551
∆Ô ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË º˘ÛÈ΋ Windows ¤ 95/98/2000/NT ¤ Mac ¤ OS 7.1 ‹ ÓÂÒÙÂÚÔ Interactive Physics TM www.interactivephysics.com ∂Á¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ ÃÚ‹ÛÙË

Εγχειρίδιο Χρήσης

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Interactive Physics

TM

Windows 95/98/2000/NT Mac OS 7.1

www.interactivephysics.com

Interactive PhysicsVersion IP2000

Windows95 & NT MacOS

Knowledge Revolution

iii

....................................................................................xvii Interactive Physics;............................................................................xvii .............................................................................xxv

1

Interactive Physics.............................................1-11.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. Interactive Physics .............................................................1-1 ..........................1-4 ...........................................1-5 ....................................................1-6 .............................................................1-6 .............................................................................1-7 ....................................................................1-8 ..................................1-9 ................................................1-10 ............................................................1-12 1.5. ..........................................1-12 .......................................................1-13 .........................................1-15 ....................................................................1-16 1.6. .......................................................................................1-17 1.7. ............................................................1-18 1.8. ............................................................................1-18 .......................1-22 .....................................................................1-24 1.9. .................................................................................1-27 ..................................1-27 ........................................................1-29 ..................................1-30 ............................................................1-35 1.10. ....................................................................................................1-35

2

& .........2-12.1. Interactive Physics.........................................2-1

iv

2.2.

Windows .....................................................2-1 MacOS ................................................................2-6 .........................................................................2-6 Interactive Physics ..............................................................2-8 ( Windows) ..........................2-8 ......................................................................2-9 ............................................................2-10 ............................................................................2-10 / ............................................................2-11 .......................................................2-11 ..........................................................................2-13 .........................................................................2-14 Interactive Physics .........................................2-17 O Apple ( MacOS) ...........................2-18 ........................................................2-18 ..............................................2-19 ............................................2-20 .........................................................2-22 ...............................................2-25 .....................................................2-27 .....................................................2-28 .....................................2-29 ..................................................2-29 ( Windows) ..................2-32 Apple QuideTM ( MacOS) ..........2-32

3

........................................................................................3-13.1. ..................................................................................3-1 ......................................3-2 ...........................3-6 ....................................................................................3-10 .................................................3-12 ................................................................................3-13 ....................................................................3-14 . , , ...................................3-16 .........3-19

3.2.

v

3.3. 3.4.

3.5. 3.6.

............................3-21 ..3-23 ..............................................................................................3-23 ...................................................................................3-23 ...................................................................................3-27 ...............................3-30 ...............3-31 .....................3-31 ..............................................................................3-32 ........................................................3-36 ...............................................3-38 ................................................3-38

4

....................................................................................4-14.1. 4.2. ; .....................................................................................4-1 ...........................................................................................4-2 ..........................................................................4-2 ...................................................................4-2 .............................................................................4-3 ............................................................................................4-3 .............................................................4-3 ............................................................................4-4 ................................................4-9 .........................................................................4-9 ........................4-10 .....................................................4-14 ...............................................4-20 ...............................................4-21 ............................4-22 ..........................................................................4-3 .......................................................................................................4-25 .........................................................................4-25 .............................................................................4-26

4.3.

4.4.

vi

4.5.

4.6.

4.7.

4.8.

4.9.

4.10.

4.11.

4.12.

4.13.

4.14.

4.15.

4.16.

4.17.

....................................................................................................4-31 ......................................................................4-31 ...........................................................................4-32 ............................................................................................4-35 ........................................................4-36 .....................................................................4-37 ..............................................................................4-38 .......................................4-39 ....................................................4-40 ............................................................................4-39 ............................................4-40 ................................................4-41 ..................................................................4-43 ......................................4-43 ..........................................4-44 ...................................................................................................4-46 .................................................4-46 .....................................................4-48 .....................................................................................................4-49 .....................................................................4-50 ..........................................................................4-56 .........................................................................................................4-58 ..................................................................4-58 ...............................................................................4-59 ...............................................................................................4-60 ....................................................................4-60 ........................................................................4-62 ........................................................................................................4-63 .........................................................................4-63 .............................................................................4-65 ............................................................................................................4-67 .............................................................................4-67 .................................................................................4-67 ............................................................................................4-68 ........................................................4-70 .....................................................................4-71 ...................................................................................................4-71

vii

........................................................................4-72 ............................................................................4-72 4.18. ..................................................................................................4.75 .......................................................................4-75 ...........................................................................4-79 ...........................4-81 4.19. ...................................................................................4-83 ......................4-83 .....................................4-84 .............................4-88 ......................4-92 ............................................................4-93 ...............4-94 .........................4-96 ..................................................................................................4-98 .........................................................................................4-101

5

.............................................................5-15.1. ..........................................5-1 ...5-3 ...................................................5-5 .........................................5-6 .............................................................5-9 ...................5-9 ..................................................5-11 .............................................................5-12 ...........................................................5-13 ...............................................................................5-15 ; .........................5-18 ..........................5-20 ;....................................................................................5-20 .......................5-22

5.2.

5.3.

viii

6

.........................................................................6-16.1. 6.2. ................................6-1 .........................................................................................6-2 ...........................................6-3 - ......................................................................6-4 ................................................................................................6-7 ........................................................6-10 ...................................................................6-10 ........................................................6-11 .......................................6-12 ........................................6-13 ..........................................6-13 ......................................................................6-15 .................................................................................6-17 .............................................................................6-19 .........................................6-20 ............................................................................................6-20 ..........................................................................6-22 .................................................................................6-23 .................................................................................6-24 ......................................................................6-27 ........................................................6-27 ..............................6-28 , , /......6-29 ......................6-30 ........................................................6-31 ........................................................................6-32 .............................6-35 ......6-36

6.3. 6.4.

6.5.

6.6.

7

...........................................................7-17.1. ......................................................................................................7-1 ; ..........................................7-1 ...................7-3 ..........................................................................7-4

ix

7.2.

7.3. 7.4.

7.5.

7.6.

, .......7-4 .7-6 ..........................................7-6 ...............................7-8 (min max) ..7-8 ..........................................................................................7-11 ..............7-11 ......................................................................................7-14 ........................................................7-17 ......................................................................7-17 ............................................7-18 ................................................................7-22 ....7-24 ................................................................................................7-26 ....................................................................7-27 ...................................7-28 ..................................7-29 ......7-31 .......................................................................................................7-32 .........................................................7-32 .......................................................7-32 ............................................7-33 ...................................................................7-33 , .................7-34 ....................................................................7-35 .......................................................................................................7-35 ...................................................7-35 ................................7-36

8

.........................................................8-18.1. 8.2. 8.3. ....................................................................8-1 .....................................................................8-2 ...................................8-3 ....................................................8-4

x

........................................................................8-4 .............................8-5 ..........................................8-6 .........................................................8-7 ...............................................................................8-8 8.4. ..................................................................................................8-9 .8-10 .......................................8-10 .................................8-10 ................8-11 ....................................................................................8-11 () .........8-12 ...8-12 ................................................................8-13 8.5. ..................................................................8-14 ..................................................8-14 , ........................................................................................8-15 ..........................................................................................8-17 8.6. ....................................................................8-17 8.7. / .....................................................8-18 ................................................................8-18 .......................................................................8-19 8.8. ...................................................................................8-20 .................................................8-21 ....................................................8-23 ............................................................................................8-24 8.9. .......................................................................................8-24 ......................8-25 ................................8-26 8.10. ..............................................................8-29 Interactive Physics 8-30 A ............8-31 8.11. ..................................................................8-32

xi

8.12. .........................................................8-36 8.13. .....................................8-37 ....................................................................................8-37 ...................................................................8-38 .......................................................8-39 8.14. .............................................8-41 ...................8-41 ................................8-43 ;......................................................................8-43 ..................................8-44 ....................................8-44 ........................................................8-46 .....................................8-47 ..............................................................................................8-48 ..............8-48 8.15. .........................................8-49 ............................................................................8-50

9

.............................................9-19.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4. ...................................................................9-1 ........................................................9-2 ........................................................................................9-2 ....................................................9-4 .....................9-6 ............9-7 QuickTime ( MacOS) ......................................9-7 E Video for Windows ( Windows) ................................9-10 E ............................................................................9-11 Video ...............................9-13 ...................................................................................................9-14 Apple Events DDE ........................9-16

9.5. 9.6.

9.7.

xii

10

X .............................................................................10-110.1. ...................................................................................10-1 Intarctive Physics ....10-2 10.2. .......10-5 10.3. ................................10-7 .....................................................................10-7 ...............................................................................10-8 ............................10-9 .....................................................................................10-10 ...............................10-11 10.4. ....................................10-11 ............10-13 ......................10-13 10.5. ..............................10-14 10.6. ................10-16 10.7. ......10-17 10.8. ........................10-18 10.9. ..........................................10-21

...............................................................-1.1. .........................................-1 Interactive Physics .........................................................................A-1 M (scripting engines) MacOS .........................................A-3 A.2. B ...............................................-5 .3. Interactive Physics...........................................A-7 A.4. ....................................................................-10 ........................................-10 ................................................................-12 .5. Interactive Physics ........................A-13 ..............................................................-14 ..........................................................-15 ............................................................................-15 ........-16

xiii

.6. .-18 .....................................................................................-20 ........................................................................-22 ......................................................................-22 ...........................................................-23 ..................................................-23 ...............................................................................-25 .7. .......................................................................-27 Interactive Physics ..A-27 ...................................................-28 ..........................................................-30 .8. ..........................................................................-30 .............................................-30 ........................................-32 ................................................-33 ...............................................-33 1e-19 ..........-33 (SI)....................................-34 .9. ..............................................................................-35 ........................................................................-35 ...........................................................................................-36

..................................................................-1.1. .............................................................................-1 .2. ................................................................................-2 .................................................................................................-2 ..................................................................................-2 .3. ............................................................................................-2 .4. ............................................................................................................-4 .............................................................................-6 ...................................................................................-7 .....................................................................................-9 ..............................................................................-10 .....................................................................................-11 .5. .....................................................................................................-11

xiv

.......................................................................-11 .................................................................-14 .....................................................................-16 .6. ..............................................................................................-18 .................................................................-19 .........................................................-25 .7. ............................................................................-28 ........................................................................................-28

....................................-1.1. ...........................................................-1 tab ......................................................................-1 Shift..................................................................-1 Option .............................................................-2 Command ........................................................-2 .2. ...................................................................-3 .3. Interactive Physics.......................................-5 .....................-5 ................................-6 ...............................................-6 ........................................................................................-7 ................................................................-7 .............-8 .4. ...............................................................................-8 0.............-8 ..............................-9 , , ................................................................................................-9 ......................................................................................-10

IP 2000 ........................-1.1. .2. -3 .4. ....................................................................................-1 - ........................................................-3 .............................................................................................................-5 ..............................................................-10

XV

-5. ..........................................................................-11 .6. ............................................................................................-21

........................................................................................

xvii

ET Interactive Physics;T Interactive Physics (user interface) K M N. M Interactive Physics . O . H , , . , , , . K E, . H Interactive Physics . . O . H . H . Y . M , , , , , . M , . T , . O

xviii

, . M Interactive Physics . O . O , . M Interactive Physics , , . , , Working Model Working Model 3D, . Interactive Physics, , . Working Model Knowledge Revolution.

M

H Interactive Physics . H . E , , , , , , . K , ( ) , . T Interactive Physics

xix

(scripting) . O E , , . , . O E , , . O (drag and drop) . , E "" "".

E. K , , .

T

M (.. ), , . , . .

xx

M . X , , , . H , . T Interactive Physics , CAD. K , , .

Y FPU

To Interactive Physics M M Y FPU (Floating Point Unit), . A , . M Interactive Physics, . A Interactive Physics ( , ) . . T Interactive Physics Apple events (MacOS) DDE (Windows) , . O

E

E

xxi

. , MicrosoftExcel . T Interactive Physics , . , Interactive Physics ( WM Basic). E DDE Apple events, Interactive Physics. A Interactive Physics , Interactive Physics. T . T Interactive Physics QuickTime MacOS Video for Windows ( AVI) Windows.

E E

(real-time) , . (real-time) , .

M Interactive Physics, E, E . T Interactive Physics,

xxii

. M , .

K

M . , . M , , , ( ) . , , . M , , (+ -), , . M , A. M (SI), , , , (.. ). T Interactive Physics

K

A

O

xxiii

( ) Microsoft Excel Lotus 1-2-3. O . , , . X , . T E , . M (E E), . O Interactive Physics. E, Interactive Physics "", . O .

M . T , . M . O : , . .

xxiv

T Interactive Physics , . T , , . M, , .

M ( ) . . M . , , : time > 2. M ( ) . M . , 10. M (.. , ) .

A

xxv

T Interactive Physics , Windows MacOS.

Windows MacOS

T , Windows MacOS. , . O , . T . T K 1, " Interactive Physics" . T K 2, "O " Interactive Physics. T K 3, "" Interactive Physics. T K 4, "" . T K 5, " E" E . T K 6, "X " X . T K 7 " "

xxvi

. T K 8, "E " , . T K 9, "E " Interactive Physics . T K 10, "X " . T A, "T " Interactive Physics. T B, "M " . T , "X " .

1-1

K E A A I O 1

Interactive Physics Interactive Physics A E E E E , A

1.1 Interactive Physics Interactive Physics, Interactive Physics . 1. K Interactive Physics . T Interactive Physics . H 1-1.

1-2 1- Interactive Physics

1-1 Interactive Physics

Windows

MacOS

T X

1.1 Interactive Physics 1-3

. . H . T , , , . H . HMEIH: H Interactive Physics Windows MacOS. "2.1. Interactive Physics" . H , .. , . T , Interactive Physics. Y , . T . M , . , . MacOS, Windows .

1-4 1- Interactive Physics

1.2 T Interactive Physics . T . T , , : 1. E A . 2. .X , .

3. K ( , ). 4. E M . 5. K E . 6. E A A .

1.3 1-5

1.3. E . 1. E ... AE .

2. Macintosh: K Demonstrations . Windows: K demo .E .

3. E , . . 4. K E .E .

1-2

K

5. (Stop) . MacOS E . M , .

1-6 1- Interactive Physics

1-3

K

6. E K A .E .

7. E . , 1 7 . Interactive Physics, T (MacOS) (Windows) A.

1.4. . . , .

A , . 1. E A. .

.

1.4 1-7

H . , . (. 1-4):

1-4

1. K K. 2. T .O . A .

3. K . A .E . K , .

1-8 1- Interactive Physics

Y . 1. K K. 2. T . 3. K . . .

4. . 5. A .

A

A , : , . : 1. K .O ( ) , 1-4.

2. K .O , . M ( ) (. 1-5).

1.4 1-9

1-5

3. A , .

X

: 1. K .H ( ), (. 1-6).

2. K .

1-6

x-

y-

M : 1. E B .

1-10 1- Interactive Physics

2. T . 3. K , 1-7.

1-7

...

... .

E, . A "x" "y" (. 1-6).

K : 1. K .E .

2. E ... M.E (. 1-8). M .

3. B " "

1.4 1-11

OK.E .

1-8

4. T ( ) (. 1-9).K , 1-9.

5. A , .T .

6. .

1-9 K

1-12 1- Interactive Physics

E E . : 1. K E . . E , .

2. K .E, .

3. K E . 4. E 3 "K " .

1.5. I T Interactive Physics , , . O . O : (), , ().

1.5 1-13

T , . H . . A . . T, .

, : 1. E E . 2. , . E .H 1-10. , . A 1-10, . A , 1-10.

3. E T M T.E ( 1-11).

4. K E .K , , .

1-14 1- Interactive Physics

5. K .

1-10. K

1-11. M

1.5 1-15

A : 1. K E . 2. K

1-12 M

K

. MacOS, . Windows , : , .

3. A . 4 E Vy , .M . O 1-13.

5. K E .T Vy.

6. K .

1-16 1- Interactive Physics

1-13 K Vy

M M. "7.1. M".

E : 1. E . 2. E O.E .

3. E T . T , .

4. K E . , , .

5. K .

1.6 1-17

1.6. E H , . 1. K E . 2. E E M K 8 . Interactive Physics .

3. K E .H (. 1-14).

4. K .H .

, " 8.9. E ".

1-14 E

1-18 1- Interactive Physics

1.7. A M , . : 1. E A A.E A ... .

2. . A. O . A , , . X A ... .

1.8. E , E Interactive Physics . O E ( ), . :

1.8 1-19

1. Interactive Physics, A.K .

2. K O .T . MacOS .

3. 1-15. 4. . E , "X",

1-15

. T A (. 1-16). , , . 1-16, . A , 1-17.

1-20 1- Interactive Physics

1-16 E E X ...

+... .

. Mi . O E . 1. K . 2. . A , ( X).

1-17 T

, , . 1-18, . A , 1-19. O . A , .

1.8 1-21

3. E B . 4. .K ,

1-18 E

K ...

"X"

. O E .

1-19

, .

E

5. B , 1-20.A . M , .

6. K B.A . A, , .

7. A.

1-22 1- Interactive Physics

O . O E ,

1-20

A .

.

T M (.. ). , : 1. K

1-21

1.8 1-23

. .

2. T . . A , Interactive Physics , . A , . T 1-22 . H Interactive Physics, " ". . M , M. ,

1-22 A .

...

1-24 1- Interactive Physics

"8.4. ".

XO E . M "" , . A . 1. E .H 1-23. A , A E. A, .

2. K B . 3. K p , 1-23.H , .

4. K X .H . , B , A , .

T p, ( ) . 5. .M , .

1.8 1-25

1-23 E

p

q

6. M A B , . . H 1-25.

7. K B. . T :

1-24 M

, .

1-26 1- Interactive Physics

T , . 8. K .

1-25

H , , , . A , E .

A T O E . , , E "". A , . M E . , E . 1. K A, 1-27.

1.8 1-27

1-26 O

H .

2. E 0 () . 3. E tab (Return).T , 0.00. T , .

1.9. M , . . , , Interactive Physics.

T . T , . H

1-28 1- Interactive Physics

1-27 E

. 1. Interactive Physics

1-28

A. 2. E K . 3. E O

1-29 X

0,00

1.9 & 1-29

1-30.K O . T 1-30.

4. E O .

5. K .E (. 1-31) .

6. K E .H .

7. K E .H .

1-30 .

. , . () .

1-30 1- Interactive Physics

1. , 1-32. 2. E . 3. E N O. K A X . . A

1-31 O x ().

4. E x , . 5. E . , . E .

Interactive Physics.

MacOS1. E N ... O.E

1.9 & 1-31

1-32 K

.

2. E E M.T "E". K E M.

1-33

3. K E . 4. E . 5. E N ... O. 6. E E M.T .

1-32 1- Interactive Physics

, 1-34.

Windows1. E N ( ...) O.E . E .

2. E E .T "E". K E M.

3. K E . 4. E . 5. E N ... O. 6. E E .T . , 1-34.

: 1. K . 2. T . 3. . , "7.3. K ".

1.9 & 1-33

E T, . O Interactive Physics. O . , , . 4. E E E.H .

O " ", .

1-34 K

1-34 1- Interactive Physics

"A E () " 826

1-35 E

1.9 & 1-35

1.10. "" . . E , . X E . M , , .

1-36 1- Interactive Physics

1-37

2-1

K E A A I O 2

& Interactive Physics.

2.1. O Interactive PhysicsT Interactive Physics , , . O Windows MacOS, . , , .

Windows Windows, Interactive Physics ( 2-2, 2-3 2-4). T , .

2-2 2- &

HMEIH: A 640 480 pixels, Interactive Physics A ( 2-1) K. A . , X (. "O " 2-22). K , . O . K , , .

2-1 A (Windows),

2.1 Interactive Physics 2-3

2-2 : K, E E (Windows)

2-4 2- &

2-3 : , /X (Windows)

2.1 Interactive Physics 2-5

2-4 : A (Windows)

K . , X ... ( "E " 6-7).

2-6 2- &

MacOS MacOS Interactive Physics . , ( 25) , ($) . . H . . T .

X A , . B. , . ( MacOS: : , .) B, space bar. , "r".

2.1 Interactive Physics 2-7

2-5 O (MacOS)

2-8 2- &

E Interactive Physics.T Interactive Physics :

K ( Windows)H K Windows , , A, A, A, E, E B. A A, E B Windows. H K MacOS, Apple, A E. T , . T . M . T A . A , . T A / / . T A / / / . T E / / / . T E E,

2.1 Interactive Physics 2-9

. T B B. B.

E ET B . space bar B. T . T , . , , . "r" . T K . T M 2 (2). H . K shift, . T 2 (2). K shift, M. MacOS M

2-10 2- &

M/.

E T E . MacOS, E , . T . MacOS, E, . T E ( ).

E T K . T T . T O . MacOS T O O/T. T . O . M . M space bar, . T , " "

2.1 Interactive Physics 2-11

. O . T K . O space bar . T "K " . T . MacOS K . T . T , .

/XT . , ( , ) (). M . K 5, " E".

E T .

2-12 2- &

(). , . . K 5, " E". T T . , . , , . K 5, " E". T . , ,

2-6

T

. H " " (. 2-6). T Interactive Physics , . M I

2.1 Interactive Physics 2-13

, . T O . T K . T K . T K . MacOS E.

E T Interactive Physics . K 4 "". T . M "" , . T . H . T . T . T Inter-

2-14 2- &

active Physics , , . M . T K , . , . T Interactive Physics . M . MacOS .

E T Interactive Physics . , K 4 "". T A . , () . O ( ). O . , (

2.1 Interactive Physics 2-15

). , . MacOS A A A. T E . T ( ). T . , . , ( ). T E . , E Mc Pherson ( ). , ( ). MacOS E, A E E. T . K . T Interactive Physics (). M ( ),

2-16 2- &

I. T . I 4-56. T T . O . K . O . A Interactive Physics " ", , . MacOS T T. T P . T . T . H . MacOS P . T K . O , . . T E . , . O . T .

2.2 Interactive Physics 2-17

H / : T . T ( ) . T ( ). T . O , . O ( ). MacOS . T P . O . O . T .

2.2. K Interactive PhysicsT Interactive Physics .

O Apple ( MacOS)

2-18 2- &

Interactive Physics... Interactive Physics, , (copyright) .

O A , . . M . K . A , . A . A , . A . E E, . ( MacOS) , . O . E ( MacOS), , . , . E

2.2 Interactive Physics 2-19

Interactive Physics. K 9, "E A " . (Windows) T (MacOS) Interactive Physics. [K ] - (Windows) T (MacOS) Interactive Physics . O , Interactive Physics .

O EA . H ( ) "A " . A / / o . A / / / . E / / / . A (MacOS) (Windows) / / / . E . A / / /. A , ( ) ,

2-20 2- &

(click-and-drag). , . E Interactive Physics. E, "8.7. ".

O MB... B, . A ... A , . H... H, . ... , . E . E ( ). . .

HMEIH: , ,

2.2 Interactive Physics 2-21

. Y . H . Y , . O : 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 . O . P . E . E , . O : A, , 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 . T . A E , o, . , . E I . , o, . , .

2-22 2- &

E , . T Interactive Physics , . A... A, . E ... , , , . ... , , Interactive Physics.

O X ... Interactive Physics. MacOS, X . , X ... . Windows . H X ( ). O X (MacOS) X (Windows) : X .

2.2 Interactive Physics 2-23

. X, Y X, Y . (MacOS) (Windows) . . E E . (MacOS) . T (Windows) 2-2, 2-3 2-4. E A . , "" . E , . , ( ) "" ( ) . E

2-24 2- &

, . K , X . E , . K , . K "K K " 5-9. E , . K , , (, ) . , . E , . A ... A , . : SI/M, B, A CGS. M ... M , . X ... Interactive Physics. N ... . M .

2.2 Interactive Physics 2-25

, Home (A). E . [K ] - . M . HMEIH: T Home .

O A ( ) . X . E... E, / / /. T... T, / / /. M / / / . M / / / . , . A , .

2-26 2- &

(MacOS) . M ( MacOS) . ( MacOS) () . (Windows) . , M . [T , E A , . "E " 7-36.] E . H . A , . H . [T , E A , . "E A " 4-92.] E ,

2.2 Interactive Physics 2-27

. A , . T .

O O . M Interactive Physics. ( , ). X . E ... E . M ... M , . N ... N . N . O

2-28 2- &

. E , N . T Interactive Physics , , . "7.2. E ". Interactive Physics . MATLAB ( Windows) Excel. "9.7. A ".

O MX . [K ] - O M . E . . : , T, E, -T-E (, T E ), / T / E K , O, , , , , H , , , K . H . , M , , , T Z

2.2 Interactive Physics 2-29

.

O O . E .

[K ] - O .

O O . T . K . O (.. body [3]) (.. O) . T E. , K 3, "" K 4, "". T I ( 2-7) . . O , . T E ( 2-8)

2-30 2- &

2-7

. , , , . T ( 2-9) (..

2-8

) . O . H . O , . E ( Windows)

2.2 Interactive Physics 2-31

2-9

( ). ( Windows) ( , ). T ( Windows) Interactive Physics, . [K ] - , . M tab . E, . A , tab .

2-32 2- &

O B ( Windows)T Tab Windows B on-line WinHelpTM. B. . A ... . E . X . Interactive Physics... Interactive Physics, , .

O Apple GuideTM ( MacOS)pple Guide

MacOS, Interactive Physics on-line Apple Guide. , IP Guide Apple Guide ( ) . Apple Guide MacOS .

2-33

3-1

K E A A I O 3

- , - O - O - O

3.1. , , , ( 3-1). M , 3-2.

3-1 : , , ,

3-2 3-

3-2 E

K . A . , 1000kg/m2. "3.2. I ". M , . "A " 4-14.

O T : 1. K O T . MacOS T "" O / T. K O T .

2. T .O ,

3.1 3-3

.

3. K . ( 3.3). A . A T, .

4. A .

3-3

K ...

.

...

E O T

M : 1. K O T . 2. T . 3. K . , .

3-4 3-

4. , . . T Interactive Physics .

T

M , ( ) , : 1. E , .A , .

2. K ( 3-4 ). Enter Return.O .

3-4 E

T "3.2. I ", "3.3. E " "3.4. " . , "E " 6-13.

3.1 3-5

: 1. K K . 2. T .O , .

3. K . ( 3-5). A .

4. A .

3-5

...

...

E K

M : 1. K K . 2. T . 3. K . , .

3-6 3-

4. , . . T Interactive Physics .

T

M , , : 1. E , .A , .

2. K ( 3-6 ). Enter Return.

3-6 E

O .

T . , () , .

3.1 3-7

K

E , . M, Interactive Physics "" ( " " 3-30). . : 1. K K . MacOS K "" K . K K .

2. T .O , .

3. K .M . H , .

4. M . ( 3-7).T Interactive Physics , .

3-8 3-

3-7 K

5. K . E, space bar, .A , "A", . B " ", 3-12 . A , Interactive Physics , , .

A T K . A , "A K " 3-32 . :

3.1 3-9

1. E E A .H , (, ). , , ( 3-8).

2. K .

3-8

3. , A , ( ). 4. B A , A E . : 1. E A E. A . 2. K ( )

3-10 3-

. : 1. B A ( A E ). 2. E .H .

3. E A E Delete. .

3.2. I K Interactive Physics . O : - I -

I

T I ( 3-9) . M E, ( "3.4. " "3.3. E ").

3.2 3-11

3-9 I

I: 1. M (1) I (2) I. M , ( 3-9).

H . K . H .. x y, , . "3.1. " . A , X ( ).

3-12 3-

A H .

A

H . , . M (x, y ) . H ( "") . , M.

( )

O x y I , M. , , . O . , , . A . B " " 3-31.

K (KM)

T K (KM) . B "3.4. " .

3.2 3-13

M

, , KM . T "7.1. M".

A M I KM , : 1. E M. , " ". 2. K OK . 3. K , . 4. .T . M , E ( E O).

O Vx Vy I . H V ( ). A I. (, , , ..), . "A "

3-14 3-

8-43. M Interactive Physics . "7.2. E ".

E TH E T . H Interactive Physics . , . O , . , 0.0, , . E 1,0 ( ) , , . "A.7. ". Interactive Physics, "". O . , , 0,2 0,8, 0,2. M

E

3.2 3-15

, I. M , E. E A E. E 3-10.

3-10 .

T

T Interactive Physics , Coulomb . H ( ). H . O . Interactive Physics, . O . , 0,05 0,3 0,05. M

3-16 3-

, I. M , T. E A T. E 3-11. H ( ).

3-11

, P , Y A Interactive Physics 1 (1mm), . , 1ft 1ft (0,3048m X 0,3048m), 3,28X10-3 ft 1mm. A , 500lb/ft2, 3,28X10-3 1,639lb. A 1,0g/cm2.

3.2 3-17

T , , , . . H . I. O . . K , . .

P

T , , , . M , , . M , . T, . , : 1. I , I. 2. E P.H , .

T . (1,0 ). H , H , H M.

3-18 3-

T Interactive Physics . T , .

Y

M , . O . : , , , , , . O Interactive Physics. O s , .Y (g/cm3) [(Ib/ft3)]

s

k

Ea

A

1.0 [62.9] 8.0 [503.4] 0.9 [56.6] 0.5 [31.5]

0.3 0.4 0.02 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.01 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.3

0.5 0.95 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.02 0.95 0.2

0.0001 0.0001 () () 0.0001 () 0.0001 ()

0.5 [31.5] B 2.0 [125.9] 0.5 [31.5] 4.0 [251.7]

a. Interactive Physics .

3.2 3-19

, : 1. E I , I. 2. E Y.M . , , , .

T M , . , I .

H . , x y, . H , . A , ( 3-12).

3-20 3-

3-12 H . y, .

, : 1. E .M Shift, , Shift.

2. E .O .

I

T I . A , I ( 3-13). , : 1. E .M Shift, , Shift. O " ". , (-) ( 3-13).

3.2 3-21

3-13 T I

x y. - T .

2. E I.O .

O M . Interactive Physics ( "" ""), E ( "3.3. E " ). O .

3-22 3-

: 1. "" .T . .

3-14 E

E , (.. Body [2]). H , . E , . : 1. E X X .

3.3 3-23

X I O (, ) . B, "M " ( " " B-7).

X M . E , . "10.6. " "10.7. ".

3.3. E T E .

3-15

3-24 3-

E: 1. E , . 2. E E .E E ( 3-15).

X

E, E , , ( 3-15). O . M , , , ( ), .

A , E . T , , . K E, .

3.3 3-25

M , . T .

I , A , , E M. . M E I. H I . T I .

3-16 ,

M E . T . A .

3-26 3-

E

T (, , ). M . M E. E E . T 3-17 .

3-17

E

E E . H -. A , .

3-18

E

A E , (+), (-).

3.4 3-27

E

A, x M. O x M. E . E, .

3.4. T Interactive Physics , : - - - - , , . H , , . T . T . "3.1. ".

3-28 3-

: 1. E , . 2. E .

X

E, , ( 3-19). O . M , E ( "3.3. E "). T .

3-19

E

T Interactive Physics , . O .

3.4 3-29

M

, , . T , x y, 3-19. A ( " " 3-12). A ( 3-19), , , . K , ( , ) . "7.1. M". KM A. , body[n] .cofm.p KM, body[n] .p A. B, "M ".

A

, A . K . H , , . " " 3-5.

T . A . " " 3-2.

3-30 3-

K

T . E , ( ). M / , / / , . T , "K ". . K .

M

X M Interactive Physics ( , ). , : - K , ( "A " 4-14) - O (.. 5 1). B, "M ".

3.4 3-31

X M . , , body[1] body[3]. A body[1] body[3], . , body[1] :: : body[3].width / 2 body[3].height / 2

body[1] body[3]. HMEIH: , ( t=0). T . , cos(t) , : cos(0)=1.0 , t cos(t).

O . O

3-32 3-

.

O , "" . , . O ( 3-12) "" . O , . O x, y I ( "A " 3-12). O . O . O .

A/E

M , . "A " 3-36 .

A Y , . A

3.4 3-33

, "A " 3-8 . : - - .

A

, : 1. K . 2. E .T 3-20. " " .

3-20

3-34 3-

3. E .T , . , tab.

: 1. E . 2. E .T , 3-21.

3. E .K .

3-21

4. K E . T . 3-22.

3.4 3-35

3-22 N

.

5. E .

: 1. K . 2. E .E .

3. E . 4. K .H .

3-36 3-

A T Interactive Physics . M .

;

T . T (x, ), tab. K . , .

A

Interactive Physics : 1. E .E .

2. E .O M .

3. K A .O .

4. M - E E .

3.4 3-37

K ( tab).

E

Interactive Physics: 1. E -.T , , tab. A, Interactive Physics . T 3-24 Microsoft Excel .

3-24 T Microsoft Excel

2. A A -. 3. E Interactive Physics . E .O .

4. , , M , .

3-38 3-

T . .

5. K E .T .

3.5. M . A , "" . M ( "E A " 4-9). , . M . "10.6. K " "10.7. K ".

3.6. A, Interactive Physics . T , , , ( K 4, ""), . A , Interactive Physics . , A, B , 3-25, A B

3.6 3-39

, A , . H . A

3-25 A A

B

, . , ( ) : 1. E , ( ).X shift .

2. E A A, .T ( 3-26).

3-40 3-

3-26 Y :

.

.

.

T ( ) . T :

. . A .

A ,

. ,

A A ( ). , .

. E ("-") A , . , 3-25, A . , A

3.6 3-41

. "E " 8-38 . T "A.7. " Interactive Physics .

3-42 3-

4-1

K 4

4.1. T ; Interactive Physics, , . H , , , , (.. , ). , . A, . , . K . , (.. F=-kx). . .

4-2 4-

4.2. E - Y Interactive Physics: - - - - A

O . E, A, , P, , E T. M . O .

O () . K, , . ( ) ( ). O . .

4.3 4-3

M , .

O . O .

AO . T Interactive Physics , . O . "4.18. A" "4.19. A ". O : - , - - , .

4.3. T . : - K .

4-4 4-

- o . ( "7.2. E "). - . H . - , . - T ( 4-1).

4-1 T

.

.

I Interactive Physics, I, . M I , I. T I

4.3 4-5

. ( ).

T I , . : - A , . - A , . - A , . , : 1. E . .

2. E I .E I.

3. K ( 4-2).

4-6 4-

4-2 O

, (*) (Windows) (MacOS) . T 4-2 Point[1] Point[2] Constraint[3]. O Constraint[3], , Point[1] Point[2]. 4-3 . , Point[2] Constraint[3] Body[8] . I, .

, I : . T

4.3 4-7

4-3 O .

.

O

( 4-4): , , ( Interactive Physics). T , .

4-4 4-2Body [8]

( )Consttraint [3]

Body [1]

Body [2]

4-8 4-

, "O " 4-9.

E A I " " . , ( 4-5). T (-) .T I . , 4-5 50, , .

4-5 T I

()

A I, . , 2.0 M I, 4-5, (2.0 ).

4.3 4-9

E M , E. , . : - N . - N - . : 1. E . 2. E E .E .

3. K "E" ( 4-6).

O M . M . : 1. E . 2. E E .E E.

3. E ( 4-6).

4-10 4-

, "E " E ( 4-6).

4-6 E

. T Interactive Physics ( ) ( ). M I. M .

O . O (x, y) . O , . , (x, y)

4.3 4-11

.

E

H , . M, , , . T . , , ( 4-7) . T (x, y) . . T "E " 6-13 .

E I

I ( 4-8). H . O , . . H . A , , . ,

4-12 4-

4-7

1 2

2(2., 1.0)

1(0.5, 0.0)

1

2

M, .

4-8 I

( )

M . : - , ( ), - ( ).

4.3 4-13

T 4-9 . , I: 1. E I.T I , .. Point[14] Point[15].

2. K I. .

3 E . 4.

4-9 |1| 4.0

T (1.0,0.0) (6.0, 4.0)6.0

.

T Interactive Physics , . point[i].p point[i].offset T

, point[i].offset.y y

4-14 4-

point[i] , . T , : point[i].body ( )

B, "M ".

A M .

X

- X , , . - X , . - X , . - X I, . , , , , . , ,

4.3 4-15

. H ( X) ( ). T . , . K , X. T 4-10 , . T . : 1. E .H .

K , ( 4-11). , Interactive Physics . 4-19 "X

4-10 E

...

...

4-16 4-

( )". M . , , . "8.4. ".

X 4-11

, ,

,

, ,

/

, , ( )

x1 - h 2

1 - h 2

h=min (, )

. M, , . : 1. E

4.3 4-17

.H .

"E " 6-12.

X

H ( 4-12) , . , (x, y) ( , 4-12). O . , (x, y) ( 4-12). A , . O (x, y), (x, y). HMEIH: A ( "X ( )" 4-19), . M . H , . T , , . T Interactive Physics

4-18 4-

4-12

...

T ( ) (6,0, 4,0). T ( ) (1,0, 0,0).

...A E . T (-1,0, 0,0). T (2,0, 1,0).

X ( )

. M . , 4-14

4-13 T

( (0.0) (0.0) body [3]. width), .

4.3 4-19

. : 1. E , . 2. E I .E .

3. .E, . Y, , .

O , , . 4-15,

4-14

body[1] body[2].height body[2].width

(body[1].width / 2, -body[1].height / 2) body[1] (body[2].width / 2, -body[2].height / 2) body[2] (body[2].width / 4, 0.0)

body[3].radius

(0.0, body[3].radius / 2)

. B, "M "

4-20 4-

.

A O . , . , . M ( ) M M A. E , , . : 1. , . 2. K Command (MacOS) Control (Windows), , .O , . E , .

E, I . O . , , ,

4.3 4-21

4-15

(body [3], width/2, body[3], height/2)

...

...

. , . : 1. E ( shift ). 2. E E A.T , .

X E , . M . T . A , .

4-22 4-

4-16

,

E E

H E. E K 5.

A

M , (Delete) (Windows), A (MacOS) A E.

E . I E . T , . Y . 1. E E I .O , E .

4.3 4-23

Interactive Physics, K 10, "X ".

E, 1. E N O.

X

2. E E/A N . . "7.2. E ".

O 4-17 X

1.

2.

3.

T , . T .

4-24 4-

T

H , . H , . , 4-19 . , .

O , ( ). . , 4-19 ( ), Interactive Physics .

4-18 E

. H

( )

, . T . T

4.3 4-25

, . M . , (.. , 4-20).

P

M , ( ). B 4-20.

4.4. T , , , . , .

: 1. E . 2. T , . O , .

3. K .

4-26 4-

4-19 H

T ( ) E

T

...

: :

4. . A . T . A , . H , . "X " 4-25.7 H , 4-21. O , .

I , I . T 4-22 I .

4.4 4-27

4-20 P

H .

(T )

O : .

M

T . T , . T . A , . , , . A , . M I . A , . A , . A, , E ( K 5, " E") , .

T

4-28 4-

A , t=0 . O E . O , . O .

E

O . 1,0 ,

4-21 M

, . A , 0 . H , . M , . T , . : 1. M

4.4 4-29

4-22 I

.T .

2. M , Option (MacOS) Control (Windows).T .

"

M "" . Interactive Physics, "" . T . E . , "" > 1,0. : 1. E . 2. E I .E I.

4-30 4-

3. "E " , . T "" . , "time < 1,0", 1,0 ( ). M "|body[5].a| < 50", body[5] 50.

"E A " 4-20.

4.4 4-31

4.5. E . T ,

4-23 A Control (Windows) Option (MacOS) .

.

: 1. E E . 2. T . 3. K . 4. . A . T . A , .

4-32 4-

H , 4-24. O .

I , I. M . M .

H . T , . T . H I. A I.

E . , , . M ( ) .

4.5 4-33

4-24 .

: 1. K .

E

E I.

2. E . 3. K OK. M , : 1. .T .

2. A , Option (MacOS) Control (Windows).T , .

M , .

4-34 4-

E

. A T "K".

T

: 1. E I.E I.

2. K "" .T - () .

4.6 4-35

4-25 E

4.6. A . , , , (.. ). , ( ) .

: 1. E A . 2. T , . 3. K . 4. . A

4-36 4-

. T . A , . H , 4-26. O .

I , I.

. M

4-26

, .

4.6 4-37

. A T "Kv".

:

T

1. E I.E I.

2. K "" .T - (v) . A "K3", (K) () .

4-27 E

... ...

4-38 4-

4.7. E T ( "4.5. E" "4.6. A" ). H . , , " McPherson" ( () ).

: 1. E E . MacOS, E "" E. K E E .

2. T , . 3. K . 4. . A . T . A

4.7 4-39

, . H , 4-28. O .

I T , , . : 1. E I.E I.

2. E .M , .

4.8. . A

4-28

E

, .

4-40 4-

A , . A , .

4-29 I

T . , . T , .

: 1. E . MacOS, "" E. K E

4.8 4-41

.

2. T , . H ( ) ( ), () ( 4-30).O , .

I :

T

1. E I. M , , .

X P I . . E K I. M , ( "4.9. ").

4-42 4-

4-30 .

. O . H , .

4-31 I .

E K I. HMEIH:

4.8 4-43

. T .

4.9. . A , . A , . A , . O , , .

: 1. E . MacOS, "" A. K A .

2. T ,

4-44 4-

.H ( ) ( ), 4-32. O , .

I : 1. E I. O .

M .

T

X P I . . T , . E

4.9 4-45

4-32

K I.

4-33 I

4-46 4-

4.10. TO . T , .

T . H . K , 4-34.

: 1. E T . 2. T .O , .

3. K . 4. K .K , "" .

5. K .

4.10 4-47

4-34 O

H ( 4-35), . O .

I : 1. E I. A .

M

T

A . A , .

E

H ,

4-48 4-

4-35 T

. "I " 4-24.

4-36 I

4.11 4-49

4.11. T , . T ( , , ). "A " 4-44 Interactive Physics. T 4-37 Interactive Physics, . O , . , . ( "I " 4-46).

: 1.

4-37 T

4-50 4-

. 2. E . MacOS, "" T. K T .

3. K .A , .

4. . A .T , .

H . A , (0, 0) . H .

E

, Interactive Physics ( ) . , . M -

E

4.11 4-51

. X ( ), ( 4-38). T Interactive Physics , . : 1. . 2. A I

4-38

E . , .

3. K I ( ). M . , (

4-52 4-

"I " 4-46). 4-39 .

M , : 1. , 4-39.

4-39 M

body [2] ( ) : 1.0

body [1] ( ) : 2.0

2. . 3. E , . , . O .

4. A I ( ) ( 4-40 ).T . . , , .

4.11 4-53

5. E E.O .

4-40 I

: radius(body[2]/radius(body[1])

HMEIH: T . "" , . . T . , . , 4-37, . A, , , () . T 4-41 ( ) i . ,

A

4-54 4-

3 1. T Interactive Physics 3,0. , 4-41, / 3,0. T , . T Interactive Physics , .

4-41 .a b a b

E

b a E

b

a

E , . E:

4.11 4-55

, . HMEIEI XETIKA ME TA PANAZIA: A . , . , 1,0. K , Interactive Physics , , . To Interactive Physics . A , 1,0 . A, ( a=b=1,0 4-41). E , 1,0. O , 1,0 , .

I

4-56 4-

: 1. K ( ) I.E, () .

A , r1/r2 r1 r2 , . A (, , ),

4-42 I

1,0.

4-42 I

H , . 4-44 "A ". M ,

4.11 4-57

. , Interactive Physics, 1,0.

E

E , . . , , . A , , . E . M , . 4-20 "E ".

E

E , Interactive Physics . A . T I .H 1,0 , .

A . T Interactive Physics : . T ,

4-58 4-

I. M . , I, 4-42 : Constraint[16].f.y ( x 0), Constraint[15].f. x ( y 0). K 10, "X ".

4.12. PM ( ).

: 1. E P . 2. T , .O , .

3. K . 4. . A

4.12 4-59

.T . A , .

H , 4-43. O , .

I H .

4-43 M

: 1. E I.

A

M

A , . O E ( K 5, " E")

4-60 4-

4-44 I

.

4.13. , . , .

: 1. E . MacOS, "" . K .

2. T ,

4.13 4-61

.O , .

3. K . 4. . A . T . A , . H , 4-45. O , .

I O ,

4-45

M

. T

4-62 4-

. O , , . , . T . A , . O E ( K 5, " E") . A , t=0 . K E . A , . T . O , . O . O . 1,0 , "" , . A ,

M

T

E

4.14 4-63

0 . H . : 1. E I.

4.14. , ( ) . M

4-46 I

.

H . : 1. E .

4-64 4-

2. M . 3. .H , , I.

, ( )

4-47

1.

2.

. H (x, y) (Fx, Fy) ( 448). T . T . A I ( 4-48). O .

I

4.14 4-65

M , . M ( x y) ( ) . ,

4-48

...

...

X- Y-

M

, M ( O). H Interactive Physics, . H , . M , . : 1. E I.

K/

, x y . , (|F|) () . M , M.

4-66 4-

4-49 .

4-50 .

T .

4-51 I

4.15 4-67

4.15. P , .

. : 1. E P . MacOS, P "" . K P .

2. K , .X I .

H (x, y) (T) ( 4-53). O (x, y) ( ). (x, y) .

I P . : 1. E I. A . H

4-68 4-

4-52

( )

.

4.16. EO . M : , ,

4-53 M

. M n ( K 10, "X " B, "M " ). O . , , . , ""

4.16 4-69

4-54 I

.

: 1. E E . 2. T , . 3. K . 4 . A . T . A , . H , 4-55. O , .

4-70 4-

I : 1. E I.E I, 4-56.

2. E .M . K 10, "X ".

. . . A ,

4-55

, . O E ( K 5, " E") . A () , t=0

4.16 4-71

. O E . , .

4-56 I .

, .

M

HMEIH: , , , , .

4.17. K . A

4-72 4-

, . A , . A , . O , .

: 1. E K . 2. T , . H ( ) ( ), 4-57. O , .

I T , . M ( ) , , . O , , . M

E

4.17 4-73

, , . .

P

. A , . O E ( K 5, " E") . A , t=0

4-57

T

. K E . . . :

E

4-74 4-

1. E I. 2. E .

4-58 I

4.18 4-75

4.18 A O , . O . A , . "I " 4-65.

Y . M . E , . K . T . T ( ) . , , . T . H . : 1. E .

4-76 4-

2. E . 3. K .T .

H ( ) ( ), 4-60. O , . M . "I " 4-65. M . M

4-59

. : 1. .

4.18 4-77

X , . X ,

4-60

.

2. E Shift.E Shift .

3. K . . T .

M . A , . , : 1. E , . 2. E . 3. E .T X . A X, Interactive Physics .

A

4-78 4-

4-61 E

4. K .T .

4-62

"5.1. X ".

4.18 4-79

I K . , I . T I . M , - . H ( 0,0). , . E , . H P , (). : 1. E I . 2. E .

M B

T I . O . (A ,

4-80 4-

). M , .

T ( )

A , . , , 464 . , (0, 0). A

4-63 I

(0, -0,3) I, ( ) .

4.18 4-81

M A ,

4-64 T

M (0, 0)

M (0, -0,3)

. T . T 4-65 . , I:

4-65 M

4-82 4-

constraintforce(n).x constraintforce(n).y |constraintforce(n)| x-, y- ( n ID ). H constraintforce(n) . , constraint[5] point[3] point[4]. T constraint[5] point[3]. T x y. M , :

4-66 M

Point[3]

O constraint[5].

Point[4] O

O constraint[5] constraintforce[5] point[3].force.

point[4].force.x point[4].force.y |point[4].force| x-, y- , . B-7 " ".

4.19 4-83

4.19. A O . M .

M : , ( , ). , " ". E: 1. E . 2. E . 3. K .T . T . A , .

H ( 4-68)

4-84 4-

( ).

4-67

4-68

4.19 4-85

M : , ( ). " " 4-72. () () : 1. . 2. E .O . A .

3. K . E, space bar , . ( 4-70).T 4-69 .

, Interactive Physics

4-86 4-

4-69

1. ... 3.

2.

.

4-70 x- y

, Interactive Physics . H ( ). K O . E , "A " 4-79 . : 1. E A

4.19 4-87

4-71

E.

A

T , - .

2. E .H , 4-72.

3. K .A .

4. B A E . .

4-72 K

: 1. B ( A E ). 2. K ( ) .

4-88 4-

: 1. B A , A E. 2. E . 3. E . .

4. E A E, Delete.

M ( ) , . E, : , , , ( ).

HMEIEI: A , . ( ). A , (

4.19 4-89

, A E) . "5.1. X ".

4-90 4-

4-73 E

: 1. .

4-74

M

X . X ( ).

2. E .E , Shift

4.19 4-91

4-75 M

.

3. K . . T .

, , 4-75 . 1. .X K . K , space bar. , . 4-79 "A ".

2. E .A .

4-92 4-

3. ( ) , .B , .

4. E Shift . 5. K . .

6. y .M I y .

7. X . 8. K E. , .

E

E A M . , , .

4.19 4-93

: 1. M .T Interacive Physics . . M , "" .

A

2. E .X Shift .

3. E E A. T (A) A . O . : 1. E .M , .

2. E A A. H , . T A (. ) .

I : 1. E

4-94 4-

4-76 I

I. T E I . T ( , ) ( x, 0). , . T . A , .

4.19 4-95

M M , M, . O ( I): constraintforce(n).x constraintforce(n).y |constraintforce(n)| ( n ID ). T , x ( ) ( ). , . A , . A . Y point[5]. : point[5].force . M I : point[5].force. point[5].force.y

4-96 4-

|point[5].force| - y-, . B-7 " ".

O M

4-77

. H , , ( , "A " 4-71). : 1. E . 2. E . E, ,

4.19 4-97

A/K

, .

M , . , . M . O . O . M , | | ( tab). A , ( "A " 4-82).

A/E