. . '' 20 , . . . . . . . " " . , . . ' , , . , . " " . , ,

. , , . , , . ex cathedra . (/) . / ( ) . , , . . 21 / , , , , , , . , , . , - -- . , , . , (-/) , .

. -/ . . , , . , , . , , , . , . (search engines) , , . . , , CD-ROM , . / , Word Windows, , , . HTML , , , Netscape. , , . . .

, , , . , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , . , , . .

***

. . '' . . , . , . , , , / (Interactive Multimedia) .

. , , . . , , . , . . . , , , . , . , , . . , , , , . , , , ; , , , , . . .

, , , . , (/) . / CD-ROM / ENCARTA , . CD-ROMs / (/). / (/) ( ) , . , / , / . / ( ) -- /-- . /, /, / , /. / . : . , . , . , , . / / . . , , / . ; / / / . CD-ROM BRITANNIC ,

/ . , , /; . / , - - . CD-ROM /. / CD-ROM. / /, . / . , , / . / /, . / (. Illuminatus Opus) . , , / . / . . / , . / , . / . / . (animation), / . /

, , . (morphing video), . / . . / , , . / , (multiple-choice). / , . / , (Historical Computing expert). / . /, , , , . / , , , . , , , ... . James J. O'Donnell "New Tools for Teaching", . John Reynolds "An Electronic Blackboard: Using Multimedia to Teach a College Level United States History Survey" . George Welling () USA. From Revolution to Reconstruction. A WWW project in Collective Writing.

, , . , , . . , , . ***

, 1897-1997 ees Klok, doctorandus/M.A. , , ' '. , . , 1897 , . . 1821 . , , . , . . ' . . ,

, . / , . , . , , . . 19 , , 20 . , 1897 1919-1923, , . 19 . . , , , . 1881 . 1897 1897 , . . . , . , . . , . . , . . : . .

1870 (. Spiegel Historiael, 1996 nr. 2 ). ' . , , , . 1878 . . -, , . , , . , , , , , , . , , , , . , , 1912. status quo , , . , , - 1908. , , . 1912 . , , . . , , 10% . . . . 1913 . , , , , ' , .

. , . , , . . , , . ' , . . . ', , . . . , . . , , . 1917 . , ( ) -. ( 1918) , 1919 , . , . , . , . . . . . , .

, 2000 - , . . . 1921 . ' . . , . ' , , ' , . . . , , . , , . 1923 . . . 1948 . 1923 . , - ( ) ' ( ' ) . ' . , -. , , . . 1924 , 1928, . , , . ,

. 1930, . . 1934 , , , . 1936 , . , . . . , , . . . 1942 varlik vergisi, , . 1943, . , , (). . , . , , 1945, . , . . , , . , . 1951 .

, (1953) (1954), . . , ' . . , , . , , . , 1955 , , , . . , 1960 . . , , , , . 1964 , . . 1974 , , . , . , , . . " ". . , . , (1982), . , , (casus belli). , . , .

, . , ' . , , 1992, . . , 51 , . . 1976 1978 . ' . , , , . . , . , 1981. (1989) . ( 1997) , , . . ' , , . , , , , . : -, . ... Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, Cambridge 1992. Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, vol. 2, 19917. E.J. Zrcher, Turkey: A Modern History, London/New York 1993. Philip Carabott, Greece and Europe in the Modern Periode: Aspects of a Troubled Relationship, London 1995.

Van Coufoudakis, "Greek-Turkish Relations, 1973-1983: the view from Athens", in International Security jg. 9, nr. 4. T.A. Couloumbis, The United States, Greece and Turkey. The troubled triangle, New York 1983. John O. Iatrides, Balkan Triangle: birth and decline of an alliance across ideological boundaries, Den Haag 1968. Lord Kinross, The Rebirth of a Nation, London 1964. Kees Klok, "Oud zeer op de Balkan: de Macedonische kwestie", in Spiegel Historiael jg.31, nr.2 [Old Pains in the Balkans: the Macedonian Question], Amsterdam 1996. Kees Klok, "Buitenbeen op de Balkan. Aspecten van de Griekse buitenlandse politiek na de Tweede Wereldoorlog", in Kleio jg. 35, nr. 10 [Exception in the Balkans. Aspects of Greek Foreign Policy after the Second World War], The Hague 1994. ***

() . .. (--. ) . , , , " " 1. , , . . 2, 3 4. , 5. , , . , , . . , . , , , .

" 6" . , 7. , , . . , , , 8. , . , , . , 9 . 4 : , , , , 10. , 4 : 11. , .12 , , . , , , , 13. , , . 14 15, . , , 16 .17 . , 18, , . . 19,

. ,, , ,20 ' , . , , : . 21 22. , , ' . , , 23 . , , , 24. 25, . , . . , , , , , 26. " "27. : , . 28 29. , , .30 , 31. 32. .

, . , 33. , . ,34 , , 35 , ( , ) , . , , - . , , 36. , 37, , . , 38. , 39., "" 40. . , , , "", 41. , 42. ' , 7 .., 43. , 44. 45.

, , . , " "46 47, . , , , , . , 7 .. , 48. . , 49. " " 50. , . 51. , , , . 7 . , , , , 52, , ,53 . 54. . , , , , - . M . , , , .

, 55. , , 56. . ( , , 57.). , 58 ' . , 59 60. 61 . 62 . , , , 63, (actio popularis) , 64. 592 462.65. . . , 66 67 , . 68. - 69 . , 70. 71, , , 72. , ,73 , , 74. 75.

, , , . , , , , . , 441 .., , ( ), , . , . (431-404), , . 76 . , 77, , " "78 , 79, 80. 81 82 83. 84 , , 85. 86. ""87. 88, - 89. 90, , . , , , 91, , 92, 93. , , 94. 95, 96. , 97 -- , --, . ,

2 .. . 406 .. , , . , , . , . , , , . , , . , , , 98. , , 99, 100 ' . , . 399 .., , 101. , . , 338 .. . 322 .., . , 318 .., 146 .. . . , . , , . - - , 102. ' ,

, 103. . , 104. . , ,105 , . " "106, : " ' "107. 1) . Martin Heidegger: Uber den Humanismus, Frankfurt a.M. (Klostermann Verlag) . 12 2) . John C. Eccles, Facing Reality,, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1970 3) , 1, . 51 4) . 36 5) .36 6) ,2, 1253 7) 17 8) ircea Eliade . 200,317,318,319 9) 18 10)Levi Strauss 239 11)Cassirer 174-176 12) 19 13). 33 . 14) .33 15)Unesco 33,325 16). . 39, Unesco 91 17). . 38, Unesco 247 18)Unesco 146, . 15,18 19)Unesco 484 20) 54 21)Unesco 326 22)Unesco 397 23)Unesco 397 24)Durant 17 25) . 35 26). . . 36 27) , 199 28). 243 . 29). . . 42 30)Durant 66 31) 46, 313 32). . . 42 33)Durant 67 34) 217 35) 376-436 36). . . 48 37)Unesco 154 38). E. . 48 39). . . 47 40). . . 48 41)Unesco 142

42)Flacel. 299,302, 185e 43) 27 44) . 1335-6 45) 28 46) 6,1. 9,1 47) 39, 6,1. 10,1 48) 15 49). 50) 373 51)Flacel. 66 52). . . 211 53) 28 54). . . 212 55) 47 56). . 107-110, Flacel. 47 57)Frgm 16 58) frgm 29-30 59)Braunstein- Pepin 21 60) . 52 61) 43, Biscardi 423 62) ' 55, ' 33 63). 7 64). 7 65). 77 66). 36,37,40 67). . 419-426 38 68)Windelband-Heimsoeth 87 69) . 61 70) 185e 71) 272, 206-207e 72) 351b 73) 358 c-d 74) 507-508 75) B' 34 . 76) 84-116 77) ,5 449, 6 484, 7 514 78) 533 d 79) 64 80) 534 81) 210 -e 82) Z 533 d2 83) 527b-e 84) 85) ' 86) ' 403d 87) 400c 88)Braunstein- Pepin 26 89) 211c, Braunstein -Pepin 27 90). . , . 22 91) ' 3, 1029 92) ' 412 93)Hirschberger I, 192 94) 731,28-30 95) , 158 96) , 3,3 ' 2,6 97) 31, Flacel. 146 98)Hirschberger 257-258 99)Zeller 294 100)Zeller 372 101)Flacel. 329 102). 76

103) 507-508 104) 395 105)' 116 106) .1435. 107). 521

, . . , 1971 __________. , , 1994 . 1929 . . 1967 . . , 1976 . . , 1975 . UNESCO, 1,2, 1966 . , 19712001 , . . , 2000 __________. . , 1995 __________. ' ". . 1946 -, . , , 1995 , . . 2, 1990 , . . , 2000 , . . , 1985 . . , 1976 , . . , 2000 , . , . . - . , I.C.O.M., 1989 -. . , 1980 Biscardi, Arnaldo. . , 1996 Braunstein, Florence et Jean Francois Pepin. La place du corps dans la culture occidentale, PUF- Pratiques Corporelles, Paris 1999 Cassirer, Ernst. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen. T , Darmstadt 1977 Clark, Kenneth. The naked and the nude, John Murray, London 1956 Ducat, Jean. Fonctions de la statue dans la Grece archaique. Kouros Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique, Ecole Fraincaise d' Athenes, 1976 Durant, Will. . ', & , 1965 Eliade, Mircea. Traite d' histoire des religions. Paris, Payot, 1975 Flaceliere, Robert. . , 2000 Hirschberger, Johannes. Geschichte der Philosophie, Freiburg 1961, 1,2 Hofmann, J.B. . . , 1994

Levi Strauss, Claude. . , 1977 Percy, William Armstrong. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece, University of Illonois Press, 1996 Tannahill, Reay. . . . - . Windelband-Heimsoeth. . . . . ' , 1980

() . .. (--. ) . , . , , .1 . , , , . , , . . .2 3 , .4 , , ,5 .6 7. 8 , , .9 , .10 . '

, , 11 . , , . 12 .13 , Gemeinschaft.14 ,15 16 . 17 , .18 , , .19 , -, 20 , , .21 , , , , , , , , , , ( ) , .22 , , . , , , Ad legem duodecim tabularum, (47,22,4), :23 , , , .

, ( ;) ,24 . , .25 , .26 , , -.27 : , , , . . 28 "... ... ." , , .29 , .30 () , .31, , , . , , . ( ) , ex jure familiari ( ), ex jure civili ( ). , , . .

, , . , .. , , actio popularis ( ), . , , . , jus familiae . , , ,32 .33 , ex jure familiari, ex jure civili. . , pater familias , . .34 , . - , . , , . .35 , , , , , ' , , !!! .36 , 37 , "" . ,

.38 .39 , , .40 , , (.. )41 , .42 , , , ' . .43 ( ) . 44 .45 , .46 . .47 ,48 . , 49 , .50 , , .51 52 . .53 , , ,54 .55 .56 .57 , , , "" .58

.59 .60 .61 ,62 .63 , -.64 65 , .66 . , , .67 , 6 68 .69 . , , , .70 .71 , , . ,72 , , .73 .74 , 750 .. 12 50 , , .75 , , , (, ), ( ) ( ) . , .76 77 .78 , ,

, . , , .79 "" , .80 .81 , . . . , , , . , , , , . , , . . , .82 , , " ", . , , .83 , , .84 , 500 , , .85 . , (- ), ,86 , . , , , , .

,87 . .88 , , , 100 400.89 , ' : .90 , , 91. , 92 93, 94 95 . , .96 .97 , .98 , 500, 500 50 .99 , , . , . . , , , , . , .100 , , , .101 ,102 , ,103 , .104

, . , .. . , , , . . 105 .106 (. ) .107 , , ,108 ' . , ( ), , . , . , ( ) . , , , .109 , , . 110 .111 , , , . , , , , . , , . .... ( , 507e 6-508a 4)

1. , 221 2. , 216 3. 1,2,1252,25. 2,6,1278,20 4. , ,369, 320c 5. . 1, 1252 6. . 216 7. . 216, 6. 8. . . 1,2,1252, 20. 9,114 9. Unesco, 1966,182 10. . . 1,1252 11. . 217 12. 76 . 13. . 217 14. . 100 15. . . 1,2,1252 16. 1,170 17. . , ""38 18. 24 19. 25 20. 24,25 21. 43 22. . 57, 9-11 23. . 224 24. . 238 25. . Hasebroek . 234 26. . 234-243 27. . 12,100,101 28. . 20 29. . . 1,2,1252 30. 125 31. Paoli 20 32. . 126 33. Biscardi 183 34. . 2, 1131, 2-9 35. . ,88 36. Bisc. 275 . 37. Bisc. 330, 38. . 127 39. . 276 40. Paoli 12 41. . 81 42. Bisc. 186 43. . 217, Ustinova 236 44. Howatson 45. . 81 46. . 384, 96, 81 47. Ustinova 235 48. . . 1252 18 49. 1,2,6 50. . 451 .. 51. Ustinova 237 52. Ustinova 237, Fisher 1176 53. Ustinova 239 54. Howatson 55. Jones 157 56. . 59 57. . 112 58. . 17, Ustinova 235

59. . 113 60. Leiwo 104 61. Osborne 73 62. Vamvoukos 105 63. . 247 64. Jones 157 65. . 113, . 274-276, 542 66. . 60 67. . 61 68. Howatson 69. Vamvoukos 105 70. Vamvoukos 105-106, . 248 . 71. Fisher 1176, Jones 159, Leiwo 104 72. Ustinova 237 . 73. Ustinova 239 74. Howatson 75. . 82 76. . 101 77. Osborne 90 78. Jones , 261 79. Osbome 90 80. . 244 81. . . . 11,2 82. . 102 83. . 104 84. . 106 85. . 171 86. Osborne 81, Me Dowell 315 87. . 58 88. . 79 89. . 60 90. . 101 91. . 101 92. Jones 58 93. . 205 94. . 203 95. . 204 96. . 101 97. . 106 98. . 64 99. . 109 100. . 281 101. . 201 102. JonesA 60. 103. Jones A 60 104. . 260 105. . . 106. . Mc Dowell . 217. . Mc Dowell . "" 107. . Mc Dowell . 108. . Descat Baslez 109. . 62 110. Mc Dowell . " " 111. . . " "

, . : . 1987 , . . . . . 1982 , . .

1935 , . . . . 2000 Baslez, Marie Francoise. "Les associations dans la citeet l apprentissage du collectif", Ktema 23, 1998 Biscardi, Arnaldo. . . 1996 Descat, Reymond. "Public et prive dans l economie de la cite grecque", Ktema 23, 1998 Fisher, Nicholas R. E. "Greek Associations, Symposia, and Clubs" in M. Grant & R. Kitzinger Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean. New York 1988 Howatson Companion to classical studies. Oxford Jones, J. The law and the legal theory of Greeks. Oxford 1956 Jones, J. Public Organization in Ancient Greece. American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia 1987 Martti, Leiwo. "Religion or other Reasons? Private Associations in Athens" in J. Frosen Early Hellenistic Athens, Symptoms of a change. Helsinki. 1997 McDowell, Douglas. . 1988 Osborne, R. G. The discovery of classical Attica. Cambridge 1985 Paoli, Ugo Enrico. . 1959 Ustinova, Y. "Orgeones in phratries : A mechanism of social intergration in Attica" Kernos 9 Vamvoukos, Athanassios. Fundamental Freedoms in Athens. Rida 1979

K ees Klok, doctorandus/M.A.

, 1571 , , . , 19 , . . , . 1821 . , . K 1974. . K . 1878, , , : , . , de facto , . 12 1878 . , , , , . . 1864, . . , . , . "" , , , . . . , . . , . , .

, . , . , . , , 1927 (1). , , . , , , (2). . , , . . . . " " . . 1912-1913 , . 1915 , . 1917 , . 1919 . , . 1914 . 1923 (3). status quo. . . , : . taksim.

1929 . . 1931 , . . . . , . . ( 1946-1949 ), . . 50 ( ). . . 1955 , , . , . , . . . . 1955 " ". . 1955 VLKAN, ( ). VOLKAN . VLKAN / TMT , . , , , (4). . , , . . . , , . . . ,

. 1959 , , . , . , , , . fait accompli. (5). To 1960 K. . -- , -- , , . , 18% , , ( 30% , 30% 40% ), (veto) , . . . , . , , . . . 1963 , . . 21 . o . . . , . E . , , . . , 24 . . -- . . , , ,

. , , . , ( UNFICYP) . . T . . . , , , . , . . . 1964 , . , . 1967 . ' . , . , , . 1967 , . , 950 1300 . . . . , , , . . de facto . , . 15 1974. , .

. . , . 20 . , . , 23 , . 30 . 35% . , , 14 , . 1500 . , , , (6). , 1974, , . , , . 1983 " ", . , , . , 2002 2004. . 2002 -. . , . , 1974. , , , 200.000 . 1. Stavros Pandeli A History of Cyprus. From Foreign Domination To Troubled Independence. Londen / Den Haag 2000, p.75. 2. Doros Alastos Cyprus in History. Londen 1976, p. 309-323. 3. Kees Klok - "Lausanne, een historisch breukvlak." In : Lychnari jg 7, nr.4, 1993. 4. Zie: Christopher Hitchens Hostage to History. Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger. Londen / New York 1999, p. 46 vgl. 5. Richard Clogg A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge 1992, p. 154. 6. Kees Klok "Langs de Groene Lijn." In: Lychnari jg 16, nr.5, 2002.

B (. . . & . .) , . ' , "... , , ..."(1). , , , . , , . (, , ), . , "... ...",(2) . , " "(3) , . . . , , , , . , . , 1453. :

Imperium Romanum , 6 , , , 7 9 ,

, , , 9 11.

, . , ( , 1071), ( , ), . (, 1054), , , , , . , . , , , 11 , . Imperium Romanum . , , . : ".... , , , , , , ".(4) Imperium Romanum :(5) ) , , "" . , , , ) , . ' , , ' . , , . , 565 ( ), , , . .

' , (...). , , : , , , , , , . . , Fullbright, : "... , (...) ...".(6) , . , : ) , . ) , . ' . : " ..., , "; Paul Kennedy(7) ... .(8) . , , ; . ... , , , , 6 , . , . . , .(9) . ,

(681), , . , . ' , , . , ' , Imperium Romanum. , , .(10) , " ", bolensky(11), , " ", ...(12) , . , , , , , . , - , , . ' , . . , . . , . , , . , , . "" ( ) . , . "", , , .

, . 1204. , Pax Romana, . . , . . , , , . . , , , , , " ".(13) , , . , , ' . "" . , . 8 , , . , . "" , , "" . 867, . , . . .(14) reconquista , . . "

"(15 , ( 11 ). , , ( , 751). 10 , . . : . , , , ' . ' ' (867-886) . . : "... ...".(16) , , 919-944. , , , ' .(17) , , "" . , , . , . , , . , , . , , . . ' . , . , ' , . , . , 863-7,

: , , , . , , .(18) , . . , . . , , , . ', , , : "... , ...".(19) . , . , , , ', . 9 , , . , . . , , - -- : "... ..."(20) -- . 11 , , : . , "" , , , 1054. , . , ,

, , . , , , , , . , "" , (11 ). , .(21) , 11 , , , , . : ) ) . (1081-1185) , . , , . , , . , (1186). . , , . , , , , , (1183-1185). . , " ", , . , , , . , , . , , . , , , . ' ,

. . , . , , , . , . , 1185 1204, . , , - - , 1453.(22) , . , : . , , , . , , . "" , . , , . status quo, , , , , , , . , , . . , . . : , 2000. -, . . 3 . . . : . 1988. , . " ", 2 (1970) : 37-63.

, . . . : , 1997. , . ' , De Administrando Imperio ( ), . : , 1990. , . , 6-11 . 3 , : , 2001. , . . : , .. , . " ' ", 5-6 (19911992) : 183-188. ennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. 2nd Ed. London: Fontana, 1989. Obolensky, Dimitri. . 2 . , , 1991. 1 , " ", , 2, 70 2 .. 3 , " ' ", , 5-6, 184 4 , , VI, 847-852, , : , .67 5 -, , . 20 6 Fullbright J.W., , , 7 ale. 8 Paul ennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, . 665-698, ... . 9 . , 451 . 10 , , 210 11 bolensky Dimitri, , . 123 12 , , 229 13 - , , . 34 14 , . , ', , ,

, . 1440, . , . , , . 181 http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/donation.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/donatconst.html 15 - , , . 50 16 , ' , De Administrando Imperio ( ), , . 151. 17 , . , ' , De Administrando Imperio ( ), 18 (), , , . 101 19 Obolensky Dimitri, , . 252 20 -, , .54 21 .. . 70-75 22 1054 1204, . -, , .70-118

. (), . . ( ) . , ; , T. S. Elliot , 1962, . , -- , () , , , , , , . , , , (110.922..) , , 10.822.000 , , , . , 90 , , ... .

1 1959 , . , " 26 " . , , , "", "" . ... . , . ..., 1959, .1 , 1959 , , , - , ...2 , 2 1961 " "3, . , - , , . , Texaco, 29 1960 - .... , 95% , 6 1960.4 , . , .5 , , 3 1961, ... .6 Mongoose CIA, 1961. ; . , , . , , status quo . , , Sputnik, 1957. , , ... , () ,

. , 50, .... ... , 1984!7 . , , , , . . . , , -- .8 (massive retaliation)9 , , . , , (flexible response)10 , , .... , U-2 ... , 1960. , 1961. - , 1961 .11 , , , , , 1962, . CIA, , 1.400 . , , . , , . , ... . , , , , . 1962, .... , , MIG,

. 1962, , . 4 , , , , , 22 , .12 , , - , SAMs, 48 - , SS-4 ( ...13), 48 IL-28, . 32 (), SS-5, - .14 14 1962 U-2 ... . , , 16 . , . , , Robert Kennedy, McNamara, McGeorge Bundy, Th. Sorensen, D. Acheson, P. Nitze, R. Lovett.15 . , , : ) ... , ) --, , Acheson--, ) - McNamara--16. O , , , . , 22 , , , , ( quarantine ). , , . 180 ... . , . 24 , . . , , , , . , . , .. . , , 45 - , , SS-4, . 26 , . , , ... . . U-2 .

() . , MIG . , . , , ( ) Jupiter . , ... Jupiter .17 28 1962, , : .... , ... . Jupiter . . 20 . IL-28, - . , , . 18 , " ". , , . , : . , . , 1956, , ,19 . ... . , .... ,20 . , . , , , , . , , ( brinkmanship )21, , .

: 100 24 22 , , Purl Harbor , ,23 , () . , Jupiter .24 , , Pierre Accoce Pierre Rentchnick. , , . , - , - , ,25 , .26 , . , , SS-4 . ... . , . : , ... . , . , , , , , 1963, , 1964. , ( ). , , . , American University, 1963, , , , Pravda ( ....), . - (mini d?tente)27

, ( ), .28 , Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis. The American Photofraphic Evidence Foreign Relations of the United States : 1961-1963 Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath United Nations: Cuban Missile Crisis Debate, 1962 NSA and the Cuban Missile Crisis Reconnaissance and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revelations from the Russian Archives. Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Marxist History: Cuba: Subject: Missile Crisis J.F.Kennedy: Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba The Cuban Missile Crisis in Photos The Cuban Missile Crisis

1. Purnell, . 2582 2. Purnell, . 2592 3. , . 225 4. 20 , . 932 5. , . 212 6. Rojo, . 79 7. Thurow, . 56 8. , . 11 9. , . 295 10. , . 219 11. 20 , . 949 12. 20 , . 964 13. , . 192 14. Paterson, . 336 15. Paterson, . 337 16. Purnell, . 2593 17. , . 193 18. 20 , . 965 19. , . 331 20. , . 192 21. , . 520 22. Accoce and Rentchnick, . 84 23. , . 12 R. Kennedy.13 days. A memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Norton 1971. 24. Purnell, . 2593 25. Accoce and Rentchnick, . 73-87 26. Accoce and Rentchnick, . 265-280 27. , . 521 28. , . 36

Accoce, Pierre and Rentchnick Pierre. . : , 1977

. . : , 1999 . . : , 1995 , . 20 . . : , 1996 , . John F. Kennedy. . : , 2003 , . . : , 1998 , . 1945-2002. : , 2002 Paterson, Thomas G. et al. American Foreign Relations. A History-Since 1895. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000 Purnell. 20 . 6 . : , 1968. 6. Rojo, Ricardo. . . : , 1974/1997 Thurow, Lester. , . : -.., 1995 20 . : 4, 1990

, 1947 , Ph.D. () , , .. ,

. 46.I

18 1947 , ' 31 , , . , 31 , , , . -- 17-3-47 18 , . 1. 18 . 2. , , ,

. , , . 3. 2.000.000 . 4. 1.000.000 . 5. 1.000.000 , . 6. , . , , 5 , .

.

(). . . . ( 2000). , . . . 1947 . , 1947 . , . 1947 . . , . , . , . , , .

-- -- . . 1947, , . , . . .

'

. (), . . ( ) , , . , . 9 1918 . (Weimar), , 19 1919 , . . . , , , . 1933, .

, 1920 . , . , , . () , 1919. ( , ), , 130 ( 32 )! . . . . , 1922, , , . , .*1 , . 1923 - , . , , , . , .*2 1922-23 , , . , , , 1920 " . Wall street 1929, , .*3 : . . , , , .*4 1,4 . 1928 5,6 . 1932!

, 58% 50%, 1928. 89 1928 57 1932.*5 , . , , . , . . . 1919 , . , , . 1932, , 1933 .*6 , , . , , .*7 , , : , , , .*8 , , . , , , 1919.*9 *10 () , () . , , . , , . , ,

, . , 1929 , , .

. 1945 , (M.R.P.), . 24 1946 , 1958 . , . , .*11 , , , . , 1946, , . . , , 1945 . , , , 50% , *12 . . 1947 1948. , , . , 1950, 50 $, 48 $. 50% . ,

1949-50 1954, *13 . , , . , 1946-1958. 1947, -- --- R.P.F. ( ), 4 . , , , , , M.R.P.*14 , , . , , , , . . , -- (1954) (1956) , . -- -- . () . , , , , . , , .

, , , . -- -- ( ) , , . ( ) . , , . . , 19 ., . , . , , , , . , -- -- . , , , , . , , . , . , , , . , , , , . : , , , , . , , , , . 1920, , . , Wall Street 1929 1950. , , , , .

- 1. . 299 2. . 87 3. Berstein Serge-Milza Pierre . 68. , 1924 4. . 192 5. Kennedy . 401 6. . 192 7. Ashcroft . 742 8. Kennedy . 380 9. . 192 10. 1933 (). , . 11. . 88 12. Kennedy . 474 13. . 14. Purnell . 2133 , . . : . 2000. ' , . 1871-1945. : ... 1995 , . . - : . . 1987. ' Ashcroft, Edward. ( 100 ). : 1975. 4. Berstein, Serge-Milza Pierre. . : 1997. 3. Kennedy, Paul. . : 1990. , . . : -.., 1995 20 Purnell. 6 . : , 1968. 5.

, , . , , . 1453, , , . , Choiseul Gouffier : ' , , . , , , . , , , , . . . , . ' , (Buyuk Kervan Saray), ' , (Kucuk Kervan Saray). 1498 1505 Koca Mustafa . , , , . , , . , . , ( ), , , . . , , , . . ' , 1924, , ' .

, 17 16 . Sulu Han, ', . Kursumlu Han, . Katip Celebi Suluca Han, Mustafa Pasa Han Malta Hun. Suluca Han Bosnac Han. . , , , 1886 50 10.000 600 . ' 1880, , , . , . , , , . 1937, . 27 /14 1937, , , , (). , ) . ) . , . . 1870 , , . , , . ' , . , . , , ' , ' , . , , .

, , , . . , . 19 , , . , , , , , , , , , , , ', 1909. 19 , , . , . ;. , , , . , , . . , , , , , , . 1912, 1917, . , , , 1915-1916, ' 250.000 . 1912 J. F Fraser Salonica has its distinctions. Near the quay, where are the big hotels and boulevards and the surup-shipping and the horse tramcars is a touch of Europe O Risal Salonique devait etre grace a la internationalisation, une ville semplable a la Carthage antique ou la Venise de Moyenne Age et de temps modernes. Il serait le seuil de tout l Europe centrale, la Grande escale, entre l Allemagne et Suez Pour le voyageur presse qui passe, Salonique est une moderne Babel de races, de langues, de croyances, de coutoumes, d idees, de aspirations 1875 14 , . 1911 , 777

, 10 , 1,28%. , , . . . , . , cabarets cafe chantants, ' , . , , . 1900-1912, , . . , () , ' . 1914-1917. . 1915 100 , , 60, Belle Epoque. [ . , , , 1875-1917, University Studio Press 2003. , . ].