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2006). . (.. , ), (risk communication) (.. , , ) . , . (.. ) (.. ).
. , , (Paton et al. 2006). , . COM (2007) 354 , 29 2007, - . 2
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April 2009 Adapting to climate change: Towards a European Framework
for Action1
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) , (Paton et al. 2005, Paton et al. 2006). , , , . . (.., M M E,
..) (Lindell and Whitney 2000, Duval and Mulilis 1999, Paton et al.
2006, Smith 1993) , . , , ( ). , , : (.. ), ( , ) (, ). . , , , ,
(Paton et al. 2006). (Paton et al. 2006, Paton and Wright 2008).
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and Bishop 1996). , ,
5
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: , , e-mail: [email protected] (O.E.) (ecological modernization)
. : () ( Joseph Huber Martin Janicke), () (discourse) ( Maarten
Hajer), () , , , ( Arthur Mol, Gert Spaargaren ). .. Mol
Spaargaren. : (ecological modernization), (environmental
discourse), , , , - (dematerialization), Jevons 1970 (McCormick,
1995:57). ; 1970 : , - - , . (The Treadmill of Production) Allan
Schnaiberg ( 2008: 51-54). Environment: from surplus to scarcity
(1980), o Schnaiberg ... . () . , 9
. , ( ) (.. ). . , . : ( , ...) , . . , . . ( ) ( ) (Gould,
Pellow and Schnaiberg 2004: 297) , , : 1. , , , (Hajer 1995: 84-87,
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1
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2005;Wright, 2004). Schnaiberg / (Schnaiberg, 1980:247250).
(Martell, 1994), . 10
1973 Ernst Schumacher : . (1972), (Blueprint for Survival).
Ecologist, ( ) o : .[..] . , , [..] [..] (Ecologist 1975)3. () . O
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1985: 20) , . . , . (ecological modernization) 4. : - Bahro, Joseph
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http://www.theecologist.info/page32.html .. (, 2008) 11
5: , Huber - (super-industrialization) (Ruedig 1985). : - (1982)
: (1985), Huber , (switchover) , (Ruedig 1985: 23-24, Spaargaren
and Mol 1992: 334-335). Huber , , , , , ( , ) ( ) - , . , , . ,
Huber. / ( ) (Spaargaren and Mol 1992: 334-336, Mol 1996: 312-313).
, . 1970 1980 . 1970/1985, Janicke - : ( ) , , (, , ) (Janicke,
Monch, Ranneberg and Simonis 1989). , [ , ] (.172). , (.173).
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135-136). 1. : / Ex-post (endof-pipe): : () / - , (CHP), : / ,
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( 1). , , - . win-win [ ] (Janicke and Jacob 2005: 177). : ..
(Discourse) .. . Arthur Mol, Gert Spaaragarn David Sonnenfeld, , .
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, . , . , , , (Dryzek 2005: 9) , , ( ) . Weale, , 1970 1970: . . .
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, , , ( ) / (Hajer 1995:92).
17
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9, .. . , [ ] (Christoff 1996: 486). , , , ( o Janicke) (Mol and
Sonnenfeld 2000b: 6). (..6-7,Mol 1999: 170-171, Mol 1997: 140-142):
: . (, , ) , . . , . . ( ) . , . . , , , . -: 9
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18
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( ) ; .. , .. ; .. (.. 33-34)
19
, York Rosa (York and Rosa 2003) , , .. . ..: () (), , (York and
Rosa 2003: 275); , : (..). York Rosa () . ( .. ) . York Rosa - .. .
York Rosa 1990, .. () . , Mol et al. (2009) .. . : .. . [, ] .. ,
(Mol and Spaargaren 2002: 36). , , York Rosa (2003: 275); . .. . -
, .. , () . .. [ ]
20
(Christoff 1996: 490). .., Hajer , .. (Hajer 1995: 281ff). ; ..
, Weale (1992: 31-32) , -, .. , , , . , , .. - . , . York Rosa. ..
, , . York Rosa 100. : ( ) , . () . York Rosa . , ( (Sonnenfeld and
Mol 2006, Mol and Buttel 2002, Mol and Sonnenfeld 2000a). . , York
Rosa (2003: 278). , , ... , . .. ; : , . 21
(.. , ..). , , . .. . . : , . . : , , . . . / .. T .. (
(Spaargaren and Van Vliet 2000, Spaargaren and Mol 2008, Carolan
2004, Mol and Spaargaren 2004). , / /, .. (environmental flows)
(Mol and Spaargaren 2005, Spaargaren, Mol and Buttel 2006), .. (Mol
2010). , .. , , . , , York Rosa. - 1865, Willian Stanley Jevons
(The Coal Question) , : . , Jevons , / : ,
22
, . , 10. O Jevons . , York Rosa (2003: 280), , , - - 11: ( ) .
(dematerializing) , . . , , -, , , . , .. . [] (sustenance) / (Mol
and Spaargaren 2002: 38). (, ) , Mol & Spaargaren (..). Mol .-.
Mol, Spaargaren Sonnenfeld - - .. . , , . (York, Rosa and Dietz
2004) 10 11
(Foster, Clark, and York, 2010) , .. ( ). , Mol & Spaargaren
(2005) - .. , : (-), [..] (. 93) 23
12 . , .., ( ) , . , . (dematerialized) , ( ) . , , , (.. .149)
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. . .. . , 39
. , . . . UNEP. : ... , , , , . , . , . (UNEP et al. 2008:33). ,
; UNEP : , , -, . , , , , . (UNEP et al. 2008:36-37). : , . , ,
,
40
.(...) . (LO 2008:8). .. . Eurostat (Environmental Goods and
Servive Sector-EGSS) .2 , . , : () () . , , (Eurostat 2009). -
/Eurostat (1999) . , . (European Commission 2009:109). GHK et al.
(2007) , . .. GHK et al. .. 2000, 2,6 36,4 , (GHK et al. 2007:12).
, .2
EGSS, green jobs. 41
, , . . , , , , . . , . : () , , , () . : 2009, 50% ,
(Eurobarometer 2009a). To 67% , 56% . . , , (urobarometer
2009b).
42
. , , . 1. Geographical location Main climatic drivers Expected
potential effects on economic activity and employment Level of
Confidence Remark The warming level must remain moderate. The
increased in productivity could be hindered by other limiting
factors (water, nutrients, etc). High uncertainty about the
fertilisation effect due to high CO2.
Mid- and high latitude regions
Rising temperature, High atmospheric CO2 Concentration
Positive impact on agricultural productivity. Positive impact on
employment Overall
Mediumhigh
Southern Europe, Mediterranean region Southern Europe
Mediterranean regions
Rising temperature, droughts Rising Temperature Higher fire risk
due to rising temperature, droughts Increase in frequency and
intensity of Extreme weather Events Changes in Sea surface,
temperature, wind regime, water runoff, ice melt, or marine
currents Rising temperature, changes in precipitations Rising
temperature, changes in precipitations, sea level rise
Negative impact on agricultural productivity. Negative impact on
employment at local level. Negative impact on livestock
productivity. Negative impact on employment at local level.
Negative impact on forestry productivity. Negative impact on
employment at local level Negative impact on agricultural and
forestry productivity. Negative impact on employment Negative
impact on fisheries productivity. Negative impact on employment,
possibly significant at local level. Positive impact on tourism
demand. Positive impact on employment Negative impact on tourism
demand during summer. Possible negative impact on employment during
summer. Negative impact on tourism demand in summer, but positive
impact in spring and autumn. Possible positive qualitative impact
on employment in the sector with more stable conditions through
longer contract periods. Negative impact on winter tourism
activities. Negative impact on seasonal Employment. Possible
positive impact on snowrelated activities. Positive impact on
seasonal Employment.
Medium Heat stress could cause physiological changes.
Low
Medium
General Fisheries Communities (Iceland, Baltic Sea, Spanish and
Portuguese coast Notably) Nordic regions, eastern Europe
Mediterranean regions, coastal resorts
Mediumlow
Low
Medium
Medium
Mediterranean regions, coastal resorts
Rising temperature in summer
Mediumlow
Low altitude Mountain resorts High altitude Mountain resort
Rising temperature, changes in precipitation Rising temperature,
changes in precipitations
Mediumhigh Benefiting from a redistribution effect due to the
loss of attractiveness of low altitude resorts.
Medium
: TUC (2007)
43
, , ( , ) . , , (ILO 2008). , , , , , , , - , (uropean
Commission 2009). 2,6% 5% .. . , (ETUC 2007). . 263 2004 4% . (GHK
2009b).3 ( 1). (GHK 2009a :3) : , , , . , , (ETUC 2007), .3
, . 12,5% (ETUC 2007). . 44
: () (), () , () (GHK 2009b). : ( ) : ( , , , ) (Stern 2007) -
.. (EU Emission Trading Scheme)-, . (TUC) . 50.000 ( 350.000) (ETUC
2007). , . . dumping, . (Frankhauser et al. 2008). (UNEP et al.
2008): ( ).
45
( , ) ( ) , 2009, - 2000 4,6 (2,4 . , 1,3 . 0,9 . ). (, ) (). ,
10% .. 27 17% (uropean Commission 2009). 2004, - 3,4 2,35 1,05
(European Commission 2009). , , . (European Commission 2009, UC et
al. 2007, P 2008). . ETUC et al. 20% 2030 1990, 50.000 200.000 -
(ETUC et al. 2007). .. 1.000.000 2020 (European Commission 2005)
2,3 2,8 (Fraunhofer ISI 2009). . ( ) . 46
, (European Commission 2009, Frankhauser et al. 2008). , : () ,
() , , , ( ) , () , , (European Commission 2009). , , (, ) . . GHK
et al. (GHK et al. 2008): ( ). ( , ). ( ). .
47
. CEDEFOP (generic skills) (green generic skills) (, , , ) ( , )
. CEDEFOP , . (CEDEFOP 2010). CEDEFOP . . 2. ccupation(s) DK
Industry,electrician/ Energy technologist Core training VET
qualifications/ Tertiary engineering qualifications VET
qualifications/ upper secondary qualifications No Standard
professional Upskilling Knowledge of energy sources, ability to
integrate energy systems, project management Assembly, installation
of parts, use of tools New ocucpation Manager energy in
renewable
DK
Industrial operator/ Industry electrician
Wind-turbine Operator
EE
Construction Worker
Knowledge of energy systems, data analysis, project management
Sorting and reception techniques, knowledge of conditioning and
storage Integrating environmental criteria in design process,
integrated assessment and life cycle analysis Electronics and
hydraulic systems, safety procedures, operation and services
Technical training, knowledge of administrative procedures,
entrepreneurial Skills Installation and maintenance of low-carbon
technologies, customer service skills Practical skills on
functioning of carbon market, understanding of trading tools
Energy auditor
FR
Recycling sector worker
General certificate of vocational qualification (CQP) 22 initial
training courses with varying specialisation Initial Training
vocational
Waste-recycling Operator
FR
Product services
design
and
Ecodesigner
DE
Electronic/ mechatronic technician
Wind power technician
service
DE
Plumber/ electric and heating installer
Initial Training
vocational
Solar-energy entrepreneur/ installations project designer
Smart-energy expert/smartenergy manager Carbon trader/broker
UK
Engineer sector
in
energy
Tertiary engineering qualifications
UK
Commodity trader/Broker
Tertiary Qualification
: CEDEFOP 2010
48
. , (European Commission 2009). , , . CEDEFOP (CEDEFOP 2010).
(uropean Commission 2009, UNEP 2008, ETUC et al. 2007), . (European
Commission 2009). . 3. Sector Recycling/waste treatment and
recovery Construction Changes in skills profile New skills created
Stronger green element of existing jobs Type of skills required
Rapid technological changes in this area are likely to create a
growing need for new skills Same generic skills of those already in
building sector required but job will require addon in terms of
e.g. renewable energy knowledge; installation; diagnostic
techniques. Industry may experience increased demand in
higher-skilled employees e.g. researchers and engineers but some
jobs created as result of Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
likely to be lowskilled Modern biotechnology likely to require
highly-skilled employees with intensive knowledge although still
unclear as to whether the skills they need are new or add-on to
existing skills Legislation such as the European Building
Performance Energy Directive will create a strong demand for energy
assessors (creation of new skills). Legislation on fuel economy
standards will create demand for natural gas vehicles (NGV), liquid
petroleum gas (LPG), biofuels and diesel/e lectric hybrid
vehicle
Bio-based products
New skills / stronger green element of existing jobs
Energy Efficiency
New skills / stronger green element of existing jobs Stronger
green element of existing jobs
Green Transport
: European Commission 2009 GHK 2009 . 49
.4 , (ILO 2008). UNEP et al. , (UNEP et al. 2008). .. . (AK
WIEN) (European Commission 2009). Calzada et al. , , (Calzada et
al. 2009). 2030 . . (ETUC et al. 2007). . , ( ) () - (Stevens
2009). .
4
. Measuring the quality of employment in the EU, Chapter
4Employment in Europe 2008 report, 2008 , Directorate-General for
Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Luxembourg:
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,
European Commission (2001), Employment and social policies: a
framework for investing in quality, Communication from the
Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic
and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2001)
0313 final 50
, , , ( ). (Frankhauser et al. 2008) . , , , . , , , . , - .
(European Commission 2009, UNEP et al. 2007, ILO 2008) : () , () ,
() () () . , . UNEP et al. Just Transition (UNEP et al. 2008). , ,
, , . (European Commssion 2007) , , (European Commission 2009).
51
, . . 2009 Grenelle . ( , ) (Plan de mobilisation des
territoires et des filires sur le dveloppement des mtiers de la
croissance verte 2010). CEDEFOP ( ). (CEDEFOP 2010), . , . (Initial
Vocational Education Training-IVET), , (CEDEFOP 2010), . New Skills
for New Jobs. , , , .5 ( , ) . New Skills for New Jobs . , 5
2007-2013 82% ( 75 ) (ESF 2011). 52
(European Commission 2008). . , . . . , , . (Public Employment
Services-PES), , , (PES 2009). , . . , 2000 (Sociaal Economische
raad, SER) ,6 2005 (UNEP et al. 2008). (Green Jobs Initiative)
UNEP, ILO ITUC, IOE, (UNEP et al. 2008, ILO 2008). 7 2009 6
2000 SER , . http://www.ser.nl/nl/home.aspx 7 : European Trade
Union Confederation, BusinessEurope, European Centre of Employers
and Enterprises providing Public services, European Association of
Craft, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises 53
, (European Commission 2009). , ( ), , .8 , (European Commission
2006) .9 . . . .. . 2020 (European Commission 2010b): , , 8
, , , . . 9 , . 54
, .
, 2020, : , , . , . , , . .. . .:
() . , , - . () . . 2007-2013, 30% (105 ). , , . 10 ,11 4% , .
10 11
European Economic Recovery Plan COM(2008) 800 , 26.11.2008 () .
397/2009 6 2009 () . 1080/2006 , . 55
, . . () . 2008 .. 20% ( 1990- 30% 80-95% 2050), 20% . : 12 13 ,
, 14 -15 () 16 2009 3,98 , 2010-2011.17 2020, 2010 2020 2012.18 ()
. ,
12 13
Emission Trading Scheme Directive (2009/29/EC) Directive on the
geological storage of carbon dioxide (2009/31/EC) 14 Directive on
the Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
(2009/28/EC) 15 Effort Sharing Decision (406/2009/EC) covering
non-ETS sectors 16 European Commission (2007), Strategic Energy
Technology (SET) Plan COM(2007) 723. European Commission, Investing
in the Development of Low Carbon Technologies (SET-Plan),
Communication from the Commission of the 7th October 2009, COM
(2009)0519 17 Regulation (EC) No 663/2009 of the European
Parliament and of the Council establishing a programme to aid
economic recovery by granting Community financial assistance to
projects in the field of energy. 18 Communication from the
Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European
Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions,
Energy 2020 A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure
energy, COM/2010/0639 final 56
2006,19 , , , 20% (2006)20, (2007)21 (2009),22 .. 2013. .. 27 ,
, , , , . , , (, ), , , , . , , , , , . , , . : () , () , () 19
European Commission (2006), Green Paper ''A European Strategy
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European Commission (2006), Communication from the Commission
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(2007), Green Paper on Adapting to Climate Change in Europe
COM(2007) 354. 22 European Commission (2009), White Paper Adapting
to climate change: Towards a European framework for action, White
Paper from the Commission on 1.4.2009, COM(2009)147 final 57
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3 : , . 61 - 89
- . . - I E. e-mail: [email protected] . / Heidelberg, . .
e-mail: [email protected] , . , , , . - - . , . , , . , : . : , - ,
, , , , , , . , unzeitgem! , . , , , , - . . - ,
61
. , , , , , , . - - . - , Feuerbach: , , , . H , , , : . , . , ,
o , . , , . , , Darwin, Marx Freud, , ( ) Quanta, , , , . , (.
Plessner d.IX 1985, 342 .). , , , , . , , , , , , (: 2000, 51) . .
, . , , ( 1988, 1993, Theodoropoulos 1997).
62
: . . , ( 2001) . , - ( 1999), . , - (..., 272), , , (..., 259).
. , , Heisenberg CERN ( 2008). , , . , , Collins, , ( 2011, Collins
2009). , , , , . . ( , , , ..), . , , (. 2003, . 2006). , , , (
1986) , . To Bateson : , , , , (Bateson 1985, 348). , - , , , 20 ,
, - , , , , . , , , , .
63
; . M. Eliade , , , , . . , , , (Eliade 1999, 16). , , , , . : ,
. Nietzsche o , , , . , , . , (Nietzsche 1994, 345). , , , (...,
348). . Marx, . 1857/8 : Roberts & Co., Credit mobilier; , { },
{ } . Printing House Square; , . - , ( , ). . , , , , ( 1984, 53
.). . . : . (.3.1.) Plessner . , , .. Spengler (Plessner Bd.IX,
65).64
, : .. ( ) , (...55 .). , Marx, . . , . , . 19 . , W. Humboldt,
Alexander, Goethe Schelling. 50 60. - , (...252 .). (: Plessner d.
, 179 .) ; (..., 181). o H.Plesner (Relativierung) O Plessner . , .
(Plessner d., 56). 16 19 . , . 19 . , . 19 20 , , . . ,
65
, . , . , , . , . , instein Planck , . . , , , (..., 57). , , ,
: . sensorium die. , , Leibnitz (..., 58). , . , (Intelllekt) ratio
, . . , , . , . , ratio -. , . (a priori) . Kant, , a priori , .
Schelling Hegel Kant (..., 59). . . , , , , (..., 50). . 66
( ) , , . , , , , , 17 Descartes Leibnitz. , . . , . , , , , . ,
, , . . , , , . , . ratio, (..., 60). , , , , . , , . , , - , (...,
61). , , , , , (..., 62). . , , , , . . . , . , , 19 .
67
, 18 , (...). , . . , ( , , ...) , , (..., 63). , , . (Milieu) ,
, , . , , , (), , , ( ) , , , . (...). , . , . , , , , , , , (...).
. (gewordenes) . , , , . , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , : , . ,
.
68
, , , (..., 64). , . , , , . , , , , . Bergson xkll. , , , . , ,
, . - , , (...). . , (...). . , . , (..., 65).
(Korrelationsgesetzte), . Dilthey Max Weber Durkheim . Plessner
Levy-Brhls ( ), Jaspers ( ), Cassirer ( ), Alf. Weber, Scheler
Manheim ( ) (...). . , . , . , . - (...,66). - , . 69
, , (...). , , , , . , . . , (..., 67). , . , , (..., 67). , , ,
, . , (Dasein), . , , , : (Relativierung) , , , (...). , . , , , .
(, , , ) (..., 68). , , , . . , , (...). , , , . . , , ,
70
, . , (...). , , , , , . , , , - , , (...). , . , . ,
(Bildgehalt) . . , , , (.. ., 71). : , . ; , (Plessner Bd.IX, 72).
, , . , , , , , (Daseinsrelativitt) (...). , , (...). , , , . . , ,
, (...). ; . 71
N. Luhmann ( , Luhmann 1988, 8) , , (kologische Kommunikation),
(..., 7), . : , . . . , Russeau . , , , . , , . , , , . , , (.
Plessner d.X, ..., 38). BourgeoisProletarier. Beatles, , , , , , ,
. , . Stuttgart, (Stuttgart 21), . . Eliot , ( 1993, 106), , , , ,
. - . . . , : Nietzsche, , , , , , (Nietzsche ..., 575);72
, , , , -, , , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , . . , , . , , , . ,
(Plessner Bd., 16), , . , . ( 19 ), , (..., 73). - - , (...,101). ,
, , . , , . . , , . . . Plessner , , . , , , , , , , .. ( , in
press). . , , . Plessner . , 73
(Plessner Bd.VII, 236). , , , , . , , (..., 237). , , ( 1997).
Goethe 14 1807 : . ( .VII,1976, 338). , , : , - -, . , , , . (...,
242). , , : , (...). , Plessner , , , . : , , , , . , Plessner, , ,
. , , , , ( 2002). , , , , , , (-), . , , , -, , , . . : - ; , . .
, , - -, , , Hegel, ( 74
), Hlderlin. , , ( ) , , , , , ( 1993, 150). , . , , ; : , , , ,
, . , , , , , ( 1993, 54). , , , , . . , , , . , . , , . , , . .
Langue moderne de la poesi (Clancier) , (Plessner Bd.X, 189). , 19
, . , , , , (Plessner Bd.X, 189). . ( ) , , , . , , . quete ,
Rimbaud la vraie vie est ailleurs (...).
75
O E , , . , . , : , , , , the lonely crowd, , . , , . , : ,
(Plessner ..., 190). ; , , , , , , , . , , . . Dasein . , , , , , ,
. , , , . - , . ( 1993, 149). , . , . , , , (..., 150). : , . ,
(...). : , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , . ,
76
, , , , . , . , : , . , . , (...). , , . : , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , (..., 150 ..). , . , , , , . (..., 151 .). , , . , , , . - - .
, , , , ; (..., 152). , , - . , , : , , , , . . , , , . 77
. , - . , , ( ..., 46). , . , , . , , , , . : , . , . , . : - -
- - -. , , ; ; , , ; ; , , ; , ; ( ..., 47.). , . , . , , , , , , ,
. , : ( ). , H. Plessner , : .. , . , , ( 1993, 61). - , , .
-78
, , . , (..., 62). H. G. Gadamer -, (...). : (...,68). , , ,
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; .. , , , , , , , , , , ( 1993, 101). , , , (...). ; : . , , , , ,
(..., 102). , .. . , , , 79
, -, , , - (..). ( ) , : , , - (..., 103). . : , , (..., 104). ,
: , : , , . . : , , . : , , (..., 104) . - , , , , . , , , ,
(...104 .), , , , , , , . : , ,
80
- , , (..., 105). : (..., 106). ( ) ( , ) , , ( ) ; : . , , (
1993, 113). , , : / , , ( Blake ), , , .. . , , , . , , ( 1993, 129
..). - - , , (Blake), , , , ; (...). , . ( ) , : , , , {.} , {..} (
1993, 160) , -. () .
81
- (. 2006, 209 ..), , . , : , , , . , , , ( , , ), , , , , , ,
.. ( .VII, 365 ..). , (: . ..., 185). - : , , , , , . , , , , . (
..., 351). : , (..., 381). , , . , , , , : . .. 82
.. : . ( ). , Plessner , . . , , . , , , , . (. 2003, 30). (.
2003, 30). Lacan, . , -, . (..., 31.). . Pestalozzi , . Giel (Giel
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, , . Hegel Husserl, , , , , , , . . , , , (). ; . - . : , ( ), , ,
-, , (..., 42). ,
83
. , , , . , . ( ), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ..., , . (
..., 381), , . , , , . (..., 167). . . , , , . , - - . , , (...,
181), () . , : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - - . , , . . Plessner,
. , , , , , . , . , , 84
. , . , , , ( ), - , , (. 2006, 169). ( ) . : , , , , - . , , ,
- : - - , , , . . , , . , , , ( 2011, 2). ; . - . , , , , ; . , - ,
. . , , , - -. , , , , , , , , . - , . . , , , .85
-, . , : , , (: 1993, 105). , ( 2009, Theodoropoulos 2011a,
2011b). . , , , , .. , , . , . - , , . . . . , , : - , . - , , (:
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