3 SQL

SQLStructured Query LanguageSQL SQLSQL

3.1 SQL 3.1.1 SQL3.1.1.1 SQL SQL1974CHAMBERLINBOYEESEQUEL(STUCTURED ENGLISH QUERY LANGUAGE)IBMSYSTEM R1981 IBMSQL/DSSQLSQL SYBASEINFORMIX ORACLEDB2INGRESFOXPROACCESS

3.1.1.2 SQL SQLSQLSQL1. 1982AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD INSTITUTEANSISQL2. 1986SQLSQL863. 1987ISOSQL864. 1989ISOSQL86SQL895. 1992ISOSQL92SQL26. SQL99SQL3

3.1.2 SQLBASE TABLEVIEW

STUDENT(SNO,SNAME,SSEX,SAGE,SDEPT)STUDENT_MALE(SNO,SNAME,SAGE,SDEPT)STUDENTSSEX=SNO,SNAME,SAGE,SDEPTSTUDENT_MALESTUDENT_MALE

3.1 SQL SQL3.1

3.1.3 SQLSQLSQLSQLSQLDBA

5. SQL:QUERYDEFINITIONMANIPULATIONCONTROL

SQL SERVER 1.12

3.2 SQL SQLDATA DEFINITION LANGUAGEDDL3.2.1 SQLSQL SERVER 91. BIT, INT , SMALLINT, TINYINT2. NUMERICDECIMALDECIMAL123.08000.56

3. FLOATREAL1.23E+104. DATETIMESMALLDATETIME1998-06-08 15:30:005. CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT6. UNICODEUNICODENCHAR, NVARCHARNTEXTUNICODE27. BINARY, VARBINARYIMAGE OX5F3C

8. MONEY SMALLMONEY123.00009. UNIQUEIDENTIFIER TIMESTAMPTIMESTAMPUNIQUEIDENTIFIER

3.2.2

3.2.2.1 SQL ServerSQL SERVERSP_ADDLOGIN sp_addlogin [ @loginame = ] 'login' [ , [ @passwd = ] 'password' ] [ , [ @defdb = ] 'database' ] [@loginame =] 'login' [@passwd =] 'password' [@defdb =] 'database'

3.1 ZHANGSAN123 sp_addlogin ZHANGSAN, 123,pubs

3.2.2.2 SP_GRANTDBACCESS sp_grantdbaccess [@loginame =] 'login' [,[@name_in_db =] 'name_in_db'

[@loginame =] login [@name_in_db =] 'name_in_db' [OUTPUT] 3.2 sp_grantdbaccess zhangsan,zhangsan

3.2.2.3 / sp_revokedbaccess '' sp_droplogin

3.2.2.4 LOGIN NAME USER NAME login nameuser name user namelogin name

3.2.2 CREATE DATABASE 3.2.3 3.2.3.1 1. 1128#AT(@)23.23

UNICODEBINARYVARBINARYIMAGE12345.67883

NPSBINARY(N) -------- BINARY(10)CHAR(N) -------- CHAR(20)NUMERIC(P,[S]) ------- NUMERIC(8,3)INT41001044NULLDEFAULTDEFAULT

2. SQLSQLCREATE TABLECREATE TABLE ([{|}])

128S,SC,C[DEFAULT] [{}]DEFAULT

3.4 USE STUDENTCREATE TABLE S(SNO CHAR(8) ,SN VARCHAR(20),AGE INT,SEX CHAR(2) DEFAULT '' ,DEPT VARCHAR(20));SEX

3. SQL SERVER,[ CONSTRAINT ]

SQL SERVER1NULL/NOT NULLNULLNULL0NULLNOT NULL[CONSTRAINT ][NULL|NOT NULL]

3.5 SSNONOT NULLUSE STUDENTCREATE TABLE S(SNO CHAR(10) CONSTRAINT S_CONS NOT NULLSN VARCHAR(20),AGE INT,SEX CHAR(2) DEFAULT ,DEPT VARCHAR(20));SNONOT NULLNULLS_CONS

USE STUDENTCREATE TABLE S(SNO CHAR(10) NOT NULL ,SN VARCHAR(20),AGE INT,SEX CHAR(2) DEFAULT '' ,DEPT VARCHAR(20));

2UNIQUEUNIQUEUNIQUENULLUNIQUEUNIQUE[CONSTRAINT ] UNIQUE3.6 SSNUSE STUDENTCREATE TABLE S(SNO CHAR(6),SN CHAR(8) CONSTRAINT SN_UNIQ UNIQUE,SEX CHAR(2),AGE NUMERIC(2));

SN_UNIQUSE STUDENTCREATE TABLE S(SNO CHAR(6),SN CHAR(8) UNIQUE,SEX CHAR(2),AGE NUMERIC(2));

UNIQUE

[CONSTRAINT ] UNIQUE[{,}]

3.7 SSN+SEXUSE STUDENTCREATE TABLE S ( SNO CHAR(5),SN CHAR(8),SEX CHAR(2),CONSTRAINT S_UNIQ UNIQUE(SN,SEX));SN+SEX

3PRIMARY KEYPRIMARY KEYNULL

PRIMARY KEYUNIQUEPRIMARY KEYUNIQUEPRIMARY KEYUNIQUEUNIQUEPRIMARY KEYPRIMARY KEY

PRIMARY KEYCONSTRAINT PRIMARY KEY

3.8 SSNOSUSE STUDENTCREATE TABLE S(SNO CHAR(5) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT S_PRIM PRIMARY KEY,SN CHAR(8),AGE NUMERIC(2));

PRIMARY KEY [CONSTRAINT ]S PRIMARY KEY ([{}])

3.9 SCSNO+CNOSCUSE STUDENTCREATE TABLE SC(SNO CHAR(5) NOT NULL,CNO CHAR(5) NOT NULL,SCORE NUMERIC(3),CONSTRAINT SC_PRIM PRIMARY KEY(SNO,CNO));

4FOREIGN KEYFOREIGN KEYFOREIGN KEY[CONSTRAINT ] FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES ([{}])

3.10 SCSNO,CNOSCUSE STUDENTCREATE TABLE SC(SNO CHAR(5) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT S_FORE FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES S(SNO),CNO CHAR(5) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT C_FORE FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES C(CNO),SCORE NUMERIC(3),CONSTRAINT S_C_PRIM PRIMARY KEY (SNO,CNO));

5CHECKCHECK0-100CHECK[CONSTRAINT ] CHECK ()3.10 SCSCORE 0100USE STUDENTCREATE TABLE SC(SNO CHAR(5),CNO CHAR(5),SCORE NUMERIC(5,1) CONSTRAINT SCORE_CHK CHECK(SCORE>=0 AND SCORE

3.11 USE STUDENTCREATE TABLE S(SNO CHAR(6) CONSTRAINT S_PRIM PRIMARY KEY,SN CHAR(8) CONSTRAINT SN_CONS NOT NULL,AGE NUMERIC(2) CONSTRAINT AGE_CONS NOT NULLCONSTRAINT AGE_CHK CHECK (AGE BETWEEN 15 AND 50),SEX CHAR(2) DEFAULT '',DEPT CHAR(10) CONSTRAINT DEPT_CONS NOT NULL);

3.2.3.2 SQLALTER TABLE1. ADDCREATE TABLEALTER TABLE ADD |

3.12 SUSE STUDENTALTER TABLE S ADDCLASS_NO CHAR(6),ADDRESS CHAR(40)

NULLNOT NULL 3.13 SCSCORE0-100USE STUDENTALTER TABLE SC ADD CONSTRAINT SCORE_CHK CHECK(SCORE BETWEEN 0 AND 100)

2. ALTER ALTER TABLEALTER COLUMN [NULL|NOT NULL]

3.14 SSNO8USE STUDENTALTER TABLE S ALTER COLUMNSNO CHAR(8)

NOT NULLNULL|NOT NULL

3.DROPALTER TABLEDROP CONSTRAINT

3.15 SAGE_CHKUSE STUDENTALTER TABLE SDROP CONSTRAINT AGE_CHK

3.2.3.3 RENAMERENAME TO 3.16 SSTUDENTUSE STUDENT RENAME S TO STUDENT

3.2.3.4 DROP TABLE

3.17 STUDENTUSE STUDENT DROP TABLE STUDENT

3.2.5 3.2.5.1 SQLSQLSQL SERVER 1. 2.

3.2.5.2 1. 2. PRIMARY KEYPRIMARY KEYUNIQUESQL SERVERPRIMARY KEYSQL SERVERPRIMARY KEY3.

3.2.5.3 CREATE INDEXCREATE [UNIQUE] [CLUSTER] INDEX ON ( [] [{,}] [])

UNIQUECLUSTERASCDESCASC3.18 SCSNOCNOUSE STUDENTCREATE UNIQUE INDEX SCI ON SC(SNO,CNO)

SCSCISNOCNOSCSNOSNOCNOUNIQUE(SNO,CNO)

3.19 TTNCREATE CLUSTER INDEX TI ON T(TN)TTITTN

1. 2. 3.2.5.4 DROP INDEXDROP INDEX .

3.20 SCSCIDROP INDEX SC.SCI

3.3 SQL3.3.1 SELECTSQLSELECTSELECTSELECT[{}]FROM[{}][WHERE][GROUP BY [HAVING ]][ORDER BY [ASC|DESC]];

SELECTSELECT[ALL|DISTINCT][TOP N [PERCENT][WITH TIES]]1 [AS 1][, 2 [ AS 2]][INTO ]FROM 1[[AS] 1][INNER|RIGHT|FULL|OUTER][OUTER]JOIN 2 [[AS] 2]ON

SELECT:WHEREFROMSELECTGROUPGROUPHAVINGHAVINGORDER

3.21 SELECT SNO, SN, AGE FROM S

3.22 SELECT * FROM S * S

3.23 SELECT DISTINCT SNO FROM SC

WHERE

3.24 SELECT SNAME NAME, SNO, AGE FROM SNAMESNAME

3.3.2WHEREWHERE1 2 3 3.8

3.3.2.1 3.25 C1SELECT SNO,SCORE FROM SC WHERE CNO=C1

3.26 85SELECT SNO,CNO,SCORE FROM SC WHERE SCORE>85

3.3.2.2 WHEREANDORNOTNOTANDOR

3.27 C1C285SELECT SNOCNOSCOREFROM SCWHERECNO=C1 OR CNO=C2 AND SCORE>=85

3.3.2.3 3.28 10001500SELECT TNO,TN,PROFFROM TWHERE SAL BETWEEN 1000 AND 1500SELECT TNO,TN,PROFFROM TWHERE SAL>=1000 AND SAL

3.29 10001500SELECT TNO,TN,PROFFROM TWHERE SAL NOT BETWEEN 1000 AND 15003.2.2.4 IN3.30 C1C2SELECT SNO, CNO, SCORE FROM SC WHERE CNO IN(C1, C2)OR

SELECT SNO, CNO, SCORE FROM SC WHERE CNO=C1 OR CNO= C2NOT IN 3.31 C1C2SELECT SNO, CNO, SCORE FROM SC WHERE CNO NOT IN(C1, C2)SELECT SNO, CNO, SCORE FROM SC WHERE CNO!=C1 AND CNO!= C2

3.3.2.5 LIKENOT LIKELIKE LIKE %_ 3.32 SELECT TNO, TN FROM TWHERE TN LIKE %

3.33 SELECT TNO, TN FROM TWHERE TN LIKE _ _%3.3.2.6NULL

3.34 SELECT SNO, CNOFROM SCWHERE SCORE IS NULLIS NULLSCORE=NULL

3.2.2SQL3.2

3.35 S1SELECT SUM(SCORE) AS TotalScore, AVG(SCORE) AS AveScoreFROM SCWHERE (SNO = 'S1')

SUMAVG

3.36 C1SELECT MAX(SCORE) AS MaxScore, MIN(SCORE) AS MinScore, MAX(SCORE) - MIN(SCORE) AS DiffFROM SCWHERE (CNO = 'C1')

3.37 SELECT COUNT(SNO) FROM SWHERE DEPT=''

3.38 SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT DEPT) AS DeptNum FROM SDISTINCTDEPTCOUNT

3.39 SELECT COUNT (SCORE) FROM SC

3.40 COUNT(*)SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SWHERE DEPT=

COUNT*DISTINCT

3.3.3 GROUP BY

3.42 SELECT TNO,COUNT(*) AS C_NUMFROM TCGROUP BY TNO

GROUP BYTNOTNOCOUNT

HAVING

3.43 SELECT SNO,COUNT(*) AS SC_NUM FROM SCGROUP BY SNO HAVING COUNT(*)>=2

GROUP BYSNOSNOCOUNTHAVINGCOUNT*>=2

SQLWHEREGROUP BY HAVINGWHEREGROUP BY HAVING

WHEREHAVINGWHEREHAVINGGROUP BYGROUP BYHAVING

3.3.5 ORDER BYORDER BYDESCASC

3.44 C1 SELECT SNO, SCOREFROM SCWHERE CNO='C1'ORDER BY SCORE DESC

3.45 C2C3C4C5SELECT SNO,CNO, SCORE FROM SCWHERE CNO IN ('C2' ,'C3', 'C4','C5')ORDER BY SNO,SCORE DESC

3.46 SELECT SNO,SUM(SCORE) AS TotalScore FROM SCWHERE SCORE>=60GROUP BY SNOHAVING COUNT(*)>=3ORDER BY SUM(SCORE) DESC

1.FROMSC2.WHERESCORE>=603.GROUP BYSNO4.HAVING5.SELECT6.ORDER BY

ORDER BY SUM(SCORE) DESC ORDER BY 2 DESC2

3.3.6 1FROMWHERE2JOIN

INNER JOIN LEFT OUTER JOINNULLRIGHT OUTER JOINNULLFULL OUTER JOINNULLCROSS JOIN

JOIN FROMON

3.3.6.1 3.47 1SELECT T.TNO ,TN,CNOFROM T,TCWHERE (T.TNO = TC. TNO) AND (TN=)

TN=T.TNO = TC.TNO TNO[.] [.] ,

TNOTNTTNO TCTNOTNTNCNO

2SELECT T.TNO,TN,CNOFROM T INNER JOIN TC ON T.TNO=TC.TNO AND T.TN=''

3SELECT R2.TNO,R2.TN, R1.CNO FROM(SELECT TNO,CNO FROM TC ) AS R1INNER JOIN (SELECT TNO ,TN FROM TWHERE TN='') AS R2ON R1.TNO=R2.TNO

3.48 SELECT S.SNO,SN,CN,SCOREFROM S,C,SCWHERE S.SNO=SC.SNO AND SC.CNO=C.CNO

WHERE

3.3.6.2 3.49 TTXYX, Y T

1SELECT X.TN,X.SAL AS SAL_a,Y.SAL AS SAL_b FROM T AS X ,T AS Y WHERE X.SAL>Y.SAL AND Y.TN=''

2SELECT X.TN, X.SAL,Y.SAL FROM T AS X INNER JOIN T AS YON X.SAL>Y.SAL AND Y.TN=''

3SELECT R1.TN,R1.SAL, R2.SAL FROM (SELECT TN,SAL FROM T ) AS R1INNER JOIN (SELECT SAL FROM TWHERE TN='') AS R2ON R1.SAL>R2.SAL

3.50 1SELECT SN,AGE,CNFROM S,C,SCWHERE S.SNO=SC.SNO AND SC.CNO=C.CNO2SELECT R3.SNO,R3.SN,R3.AGE,R4.CNFROM(SELECT SNO,SN,AGE FROM S) AS R3INNER JOIN(SELECT R2.SNO,R1.CNFROM(SELECT CNO,CN FROM C) AS R1INNER JOIN (SELECT SNO,CNO FROM SC) AS R2ON R1.CNO=R2.CNO) AS R4ON R3.SNO=R4.SNO

3.3.6.3 3.483.483.51 SQL SELECT S.SNO,SN,CN,SCOREFROM SLEFT OUTER JOIN SCON S.SNO=SC.SNOLEFT OUTER JOIN CON C.CNO=SC.CNO

3.3.7 WHERESELECT-FROM-WHERE255SQL

3.3.7.1 =, >, =,

, SELECT TNO,TNFROM TWHERE PROF=

3.3.7.2 ANYALL1. ANY3.53 C5SELECT TNFROM TWHERE TNO=ANY (SELECT TNO FROM TC WHERE CNO='C5')

C5(T2,T3,T5)ANYT2T3T5

SELECT TNFROM T,TCWHERE T.TNO=TC.TNOAND TC.CNO='C5

3.54 SELECT TN,SALFROM TWHERE SAL>ANY (SELECT SAL FROM T WHERE DEPT='') AND DEPT!= '' /**/(1500,900)1500900

SELECT TN,SALFROM TWHERE SAL> (SELECT MIN(SAL ) FROM T WHERE DEPT='') AND DEPT!= MIN900900

2. ININ=ANY3.553.53SELECT TNFROM TWHERE TNO IN (SELECT TNO FROM TC WHERE CNO='C5')

3. ALLALL3.56 SELECT TN,SALFROM TWHERE SAL>ALL (SELECT SAL FROM T WHERE DEPT='') AND DEPT!=

(1500,900)1500

SELECT TN,SALFROM TWHERE SAL> (SELECT MAX(SAL )FROM T WHERE DEPT='') AND DEPT!=

MAX1500

3.57 C5SELECT DISTINCT TNFROM TWHERE 'C5' !=ALL (SELECT CNO FROM TC WHERE TNO=T.TNO)!=ALLNOT IN!=ALLTTNO

TC5 C5

4. EXISTSEXISTSEXISTSWHERENOT EXISTSINEXISTS

3.583.53SELECT TNFROM TWHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM TC WHERE TNO=T.TNOAND CNO='C5')

TCWHERETN

3.59 SELECT SN FROM S WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM C WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM SC WHERE SNO = S.SNO AND CNO=C.CNO))

SC

3.4 SQL SQLDML3.4.1 INSERT INTO

3.4.1.1 INSERT INTO [([,])] VALUES() VALUES

VALUES 3.60 SS721INSERT INTO SVALUES ('s7','','',21,'')INTOVALUES

3.4.1.2

3.61 SCS7,C1INSERT INTO SC (SNO,CNO)VALUES ('s7',c1')

VALUESINTOINTOSCORENOT NULL

3.4.1.3 INSERT INTO [([,])]3.62 AVGSALAVGSALCREATE TABLE AVGSAL(DEPARTMENT VARCHAR(20),AVGSAL SMALLINT)

TAVGSALINSERT INTO AVGSALSELECT DEPT,AVG(SAL) FROM TGROUP BY DEPT

2.4.2SQLUPDATEUPDATE SET = [,=][WHERE ]SETWHEREWHERE

3.4.2.1 3.63 UPDATE T SET DEPT='' WHERE TN=''

3.4.2.2 3.64 1UPDATE S SET AGE=AGE+1

3.65 100020%

UPDATE T SET SAL=1.2*SALWHERE PROF='' AND SAL

3.4.2.3

3.66 C5100UPDATE T SET COMN=COMN+100WHERE TNO IN (SELECT T.TNO FROM T,TCWHERE T.TNO=TC.TNOAND TC.CNO='C5')

C5

3.4.2.4

3.67 1.2

UPDATE TSET SAL =(SELECT 1.2*AVG(SAL) FROM T)

3.4.3 DELETEDELETE FROM[WHERE ]WHEREWHERE

3.4.3.1 3.68 DELETE FROM T WHERE TN=

3.4.3.2 3.69 DELETE FROM TCTC

3.4.3.3

3.70 DELETEFROM TC WHERE TNO= (SELECT TNO FROM T WHERE TN= )

3.5 3.5.1 3.5.1.1 CREATE VIEWCREATE VIEW [()]AS

1.2.ORDER BY DISTINCT

3.71 SUB_TCREATE VIEW SUB_TAS SELECT TNO,TN,PROFFROM T WHERE DEPT =''

SUB_TTNO,TN,PROFSUB_TTNO,TN,PROF

SELECT

3.72 S_SC_CCREATE VIEW S_SC_C(SNO, SN, CN, SCORE) AS SELECT S.SNO, SN, CN, SCOREFROM S, C, SCWHERE S.SNO = SC.SNO AND SC.CNO = C.CNO

SSCSNO

3.73 S_AVGCREATE VIEW S_AVG (SNO,AVG)AS SELECT SNO, AVG (SCORE)FROM SC GROUP BY SNO

AVG

3.5.1.2 DROP VIEW

3.74 SUB_TDROP VIEW SUB_T

3.5.2 3.75SUB_TSELECT TNO,TNFROM SUB_T WHERE PROF=''

SUB_TTView Resolution,SELECT TNO,TNFROM T WHERE DEPT =AND PROF=

3.5.3

3.5.3.1 INSERT3.76 SUB_TT6INSERT INTO SUB_TVALUES ('T6','','')SUB_TTINSERT INTO TVALUES (T6, )

3.5.3.2 UPDATE3.77 SUB_T UPDATE SUB_T SET PROF = ''WHERE TN =

UPDATE TSET PROF=WHERE TN=AND DEPT=

3.5.3.3 DELETE3.78 SUB_TDELETE FROM SUB_TWHERE TN=DELETE FROM TWHERE TN= AND DEPT=

1. ,2. 3.753.

3.6 SQL SQLDCL(Data Control Language)3.6.1 3.6.1.1SQL

SQL SERVERCREATE TABLESELECTINSERTUPDATEDELETE3.6.1.2

3.6.2 3.6.2.1 SQLGRANTGRANT | [,|]TO ||PUBLIC[,|][WITH ADMIN OPTION]:PULBICWITH ADMIN OPTION

3.79 ZHANGSANCREATE TABLEGRANT CREATE TABLE TO ZHANGSAN

3.6.2.2 REVOKEREVOKE | [,|]FROM ||PUBLIC[,|]3.80 ZHANGSANCREATE TABLEREVOKE CREATE TABLE FROM ZHANGSAN

3.6.3 3.6.3.1 SQLGRANTGRANT ALL|[([,])][,]ON TO ||PUBLIC[,|][WITH GRANT OPTION]

ALLINSERTUPDATEONWITH ADMIN OPTION

3.81 STUSER1USER2GRANT ALLON S,TTO USER1,USER2

3.82 CGRANT SELECTON CTO PUBLIC

3.83 TUSER3,GRANT SELECT,UPDATE(PROF)ON TTO USER3WITH grant OPTIONUSER3GRANTUSER3USER4:GRANT SELECT,UPDATE(PROF)ON TTO USER4

3.6.3.2 REVOKEREVOKE | [,|]FROM ||PUBLIC[,|]

3.84 USER1CREVOKE SELECT ON CFROM USER1

3.85 USER3TREVOKE SELECT,UPDATE(PROF)ON TFROM USER3 cascade

3.83USER3TUSER4USER3TUSER4T

SQL SERVERSQLSQLSQL3.393.3 SQL