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(r.nt.. .1rl.. n.+.Itr.. +cnnln. `rc+nt ,.n.!r.. .l,.1n. n. ,lnr.. c,nrn+n+nnl.r. c,nrn+n+nnl.r. c,nrn+n+nnl.r. c,nrn+n+nnl.r.(Evolutionaryperspective)tn+c,nnt+nn,+.. r+cn, I.1t t.+t +,nmn n. +l,.crn .n.`.,rnt +lnlcl.t n+ .r.nnt t.uc1. r+ tn+nrn l.rn +ncnlnm \cnt ,.l+.c.n nm.rnn.. r.m. lr,c .n`.,r +n1lt ++t.Irn.. c,rcn+n+nnl.r. c,rcn+n+nnl.r. c,rcn+n+nnl.r. c,rcn+n+nnl.r.(Culturalperspective).+,l,t+,nt+n11ntn. n,nt rt-c,rc tI..1 .mt. c,rcn +n+nnl.r. c,rcn +n+nnl.r. c,rcn +n+nnl.r. c,rcn +n+nnl.r. .++n+nnl.rnt\.r++.n,lcn+,nt+n11nt.n.n,ntrt-c,rc tI.t t\.cl. c,rcn +n+nnl.r. +lnlc.ln `.tIn. n+rn,n.1.r+tn+c,nrnc.1n+,.nInr.n+(.r..n.+n.lnt lnt,.,ntn.t.crl,,n.tn.nct+Icnmmr.ln.l.t..c 35 c.tnt.+rnct,r,ln(Gergenetal;1996).c,rcnu.cntt.m.l.n ,.m.cnt\nl.rmnn.n+.rntn,lnm,ntn.r.t.,,cntI+t. +.,.cnm.n.+cr+.nuc.nt\.clnmn.cncnmmr.ln.ln. ..ln.l.+rnc+1.rnn.-n(nIncm+-12-m.n).c,rcnu.cn nuc..t.tnttI.n.tI.rn.+.,.cnm.n.+r.crn+tcnt n.r..-t.n.nlnmn(m.n+-11-).rt-c,rcntn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lct .nl,rtm. (c. .n.+n.lt I. .rtcn mrnn. m r n\r. t`,nnr ``c.,nt. rt-c,rcn+n+nnl.r.tn+c,nrncntmnm++nt(c.tr1 r,cn.:1+++ntm.r.c,r..n.+n.lnt+nrt.+(.rt.t++.1? ,.l.`nrtm.r.l.t.+(.rt.t++.t?r,r1+++ntc,r..nt ,.lnm.r.1?r,r1+++ntc,rcn,.l\(n+I,cnt.t.nt ,.+,nnc.1? ,.l.`nrt c,r. t.m.rn m.nt .t++.t? 1+++nt m .r. c,r.n+.1.mr,r,.+I.,.t.n.+n.ln+,nt?,.l.`nrtm.r. c,r.n+.t.mr.+,t,.l.Ir,nctnlnnnnn?1+++ntm.r. c,r. n+.1. m r. 1+nm ,.ln,nn.l .n.+n.ln tn+nr .cnct? .+,.rnnmIntn.t+nmc,rcn+n+nnl.r.Inr.nntmn.tlt ,.uct. r+cn, tI. +n+.rmcnt +nr \.+(lc m1ntt \nl..t+n,.. +.,.cnm.n.+c.rm..1rnm.rnnntmrnnt+r..cn.t`+,n.r+nt.n.,. lntc,rnt.,.lrt+n,+t.1,.nt..+,.rnnn.rnn .lmr`c,+.rlntc.+.cnltn+(BronislavMalinowski),.+m+.1927\ctn. rnnnt+.+.1,l,rnrcnmrn..I.cn,nlnt+.,.cnmntt.uc1 ,..rn,n..t.n.,.Innn.1.,l,rnrcn..+rn,.n.c,rcn +n+nnl.r.+nnlt.r+tn+nnl.+nrn+n+nnl.rnt1,nrmnnc. .r.t\rn..c,rnttI.n.tI..n.tn+nnnr,.m.cnt\nlcnln.n(t. rnt., .n.+n.lnt ,.+,nncnt t.I n.tlnt ,.l1,.n.t .Inlm. +n+nnl.rnt n.r.: .,rtnnt +.,.cnmn +n+nnl.rnt n.r.: .,rtnnt +.,.cnmn +n+nnl.rnt n.r.: .,rtnnt +.,.cnmn +n+nnl.rnt n.r.: .,rtnnt +.,.cnmn nnn+n+nnl.r.tI.n.tI.n..1..,cnn.,.ltI.c.nt+nt +,.. ,Irncn 1.1. ..+t .+ +n+nnl.rt.,Irncn 1.1. m.l.+nr tn+c,nnt nnn +n+nnl.rnt n.r. ,Irncn 1.1. m.l.+nr tn+c,nnt nnn +n+nnl.rnt n.r. ,Irncn 1.1. m.l.+nr tn+c,nnt nnn +n+nnl.rnt n.r. ,Irncn 1.1. m.l.+nr tn+c,nnt nnn +n+nnl.rnt n.r. +n+nnl.r. +n+nnl.r. +n+nnl.r. +n+nnl.r.r,r t+ntr,r t+ntr,r t+ntr,r t+nt+,nt+,nt+,nt+,ntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcnt 36 .n.+n.lnt l. .n.+n.lnt l. .n.+n.lnt l. .n.+n.lnt l.n,r+nl.l, n,r+nl.l, n,r+nl.l, n,r+nl.l,n nn n tn tn tn tnunrnm.nnunrnm.nnunrnm.nnunrnm.nn m+n m+n m+n m+n nc,nrn`.tnrn ++.lnt,rn ++nnr.. n+n+nrn `r,tn ,nln n. lrcn tnt,+nt `r,tn +,nt n. tn+nrn `r,tnt n+n+nrn t.ucn tn+nnl.+nrn nlt,nl+,nm +.rmcn ++nnr.. .nrcn ,.+,nnc. .r.,lnrn c,cn. lcn+,n +,.. r,r, .r.,lnrn +,nnt ,.r,.ln ,.+I.,. n.nrnt,cn r.,nrt t,n+c1. nuc. +ntn ,c. ,.r+. t,n+cnt +,cn `nrn lr,cn ,.r,.ln r+,nn +,. n. +ntn t,n+cn. +n11n n. n,n .+.lnt,rn.+,nrn. t.1tr `,l,n.cnt ++l `,l,nr.n t.m.rn m.nt.n+n +n+.rmcn .n.+n.lnt ,.+,nnc. n. `,l,n.cn ,Irnt `.,rln .tcn. +n1ln ,ln,rn+++nnm.n .+,nrn. r.,nrt t,n+c1 t,n+cnt +,cn `nrn. tn+nrn `r,tn tn+nrn `r,tn. l. +,nmn nlnn.,rnt t..cnm t\.cncn tn+nrn `r,tn c,nrn`ctn,,lnt rnt `rc+nt ,.n.!r.1 .n.`,.,n.,.n.rlnt +n1lnm ,.lnm.rcn nt+c,nr,.lnm.rnt .n.`,rn l+,nnt 37 .n.`,nrcnn .n.`,.,n.m.ct.1rntnm ,.lInccn tn+nrn ++.ln1+n c,rcnn,c. c,rnt 1,.clnm c,rcn lr+n n.+nncnt. (attitudes) n. +,nt rt-c,rcn t++n .n.+n.lnt ,.+,nncnt lnrt.crn n. c,rc.n t`,nnrn .t`+,n +.,.cnmnt.mnt+cn,.lnIncm.r,r.Itlnn.mnmcntmrn. .,rtnnt .+,t. n+.t. m r.,+ n+,n.l .n.+n.ln .,rtnc.n. (c. t +nn,+. n( ,.+(lcn .,rtnnt. n. u.c.nnt lnt ,.,nt +,ncnt.t. mnmcn +n+.rmcnt.mnt+,(.t+crnt+nrt.ucn,.+m++cn+t.1rn n. t.ucn ,.lIr,nccn +t`rn+l,n. nc,nrn. ncl ,nlnt lr,cn tnt,+nt rct .,rtn.n. ntnln tI.n.tI.r,nlt.t,n+cnrln.+n,.+nm,.+\cnt,r+,nc +++nt .n+tnrl. .,rm. t\.cl. r.n+ lr+nn.l ,.n.Ir. I+ .r .rnt trncn+ccnt,nln.I+.r.rntn..nrcn+.cnt.,rtn. +lt,r.cr ,ncm.l. tn+nnl.+nrn...lcn1l.,rtn.t.r,r,r.+,n.trt,r.,n.1. r+ct.,tn.+lnt+nt\ntn.rcnn\t.r,rn,...+.,.cnm.n. t.+.rmc Ic+ut.lcn. t +n+nnl.r. .,rtn.t (rt. r,r, ..n +cnt +n+.rm ,.l,nncn +,rnt ,.n.,.l.t 1rn.trc .t.n. n.nrnt,cn..n,lt\.rtcn.nlncn.,rtncn+,nt,.l+,n,nt .+,t.m+.m.+t\.c+c.tcnt..lm.l.,ctn..r,(+.n.t1n+,n (r.ntntt.,.ln,.In..t+nn,+..+,n,t.r+.n+cnt.,.l .,rtnc +`(r.t t\.cl n. +n, m.nt nct., .t `(rn.l. 38 .+.lnt,rn.nctn+`nrlctnrctn.t,n.cr`nrt. r+cn,Ict\(t.,rtncn.mnm+1tn.,.+,nnc.tn..r. ..r+lnc ,.lnmr.t. ,ln,rn.t\.ct+,rc.1rtn..l,.1nt.r+ct.,.n.+n.ln u.c.nnt .+,nt (rnt.t ,.ln,nnt. nct nc+n .rtcn .,rtnnt. +.m rnt`rl,r.ncnu.c.nnt,.cl.tn.r.tntI+.rnt.n+n. ,.`.,nrnt.n+n n. +nt.n+n n.+nnc.1. c,nrn.,.lnInc.t.r.`nrnt,.+,.In..,rtn..n.`,.,nrn (.n.`,rn)+,..nrcn.n.+n.lnt.mnt..n,lttn+c,nr++.ln1+t. r+cn, `.tInt+,cn. .,rtncn +,nt tc+,nr \.r+.1. c,rcn.,.lnInc.t.r,r.clln.Itln.l.,rtn.ttI.ntI. c,rnt \.r++.n,lcn. r,r 1+++nl c,rcn u.cn .,rtncn +,nt tI.n.tI. ,n`nt ,.+clnt .c.m.1.ras akeTeben fsiqologebi t.+.rntnn,nmtn+c,nntt.I.r.m.ntnmIn.+.(.cnm. r+cn,tn+c,nrncnt+mcnn.`.1lt +n,.t.nmInt.+,.rn tn. r++,+1.nnl.m.tI.n.tI.n.r,nttn+c,ntt.+t`r,trt Innm. 1.2 ,Irncn.+,.rn nmInt lcn rtn.. +(.lncn t..+ntn n.r,ntnt+c,nt+nmnmnm.mnr,.+m.m+lnt.m.rnnmInttn. .+\rm.,.n.I.1mmnmcnnmI..r,r,n+nt`.tIt.+nnmI.m.+ \n,ln.,Irncn 1.2. tn+c,nrn cnt +r..crl. ,Irncn 1.2. tn+c,nrn cnt +r..crl. ,Irncn 1.2. tn+c,nrn cnt +r..crl. ,Irncn 1.2. tn+c,nrn cnt +r..crl. nmI. nmI. nmI. nmI.nl `.tIt .+ nmI.t? nl `.tIt .+ nmI.t? nl `.tIt .+ nmI.t? nl `.tIt .+ nmI.t? r,r ln. ,.n.!r.l .n.+n.l+. m m.n.lmn (cntnrn `rc+n? cnlnrn tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn tn+n.,rn tn+c,n ltc,.l,n(counceling psychologist) m+nt tn+c,n (community psychologist) 39 r,r nl.I. +,ln ,nln?n-tn+c,n tn+.r+.c,n r,r ,nucn. .t\.cm u.tct ru.lnt trc.? +t`rn+l,cn tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn +,nt .l.cn,ntn r.,+ r nItl (cmnt nlr+.,n.t. r+cn, l.+nnc.n n,n? ,ln,rn tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn ,ln,rn +,lnrnt \.r++.n,lcn r.,+ ,.ltI.nn.l .n.+n.ln rm+.lmnt.,.l? `nrlnt tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn +,nt ,l,ntn r,r +.t "m.l.,cm. 1\c."?t,n.crn tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn r. n,n.l nc+. t.+(.rt t.I?,.lnm.rnt tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn r.,+ n\t +n n`rtn.t +n t.+.?r+nt tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn .n.+n.lnt .+,rnt tn+c,n r,r ln. +`(r.t +.t\.ccn ".+r" +t\.ct? ,.l.mcnt tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn tcnt tn+c,n r.,+ Inn ,n.n (cn ,.+,nnt \nl?.l+rmcnt tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn r.,I.nn n( r.cncn n.l..cnt .nlnt nrt? t.t.+.rmc tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn r.,+ +n!nrt tlm+. .c.mrmnt +lnlc.ln +.,nt nrt? t`r,nt tn+c,nnt \.r++.n,lcn .c.m.+nInnm.r++tcnnu.cn.lrntn+c,n..,.+cn .lt.r+.+.mnr.nl.500000-t.!.rt.+.m,.l62-n.l82.m.t.+n 40 tn+c,nrncnttrn+t.\t(nIncmtr.mn1.2).+.rm.cn.. tn+c,nt`r,l,nn.t.cmntnlnt,rnc+(ln+,n..tI.+r..c +(.l.n,n1rn.nl,rtntn+c,nnt+n+.rm.tn+c,nrn+,lnrnt t.rm.rnt.nrn64+(lnttn+c,n.,.rmn.lcnr1l,.n,n (Rozenzweig,1999a). .+rnnt tn+c,m. .t,n.,n.t (APA) 1998 \cnt ct 155 000 \rn(.n.+tcnt(c.mInn.lcrn(Fowler,1999).nnrmn t.rm.rnt r,.ln1.,n.. .+rnnt tn+c,m. t.1,.n. (APS). 16 000-1 +, \rt.rmn.ltn.tn+c,nntrt.+,lnr.t`+,1.tnrcn. nnr cnlnr. +rl.cnt +I.r1. tr.1.2.tn+c,m.t.+.tr.1.2.tn+c,m.t.+.tr.1.2.tn+c,m.t.+.tr.1.2.tn+c,m.t.+. ,.r+ ,.r+ ,.r+ ,.r+ l.ln. tI.n.tI. .n,nc.t ++. tn+c,m. `r,l,n .+rnnt tn+c,m. .t,n.,nnt tn+c,nnt n+,rnt ..n+nrn I.rntInt ++l \rm. rnt .,.rcn ,.+nmInt +nInnm. tr. 1.3. +.cnt.mnt +nln! tr. 1.3. +.cnt.mnt +nln! tr. 1.3. +.cnt.mnt +nln! tr. 1.3. +.cnt.mnt +nln!cncncncn tn+c,nnt n+,rnt I.rntInttn+c,nnt n+,rnt I.rntInttn+c,nnt n+,rnt I.rntInttn+c,nnt n+,rnt I.rntInt `r,l,n `r,l,n `r,l,n `r,l,n ,.tcn 30 \cnt ,.l+.c.n .+ +Irn +.cn +,t.t .n,ll .r,.,nnrn.mn+nt,.,..r+ tn+c,nntc.,n.`r.+,n., 24,52,93,7132233,9t...n+(n.cnlnn. tI.t.+t.Irn 24.5..n+nrnn.\tcn 33.9n.n,lcn. 2.9tcn n. tI.t.,.l+.l.mccn.\tcn 3.7n1ltn. +m.r. 13.0n.+nncn`r.+,n. 22.00102030405060701971 1981 1991 1997tn+c,nnt n+,rnt I.rntInt +\l +.cnt `r,l,cn \ncn 41 +.+..,ntn+nlnrnm+n+nnl.rn..+.,r.++,nrr.nlnm+.c+. tn+c,+..rtnmn\cncnn,.lt.+trn(RussoandDenmark,1987; ScarboroughandFuromoto,1987).1894\ct+.r,.r,rl+.+.r,.r,rl+.+.r,.r,rl+.+.r,.r,rl+.(MargaretWashburn) rlcnt lnrtn,,n n..+m.r. n. +.cn `nrc+. +nnt n+,rntI.rntIn. +.l n.\r. ,lncn t.Ic+ut.lc ",Icnt ,l.". 1895 \ct +rn .cnlt+.+rn .cnlt+.+rn .cnlt+.+rn .cnlt+. (Mary Calkins) \.rnlnm n..+m.r. ..r.rnnt lnrtn,,nt n+,r.l,r.. +.,r.+ .n+nlnt,r.,n.+.t.r.ucn.n+,rntI.rntIt..+ntn.+nIn..n..cnltn \.r+.,cn+c.rnn..+rnnttn+c,m..t,n.,nnt`nrcn+.cn `r1nnl,n,.In...l.rnn+..l.rnn+..l.rnn+..l.rnn+.(AnnaFreud)+lnlc.ln\cncnn,.l. tn+.l.cn1nt`r.+,n.n.\.+(.ln+.cn+crntr+tt.Ic+ut.lcn .r.rmIc Innm. m.l.+nr tn+c,n.n +.cn n. +.+..,n rmcn.n n1n.rl mrnnt n.`r.+,nnt\.r+.,t.r,r,1.3tr.m1.l.ln.n+,rntI.rntInt +,t..+.+.n+.ct.+m`nlnn.tI.(Pionetal;1996)n.t,lnl,n.21- t.ln +(.r.n l.rln. +nrn n. ncn.+tn (Murray and Williams, 1999). r., r +,n\cncn.+ttn+c,.t.n.+n.lntt\.cntt.++n.+nm+,nn.+,n .n.+n.ln - +.cn n. .,n. t.1,.nnt (c. t,+l,nt \.r++.n,lcn +ntnt .+ .rnr.t.m+l,1.t.n,.I.rm.n+nn,.+t.r+tn+c,n.n.,Ir.tnrt +,1.r.n.r+cn,t.t.+cnlcntn.+lnmn.t.+.Itr ++l,nm. n.n\(m. .l. r,r, n,.cncn n,(n.l. "\.nnm!" (andiamo!).+. .+. .+. .+. .nrtn+c,t+n.ln.m.r+tn+c,nrn`r,tnn,r+nln1+nt n+,rnlnm..+.rmcn-tn+nrnn.n1nrn+cln,.l`nrcn. lr,cn+n11nm.rm-rmn.nrcn+nn,+..t,r+,r.cn1+n..+,l,t tn+nrnl..rtt.n.+,ntt,r+,r.1.mn..+r+nn,+.. l+,nl.cn1n n - +,nt l+,n.1.m.l.+nrtn+c,n.nnunrnm.n+n+nnl.r.t+n,.t:nc,nrn +n+nnl.r.t\.ct+n+.rm.t+,.t.n.,nlnt++.ln1+trnt. tn+nnl.+nrn+n+.rmcnt.mnt+,.,lnrnn..r.,lnrn +,n.,nnm..,.+\cn.n.nrnt,cn+n+.rmcnt.mnt+,.,.r,.ln t,n+crn`nrnm..,.l`nrcn..+.lnt,rn+n+.rmcnt.mnt.+,l,n 42 mn.nlnnnnntnl.,.ll.r1+n.t\nt`nrlc1rn.t(nlnnnn.cr ,cnc.t).,ln,rn+n+.rmcnt.mnt+m..rn.nttn+nrn`r,tn. r+cn,+,nmr.+,n11+++nt.c,nrn+n+.rmcnt.mnt+,. ,.n.rlnt.mntrucnt.t,.r+tm.l,ntn,n..n.ct.c,rcn +n+.rmcnt.mnt +,. n. +ntn nl,r`r,.,n. c,rnt l,+t,n ,.lnInc.. tn+c,n nmI.m. nnn nn.`.1lt `.tIl. tn+c,nt `rtn. ,.tcn r.+nln+.m\ccnt+.lunc1n,.c..+ntnm.ct.\nrnr nl,rl.,nl.crn ,.In. n. +, +.ct +nmcnt.fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: vifiqroT momavalze t+c,nntn.,Irnt.+,.+,+.t+ctnn..+.,m.r+cn, tn+c,n.n.r,r,+,lnr.n++In.r,cnct.r\rt21-t.ln ,.n.tc.tm.lrm.n..+m.n+cn.t\rm.mr,rn,.c.t nnt,n`cnl.,.tcn100\cnt,.l+.c.n.,.lt.mrnm.mrncn +n+nnl.rnt mInm. r.t +,n,.lt +n,n 100 \cn? ..r... r+ tn+c,nntnl..rtn n. `r.+,n. ++..cn n,c..+.rm.cn.. 1,nrmn t.nmIn. r+ct., tn+c,n t\.cl. nr1 .r .rnt n.+nncn.+.,.cnm.n.r,rn.lnt.mntntunrnm.nn`r,tn.+.,r.+ .rttntmnt.nmIn,.r+cn,lr,cnrt+.+t.+.,.cnm.n. +-17- n.+-18-m.n,.lInccnt,n.crntn+c,nntcnt+,t.n+ +,lnr+.\.+n\(t.nl,,nncn.,.,.r.u.c+.,.l.`nr.+r +tcn+ntt.nlc.ln.lrn\nl.t\.r+,(cm.r+cn t.1,.nrnn+ur..n`(rt+tcnt21-t.ln.+.,r.+ n.l.+nncnm,nucn.m+.m.r+tn+c,nn.(lcnr.,nr.t +.Inll.+t.nmI1n.+.mt\.c.tn.n\(l.tn+c,nrc.1 .,rmnnn,.cl.t+.Inltnt,+lc,nrntn.Icn.r+cn, .n.+n.lt. n. c,rt rnt +.lunct .+,nrt. nl,rl,nt ,.+ 21- t.ln nnnn +lnlc. +nln!. tI.n.tI. c,rnt +t,.tnt. n. tI.nt t.nmIt.,+lc,nrntn.Iclntn+c,nntcnt+mn1,n+lnt,.cl.t. r.n,.ltn+nrn`r,tntcnt.t20-t.lntct.rmn ,.+n(ln. +`n,rn n. ,nlnt t.t\.cn tI. +\(ncn. r+c1, ln,tn.+ntc,t\.r+n,l.,n.r.+ln.m.nnrn.I\ncn 43 ,+lc,nrn+nt\ntn,.n+crtt..c.+n,+.m1n+n\lnm 1t,.n ,..rnl. r. +n+.rm.. tn+nr `r,tt. n. ,nlnt .+,n.t rnt. .t. ,l,nrn cnt ,+lc,nrn n.r.tnt ,.lnm.r.+ t.uc. t\r..n ,.ctnt,1n.r+cnm.,+crn.,.cllnt.n..t1rnnt 1,.cl.t mnmcn nlnnnnnt ,Ir.n..+,n`ntt.nmIt-nl.,nntn+c,nntnl..rtt.n.`r.+,n.n- +n+.rm.m t\rn .+ t`,n.cr t+,n.n. tn+c,n. 21 tn+c,n. 21 tn+c,n. 21 tn+c,n. 21- -- - t.ln. t.ln. t.ln. t.ln. ,rnn: www.apa.org - .+rnnt tn+c,m. .t,n.,nnt ,rnn www.psychologicalscience.org - .+rnnt tn+c,m. t.1,.nnt ,rnn sakvanZo sakiTxebi r.,+.. tn+c,n. ln.crn?r.,+.. tn+c,n. ln.crn?r.,+.. tn+c,n. ln.crn?r.,+.. tn+c,n. ln.crn?tn+c,n. .rnt nlnnnnnt +,nt n. tn+nrn `r,tnt +,lnrcn t\.c.tn+c,nnt +n1.ln. +,nt .t\r.. .Itl.. \nl.t\.r+,(c. n. ,.l,rcnt Ic\(. m.l.+nr tn+c,nnt ,.lnm.r. m.l.+nr tn+c,nnt ,.lnm.r. m.l.+nr tn+c,nnt ,.lnm.r. m.l.+nr tn+c,nnt ,.lnm.r. ln,ntn.,n,lrntr+nn.l,.lnm.rn.t,r+,r.cn1+n.r+cn, .+,l,tc+l,.rcn,rulnt.,.l.,cntn+nnt.n.+,nt t,r+,r.1 .mt. +tnt.n.nnnt+nr,.lnm.rcnl+,nl.cn1+n.+,l,t+,nt+nt+. 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I.l,rucnn +,n.+t.n.+n.lntlrn,.r+t+ntn+,ntrmcnt++nt(`.,rlnt) r+nr.1.lrnnn.nrntrm-rmn(c.1tnrcn+.,.cnmn.nlnlnlnl ,n.cnt,n.cnt,n.cnt,n.cnt (Jane Goodall) r+. (1986-1990: `,rtln n. ,n.cn 1993). ,n.cn 30 \cnt +.lunc1 t\.cn. n+`.l1nt +,.t .rn.n. ,.l,.lnnt ,.1. n,n .tlnl.t. r+ 10 \cn\.nn r+ n.+m.rnl. r+.. r,r, .+.t m.n.`nrc.n .`nrn.. t\r n.tlt r ,..mn.: +,nt,.1+. +,nt,.1+. +,nt,.1+. +,nt,.1+.(Behavioralmeasures),.r,.ln+,nn.r.+,nn.r+ct., .nrnn.l n. n\rl. +tc1nrn .l mnm.l,.rnnm .t\rncn +,..n+`.l1ntn..n.+n.lnt+,.n+r..ct.rmtn.nl.I.nnm.+.,r.+ n.,rn.m.!nnc..r+n+`.l1nr.nr+nnn.ln.rtn .rn.l.nnr.n.+n.ln.r.n,.l.,`nrcnn.nnt+n,.,,..,rucmc.. ucnmn.,n+tnrnl.t,n.crn,ntn.(.n..+r.I.c,t rnt\.r+ncnt.t,nn.,rtn...t+ln..r+1,nrm+mI.n n+`.l1+. nuc. +c.l n. !.+l nn, m.ntn t.Int \.r++.n,lcn. +rt+Irn.n+`.l1+..Int\rnt.n+nnnrt.nI.l,rucnn+,nrn .nrn,.+.cnlt....r,.n,.lnm.rcn,ln,rnl.rn.c,rcn ,r.nn,nnt (,.lnm.r.). . . 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I.1n ln. ,.t.m n+.t. r+ +r..cncnmn`r+,nmnm.l,.rnnt.n.+,ntn.nrnt+mnt +nl.,n.nn(lt.+.,.cnm.n.+c.r+.nuc.nt\.ct.r.t.+t .n.+n.ln++..cn+,ntt.In.r.cr.nr,rn+,.(nIncm17-m.n). nnrmn.1,nrmnc.+mIntt\.c.t\.r+.n,lt..l.rm nlnnnn1,.rn..,.c.tcnnlnnnnntnl,ltnr+..l.cn1+.I.ln.I.l nuc.r.n+,nt.(r.ntnlr+.,n.+,,t.nnrnnnnr.nlnm .n.+n.lntc.+.+.,.cnm.n.3-m.nn,(m.r+,nlntn.1n.lnt++l 62 ,.ccn `.,nl,nt (r.ntnm t\.c.+ ,nln lnt l+,nnt c.cn1.,nnt t.I mrnnt \.r+.t n.n t.ucn. l.t\rm+crnt+nr,.+(lcntI.n.tI.,n`nt`r,nr.n. t.1+nnlt,r+l,n.+n,t+,n.nn+mnrt,.ln.r,t,.lnInc.m. r+cn, .+ +mnnt n. `r,nrnt ,.+(l.t +.rm.t. eTikuri sakiTxebi adamianis da cxovelis kvlevisas +1trc.ln,(nlnt+,rntt.+\+cc.n+cr+. +l.\ncn+.,(t.r.n,.l.t,1.r.t\rn\.r\rn,..mt.+.mt ,.l1r.I.nnnlt.r+l.I.m.I+.rn\t+l.\ncnt+cnnln.r++.t n.I+.rn.l.n.nrt.r+,(nl.t.t.r,c.+.nl.,n.r,. +Itnrnt.n.mnm.tntn+,rnt.1+n.ln..r+t.t.rn(. +,(..rtnt.rnt.r,n.+.,r.+r,r..tnll+crn.+ +mI.n.r.t\rnr\+lnt`c.,+,t?r,rln..n.rmcnt t.uc t.r,cn n+ I.rm.l. r+ct., \t cnt +l.\nc. m `r,nr. rntn.ln.,nncnt..lt,rtnt++(lcn.+,(nmn.?tn+c,n.+,.r nmIt ,.+n+nm t.+l t.m.r m.t (r1l,.cn. 1994). .n.+n.lntn.,Icntunrnm.nncnt`.,nnt,+.(c.+crnt .,nccn+.c....+cntn.,nt.mnt.rttt`,n.crn +n,,n. r+cn, cnt (c. `r+,t nInc.t n. t..+nt.n +.(.t nt ...-t.l+rmcntn`.r,.+l,nt+nr,.++(lc+.,rnlt,r+,nm.l. lnrtn,,t.ct.t...n+(tn.cnmn.\tctrn1nnt t.!n.(.m.r+cn,.+,.r`r+,tnInc.l..+rnnttn+c,m. .t,n.,n.+(1992)n,.crnmnrnt,.ln.r,nn+...,.lnIncmrn,n +.m,.ln. nlr+nrcn m.lI+. nlr+nrcn m.lI+. nlr+nrcn m.lI+. nlr+nrcn m.lI+. .n.+n.l1.,.rcnc.r.,rncncntn.t.\(ntn+l.\nct .t\rl`r,nr.t.+.tm.ln..nrc`,l,nrrnttn.n+n,t. r+cnt+nt.t.,+cn.lcntn.t.trct.+l.\nct.r\+ll.r+ +.m,.l+ntcnnlr+.,n.n.,cnn.IcIcnn+l.,.r`nrm.mnt: +.mn+l.,+nn.n+tnrn.n.t`,n.cr.n,nc.tnl.I..Ic+nt.\n+n n+l.+Icn+crnt.mnt.Ic.m+c.rtcntn,nt 63 +Itlnttrncn,.ln..+l.\ncm.m.lI+nt,.r.+.tr,..mt. +l.\nctIct.\rnll,.l,I.n.1.t.n.,\rn..r+cntt.I trcnnlr+.,n. nlr+.,n. nlr+.,n. nlr+.,n.+n.\ntn.ntnlnm.l.I+. m.l.I+. m.l.I+. m.l.I+..rn.l+l.\nc.1.,.rn..+nt.. +l.\nct.rmIncl.r++.mlnt+nr++l,nucn.mn.,lc. n. n,n.crn `nrnt t.l,.+, +l.,+t .ucl. m +.m nncnt trncn ,.ln.m. rntnt/t.r,cnt .t. rntnt/t.r,cnt .t. rntnt/t.r,cnt .t. rntnt/t.r,cnt .t. tn+c,nrncnt+,t..r.rntn..nrcnr.n+rntm.l. +nm+,t. r,. +nt +l.\nct r,nlcn n..cn uc.m. +.,r.+ .rnt ntmn +t`rn+l,n.r+cn,.n.+n.lntlntr`nr.n.t`+,tt\.ct- r,rn,..+,nrnr.+,n..+-tI.,n.lr+c..t,rtn.l.,rtn.- r+c+.,nuc...tct..ltn+c,nr.n.\It.n.+n.ln..+n,+. .+,.rncnt.trntn+nln++.+nln.n(tn.(.lncn.+l.\nctln. .,(nlmrntntt.In.\nl.t\.rn1+nln.+nntm.r+ucnr r.+,nt ,.+c.nm. .tm rntn.l +mIn. t.!n (r.ntnm nInc.l. .,nccn.c.m.r..t.uccn.m.r.rntnt,.r+ntn.,.r.. r.+nl.n rnt ++,.ln. .+,.rn c. +,lnrnt. n. t.1,.nnt.mnt. ,.l1r.I +,(. ,.l1r.I +,(. ,.l1r.I +,(. ,.l1r.I +,(. 1,nrm c.n +l.\ncnt.mnt trcn nlr+.,nnt +n\n. uccn.. r.n,.ltcntn,1n+++nt.+.,.cnm.n.r,..,rtn.1,cn1nnm u.c.nnt(rnt1+++n.tt\.cm..rln.mIr.mm+ln+n1.ln +l.\nct.1,nrm+c.rt+n.ln..r++l.\ncnt+,(..r,rm +mI.n.r.rnt,.+.rmccn.rln(Korn,1987)..+rnnttn+c,m. .t,n.,nnt (1992) nlt,r+,nn .+nt m..1 t.+.n l.mcn.: (1) c.t t.+.rntn +,lnrcnn.t.,.l+.l.mcc+lnlc.ln..+lnt.r++,(. ,..+.rmcm.(2)+c.r+.ln..lt.r++,(nt,.r+n1.ltr +n.t\t. (3) +l.\ncn.r.tnt ln. +.,(m n+ t.nmIn. rnt ,.+, +.m nuc. t.rmn .rn m+.l +l.\nc.1. (4) cnt n.t.trct +l.\nct ln..Itl.m.r.,++.,(m..+,.rn+`trn+l,nt.uc.t.!+ 1tnt. .l t.rmn .r +nntt. t,nlnl,rn n. tIn. ( Steininger et al; 1984). cnt +n,+n nl,rn cnt +n,+n nl,rn cnt +n,+n nl,rn cnt +n,+n nl,rn 64 tn+c,nr c.n +l.\nc. (cmnt +c.rt. n. +l.\nct rnt nlr+.,nntr+Irnn,.,c.ln.n(t.+l.\ncntr+,nnn.ln.`.tInn.l +c.rnr.t.,.I.ctn,tn++clntt.I.r+ct.,t\.ct.Ic +l.\nctln..,(nlmcnt+n1ln..n`m1..t.ucn,nn. cnt+t.cnlcn t.r,cn.l.. +`trn+l,ntn.t.trct.(c+l.\nct ln..,.rmcnt+n,+nnl,rn.cnt+n,+nnl,rn.cnt+n,+nnl,rn.cnt+n,+nnl,rn.t.n.,+c.rn+.+tn+.cr nlr+.,n.t+n.\ntcntt.In..r,.t+l.\nct.t.l.+.r n.r\+ln..r+nt.tccn.n.lcn..ln.+r,Icn.r.rnt.m cntr+cn+,.`1+l.\ncnt+,(..,nccn..+t`rn+l,.,rn n.\rncnmItlnt.r.,+,..m.t.n.ct.+l.\nctc..+m ,..++l m.n.lmn +l.,+n. m +n.ln.m. r+ +.mn cn n.nrt.. ,Icm. c.: +,lnr.. mn.. `cn,n. ,Icm. c.: +,lnr.. mn.. `cn,n. ,Icm. c.: +,lnr.. mn.. `cn,n. ,Icm. c.: +,lnr.. mn.. `cn,n. nuc. m .r. ,Icnt ,.+(l. tn+c,nr n. t.+nn,nl cn? tnmI.Inr.nu.cn.l`c.rn1c`.tItn\n..rm+I.rt.rn.l +crn.r+cn,+nmnml.r+,Ic1.,.rc+.c+. +lnlc.ltn.t+ln+nt,t+,lnr.tn+.ln.`rnn.`,rnlnn (DomjanandPurdy,1995;Petrinovich,1998). ,Ic1 .,.rcn cnt +nt\n. ntmn\.+cnt,.+,l.n.,.+,n..r+cn,m.tn.tn+nr n...nt+rl.cl.l.r+.lnntt.I+lnlc.ln,nlnt+nt. (+ncrn.1985)n.tI.,Ic1.,.rcncnm..n,Icnt.mnt., ,.+t.n,n.. +.,.cnm.n. tn+c,nr+. c+. .l.. r,r ln. .+,nrm 1`.rn.,.cnn+(n,Icntt,rtn.,Icm.n.t\.cnt.n. t,n.crnr,.ln1.,nnttrn,.mc+.+n,l+.+.mncnrnt mtnn.,,+.r.n..l+rmcnt.mntrt.tnm,.r+`nrnt ++l. ,.+n\n.. lncn n. tI.. (Nicoll et al; 1988).+nt\.m..+,.rn.+l.m.cn.r.rntt.+.rntnt.mn,Icm.cnt n.+,cnt.mnt. +.mn .1rnm. .n.+n.lt r nn +,n.r.n +n.ln.m. r+ ".+ t.`nltnttI.++lncnt.,.l,.+(.+r.cr.n,.+.rmccn.".nnn. .`nr(BowdandShapiro1993,p.136;Shapiro,1998)..+,n+nt,.+t.t\rc.n ,m..1l"c.r.,rncncnn.l+nln+.cr.n+.ln`c.,nrc1 ,.n.nnm. r+cn, lrn n. l.Ir.n lrn ,.r+n ,.rn." (nn n. 65 .`nr.1993.,.140).(cnt`,n.cnt,n,.lt.mrcntnrmIncnmln. +nn,t ,Icnt c.t.cnt+n,+nnl,rncnt+n,+nnl,rncnt+n,+nnl,rncnt+n,+nnl,rn(Debriefing)+c.rn+.+tn+.crnlr+.,n.t +n.\ntcntt.In..r,.t+l.\nct.t.l.+.rn.r\+ln.. r+ nt .tccn. n.lcn. .l n.+r,Icn .r .rnt. ,Icntc.n,.lt.mrctnrmInc1+nmnmt..,rm. ,.+nmIntn,n.r+cn,tn+c,nnt.c,,ntt,nl,n1188n..+rnntnt+c,m..t,n.,nnt3982\rn+l.\ncn..`ctn(Plous,1996a, 1996b): ,.+nmIcm.n..Icnm80`r,l,t+n.ln..r+lrn,.r+n .,.rcnn.nr.n.t.n..rl.cn(30n.l70`r,l.+n)+I.rt !rtntmct.r+cn,,.cn.n.t+c,Ic1,.rn..r.,. l.\ncrn,Icnt,n`1.n.+nncn(+.,.cnm.n.nrmIn.+,rnn. u.tcn..l`rn+.,n).r,r,t,nl,+...t.c+,r+..r(