Аналоговая электроника 2013

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- ( )

..

2-

2013

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621.37(075) 32.81473

25:

( )

(. ..., .. )

..., ..

. . . . 2- ., . . .: , 2013. 268 .

-, - () . , , -

, 2 . - , -. .

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.

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( ), 2013

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....................................................................................................... 8 1. ......................... 91.1. .......................................... 91.2. ......................................................................... 101.3. ................................................................................ 131.4. ...................................................................... 17

1.4.1. ............................ 181.4.2. ................................... 19

1.5. ........................ 231.6. ....................................................................................................... 27 2. .................... 292.1. .............. 292.2. .................................................................. 352.3. h- ........................... 402.4. ........................................ 422.5. ...................................................................................................... 43 3. ................................................. 443.1 ............................................................... 44

3.1.1. ......................... 443.1.2. .................... 463.1.3. ................................................................... 483.1.4. ................................................................ 493.1.5. ........................................... 503.1.6. = 0 ......................................... 50

3.2. .................................................... 513.2.1. ................................................ 51

3.2.2. ............................................... 54

3.3. ................................................. 563.3.1. ............... 573.3.2. ....................... 57...................................................................................................... 58

3.4. ....................................................................................................... 59 4. .................................. 614.1. ......................................... 61

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4.1.1. ................................................................ 614.1.2. .................................................................. 624.1.3. ................................................................ 63

4.2. ............ 644.3.

()................................................................................................................ 684.4. ........................... 714.5. ....................................................................................................... 73 5. .................................... 755.1. , .......... 755.2. ............................................................................ 765.3. .......................................................... 835.4. ................................................................ 865.5. ....................................................................................................... 89 6. ............................................ 906.1. .......................................................... 92

6.1.1. ...................................................................... 926.2. () .......................... 966.4. .............................................. 99

6.4.1. ........................................................... 996.4.2. ..................................................... 100

6.5. - ................................................... 1016.5.1. ..................................................................................... 1016.5.2. ........................................................................... 102

6.6. ................ 1036.6.1. ............................................. 103

6.7. R-..................................................................................... 1056.7.1. ............................................................................ 1056.7.2. R- ....................................................... 109

6.8. ..................................................................................................... 112 7. .............................................. 1147.1. ........................................................... 1147.2. ............................. 1157.3. .............................................. 1187.4. . 1237.5. ..................................................................................................... 124 8. LC- .. 1268.1. ............................................... 126

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8.2. ..... 1288.2.1. ..................................... 135

8.3. ............................................................ 1388.3.1. ................................................. 1398.3.2. 140

8.4. ..................................................................................................... 143 9. ....................... 1469.1. ............................................. 1469.2. ........................................................................... 149

9.2.1. . .......................... 1499.2.2. ............................... 151

9.3. .............................. 1539.3.1. ................. 1539.3.2. ......................................... 1559.3.3.

...................................................................................... 1569.3.4. ........... 159

9.4. .................................................................................................... 161 10. ...................................... 16310.1. . ............... 163

10.1.1. ............................................................ 16410.1.2. .................................................................. 16710.1.3. ........................................................... 16810.1.4. ................................................. 16910.1.5. ................................................................. 173

10.2. .................................................................................................. 176 11. .................................................................................................. 17811.1 ...................................................... 178

11.1.1. ................................................................. 18111.2. ...................................... 18311.3. ............................................... 18711.4. .................................................................................................. 191 12. .............................................................. 19212.1. ........................................................... 192

12.1.1. ....................................... 19212.1.2. ............................................... 198

12.2. - .................... 199

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12.3. .................................................................... 20312.4. .............................................................. 20412.5. ......................... 21112.6. .................................................................................................. 213 13. .......................................... 216

13.1. .......................................... 21613.2. ......... 22013.3. ................................................................ 22113.4. .................................................................................................. 222 14. ............................................................ 22414.1. .......................................... 22414.2. . .................... 226

14.2.1. . .............................................................................................. 22614.2.2. ....................... 228

14.3. . ................................................. 22914.3.1. .................................................................. 22914.3.2. ................................ 23014.3.3. ................................................................................... 232

14.4. ................................................. 23214.4.1. ............................................ 23314.4.2. ................................................... 23514.4.3. R- ........................................................... 23514.4.4. L- ......................................................... 236

14.5. .................................................................................................. 237 15. ........... 23815.1. ........ 23815.2. ........................................................................................................................ 23915.3. .. 24215.3.1. ............................................. 243

15.3.2. .................................... 24415.3.3. ............... 24615.3.4. .......................................................................... 24615.3.5 ....................................................................................................... 247

15.4. .................................................................................................. 248

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16. ................................... 24916.1. .................................................................. 25016.2. ............................................................ 25316.3. .............................................................. 25516.4. ...................... 258

16.5. . 25916.6. ........................................................................................................................ 26216.7. ....................... 26416.8. .................................................................................................. 266 ............................................................................ 267

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-. , , - , , -. - .

- - . , , -. 8 9, - , - . . . . -

. - , . . .

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1.

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, F u ,

i Su , S , - . .u i R S R u S R - K S R

.

, .

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i

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1.2.

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. 0x, . 1.3.

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h21 0.99.

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1) -;2) (-).

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, . . 1.5 -

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( ), , - , (. 1.6).

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- , - - .

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(U > U ).

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2 )

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uU=0

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- - (. 1.5), - -(-

); , - ,

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() -.

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R, u. (1.1) (1.2)

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u, i, I, . , .

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, .

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:1 i u -I;

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h21 ; , -

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1.5.

(. 1.4) , - -. - U 0.65 . , . 1.15, - R.

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iII(0)= h21(0)I

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R . (1.7)

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, -

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(+U) (R1, R2).

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h21, 21 1h R R ; I U U R . -

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h21 =100

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h21 =100

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I h21=50 h21=200.

2+10

R

200

4.

h21 =100

2.7

2+10

R1

20

5.

1R2

5.6

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2.

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, - , - , . - , - .

( u1)

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):,,

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, i- 211 1h -

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1r

di

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-

r - . -

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. i i, (2.1),

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1 21 21 21 1

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1

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r h r

.

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hS

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: r1 - S - - n- . , r1 S r 21h .

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i (.. 1.13), - '

r -

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1

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r1 r - - . , -, (x) - .

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U U - i=I () - , (x) (.2.4)

1 1

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.

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ni

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; ) () ; )

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1

r1Su1

r

i=0 i

u1

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(i =I; i = 0). ( ,

1 r r ), , r1, i, 1 1r r .

1

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,

.

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ru u

r

i . , - (2.7), , i

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. 2.5.

:

1 = 1 + 1 ,1 = 1 + 1 .

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0

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p n

cC

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], . (U> 0), (2.8) , 1 p n , , (. . 1.2). 1 ; 1 , 1, , .

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. - .

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u:1 ;2 -

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i1 - u2,

1 11 1 12 2u h i h u , (2.9)

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11 12

u h i h u ,

21 22 i h i h u .

h- :

11h - ( u = 0);

i

u

h11

h12u

i

h21i

i

u

(h22)1

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u1 u2

i2i1

1

0

2

0

. 2.9.

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12h ( ) ( i = 0);

21h (

u = 0);

22h (, - ) ( i = 0).

, . 2.3 2.10, :

11 1 1 1 1 1 21 11 1

12 221 1

, ,

1, .

h r r r r r h S r

r S rh h

r r r

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Su

r

u

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- :

S = 0.5 20 /,

r = 20 500 , = 0.5 10 , = 0.2 2 , = 0.5 10 .

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1. h - , . 2.1.

2. , . 2.3, h .

3. h - , . 2.5.

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3.

3.1 , -

(. 1.17,C ),

. - (. 1.10). , - .

- ( = 0), .

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, (. 3.1), , (. 1.16), .

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1 R R , -

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* u U i I R ,

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U U I R I -

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*R

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. 3.3 . - R+ R, *R .

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-

(. 3.4): /R U I ,

/R U I ,

U R ,

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,=

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, , .

. 3.4.

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, - , . , - Ke .

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(log)

e0 2K

R I

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RUU

Ke

Ke0

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3.1.3.

, , - h-. -

(. 3.6) , (- 1 0) - , R,

RR. R -

R. (. 3.6), -

, :

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R u

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R R R:

11

11 11

R h

R R h R h

.

3.1.4.

- -

R:

,U R U I .

R R.

- R R - R= 0. (. 3.6),

1 12 21 22 *11

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; (3.2)

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h R

* R R R - , .

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3.1.5.

KuK

e u

U U U U K K

U .

R - R,

e u

RK K

R R

. (3.3)

Ku, - , . 3.6:

**

21 * 22

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11

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,

( ).

(1 )

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h

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11

u

U RK h

U h .

h-

, 1 1r r :* *

uK S R R r .

3.1.6. = 0

. 3.7 , - ( = 0) (. . 1.17). -, h12= 0 h22= 0. -

:

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11 21 1 2

21

11 21

1 , ,

.( 1)

u

R R h h R R R R

h RK

h h R

1 1r r , 11 21 1h h r

u

RK

R r

.

, uK R R r R .

. 3.7.

= 0 ( 1 2

R R R )

3.2.

3.2.1.

. 3.8 - , , -Ku, U U , - ; , . 3.8 , ,U I .

U ,

(. 3.8):

.1/ ( )

RU

R j C R

1 2

u

u

0 0

i i

I

R

h21ih11

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. 3.8. ()

()

eK U , :

0

1/ ( )

1

1 1/ [ ( )]

1,

1 1/ [ ( )]

e u

u

e

RK KR j C R

RK

j C R R R R

Kj C R R

0 e uK K R R R K

. ,

( )K j 2 0eK , - . ,

1 1

1 1/ [ ( )] 2j C R R

.

, 1 1 C R R , (3.4)

. -

arctg 1 .

-

,

I

R

h21I

h11

))

U

U I

U

I

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RC- . . 3.9 -

- .

K -

.

. 3.9. -

- , 1 -

R + R,

* 0u C

K R R

,

*21 11u C

K h R h

,

* 11

21

1

1

R h R h

, (3.5)

* 11

21 1

R h

h

, * 1 2R R R R .

-

,

1

1 2

0

(log)

(log)

0

0

e

e

K j

K

2

4

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54

, , (3.4) (3.5).

= 0 , . 3.8,

1 2 11 21 1R R R h h R .

3.2.2.

, -, ( )K j -

2 - ,

(. 3.10).

. 3.10. : )

; ) , 1

r1 r, , ,

11 R., . 3.10, -

, . 3.10. , RR, -

RSu1

1r1

r1 1

R1U U

)*R r1

1U

r11

)

R RU Su1

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55

* R R R * R R R . 1

1.

, , , 1 . 3.10, , .3.10,

1SU .

:

*1 1 11j C SR U j C U ;,

*

1

1 SR .

1 1r r , * uSR K 1 1 u K .

. 3.10 . . ,

1U

2 1U .

, - :

* 1 11

1

( )R r r

j C

,

* 1 1 1 1 1 C R r r . (3.6) -

arctg .

, , , .

. 3.11 - - , , -

.

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56

. 3.11. -

- ( ) (= 0) ;

, Ku (. [2], . 128 ).

3.3.

.

h(t) (t) (. 3.12).

-, - . - - , .

1

1 2

0

(log)

0

e

e

K j

K

0

4

2

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3.3.1.

. 3.13 . :

1

1

1u idt iR

C .

i 1u R , :

d d1

d d

u uu

t t

,

=R1C1.

t> 0 : u= U0, d

0d

u

t ,

/_.. 0 e

tu U .

. 3.13 -RC-.

3.3.2.

2 2 C R

u u u (. 3.14),

- :

_.. _..u u u .

, / 0 1 e tu U , =R2C2.

h(t)(t)

h(t)

0

1

(t)

. 3.12.

t

t

0h(t)h(t)

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RC- . 3.14.

. 3.13. () (,),

. 3.14. ()

(, ),

, . 3.15. -, . 3.15 (R1 + R2)C, . 3.15 1 2R R C.

. 3.15. () ()

u = U0h(t)U0

t0

U0

u(t)= U0(t)

0 t

)

)

U0eU0 (1e

1)

U0

t

t

0

0

u(t)= U0(t)

u = U0h(t)

)

)U0

u

C1

R1 u

)

uu C2

)

R2

u

R1 C

R2 u

)

uR2u

R1

C

)

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. 3.13 3.14 , , C - , - C , -

U U 0 2 1 2K R R R . , - (. 3.15) (. 3.15) K0U0, U0 .

3.4.

U.

cosmi t I t .

- U, , 1 j C R R .

cosmi t I t .

Ku,Ke,R,f. :r1 = 100 ,h21 =100.

1.5

+10

R

200

1.h21 =100

i

u

1.5

+10 R

200

2.h21 =100

i

u

1.5

R

1.5

+10 R

200

3.

e 1

u

1.5

10

R 1

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f. :

r1 = 100 ,h21 =100, C = 50 (I= 1 ), = 3 ( U= 5 ).

Ku,Ke,R,f.

:r1 = 100 ,h21 =100.

R

1.5

+10 R

300

4.

e 1

u

1.5

10

R 1

R

1.5

+10 R1

13

5.

e

1

u

2

1.5 500

R1 R

300

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4.

-

, - , -, . - . -.

4.1.

4.1.1. -

, (. 4.1). :

u= u1u2= K(u1u2) = Ku (4.1)

. 4.1.

K, - ,

.

: , , u =Ku1. - - .

-: , , u =Ku2.

u1 u2 u1u2

+

u= u1u2==K(u1u2)

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u1 u2. :

1 2 , .2 2

u uu K u K (4.2)

(4.1) (4.2) , -

, 1 2 0u u ,

. - .

- , 1 2 2u u u .

1 1

2 2

,2

,2

,

Ku u K u

Ku u K u

u K u K u

(4.3)

1 2K K K .

K1, K2, - 1 2. ,

1 2 0u u .

,

K K , . -

-

CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio): 20lgCMRR K K . (4.4)

4.1.2.

- , . 4.2.

R

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63

1 2

,u u u

Ri i

(4.5)

(u1= u2). i1 = i2 = i .

. 4.2.

R -

1 2

uR

i i

, (4.6)

(u1 = u2 = u).

( )-

, , - 2 .R R

4.1.3.

u1 u2 -

R1 R2 . . 4.3

3 2R R

1i

2i

2 4R R R

1 2R R

u1

u2

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64

, .. ,u1 u2- . -

(R >>R), - (. 4.3). , ,

1 2

.K

SR R

. 4.3.

4.2.

- . 4.4. , - .

, VT1 VT2 , (RK1 = RK2 = RK). - , h12 = 0 h22 = 0.

VT1 1 1 11 ,i u u h

1 2

Ku u

2 2

Ku u

1

R 2

R u

1R 2R

2

Su

2

Su

) )

R

R

u

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65

u .

. 4.4.

, i1, 1 21 1 1 21 11 ,i h i u u h h

VT1 -

1 21 1 1

11

.u u h R

u i Rh

-

2 21 2

11

.u u h R

uh

,

21 1 2 1 2 11

.h R

u u u u u K uh

,

21

11

.h R

K SRh

(4.7)

-

R0

+U1

U2

R0 I0

RK1=RK RK2=RK

u1 u2

u1 u2u

uVT1 VT2

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66

, - .

R -

1 2

1 22 2

uu uu u

.

, -, u = 0,

1 1

11 112

uui i

h h .

(4.5),

11

2 .u

R hi

(4.8)

- , . 4.5, -, .

. 4.5.

K1,2 -

1 2 1,2

11 0

.2

u u i RK

u u i h i R

R0

RK RK

u= u1= u2

u1 u2

i1+ i2

u

VT1 VT2

i1 i2

i1 i2

i1

i2

+U1

U2

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67

21 1i h i 21 i h i ,

21

1,2

11 0 21

.2 1

h RK

h R h

(4.9)

1,2 11

1,2

11 0 21

20lg 20lg2 1

K h

K h R h

, (4.10)

21 1h , R0 -

, 0 21 112 1R h h , K1,2-

:

1,202

RK

R ,

111,2 0

0 21

1 20lg 20lg 2 , .

2 1

hR S S

R h r

(4.10)

K1,2 1,2 - -R0.

,

,K= 0 = . R - (4.6) - u VT1 VT2:

1 2

.2

u uR

i i i

. 4.5 i

11 0 21.2 1

u

i h R h

, R

11 0 21 0 211 1 .2

hR R h R h (4.11)

, h12 = 0 h22 = 0, - ,

. 4.3,

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68

1 2

1 2

,

2 ,

R R R

R R R R

(4.12)

S

21 21

11 11

1.2 2 2

K h R h SS R h R h (4.13)

,

1 1r r , 11 21 1h r h , 25r I - .

1 20 .

2 50

IS I

r

(4.13)

4.3. ()

, R0, - U2 (. 4.6). I0

2

0 0

, 0.65 B.

U U

I UR

- R0 (. (4.10)). - , , ; , U2 R0 I0 S. , . 4.6, - , - .

. 4.6. VT3, - R, - U.

I0, ,

2

0

.U U U

I I

R

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69

. 4.6.

U I0 - R. R0 - VT3, , R . h-, ,

21 1222

0 11

1.

h hh

R h R

(4.14)

. ,

11 0

21 12 12

.h R R

R

h h h

(4.15)

+U1+U1

+U1+U1

U2

U2

U2

U2

R0

R

R1 R1

R3 R4

I0

I0

I3

I0

I3

u1 u1

u1u1

u2u2

u2u2

VT1

VT3VT3VT4

VT4

I0

U

) )

) )

VT2

VT3

VT1

VT1VT1

VT2

VT2VT2

VT2

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70

h12 104

10

3, R= 1 , R0 = 110.

. 4.6 , . VT3 VT4

, I0 - I3, VT3 VT4 . - ,

1 2 0 3

1

2 2 .U U U

I I I IR

(4.16)

R0 - VT4, -

, , h11- VT3. , -:

12 21 12 21

22 22

0 11 21 11

1.

1 1

h h h hh h

R h h h

(4.17)

0

22

22 .R r

h

(4.18)

r - r U I . , -

, R0 1 .

- I0. - , . 4.6, -

R0 - R1, ( ) , - I0 . VT3. n VT4. I0 =I1/n. - R1 npa.

, -

, . 4.6 . 4.6. -

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71

. 4.6. , - VT3 VT4 , U 0 T

U UI I e , -

1 3 1 00

4

ln,

TI R U I IIR

(4.19)

1 2 1

1 3

.U U U

IR R

(4.20)

R3 R4 - I0 - R1. , , I0 -

40 U2= 5 , U1 = 5 . R3 = 0,R4 = 2.4 . (4.19) I1 = 1.86 , (4.20) , R1 = 2.6 . (. 4.6) R1, - 235 . R0 - , . 4.6,

R4 =R. 6

0 4 12 5 10 .R R h

4.4.

- , (4.8)

11 1 21

2 2 1 TU

R h r hI

,

, . -

.TK SR I R U - R. - (, ) , - .

-

, S

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72

(~ 0.510 /) - RC.

-

. 4.3, . ,

0U I U I .

. 4.7. - , VT1, VT2,

(

VT3, VT4).

u R. -

, . . 4.7 .

. 4.7. : ) ; )

VT4 - VT1, :

214 1

11

,2

uhi i

h

u= u1u2 ; h21

h11 VT1 VT2.

+U1

U2

u1 u2

i1 i2

i4

i

i2=i1 i4= i1

2

4u

u

) )

VT1 VT2

VT3 VT4

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73

VT1 VT2

212 1

11

.2

uhi i

h

(. 4.7),

2 4 1

21

11

2

,

u i i R R i R R

hu R R

h

(4.21)

2 4R R R

. R2 VT2 . - - 1h22 2h22. -R4 (4.17) (4.18).

(4.21) , - (R=)

21

11

,hu

K Ru h

(4.22)

21

11

1.

K hS

R h r (4.23)

, -

(c. (4.13), (4.13)). ( ), .

4.5.

1. U - , K = 150, K = 2, : u1 = 5103 sin(t) , u2 = 1510

3sin(t) .

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74

2. K

K 1 = K 2.

h21 = 100.

3.

R K.

h21 = 100.

4.

, .4.6, , I3 = 1 , I0 0.1 . U1= 5 , U2= 5 .

R0

10

RK5

RK

5

u

u1 u2

+10

10

R0

10

RK

5

RK

5

u1 u2

+10

10

RK5

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75

5.

5.1. ,

-

, , . - , - , - ,

. . 5.1 , .

. 5.1. ,

,uK u u

u u , , , . , ,

u u u u u ,

u uu u K u K u u .

u

u

Ku

u K u

u = u

uu K u

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76

, , ,

u u u uK u u u u K K K ,

1

u

uu

KK

K

. (5.1)

, - , , - . Ku .

,u uK K -. Ku , uK Ku, .

|Ku |>>1, -, -. , Ku < 0, -,

uK Ku,

1

uu

u

KK

K

.

Ku , u uK K , - .

Ku = 1 (5.1) , - , -. , u , ,. . .

5.2.

, , -. , - K .

-

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77

, . - ,

, . -

, , , . (. 5.2) U, - V Ku =U+jV.

. 5.2. (Nyquist)

.-, , -

- , - , -

. - . Ku. - Ku. Ku 0 , .

Ku . - .

, -

V

U

K

0

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78

, .

,uK j j U jV cosuU K sinuV K . (5.1)

1

,1

u

u

K j

K j U jV

2

2 2

1.

1u uK j K j

U V

(5.2)

, - , u uK j K j .

(5.2) :

2 2

1 1U V .

U V ,

Ku, - (1,0), - . 5.2.

, , -, u uK j K j ,

. -

, (1, 0). , -

-

0

,1

uu

KK j

j

(5.3)

.

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79

, j ( > 0),

1 .

0 1u u K j j K j . . 5.3

Ku0 = 5., -

, , , - . , -

.

. 5.4 uK j

Ku0 =100 , . . 5.4,

1 20lg(1+Ku0) ,

01 uK . 1 - - . .

, (5.3) j (5.1).

0 ,

1 1

u uu

u

K j KK j

K j j

=0

=1= =2

5 4 3 2 11

U

V

Ku0 = 5

. 5.3.

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80

0001

uu

u

KK

K

-

;

01 uK

.

. 5.4.

-

0

11

uK

, (5.4)

1 -

. , 01

uK

- , . , - , - , .

- (, RC-), - ,

= 0

= 0,09

0.1 1 10 100

10

20

30

40uK ,

20lg(1+Ku0)

20/

0

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81

0

,1 1

uu

KK j

j

0j ,

, 01 uK :

0

,1 uK

(5.5)

1 .

-

, (5.4) (5.5), - . -

.

. 5.5 - , -.

. 5.5.

A - . 180. B1B2 - ,

45,

V

U

Ku

0 1

1

C1

C2

2

A

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82

90. 1 2

, - - .

- , -, . , - , - - , , . . 5.6 - - .

. 5.6. - ( )

,

, . 0uK -. , -

, , - - (5.4) (5.5). , , -

. -

0.1 0.1 0.20.2 0.5 0.51 12 25 510 10

=0 =0

=0.05 =0.05

=0.09 =0.09

40 40

3030

20 20

10 100 0

, (lg)

1 2

uK ,

, (lg)

uK ,

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83

- uK j j (5.1) .

- .

5.3.

. 5.7 . , - u, . 5.7a -

. . 5.7a - .

. 5.7. () ()

. 5.7 - , . -

.

R

R

R

u=Kuu

uu

u=u

i

Ku0ue

R

eR

R

RR

Ku0u

i

u=Kuuuu

i

u=iR

)

)

R

7/16/2019 2013

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84

R= 0 ( ) , . , -

. - (. 5.7) R u i . -

R ,

u u u u u ,

1 uR R K . , Ku < 0, -

1 uR R K , 1 uK , . , - -, ,

u u R R i i . ,

u, 0u u i ,

R . ( R , R u i , - .) - (. 5.7) 0u

0 0

u uu K u u K uiR R

,

01 u

u RR

i K

,

Ku0 - (R), c Ku -

7/16/2019 2013

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85

0

u u

RK K

R R

.

, Ku < 0,

01 u

RR

K

,

. . 1 uK , . , - .

(. 5.7) 0u 0 0

u uu K u u K i RiR R R R

, , 01 uR u i R R K .

, Ku0 < 0,

01 uR R R K , 01 uR K . 0uK - , - .

. 5.8. : )

, )

+U

uu

+U

uu

) )

7/16/2019 2013

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86

. 5.8 .

, . 5.8, . = 1,

1uK 1 11

uu

u

KKK

.

5.4.

. 5.9 5.10 , - . .

. 5.9.

. 5.9 - .

, - 0 u uK K R R R -

, R R R , . u -

oc

oc oc

R R R Ru e

R R R R R R

. (5.6)

(5.6) - , -

eR RKu0u u=Kuuu

R

R

i i

i

R

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87

.R R

R R R

(5.7)

R R

R R R

, uu K ,

(5.6) '

1

ue

u

KuK

e K

. (5.8)

(5.8) - (5.1).

1

ue

u

KKK

1uK ,

eK

. (5.9)

R R R R

eK R R . - :

0

,1

.1

u

u

RR R

K

RR

K

. 5.10 - . :

2

2

,R R

R R R

11 2 1

, ,R

R

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88

2

oc2

,R R

R R R

, :

1

ue

u

KuK

e K

.

. 5.10.

- :

2

1

,1

u

RR R

K

oc1 01 .uR R R K . 5.11

.

2

2

+U

uu

1

. 5.11. () ()

) )

+U

u

u

eR R

R1Ku0uu

RR

i i

i R2

i

u=Ku

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89

5.5.

1. Ku = 50,R = 2 , R= 2 , f= 1 , f= 100

- = 1. .

- ,

.

:r1= 100 , h21 = 100, = 3 ,= 30 (I = 1 ).

- , .

-:r1= 100 , h21 = 100. , - .

R1

+10

u

R

200 10

u

2.

R1.5

+10

u

R

150

u

3.

R1560

+10

R

270 100

u

4.

R510

u

R2270

1

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90

6.

( ) -

(. 6.1), : 2 1u K u u ,

K. , , -, . -

(. 6.1) ;, ,

. , , +U1 U2.

.6.1. :) ,)

"" : , , -

u1

+U1

U2

u2

u

u (u2 u1)

K

10 1

)

)

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91

. . - .

. -

, -. . , , - ; , - , .

, - , . - , .

. , ( ) , , , .

(, ) . , .

, , , , , - - .

(), -, -.

. , , , , .

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92

6.1.

- : - ,

. .

. - . , - .

4, , .

6.1.1.

- , , -

, . , -, , - - , - , .

- , , , -

, . - , .

, - 3, , ... -, , -, 25%.

7/16/2019 2013

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93

(. 6.2), , , - , - R, -

.

. 6.2. npnpnp-

. 6.2 VT3 - R , . - VT1 VT2 :

, R , , - VT1 VT2 - .

V3 , i3, (. 6.3). - VT1 n- - R i. VT2 - , u1.

, V3 - . VT1 R , -

VT1 , 1, R -

.

u

VT3

VT1

VT2

u

+U1

U2

7/16/2019 2013

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94

.6.3. :) V3;) V3

V3 V1 - (. 6.3).

VT2 V2 R . , V3 . , u V1 VT2 -

( ), , -

R, - u. R -. - - , , , R, - . -

u

VT3

VT1

VT2

u

+U1

U2

u

VT3

VT1

VT2

u

+U1

U2

u1 u2

) )

i i

t

t

t

i = i2i = i1

u u

t

7/16/2019 2013

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95

4 100% .

. n-p-n -

. , - , . 6.4.

-V1 VT2 , - .

. 6.4.

. 6.5 ,

.

. 6.5.

D1 D2. - VT3, - VT1 VT2 , ,

VT3 / R

u

VT3

VT1

VT2

u

+U1

U2

D2

D10

t

u

7/16/2019 2013

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96

, 0 . , - , ... , -

.

6.2. ()

1. .2.

2 1 .

u uK

u u u

(K = 10

3106).

3.

2 1

.2

uu uK u

u

, , -

20lgK

K .

4. (f = 0).5. (R 106).6. (R 200 ).7. U(. 6.5).

. 6.5. U

u

u.

+U1

U2

+UU = arctgK

U

U

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97

, , , . U -

, , .

6.2.1.

, - :

K= ,

R =,R = 0.

, , - U U(. 6.5) u 0(. 6.6).

i1 = i2 = 0. , .

.6.6.

6.3.

- ( 3-). - (, ), - . -

u= 0

U < u < U

+U1

U2

i1= 0

i2= 0

u

7/16/2019 2013

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98

- -. -

.

, . 6.7.

-f1 (, - 1) - . 120. - 0 1.

.6.7. -

20logK

1

1

10

10

100

100

1K

1K

10K

10K

100K

100K 1M

1M

10M

10M

120

80

40

0

0

40

80

120

12

f,

f,

f1

f1

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99

. - 1 . -

2 -

, .6.4.

6.4.1.

, . 6.8), .

,

2

2

1

2 2 1

2 1

,

,

,

R

R

i u R

u i R u R R

u u u R R

,

2 1 .K R R

, 2 1 R R K .

K ,

2 1 R R K ,K=K. . 6.9, - -

21

R

R.

,

180 . .

u

R1

uu=0

i=0

i R2

. 6.8.

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100

R1. -

.

1KK

K

,

2 1 2 1 1 2,R R R R R R . K

2 1K R R .

6.4.2.

, , - ,

. 6.10:

2 11 .K R R

)

. 6.9. , R2/R1:

)-, )

R2/R1 =1

20logK

,

f,

90

60

30

0

30

240

300

360

180

10K 100K 1M 10M

1K 10K 100K 1M 10M100101

1

R2/R1 =10000

)

R2/R1 =10000

R2/R1 =1000

R2/R1 =100

R2/R1 =10

R2/R1 =1

1K10010

7/16/2019 2013

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101

. 6.10. -

- , -

1

KK

K

.

K 1 2 1 2 11 1K R R R R R .

- .

6.5. -

, - , -

. -- -.

6.5.1.

, - . 6.11, -

. - ,

u = 0. , R

Ri i u R .

. 6.11.

R

uu=0

i=0

i

u

u

u

i i

R1 u R2

7/16/2019 2013

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102

, i ,:

R Ci i i u R ,

1 1 1C C

uqu i dt dt u dt

C C C R RC .

, Cu u ,

1u u dt

RC .

- , 6.4.1 - . - - R2 , 1CZ j C .

1 .K j j RC

6.5.2.

. 6.12.

. 6.12.

u, - , u = 0. -

, .Ci C du dt i

, ,R Ci i i , -

R Ru i R RC du dt .

Ru u RC du dt .

-

u

R

u

i=0

i

u=0

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103

CK j R Z j RC . -, . 6.12, , -- , -

. , - . , , . - - , . 6.13.

. 6.13. -:1 ;2 -;3 -

6.6.

- - - . -

() -, - 105 .

6.6.1.

, . 6 .1 4 . , -

|K|,

lgf1 2 3 4 50

20

40

60

1

2

3

7/16/2019 2013

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104

, .

: 0 exp 1 ,Ti I u U

i, ,I0 ,u ,

TU kT q . ,

1 0 exp 1 ,Ti u R I u U

1 0ln 1 .Tu U u R I -

, 1 0u R I .

1 0ln .Tu U u R I

r1 -

1 0 1 1ln .Tu U u R I u r R ,

..

1 .

0

ln .T

u UI

Ru U U

I

u

R1

uu=0

i=0

i

. 6.14.

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105

- - . -, ( ,I0 -

). -, , .. . -

, 3 ,. - , - - 7 .

6.7. R-

6.7.1.

RC-, RC-. LC- - -

, . , - . .6.14 RC-, . 6.15 .

. 6.14. RC.

, -

jK j Ke

RC-

U K j U

U

U

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106

,

1K j j , (6.14)

arg arg 2 .K j j n (6.15)

, . , , (, - ), - . , , , .

. 6.15. RC

, . 6.15, -, =

0 1 6 RC , , , , . (+ K) 2.

0 1 6 RC

0 = 129, ,

4

4

0

log

C C C

C C C

C

C

R R R

R R R

R

R

U

0

0

2

2

129

129

0 1 6 RC

0 6 RC

log

log

1

)

)

)

1

0 1 RC 0

U

U

U

U

U

7/16/2019 2013

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107

. , -

01 29K .

,

. 6.15, - 0 6 RC K> 29.

- , . . , -. , - . , - , , , 0. .

-, . - R- , . 6.15. . 6.16.

1,

1 1

R j TT RC

R j T j T j C

.

,

1.

3 1j T T

(6.16)

-

2

1,

9 1T T

(6.17)

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108

. 6.16. RC- c

1 1arctg .

3T

T

(6.18)

(6.17) (6.18) .6.15.

0 1 T (6.19)

0 = 13, (= 0). , 0 , - K0 > 3. , LC-(. 8) 0- 1/C , 1 C . - .

RC-- , - R- (6.18) c (6.19)

1

1 2 3,

LC- Q= 13. ,

1 2U U

K()

0=1R

R

R

C

C

K0

0

2 1U KU

7/16/2019 2013

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109

RC- c -LC-.

6.7.2. R-

- R-, - (. 6.17).

: , 1 2 1R R R , -

(6.16). , , . , . 6.17, RC- - . 0 = 1 RC - 1/3, - 0 1K , ,

0

1 1

3 K

. (6.20) (6.20) , -

. - - -, -

0 1K

0

1 1

3 K

.

, 0

0 . (

) :

2

1arctg

9 1 3 1 1

T T

K K T T

.

, 02 9K .

7/16/2019 2013

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110

. 6.17. RC-

, K0, , , LC-

Q =K0/9 (. . 9). , , - . , ,

-, , - .

R1, - (, ),

R2, -.

R

R

C

C

R2

R1

2U

2U

K()

0=1R

0

K0

1U 2 1U KU

7/16/2019 2013

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111

. 6.18 - , - , - .

. 6.18. RC-

: 1 3 1 ,j RC RC

() = (R1 + rds)/(R1 + rds +R2),

rds - . , -

, . -

f0 = 1/

(2RC), (+) = 1/3. , :K0((+)()) > 1,

, () < (+)1/K0 () < 1/31/K0.

f0 , -

:(

) < 1/3

R1

+ rds0

7/16/2019 2013

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112

rds0 - .

- , -

, - , . 6.18 . - () VD VT,- rds , .

, n- , - . - rds. ,

K0 (+) = 1 R1 + rds =R2/2. -

, , - .

6.8.

1. , ... 4 100% . .

2.

- - (- ) . - .

C

R1 R1

R

u

u

7/16/2019 2013

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113

3.

- (-

) , - .: A0 = 10

4, f1 = 10

4. - , - - -.

5. - - , - .:A0 = 104, f1 = 10 .

6. - - ,

, -. .

u

1 10

u

R1 10k

R1 10k

R3 10k

R3 10k

R2 1M

R2 1M

R4 1k

u

u1 u

R1 16

R3

160

R2 160

11

u u

u

1 1

u

1

7/16/2019 2013

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114

7.

7.1.

, , - , . -.

, , -; , - - , , - , -. (

);

, .

. 7.1 - , npn-. - -. - VT1 VT2 .

- (. 7.2) . . 7.2 - R , . - . ,

. 7.2 .

7/16/2019 2013

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115

. 7.1. .

. 7.2.

:) ;)

7.2.

: -

. -

R, , - , 0 ,R R R R R (7.1)

0 0 0 .R R R R R (7.2)

Q, -

Q

.

=R

S

L

b

c

S

) )

c

VT1

VT2

1 2

L

b

c

U U + +

7/16/2019 2013

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116

Q Q :

1Q Q K , (7.3) K (-

), - ().

0 1 ,Q Q K R R (7.2),

0 01 ,K R R R

0K R R R (7.4)

0

1.

KR R

K

(7.5)

(7.4) R R0, (7.5) RK -R0 -

R0R . . 7.2,

, . , - , R -, . - R= , R R . , R

R , , , -

.R R (7.6)

, , 2

R R n , (7.7)

b cn w w : wb wc -

, b c,

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117

. , . .

,b cn p p ,

;b b b c c cp M L L p M L L - b .

(7.6) (7.7) - :

n R R . (7.8)

, , -

0 2R R , (7.9) .

R - , ,

R R. R , -

: R R . (7.10)

R R , (7.11)

(7.10) - (7.6).

(7.11)

0 2R R , -

(7.4) - - . .

, - , (7.11). R, . , ,

, , R

7/16/2019 2013

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118

R. , , (7.6) -

R RR/2.

K, - R , R R=.

. 7.2

0 0

0 0

.R R R R R

KR R R

(7.4), :

K = K . (7.12), -

, . ., , K = 0,25, 25%

.

7.3.

, - 1. - , - , .

-. . 7.3 - . - . R1, - . , -

R2. . -

.

7/16/2019 2013

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119

. 7.3. ,

-

KK SZ , (7.13)

KZ

, 0( KZ - , ).

-

1 ,b bZ Z j C

bZ b .

- , Zb, . -

bj C Z . (7.14)

KbK j C SZ Z . (7.15)

, R0.

b - 2

bp R ,

L

b

c

2

L

b

c

12

1

U SU

U

7/16/2019 2013

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120

a 2p R , b .

2

1

1b bZ p R

j C L

.

2 1 1b bZ p R j C L R ,

2 1 tgb bZ p R j ,

tg 1R L .

2K 1 tgcZ p R j .

bZ KZ (7.15),

2 2 2

np

21 tg 2tg

b cj C Sp p RK

j

.

K - , = 45,

2 2 2 4 2b cK C Sp p R . (7.16)

K 1 . < 0, bZ KZ -

= 45. , . 7.4,

, .

U , , , .

KZ - , - 45.

CI -

90. ,

bZ ,

U , 45. -

7/16/2019 2013

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121

U , -

. , .

. 7.4.

, (7.16) , -,

2 2 2

2b cC Sp p R . (7.17)

0 (< 0), - (7.17) -:

2 2 20 2b cC Sp p R , (7.18)

. , -

0, , SR, pb, -

, , -.

1k K . (7.19)

K , , . , , K= 0, ky= l,

, K= 1, ky = 0.

KI SU

KU

45

45

90

CI

U U

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122

K= 0, , -

. K= 0 .

k 0,8 0,9. , ky= 0,9 - 10%, .

, 10%, ky = 0,9. , , 10% K 10%, ky = 0,9 10%. , ky = 0,1, 10% - .

(7.16) (7.19), :

2 2 20 y2 1b cC Sp p R k , (7.20) .

-

. . . -, , , -

2 2 20 y y2 1b cC Sp p R k k . (7.21) (7.21) S,

2

0 0 y y2 1C K k k S ,

-

0max y y 0 2 1K k k S C . (7.22)

.

7/16/2019 2013

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123

7.4.

, - , . 7.5. -

, VT2 - . - . . , .

. 7.5.

- (4.7), -, K = SR. - LCZ (VT2), - 2 2LCK K SZ , K= SR2,

R . VT2, , , R, - -

. , (4.8),R = 2h11 = 2(r1 + r1).

R0 0

u

u

+U1

U2

L

VT1 VT2

7/16/2019 2013

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124

- - . TU U ,

I0. - I0 VT1, VT2. - VT2 1 02 ,I I -, - U1,

0 0

2 2.

I IU R Q

7.5.

1. , , - .

2. 1, - .

3. -. .

+U1

R

u

L

VT1 VT2

U2

L=100 = 200

= 0.4Q0= 100

= 100 R = 1.5 R = 10 h21 = 100

r1 = 100 U1 = U2 = 10

Ru

7/16/2019 2013

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125

4. , , - .

5. , = 5 ,

L = 100 , = 100 , Q= 50 - 0.7.

VT1

L

bc

U+

L=100 , =100

= 0.8,b= 0.3Q0= 100==1

R =R =1.5R =10 h21 = 100

r1 = 100 r =100U = 10

RR

7/16/2019 2013

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126

8. LC-

8.1.

-, , - , . -, . - . - ,

. 8.1.

. 8.1. -

. 8.2 , .

. 8.2.

, -

SU

rR

L L

U

U

.

I

U

LC

+U

L

U

R

7/16/2019 2013

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127

, . S - r . , - ,

( ) , L - R, - . ( )

0R Q ,

Q0 , a L C - .

1 1 1UK j S j C

r R LU

(8.1)

,j M L (-L) (L) .

1 1 1

,

SM

K j j j CL r R L

(8.2)

0 1 ,LC ()- ,

0 0arg arg 2 ,K j j n (8.3) n .

0 0

1j K j -

:

1 11.

MS

r RL

(8.4)

0 1,K (8.5)

M L ,

7/16/2019 2013

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128

0

1 1

1

SRK S

r R R r

(8.6)

..

8.2.

0, , -L, , . - L. - . , , -

, , - , . 8.2. . -

, - -

. - .

, - . - , , . -

. - , . , .

Q>1 , ,

7/16/2019 2013

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129

. - , - , , , -. -

, . - , . 8.3, - . .

. 8.3. ,

U

U .

,

U

K U U (8.7)

U . (. 8.4).

U -. (. 8.4)

. , - (. 8.4 ). -

.

U

L C

+U

L

U U

E

7/16/2019 2013

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130

. 8.4. : ) ; ,)

, , -, , -LC- , , . - , . ,

(. (8.7)).1 K U U , (8.8)

- ,

1K -

U. -

, - ,

. - 1K c U . -

, ,= 0 . 8.5 ( 1).

- c S di du (. 8.5), -

( 2).

u(t)

i(t)

0

U

t

t

)

t t

t t

) )

7/16/2019 2013

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131

. 8.5. ) ;)

, , , - - , ( 3). ( 4),

. - - . , - . 8.5, - , .

, - . 8.1,

U U , (8.9)

1 U K U , (8.10)

U U . (8.11)

1K

, (. 8.5). -

-, .

1K

K1(0)

K1max1211

1

U3 U3U 2

U2

U 1

U1U

1

1

2

2

3

3u1=023

i) )

44

4

7/16/2019 2013

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132

U , ,

:

1 1 0K U . (8.12) , ,

0U , (8.12)

1 1K . (8.13)

:

1arg arg 2 ,K n n, (8.14)

1 1K . (8.15)

(8.14) , (8.15) . -

: U . - , . - , ,

, , , . - .

- . -

,

( , ) . , - , , .

-

U ,

(8.15),

. 8.5. 1,U K

7/16/2019 2013

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133

1 1K , .

c , 1K U , -

,

. , 1, U1. -, =2, ( 2), U = U2. -

c U U . , 1 2

1 1K

U 1 1K . , -

, . - . . 8.6a - .

. 8.6. ) )

1 0 1K , -

1K . , ,

, U = 0. - , 11 0K , ,

. - .

(

U UU1

U2

12= 1K1(0) 0 0

a) )

7/16/2019 2013

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134

3 . 8.5), . - 2 1max1 K , , ,

, , -. -

2 1, - . - U, 3U 3U , . - , U = 0.

1 -

, 1

U .

- . 1 , , -

. - , . 2 .

- , . (. 8.6): - 1

1U . -

2 -

2U .

2 1 -

, , - -

. - . -

( 3U 3U . 8.5),

7/16/2019 2013

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135

3U .

3U , - - , -

3U .

8.2.1.

, . 8.7a.

: ,R D.

. 8.7. ) ; ) ; ) ,

U, , S .

11

SR M

R r L

.

. ,

U=UostL CL

U

C

+

t

C C

UC

)

)

)

U

C

D

D

U

+

U

7/16/2019 2013

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136

. ,

, . 8.7, , ,

i, , C r R r R C r , - - r R. ,

R R. 1C R , - (. 8.7). . ( 11),

1C R R r , -:

E U . (8.16)

-. . 8.8 - .

. 8.8. ) ;

)

i

3 2

1

1

U,U() U()

t

u,= 0

23

4

1

21 3 40

1K

) )

i

7/16/2019 2013

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137

(8.16) - : U , -E = U.

. . .8.8 ,

. . - . - .- , -

1K 1. . 8.8, .

-. -. - . - , -

1K 1. -

, - . -, , , - .

R , , , E - .

- . . 2LCT L r Q f ,

Q , f ,

7/16/2019 2013

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138

. , . - E . - , -

, , . E R,. LCC R T , E , - , , - . , , -

. -, . . 8.9.

. 8.9.

8.3.

, -. , - . .

U(t)

(t)

t

t

t

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139

8.3.1.

. 8.10 .

. 8.10.

Z1, Z2 Z3. U , , , Z2. , Z1, Z2, Z3, - . - , -. , . 1 K U U -, -

, - , - . , 1argK .

-

, r1, r2, r3Z1,Z2, Z3 1,2,3 ,

1 +2 +3 = 0. (8.17)

2 2 2

2 3 2 3 1

U Z X X

U Z Z X X X

. (8.18)

,

U

Z3

Z2

Z1

Z3

Z2

Z1U

U

U

7/16/2019 2013

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140

2 1 2 1arg arg argX X X X . (8.19) -

1 2 1arg arg 2 arg 2K X X n . (8.20)

2 1X X -, (8.20) , - 1 2 . (8.17) , 3 , -12.

, , . 8.10, - :

1 2 3

1) 0, 0, 0X X X , (8.21) 12,3;

1 2 32) 0, 0, 0X X X , (8.22) 12,3.

8.3.2.

.

Z1Z2 , Z3-, (8.21). ( ). . 8.11.

. 8.11 -, L1 L2 - . -

(8.18) 2 2

1 1

X L

X L . (8.23)

, L1 L2 , , .

7/16/2019 2013

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141

. 8.11.

. 8.11 . - (- ). , . -

RK

r R

,

R =R -

- ,r .

R

21 2

0 2

1,

1

r hR R

R0

, u u .

, - .

, - 1 2 2L L L M , ,

L2

L1

)

VD

VT

U+

C

L2

L1

+U

u

u

7/16/2019 2013

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142

1 2

2 2

2L L ML

L M L M

. (8.24)

, , - ,

1 2 1k M L L .

2

1 21 2 1 2

2 1 2 2 1 2

2.

L LL L L L

L L L L L L

2

i iL w , . -

2

1 2 1 2

2

22 1 2

w w w w

ww w w

. (8.25)

- , - , K< 1.

, . 8.11, -.

, (8.17),

0 1LC

. (8.26)

. 8.11L =L1 +L2.

. -. , - LC- R0.

. 8.11, -, , :

2

R p R , (8.27)

.

1

1 2

Lp

L L

. (8.28)

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143

2

2

11

Sp R

p R r

. (8.29)

, (8.22), - Z1 Z2 , a

Z3 - (. 8.12), ( ).

, (8.18),

2 1

1 2

X C

X C , (8.30)

, (8.17), , (8.26), 1 2 1 2C C C C C .

. 8.12.

(8.29),

1 2 1 2p C C C C C . (8.31)

, , .

8.4.

1. 3- LC - n-p-n , -.

C2

C1

L

+U

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144

2. 3- LC - n-p-n , - .

- K R =. - R, .

, , .

+U

R

2

u

L1

R

L =100 1 = 100 2 = 1000 = 0.1 Q = 50

R = 1 S0= 5 /

I0 = 5 , U = 2

3.

L=100 , = 200 ,Q

0= 100

= 0.4

= 100 R = 1.5 R = 10 h21 = 100

U1 = U2 = 10

+U1

R

u

L

VT1 VT2

U2

Ru

4.

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145

- KR=. R, - .

L1=100 = 100

2

1

wn

w = 0.2

Q0= 40

R = 10 h21 = 100

U = U = 10

+U1

R

u

L1 L2

VT1 VT2

U2

R

5.

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146

9.

9.1.

. , , -.

- :

arg 2K n , n , (9.1)

LC- . -, , LC-

1.

LC

, - , ( 0L L L 0C C C ), -

0 0

1

2

L C

L C

. (9.2)

, ( - 1) () (). L C

104

103

. -, , . - , LC-.- -

LC-,

LC- .

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147

, (9.1), - . argK , , LC(f).

(f ) . - - RC-.

LC-, LC + = 0, . 9.1. -, , -

.

. 9.1. LC-

, LC- .

arg 0K . , - , LC-,

( ) arg( ) arctg 2LC Z Q

. 9.2 - Q (Q2 > Q1)., - ,

LC

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148

( ) ( ) 0,LC ( ) arctg , - , . -

arctg arctg 2Q

1 2Q

.1

ff

f Q

. 9.2. LC-

./

, ,

,

, .

/ -

.

/ 2 / ,Q

Q2

Q1

f f, M

ff1

f2

LC

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149

,2 .Q (9.3)

, , . Q-

100200, - , , 104103, .

.

9.2.

9.2.1. .

( SiO2), , , (. 9.3). Z ( ), X, -, Z, Y , .

. 9.3.

. - . . - .

X

X

X

Y

Y

Y Z

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150

- , X, . -

- . , - ,- - ... -

Q 104 . , , - . - -

.

. X- Y-. X- - () X, Y- Y. , X- Y-

, : - .

, X- Y- Z. - - . , - , -

, (, ). - - . 50 +100C - 105. - -, -

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151

. - 1011.

+35

Z, h 1,66 , D 14 d 8 ; . -

() 1,66 ()f h 1.

9.2.2.

, . 9.4.

.9.4: ) ;)

L, C, r - , - :

L

C

r

C0

R=ReX=Im

R

X

R

X

f f0 f

)

)

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1.

2f

L C

C0(510 ) , - . 9.4, -

0 0

0 0

11 .

2f f C C

L C

f = 1 :

L 4,6 , C 5,5310 , r 300 .

, -

7

3 10L C ,

5

10Qr

.

C

( 0C C ), 0f - :

0 0 01 1 2 .f f C C f C C

0f f

(104103) f , -

.

0

0

1.

2

Cf f f

C C

. 9.4 .

, 2 ,Q (3 ), LC-.

- , -

.

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153

9.3.

9.3.1.

, . 9.5

. 9.5, . LC- -

. , , - L2, . - L1L2.

, - . 9.5. . 9.5 ( C ), ( -)

,K SR

1/ / TS r I U ,

R Q LC- - ,

R r -

r.

. 9.5. : ) , )

( - 3 R r )

+U

R3

R2

R1

u

L1 L2

+U1

R2R1

u

L1 L2

VT1 VT2

U2

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2

1

,rw

kw r r

w1 w2 L1L2,

1 2k L L

-L1L2. -

1 K :

2

1

11 .

w rk

w S R r

(9.4)

1k ( )

2

1

11 .

w r

w S R r

(9.4)

. 9.5 VT1 VT2, . (R1 =R2 =R)

2

1 2

.

U U

I I I R

, / ,TS I U - ( VT1 VT2):

.2

rK SR

r r

2 1( ),k w w . 9.5 -

2

1

12 .

w rk

w SR r

(9.5)

(9.5) (9.6) r= 0 ( ) . ( ) , , ,

.

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, . 9.5 r, - . . 9.5 r- r -

R2 L2,2

22

1

.w

R R kw

, 2 1( ) 1,k w w -

R ( ) , 2 R r .r r . 9.5 2 .r r

- r

.r r

9.3.2.

, . 9.6, (. 9.6) -

(. 9.6) .

. 9.6. : ) , )

- , . LC-

. ,

+U

R3

R2

R1

u

L1L

+U

R3

R2

R1

1 u

L

2

) )

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156

(9.1) , -, , .

.

. 9.6 ( ) ,K SR

1

,rw

w r r

( 1),k

w w1 L L1. ( 1 )K

1

11 .

w r

w SR r

(9.6)

. 9.6 , . 9.6, -

1

1 2

.r

r r

1

1 2

11 .

C r

C C SR r

. 9.5, -

,r r .

9.3.3.

. 9.7 , -

. f,

, -, . -

, L, , 0,1,2,:

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157

11 1 ,

22

C Cf f f

C CC CL

C C

(9.7)

1 2 1 2 0( )C C C C C C . ,C C - f.

. 9.7.

. 9.7

2 1 .C C (9.8)

, ( -), :

2

,K S Q p

S ,2( )p C C

- ,

( )C C C C C -

. ,C C C C

2p C C .,2

2

.C

K S QC

(9.9)

- 1 .K

. 9.8

.

1

21

2

L0

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.

. 9.8. , : ) ,

)

. 9.8 , . R2 :

1 2 21

.( 1)

U UI

R R h

, (9.9) -

, .TS I U . 9.8 . 9.8, - pn-. - S - , .

, , 1 ,K K (9.8) (9.9) .

. 9.8 C3. - - . (9.7):

2

.2

f C C

f C

11 2 3(1 1 1 ) ,C C C C

2 23 3C C C C

+U

R2R1

1

u

)

2

3

+U

R2

R1

3

u

)

12

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3

2

3

.2

f C C

f C

(9.10)

, 3 31000 500 C C , -

1 f

3

6 10 C

- 6

1,5 10 .f f

-

1,5 .f

C1 C2. - C1 C2 ,

2 1 ,C C -.

9.3.4.

, . 9.9, , C1, C2, C3 :

1 1 ,

2

C Cf f f

C C

(9.11)

11 2 3 0(1 1 1 ) .C C C C C

- VT1. - 2 1 ,C C ( , R2 )

2

2

1.

2

CK S Q

C

(9.12)

VT1 VT2 - 0 (2 ),TS I U I0

2 0 1 2

2

.U U

I I IR

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. 9.9.

VT2, ,- , - VT1; VT2 - .

1 ,U I R I1 VT2,

R Q LC-. , -

VT1 1 ,TU U

0I . -

1 02

,I I

,

1U U ,

0

2.U I Q

VT2 - , ,

LC- 3f 5f, . , -

3 0

2.

3

U I Q

+U1

R2

R1

u

L

VT1 VT2

2

3

1 R3

U2

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9.4.

1.

:L =0.5 , r =200 , = 510

3, 0=15 .

f,f0, Q ff0.

2.

. 9.1 K R =. - R, .

3.

3- LC n-p-n , .

L1 =100 = 100

2

1

wnw

= 0.1

Q0= 50

R1 =R2= 10 h21 = 100

f=1.6 Q= 10

5

r=300 U1 = U2 = 10

+U1

R2R1

u

L1 L2

VT1 VT2

U2

R

. 9.1

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4.

. 9.2 - K R=. -

, - R, .

5.

, - . 9.2, 2Q -, -

2r?

+U

R

2

u

L1

R

L =100 , 1 =110 , 2 =1000 =1.6 , Q=10

5, r=300

R = 500

S0= 5 /I0 = 5 , U = 2

. 9.2

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10.

-

( , - ). , . - .

, - . , -

, - (), (, )- () . .

, - - .

, , - , .

- , u(t) u(t) u(t) =f(u(t)).

10.1. .

, 0cosu t U t ,

: U, - 0 . - 0t t .

,

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, () -. uM(t), . -

-

0 0

0 0 0

cos

= 1 cos .

M

M

u t U u t t

U u t U t

(10.1)

() (). - , uM(t), , 0 Mt t au t . -

0 0cos Mu t U t au t .

- uM(t):

0 Mt d dt bu t . -

00

t

Mt t b u d . ,

0 00

cost

Mu t U t b u d

.

10.1.1. -

, cosMu t U t . 0-

. - , = 0.

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Аналоговая электроника 2013