% . 3.6 ,

- , ADC Telecommunications. 3.6.

[11]

3.4. WDM () WDM - WDM -

MUX () DEMUX ( ) - - .

, UX DEMUX . WDM , , , . 3.14.

WDM 90- .

M

310 1550 .

/ (1530-1560 ),

wa - WDM - 1,6 . WDM WDM , . , . 4, 8 16. 32.

1 1550 WDM

, 1550 . .

EDFA. (pass-band), EDFA

. DWDM (dense velength division multiplexer) -

. 3.14. ,

WDM WDM .

. (. 3.15 ) WDM ( ) -

, . 3,15 . WDM . - , . 3.15 .

3 (common). , , 2. , 100%

1, 1 (. 3.15 ),

1, . 3.15 ,

,

. , 1, 3 (common), (. 3.15 ), FEXT - , 1, 2, 2.

1, 1 . WDM . .

, WDM . . NEXT (near-end crosstalk directivity)

1, 2, 2, , 1, 1 (. 3.15 ).

FEXT (far-end crosstalk, isolation)

. 3.15. WDM: )

; ) ; ) /

WDM /

n / 1, 2, ..., n, 1, 2, , n, /

k

(com) , . 3.15 . 1:n. - : Pi(k) - k, i; i,j(k) - ,

j, , k i (ij);

Pii(k) - k, i;

Pi,com(k) - k, -, , k i;

: P ( ) - com k -; k , Pcom,j(k) - k,

j, , k - (jk);

Pcom,com(k) - k, -;

Pcom,k(k) - k, k (), , k -.

bNEXT, bFEXT , bNE bFE :

aNE FE

:

WDM 1:n n

( ), (n + 1)(n +1).

WDM 1:2 . 3.7. 3.7. ai,j () WDM 1:2

WDM

, 70 (1310, 1550, 1625 ).

WDM ,

: 1310/1550 ; - (. 3.15 (. 3.15 ); -60 ; -40 (

0

1 0

. : -

.

,

, (, WDM , ), . . , () . , , .

1310/1550 , . 1550/1625 1625 .

WDM DiCon . 3.16 .

), (. 3.15 )

1) -20 ( 2); 1,0 0,7 ( 1 2 ); -55 ; Corning SMF-28; ( 0 3 , 90 ), .

WDM

,6 ( ,8 ) 70 . , ,

EDFA, "add/drop",

3.5. , ,

, . . , , , , . , (>100 ), ( - 1 ).

- .

=VBZd, V -

, , : ~ -2.

3, , 2,

. , 1 90, 1 .

, ,

(~ 1-2 ) ( ) (>30 ). , ,

.

(Verdet) - , , , Z - , d - - . . , . - .

.

: 1 (

), 2 3 ( ), . 3.17. , , , 45. .

, 1, , , . 3.17 . 2, 45 3.

(. 3.17 )

. 1,3-1,55 -, , Y3 Fe3 O12. 0,85

. 3.17. : )

; ) ; ) ()

, EOT (Electro-

Optic Technology), OFR (Optical For Research, Inc.) . 3.8.

.

. ,

, 1 .

. - , . , , , ,

, . .

3.8.

:

DiCon [13], FOCI [14], FiberPlex.[19], Shinkosha [20].

3.6.

.

. . .

0-20 0,5 . .

.

26]. , ,

, ).

, .

, 0, 5, 10, 15 20

, , [7,

. : -,

-, -FM . - (ST, SC FC).

. - ( ), ( ). -FM , . 3.18, , 5, 10,15 20 (

. 3.18. -FM SC

- MFC , , . , 8

FC/APC SC/APC.

,

, , . , , . . - , , (, , FDDI).

,

:

-

,

2xN - ,

2xN - ,

- ( ), , , : , , , , . , , , .

- . :

1xN - N , . 3.19 ; 2, . 3.19 ; 2xN - , - , . 3.19 ; 1, . 3.19 .

. 3.19. FDDI 8- (4 4 )

OBS (optical bypass switch), : 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4; : 1-2, 2-1, 3-4, 4-3.

. -

[13]

, , 25 500 .

DiCon Fiberoptics 100, (RS-232, RS-485). . 3.9 .

3.9.

, DiCon, Fibertron, JSD Fitel, Molex, NetOptics.

.

:

. , -

. , , , ..

, - , . . 3.20.

. 3.20. : )

10 ( NK Cables); ) ( " ")

PLP [21], Lucent

Techn

-

, , , . 3.21 . .

, , , -

. ,

ologies, Siemens, NK Cables (Nokia) [22].

3.7. ( ) ,

, , ( ).

. .

, /, .

: ; , (pig-tail-); .

pig-tail- pig-tail-. Pig-tail - , . . o , . 3.21 .

. .

(-, -). ( ), . 3.21 .

, - .

. 3.21.

; ) -

; )

, . , .

. ,

- , (-) .

, . , , - . : ; .

()

: ) pig-tail-

, .

. (), () .

, , . , - , . - pig-tail-.

ADC Telecommunications, AMP, Optronics, Telect, AT&T, .

, : "-", " ", " ".

: , , .

, . 3.22. pig-tail-.

. Pig-tail , . pig-tail-

.

()

( . . 3.2. ),

(). Pig-tail- ,

. 3.22. : 1 - ; 2 - ; 3 -

; 4 - ; 5 - -; 6 - ; 7 - ; 8 - ; 9 - pig-tail-a; 10 - pig-tail-a; 11 -

SC mm SC mm, - FC sm, SC sm. .

, , ,

- . . 3.23

. , ,

.

. 3.23.

. 3.24 ,

.

-

()

19". , - . .

. . 3.24 .

-. . 3.24 ,

. -, ,

. .

. 3.24. : ) 24-

- ; ) 72- ,

,

, . - , , . , . , . , , .

, . 3.25.

, ,

. 3.25.

()

. , . . .

SFET, ADC Telecommunications [23].

( ), 91,4 81,3 33,2 , 11,3 /, 14 (7+7) / 14 (7+7) , 144 ( ) SC, FC, ST, D4 SFET

- . .

.

.

3.10.

()

(>100)

, . : - ( 120-500) ( ) - ( >500).

.

. 3.10

: - ; -

AD Lucent Technologies; Molex; Nortel; Reltec; Siecor; Telect.

.

: (interconnect) - (cross-connect).

; - ; -

: ; C Telecommunications;

,

SDH/ATM. , .

, . , " " "all-optical networks".

-

() , , , , . 3.26 . , , .

. , . , , ,

- . - : 1.

(

,

. , , , . , . , - , .

- (), , ,

, ,

. (-) , . 3.26 .

;

2. ( ) , , - ,

); 3. -

.

. 3.26. - , -

, , , , .

, . .

.

, ,

, - , . , , , . - , , . 3.27.

. 3.27.

. .

: ,

; ; ;

.

,

1

, . , , .

. , 5 . , , , , .

.

, . 3.28. .

( 1). 2.

1. .

. 4.

( 3). 5.

3. .

. 7. ,

( 2, 3). (logistics)

, , () , .. , - .

~ . , , . .

, . , .

. 3.28.

, - . FiberBase ADC Telecommunications [24] OSP InSight Advanced Fiber

Optics [25].

" - . , , - . , ?

. 3.11 ADC Telecommunications - : F3DF, TMDF.

3.11. ADC [26, 27]

F3DF FMDF

H x W x D (3) )30 214 x 66 x 61 214x58/77* (c

SC, Angled SC, FC, D4, ST, Duplex SC, MIC (FDDI)

SC, Angled SC, FC, Angled FC

576** (8 72 ./)

576 (12 FTB*** 72

./) 1728 2592

8 60

( VAM)

12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ( SC PC, FC PC,

SC, 80 Angled ST)

12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ( SC PC, FC PC, SC, 80 Angled SC, FC,

80 Angled FC) * - 58 77 . ** - ,

, - ( ) . ***- FTB (fiber terminal bl)

.

F3DF , ,

,

FMDF F3DF -

(60 8) .

. , 8- () 5 . FMDF , 6 .

. 3.29. FMDF

FTB 72

. 3.30.

. 3.30.

2,

.

1, 3. , , , 4. , 5. 6, - 7. - 6 8 .

. 1. 2. 3, .

3

1.

., Prentice Hal), 1995. - 501 p. 4. J. Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics, Sams Publishing, 1993. - 477 p. 5. N. Suzuki, "PC Polishing Techniques", Seiko OFC Section Teiln-NR, 1996 (pp.1-4) 6. M. Vukovic. "Analyze Connector Parameters to Realize High Performance",

LIGHTWAVE, July, 1996 (pp. 50-56) 7. Standards Document Library, 1996, http://www-librarv.itsi,

disa.mil/org/fed_std/html/dir-022/_3260 8. Sunny Optic Technologies, Mechanical Splice, 1998, http://sunnyoptech.com/tyi4-

38.htm 9. Single Fiber Fusion Splicing, AN103, Corning Inc., 1994.- 15 p. 10. W.T. Morris. V-Groove and mass splicing send manufacturers 'back to school' to

develop fibers that meet the challenges of these technologies, Geometry 101: Studding Fiber's Parameters. Corning Inc,, 1998,htt

12. Fib

are, ADC Telecommunications, 199 e/10p-AD.html

- : / . . , .. , P.M. . - .: , 1993. - 264 .

2. ANSI/TIA/EIA-568A. Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard, October. 1995

3. Warren Hioki. Telecommunications, 2nd ed

p://pro.corningfiber.com/library/r152.html

11. Frameworx - Value-Added Connector Module System, ADC Telecommunications, 891 7/1994.-28 p.

er Optic Products - Catalog, Amphenol, March, 1998, http://www.amphenol-fiber0ptics.com

13. DiCon Fiberoptics Inc., 1997, http://www.diconfiberoptics.com 14. FOCI Fiber Optic Communications, Inc., 1996/1997,

http://www.focLcom.tw/96catal1.html 15. Lucent Technologies, 1998, http://www.lucent.com 16. Active and Passive Fiber Optic Components, Fiber Optic Product Catalog. Molex,

1998, http://www.molex.com/product/fiber/fi ber.html 17. Nortel: Info Center - Complete WDM Component Solutions, Feb, 1997,

http://www.nortel.com/home/press/1997a/2_18_9797053WDM.html 18. WDM cross-connect system, Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd, 1996,

http://bugs.wpi.edu:8080/EE535/hwk96/hwk5cd96/luke/luke.htmI 19. FiberPlex, Inc., 1997, http://www.tiberplex.com 20. Optical Isolator Products, Catalog, Shinkosha Co., Ltd., 1996. 21. Fiber Optic Products, PLP Product Overview, 1997,

http://www.preformed.com/PROD/prod.html 22. - .

NK Cables, 1997. - 55 . 23. Outside Plant Secure Fiber Entrance Terminal (SFET), ADC Telecommunications,

User Manual, 1994, http://www.adc.com 24. FiberBase Fiber Network Management Softw

7, http://www.adc.com/Products/fiberbas

25. OSP InSight, Advance Fiber Optics, 1997, http://www.advancefiber.com/ospmain.html

26. Fiber Cable Management Products, Second edition, Catalog, ADC Telecommunications, 1996, http://www.adc.com

27. Rber Main Distribution Frame, Catalog, ADC Telecommunications, 1996, http://www.adc.com

4.

(), - , . . , , . , .

.

, , :

. , : 850. 1300, 1550 ;

;

, , ;

, , , ;

;

.

, - (LED) , (LD).

- . , , . 4.1 [1, 2]. .

4.1.

,

, .

, . 4.2 . - - () (- n-) -n , .

( ) g () = 1,24/g , . 4.2 .

, , , .

. GaAs 1.

0 ,

, . 4.1.

, 0,5 - , .

4,1. , [2]

. , . , , , . , (1-2 ) 30-50 , . 4.1.

- . , , . Ithres, , , . 4.3.

. 4.3. - :

1 - ; 2 -

out

(output power) . . out, (10 -3 ), out=10lgout (). . ,

, -. (output power range) ou

.

;

-. , , , .

,

. , -19/-14 , t min= -19 , out max = - 14 . 1,3 1,55 .

1,55 , (L = 100 )

, 1,3 ( ). 1,55 SMF 17 /.

, . . 2.4 ( 2) , =4 100 63 , =0,2 1260 . ,

1,55 (DSF), (SMF), .

: -; ; .

- (FP , Fabry-Perot). , . , 100%, , , , .

. 4.1

.

. , 2D = N, D - -, N - . , , . , 1 . 0,5 , . FP , , , , , -.

, , ,

/ FP 0,5-1 /

,

.

DFB DBR .

: ; .

. , , ,

, - ( 10 1-2 ).

, ,

- [2]. (DFB )

(DBR ). -, . DFB (. 4.4 ), DBR (. 4.4 ). . , DFB DBR FP : , 10 .

, DFB 0,07-0,09 /. DFB DBR

, . ( ).

, , , . . 4-4 ) .

, 30%

, , . .

, - - - , 30 . , [].

0,1 0,9 . , .. , . - rise fall , , 0,1 0,9 , , 0,9 0,1. , 0,1 ,9,

), (2-8): W = 0,35/rise.

0 .

200 , - ( ). W. , (

. 4.4. : )

, DFB ; ) , DBR ; ) ,

.

- , , , . . . , , .

, ,

. . - .

., Laser Diode Inc., NEC Electronics tnc., OKI Semic

, 50000 (5-8 ).

. (housing), ; , .

,

, , . 4.5, [4].

. : Epitaxx Inc. icsson Components Ab, Fujitsu Microelectronics Inc., Hamamatsu Corp., Hewlett-Packard, Hit Lasertron Inc

onductors, Optek Technology Optical Communication Product Inc., Orte! Corp., Siemens Corp. . [5].

. 4.5.

()

4.2. ()

- . - , , . .

: ,

; ,

, ;

0 1,

, .

. , ,

, , , . .

. 4.6 () () . . - . - , .

. ,

, , . .

. 4.6.

(): ) ; )

- [].

.

- .

(),

,

- . -n , . , , p-i-n , , .

p-i-n , i- ( n-) +- n+- (+ ), . 4.7 . i- , . p-i-n U0 ( ). , ( ) i-. i-, , i-

.

- . -

- , . - .

, . , , . , , , . , 0,5 . . , .

,

. , ,

( - ) - - , .

-

. i-, .

, . i-, + - n+ - , . +- , , .

. 4.7. , : ) p-i-n

~ 80-100%.

. - / - 1n2), n1, n2 .

41

; ) .

, , . 4,2.

() -

4

, (n - i-

4.2.

,

, ,

. , , , .

, , , , ,

: ;

;

. ; ; ;

; / ;

; ; ; .

() Sph (/) Sph = Iph / P(), Iph - , () - , . .

( ) =Ne/Nph , Nph - , , a Ne - ( - ). p-i-n 1 (100%). . 4.8.

hceS ph = , - (1,6010-19 ), -

, h - (6,63-10-34 ), - (3,001 8 -10 ).

24,1=phS .

. 4.8 . p-i-n 0,5-0,8 /,

20-60 / (. 4.3).

Sph ,

.

. 4.8.

[4]

,

,

3

,

. , 0,707 .

,

Id ()

. , , .

, (. 4.3). , .

: Isn - -i-n Isn=(2Id)1/2 , e - Id - , - ( ); Ijn, - Ijn=(4KTB/R)1/2 , - (1,3810-2 -1), - (), - , R - (), [7]. I I = (I2sn +I2jn )1/2 .

rise ( fall) - . , , 0,1 0,9 ( 0,9 0,1) , . , , , . ( rise) .

. (. 4.3). p-i-n .

p-i-n . .

4.3.

n() -

, . , / , n=In/Sph, In- . ,

. n B . /1/2 .

, 2 , R= 5108 , Ssh= 0,5 /, =1 , Isn= 2,510-14A, Ijn=5.610-14 A, In= 2,610-14A, n= 5,110-14 .

, , , , , , , , , , . , , .

- , . , , : .

/ , . / . / - 50-60 , 30 . n /, n min - , . . , / , . .

, .

,

. 4.9.

.

, , 0 1, . . , . 4.9. 5 10-12 10-3. , / , . , , BER 10-9. BER 10-12. BER - -, BER.

, BER -, , . .

.

. .

,

, , . , "" , , . , , , .

r

( ). , .

, , , . 4.10 . 1 . ,

, .

.

U - , . . , .

0

.

,

600 , , >600 .

, - , , . 4.10 . 8-10.

. 4.10.

: ) 1 ; ) .

(. ).

, .

. () , . p

- -.

+-i-n+, - (p+-i-p-n+), . 4.7 . , , , -. i- - . , . i- -

-, , () . . ? p-i-n . =1/(1-(U/Ub)n) U - , Ub - , (breakdown) - 100 ,., , n- 3 6, . 4.11.

. 4.11.

, . , , ( 2,1). , 30 100.

p-i-n

, , ,

.

, , . , : , , , , .

1-10 , .

,

.

,

, -

/ ,

.

, ,

.

(1).

,

. ,

.

p-i-n 0,6 0,8 /,

. . .

. .

. , , .

.

( ) . , ,

, .

. -

. ,

. , (0), ,

. ,

.

, , ,

- . , , 1 . , . "" . (jitter, ). . , . , . - , SDH. SDH , ( ) . SDH (master clock), .

. : Epitaxx Inc., Hamamatsu Corp., Hewlett-Packard, Hitachi, Honeywelf Inc., Lasertron Inc., Laser Diode Inc., NEC Electronics Inc., OKI Semiconductors, Optek Technology Inc., Optical Communication Product Inc., Ortel Corp., Siemens Corp., Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Toshiba . [5].

4.3. ,

- . - . , , , , ( ) , - .

, . .

: .

- ,

,

-.

"

), . .

, . (- )

, , , , . 4.12 . . , , . .

, . 4.6 . . , , ,

, ,

. " , .

( , , , . 4.12 . . , ,

. 4.12. : ) - ;

)

. 4.4. -

.

, (WDM ) , , , .

4.4.

. , , , , . , , , . , , . , .

, . .

,

.

, . , (mm) (sm) . . FDDI (100 /) [8, 9], (155 /), (622 /) [10] sm/mm .

,

, 850, 1300, 1550 1530-1560 ,

,

,

. , .

, . . 4.5 [4]. 4.5.

- ,

,

1. -.

. (25 ) (1,5 ), ( 20

(800 ) . ,

5 ). , - ,

WDM . 2. , .

- , , , , f1 f2.

f1, f2. , 1,5 .

3. , . - , . , (|f2-f1|) , , WDM .

.

4. (). , , [11, 12]. , .

/4 , . 4.13.

. 4.13.

, . ,

.

, , ,

(~ 9 - ). , . , , .

. , ( )

, .

, 4-8 .

.

. , - . - ( ), . .

. - , .

. 4.14

. ,

, . ,

.

. 4.14. , (

)

. .

, .

.

5

, [13, 14, 15].

. 4.15 . (1) (2), - , , (3), , . , (4). . (5), , . - () - .

, . (7) (8) (9). (10)

,

, . 4.16. . ( ) ( ).

. , , . , , .

, . , , . EDFA, -

, , ,

, 980 .

[16]. EDFA 1530 1560 , hvCA

1300 ,

. ,

. in = 1 . . ( 1530 1560 ) . . , , .

.

. , . , 1 (-30 ), 1 (0 ),

30 . ,

1 20 ,

13 . . 4.17 , EDFA

. 4.17 EDFA

( Corning)

, . 4.18 , ,

.

- .

. 4.18. EDFA

4.4. EDFA EDFA

: , - [14]. .

EDFA WDM . ( -) 1530

/ . EDFA. 1550 , , 40. ( ) , .

1560 . , - , . 4.19.

EDFA ,

3

. 4.19. ,

,

DWDM - - . . 4-20 16- STM-16 (2,5 /). , / (SNR), , 1540 , SNR . , DWDM , (, 1545 ) SNR, ( 1540 ) SNR.

. 4.20. ( )

DWDM : ) ( 1540 ); ) -

, EDFA

, EDFA. ( ) 1530 1542 , . , , , . , , DWDM

SNR .

.

, EDFA, ,

, ,

.

, . . , , SNR STM-64 (10 /) 6 , STM-16 (2,5 /). , STM-64.

, , [17, 18]. EDFA , , ,

- . ,

, 1530-1542 , DWDM . . 4.20 , DWDM .

SNR. , . - EDFA - (

) , 1480 . 980 , EDFA,

. , .

,

3. . Vilhelmsson. Continuously Tunable External-Cavity Semiconductor Laser, Radians Innova AB, Box 14194, S - 400 20 Goteborg, Sweden, 1996. - 2 p., http://www.radians.se/laser/extprin.html

4. J. H

12.p w e

13. States. JTEC/WTEC, Feb. 1996, http://itri.

14.

15. 997. (p

- EDFA, , ,

4

1. - : / . 3. , . . , . . - -: , 1994. - 160 .

2. - : / . . , . . , . . . - ,: , 1993. - 264 ,

echt Understanding Fiber Optics, Sams Publishing, 1993. - 477 p. 5. Ronald Shamus. "Optoelectonic Components", EE535 Homework 5, 1996,

http://bugs.wpi. edu:8080/EE535/hwk96/hwk5cd96/rshamus/rshamus.html 6. F. Halsall. Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems, Addison-

Wesley, 1996. - 907 p. 7. The Johnson-Nyquist Formula, 1998, http://www.tip. csiro.au/"fgreen/jnyq2.html 8. . Mills. Understanding FDDI: A 100 Mbps Solutions for Today's Corporate LANs,

Prentice Hall, 1995.-277 p. 9. FDDI Multimode to Singlemode Converter N320FD. Catalog - NBase. 1996,

http://www.nbase.conn 10. ATM Multimode to Singlemode Converter N420ATM. Catalog - NBase, 1996,

http://www.nbase.com 11. Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, May

1995, http://www-phys.llnt.gov/hLDiv/photonics/SOA.htnnl Semiconductor and Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA), Australian Photonics CRC, 1998, htt ://w w.vislab.usyd. du.au/vislab/photonics/ Optoelectronics in Japan and the United loyola. edu/opto/toc. htm . Fuerst. "Today's Optical Amplifiers Enable Tomorrow's Optical Layer", Lightwave, Ju!y 1997. (pp. 47-48) . Fuerst. "Optical Layer Planning Requires Flexibility", Lightwave, October 1

p. 50-51)

16. P. Mysiinski, D. Nguyen, J. Chrostowski. "Effect of Concentration and Clusters in Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifiers", paper WP3, Conference on Optical Fibre Co

1997. (pp. 27-32)

18. . M. Kissa, D. J. Fritz. "AOTFs Route Traffic in WDM Networks". Lightwave, June 1996. (pp. 64-66)

mmunications, OFC'95, San Diego, CA, Feb-Mar.,1995 17. S. B. Alexander. "WDM Network Operation Calls for Close Control of Parameters",

Lightwave, June,

5.

:

, .

TDM: , - -, -, . TDM ( - ( -) , , - , , .

. 5.1 FDM TDM. , (, , , ) , MUX, , - DEMUX. - , .

5.1.

.

. , , , , () - .

FDM:

FDM (. 5.1 )

, , , . , , , .

, - 6,5 . ( 860 ) .

FDM

WDM,

- . 1,3 (230 ) 1,6 (188 ). 1530-1560 .

n

( n -) , , . . 5.1 - 12- TDM. - 1 , 2 - .. - - - W/n, W - . -.

. 5.1.

,

- W/n. . , , , . .

, .

8 n - - . .

. , , , , .

(

. , )

. ,

. : "-", , . 5.2. .

. 5.2.

. 5.3. " "

.

, "",

, - . " " SDH, Token Ring, DQDB, FDDI.

.

2. "D "

" ", . 5.3. - .

, (drop-add-pass), . 5.4: 1. "Drop & Add" ( ).

( ), , ,

. , TDM , , Ethernet Token Ring. -.

rop & Pass ( ). " ". - . - .

3. "Pass Only" ( ). , ,

( -), .

4. "Terminate & Add" ( ). - , . ,

,

, ( -),

. () " ".

5. "Drop Only" ( ). " ".

6. "Terminate" (). " ".

.

. 5.4. ,

- TDM-

- . ,

. - Optimux PAD.

. 5.5, . 5.1 .

. 5.5. -

Optimux RAD Data Communications -,

E

, - ADC Telecommunications - Quad Fiber Loop Converter, 4xE1 [2]; Pan Dacom - FME-H, 6x 1 [3])

5.1. -

Optimux PAD Data Communications [1]

MagnumPlus ADC Kentrox. -

, . . 5.2.

, MagnumPlus TDM , -, ,

Documents

Убайдуллаев. Волоконно Оптические Сети.[2001]