Tema: saliteraturi ena da cocxali metyveleba

• ZiriTadi problema, romelic saliteraturo enis istoriis kvlevisas dgas, werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa da cocxali metyvelebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxia.

roca cocxal metyvelebaze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara romelime konkretuli dialeqti, aramed is zedialeqturi movlena, romelic mWidro urTierTobaSia saliteraturo enasTan, zegavlenas axdens masze da Tavadac ganicdis saliteraturo enis zegavlenas.

• gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom qarTvelebi ise vwerT, rogorc vlaparakobT da ise vlaparakobT, rogorc vwerT, swori ar aris. es debuleba ar mtkicdeba arc Tanamedrove da ar Zveli qarTulis magaliTze.

magaliTebi: erTi mxriv, vambobT _ kargaT, kacaT, moqca, qsurs,

fiqrofs, ambofs da misT.

da vwerT _ kargad, kacad, mogca, gsurs,

fiqrobs, ambobs da misT.

cnobisaTvis: viT.br. niSnis -T varianti pirvelad

adiSis oTxTavSi dasturdeba `aRvida igi mTaT~, X s-

dan gvaqvs `ubiwoT, kacaT...~

Wil-etratis iadgarSi (Xs) gvaqvs forma davPsnad

( davwerd, gavakeTed, gamaTavisuflod, qvemod, zemod,

albad, winad-is msgavsi fsevdogranmtizirebuli

formebis pirveli magaliTi)

meore mxriv, vwerT _ adgili aqvs, saxezea, daniSnul

iqna, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs....

da vambobT – xdeba, aSkaraa, dainiSna,

vgulisxmobT.....

o cnobisaTvis: oficialur-saqmiani stilisTvis damaxasiTebeli `adgili aqvs~ rusuli имеет место-s kalkia, rac, Tavis mxriv, germanulis, germanulSi ki berZnul-laTinuris (τοπον εχει) kalkia.

erTi mxriv, Zvel teqstebSi gvaqvs formebi: xufroYs,

lukaYsi, mefH, miyofies....

mere mxriv ki - xufros, gudasman, mefe,

miyofia....

e. i. arc axal da arc Zvel qarTulSi zepiri

(cocxali) metyveleba da wera (saliteraturo enis

norma) absoluturad identuri ar yofila.

• amasTanave, aSkaraa, rom Zveli qarTuli enis uZvelesi werilobiTi Zeglebis ena (xanmeti da haemeti teqstebi), normaTa TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad erTnairia. is SeiZleba erTgvar ena-etalonad miviCnioT, romlis dacvasac cdiloben mweral-gadamwerebi, Tumca ukve am periodis ZeglebSic sporadulad SeiniSneba iseTi movlenebi, romlebis saliteraturo enaSi gabatonebul normaTa sistemas ewinaaRmdegeba da warmoadgens saliteraturo enaze cocxali metyvelebis zegavlenis Sedegs.

• es sxvaoba izrdeba IX-XI saukuneTa manZilze, faqtobrivad am periodis ZeglebSi gamovlindeba

yvela is arsebiTi niSani, romelic axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis damaxasiaTeblad aris miCneuli.

es ar niSnavs, rom IX-XI saukunebis qarTuli ar icavs saliteraturo qarTulis mtkice sistemas, radgan normebidan gadaxevis magaliTebi SedarebiT iSviaTia, SezRuduli raodenobiTaa, normebis dacva ki sistemurad xdeba.

normebi aSkarad Cans, advili dasadgenia, ilustrirebulia uamravi masaliT, darRvevebi ki saZiebelia.

• saliteraturo enis normebsa da cocxal metyvelebas Soris garkveuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs. saliteraturo enis normebi konservatiuli xasiaTisa, saukunebs uZlebs, cocxali metyvelebis normebi gacilebiT swrafad icvleba.

• saliteraturo enis normebi xSirad mas Semdegac

ucvlelia, rac cocxal metyvelebaSi am normaTa

safuZveli gramatikuli Tu fonetikuri evoluciis

Sedegad aRar arsebobs.

• sazogadod, saliteraturo ena normaTa mtkiced Camoyalibebul sistemas efuZneba. marTalia, V-X saukunebis qarTul werilobiT ZeglTa Soris jerjerobiT ar Cans raime gramatikuli traqtati, an enobriv normaTaA krebuli, magram am ZeglTa enis Seswavla ueWvels xdis, rom saliteraturo enis normebi mtkicedaa Camoyalibebuli da maT mwerlebi da gadamwerebi mtkiced icaven. swored amitomaa TvalSi sacemi yoveli gadaxveva saliteraturo enis normebidan.

magaliTad: Y (iotis) dakargvis SemTxvevebi ukve VI_VII

s- dan gvxvdeba, IX-XI s-is cocxal metyvelebaSi Y-is

Semcveli damavali difTongebi aRar arsebobs, ar gaaCnia

es niSani mxedrul anbansac, magram xucurma anbnma es

niSani XVIII saukunemde Semoinaxa, ufro metic , es niSani

xucuris zegavleniT XVII saukunidan mxedrul anbanSic

Cndeba.

XVII-XVIII saukunis gadamwerebi cdiloben am grafemis

Zveli normebiT gamoyenebas, magram Zalze xSirad ver

axerxeben, radgan Sesabamisi bgera enis fonematur sistemas

didi xania aRar gaCnia. faqtia, rom cocxal metyvelebaSi IX-XI

saukuneSi momxdari cvlileba saliteraturo enis

orTografiul normas ver cvlis XIX saukunemde.

igive iTqmis moTxr.brunvis niSnis man/ma

variantebzec .

werilobiT ZeglebSi -ma IX saukunidan gvaqvs , e.i.

cocxal metyvelebaSi -man ukve aRaraa erTaderTi forma,

mas -ma enacvleba, magram saliteraturo enaSi is kidev

didxans darCeba, rogorc normisadmi garkveuli xarkis

gaRebis gamovlineba.

saliteraturo enaSi gamovlenili darRvevebi im winaaRmdegobis Sedegia, rac mweral-gadamwerTa enobriv idealsa da maTs enobriv sistemas Soris arsebobs;

mwerlis (gadamweris) enobrivi idealia saliteraturo enaa, Tavisi konservatiuli, cocxal metyvelebas mowyvetili daxSird masTan dapirispirebuli normebiT;

amve dros, mwerali (gadamweri) sakomunikacio saSualebad iyenebs saliteraturo enisagan sakmaod gansxvavebul enobriv sistemas.

mwerali (gadamweri), ra Tqma unda, cdilobs Zvel normaTa dacvas, amCnevs sxva gadamwerTa mier daSvebul Secdomebsac,cdilobs gaasworos isini, magram cocxali metyvelebis zegavleniT TviTonac uSvebs amgvarive Secdomebs.

`RmerTman uwyis, raYca Cemisa umecrebisagan

egeboda, kargad qmnasa da simarTlesa dia

moviWirve, magram dedaY odiSs dawerili iyo da

sityuasa scvalebda (`andria salosis cxovreba~.

H 1345, 201r-v)

cxadia, aseTi gulmodgine gadamweris xelidan gamosuli

teqsti enis istorikoss nakleb masalas miscems, enis

istorikosis TvalsazrisiT ukeTesia is gadamweri, romelic

met `Secdomas~ uSvebs, maSasadame, ufro metad gamoavlens

cocxali metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel formebs.

gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca gadamweris mier daSvebuli

Secdomebi, maT Soris iseTebi, romlebic cocxali

metyvelebis gamovlinebaa, gasworebulia SecdomiT

dawerils zemoT swori forma aweria, an mcadri forma

amofxekilia.

sazogadod, saliteraturo enas axasiaTebs

ganviTarebis ori, urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendencia:

moqmedi normis SenarCunebisa da

ganmtkicebis tendencia

damkvidrebuli enobrivi normis Secvlis

tendencia.

axal formaTa raodenobrivma dagrovebam SesaZloa

saliteraturo enis normaTa cvla gamoiwvios.

• WeSmariti enobrivi norma moZravi,dinamikuroi unda

iyos, da, amasTanave, ar unda kargavdes garkveul

imperatiulobas.

• enaSi momxadri evolucia werilobiT ZeglebSi

sporadulad aisaxeba. gadmwerTa mier daSvebuli

Secdomebi miniSnebas iZleva am cvlilebaTa Sesaxeb,

amitomac aqvs amgvar Secdomebs gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba.

• magram cxadia, yovrelgvari Secdoma, mcdari

daweriloba, ver iqneba enis istorikosisTvis

msjelobisa sagani da erTnairad faseuli.

• igi iseT Secdomebze unda amaxvilebdes yuradRebas, romlebis enis ganviTarebis momdevnoperiodSi ukve

normad iqceva.

• yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi lingvisturma

analizma unda gadawyvitos SemTxveviT

FformasaTan gvaqvs saqme Tu enis

istoriisaTvis sayuradRebo faqtTan.

• SecdomiT daweril formaTa raodenoba enis istoriis

kvlevisas gadamwyveti araa. SesaZloa, romelime

movlena ZeglebSi erTi –ori `SecdomiT~ iyos

warmodgenili, magram enis istoriisTvis swored am

mcdar formebs eniWeba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba da

ara Wabad warmodgenil swor formebs, ramdenadac

isini enis evolucias, misi ganviTarebis tendencias

asxaven.

• Secdomebi ori jgufad SeiZleba davyoT:

SemTxveviTi xasiaTis Secdomebi ( meqanikuri Secdomebi)

Secdomebi, romelTac enobrivi safuZveli moepovebaT ( cocxali metyvelebis amsaxveli Secdomebi)

SemTxveviTi xasiaTis Secdomebi ( asoTa,marcvalTa kleba,zedmeti asos an marcvlis, sityvis dawera, sityvis SecdomiT amokiTxva ( mgmobari/megobari; bunebaY/gonebaY;

suTieli/suleli; .... ) damweris naklebi gawafulobiT, zogjer ki misi fizikuri mdgomareobiTac aixsneba:

` momemadla me friad codbvilsa ioanes da davCxrike wmidaY ese wigni ori Tavi saxarebaY lukaYsi da ioanHsi PeliTa CemiTa friad codviliTa dReTa oden borotad moxucebulobis CemisaTa diad xaSmman da brmaman~ (Sin 38, 115r) (ioane zosime)

`dedaY TviT giorgi mTawmidelisadan dawerili maqunda, magram esreT wurilad naweri iyo,romel kacisa Tmasa hguanda,xolome kaci viyav momdREvnebuli~

o, RmerTo,rogor SemaWirva noRisa sicxeman! ( noRa=dabali adgili)

amgvari mizeziT gamowveuli meqanikuri Secdomebi mniSvnelovania mxolod filologiuri TvalsazrisiT, xelnawerTa urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad, magram ara enis istoriisaTvis. II jgufis Secdomebs enobrivi safuZveli moepovebaT :

magaliTad, meqanikur Secdomad ver CavTvliT amgvar Secdomebs:

evHaY, mariam-i, , ( iakobis protoevangele,VII s), ufros, xudidesi, gudasman, dalilman, Tarxuji, miyofia, dauweria...

es enis ganviTarebis tendenciis maCvenebeli Secdomebia. isini gviCveneben, sxvaobas saliteraturo enis normasa da cocxal metyvelebas Soris, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, imas, rom sxvagvarad werdnen da sxvagvarad laparakobdnen.

SecdomaTa klasifikacia

Sebrunebuli dawerilobani

fsevdogramatizirebuli dawerilobani

kontaminirebuli dawerilobani

1. Sebrunebuli dawerilobani

werilobiT ZeglebSi dasturdeba grafemaTa urTierTSenacvlebois SemTxvevebi,masin roca cocxalmetyvelebaSi sesabamis bgeraTa saurTierTo substitucia savaraudebeli ar aris. grafemaTa aseTi Senacvleba enaSi moxdari garkveuli fonetikuri movlenebis damamtkicebeli sabuTia. P da x-s monacvleoba P-s nacvlas x-s xmarebis SemTxvevebi X-XII saukuneebis ZeglebSi miuTiTebs,rom enaSi /P/ : /x/ fonematuri opozicia iSleba magaliTebi: xeli - Peli; xedavda – Pedavda; gulisxma – gulisPma....

fonema erTia /x, grafema ori x da P , gadamwerebma kargad

ar ician maTi adrindeli ganawilebis wesebi ( sanam

cocxalmetyvelebaSi /P/sebobda, gadamwers am grafemis

dawerilobaSi Secdoma ar mouvidoda,warmoTqma exmareboda) da

D werilobiT ZeglebSi Tavs iCens ori saxis Secdoma:

x wereba iq, sadc adre P iyo (ganyara Peli/xeli)

P iwereba iq, sadac adre x iwereboda.( Ze kacisa

Par)

2 . fsevdogramatizirebuli

dawerilobani

enaSi momxdari evoluciis utyuari dasturia iseTi

dawerilobani,roca grafemas cocxal metyvelebaSi

Sesabamisi bgerobrivi erTeuli ar Seesatyviseba,es aso ki

imitomaa dawerili,rom, gadamwerlis azriT, amgvari

daweriloba sworia.

gadamweris amgvari gadawyvetilebis safuZveli aris is,

rom orTografiul normaTa mixedviT, Sesabamis poziciaSi

sxva formebSi mocemuli grafikuli niSani iwereba.

o aRvida igi mTaT ( C) , cxebaT ferPTa

uflisaTa, , amaRldi zecaT ( Wil-etr)

imis gamo, rom cocxal metyvelebaSi moiSala mJRer da yru

TanxmovanTa opozicia auslautSi, d grafema Tavs iGens iq,

sadac is adre arasdros yofila:

ara davPsnad sityuaY (aT.mr); aRvPed navsa da

marTl miviswrafed; warvediT da auwyed

macxovarsa.

SvaY, menave /menaY-ve

fsevdogramatizirebul dawerilobaTa gamomwvevi mizezi

saliteraturo enis normaTa cocxali metyvelebisagan

daSorebaa.

3. kontaminirebuli daweriloba (gaixseneT

aeri+hava=haeri)

amgvari dawerilobani enaSi moxdari cvlilebebis yvelaze

TvalsaGino mowmobas warmoadgenen, kontaminirebul

dawerilobaSi erTdrouladaa warmodgenili8 ori forma (

swori da araswori,norma da darRveva)

`amisTvis mogelis Sen gKrgKni simarTlisaY , romeli migqces

qadagebulman Sen mier~(Xs,Sin64).

raJams gamosSGndi zeciT ( fsalm,X s)

viTarca nestu oPxreani Pmobs

raJams Semoqmedi maTi wiarTagan gardamoxPda

sasSjeli, mihsca, dahscxra,,

dReH igi ukanaskneli, meufeH igi huriaTaY, ZeH, mzeH,

ukuH, ukuHTu

cocxal metyvelebaSi momxdari procesebis daTariReba

saliteraturo enaSi gamovlenil faqtTa mixedviT.

I kolokviumisaTvis

z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis

istoriis Sesavali, Tb. 1984

Tavi I, II, III, IV, X,

b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia

arn.Giqobava, Zvelisa da axlis komponentebisaTvis

vefxistyaosnis morfologiur da sintaqsur

struqturaSi

r. patariZe, bolnisis taZris saamSeneblo warwera,

`mnaTobi~, 1984, #1;

a.SaniZe, literaturuli cnoba axlad aRmoCenili

uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis Sesaxeb XI saukunis

mwerlobaSi, Txz. t. II, Tb.,1981;

a. SaniZe, xanmeti leqcionari, Zveli qarTuli enis

Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1944;

a. SaniZe, sinuri mravalTavi 864 wlisa da misi

mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, Tsu

Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi; Tb., 1959;

iv. javaxiSvili, axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi

qarTuli xelnawerebi da maTi mniSvneloba

mecnierebisaTvis, qarTuli paleografia, Tb. ,1949;

qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia sami

Satberduli xelnaweris mixedviT, a. SaniZis

gamocema, Tb., 1945