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2. : : 1.2. 1.1.2. : 2.1.2. : : 2.2. 3. : : : : : : : 1.3. 1.1.3. 2.1.3. 2.3. 1.2.3. 2.2.3.

4. : : 1.4. : 2.4.

21

:

1. : : :

1.1.1. 2.1.1. 3.1.1. 4.1.1.

1.1.

1.2.1.

2.1.

1.1.2.1. 2.1.2.1. 1.2.1.2.1. 2.2.1.2.1. 3.2.1.2.1. 4.2.1.2.1. 5.2.1.2.1. 1.3.1.2.1. 2.3.1.2.1. 3.3.1.2.1. 4.3.1.2.1. 5.3.1.2.1. 1.4.1.2.1. 2.4.1.2.1. 3.4.1.2.1. 4.4.1.2.1. 1.5.1.2.1. 2.5.1.2.1.

3.1.2.1.

4.1.2.1.

5.1.2.1.

2.2.1. 3.1.

:

2.

1.2. 2.2.

31

3.2. 4.2. 5.2. 6.2.

: -

: : 1.1.3. 1.1.1.3. 2.1.1.3. 3.1.1.3. 2.1.3.

3.

1.3.

1.1.2.3. 1.1.1.2.3. 2.1.1.2.3. 3.1.1.2.3. 4.1.1.2.3. 5.1.1.2.3. 6.1.1.2.3. 7.1.1.2.3. 2.1.2.3. 1.2.1.2.3. 2.2.1.2.3. 1.2.2.3. 2.2.2.3. 1.2.2.2.3. 2.2.2.2.3. 3.2.2.3. 1.3.2.2.3. 2.3.2.2.3. 3.3.2.2.3. 4.3.2.2.3.

: 2.3. 1.2.3.

2.2.3.

:

4.

: 1.4. 1.1.4. 1.1.1.4. 2.1.1.4. 3.1.1.4.

2.1.4. 3.1.4. : 2.4.

41

1.2.4. / 1.1.2.4. 2.1.2.4.

2.2.4. 3.2.4. 4.2.4.

5. 6.

51

:

61

:

1. 2. 3. 4.

:

5. 1.5. 2.5. 1.2.5. 2.2.5. 3.2.5. 4.2.5. 5.2.5. 1.3.5. 2.3.5. 3.3.5. 4.3.5. 1.4.5. 2.4.5. 3.4.5. 4.4.5.

3.5.

4.5.

5.5.

1.5.5. 2.5.5.

6.

71

:

81

. " "3 "" .3

91

: . . . . . 02

. .

" " " " " "4 5. 4 Audi, Robert/ The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy/ second edition/ Cambridge University 029:.Press/1999/ p 5 .See: Mclure, Roger / The Philosophy of Time / Routledge / 2005 / P: 5 / Constellation of Time theories

12

" "6 " "7 " . "8. " 9 . " " ! "01 " . / 2 / / 315. /11/ 9. /11/ 9.6

7 8

9 /21 / 562. 01 /7 / 733.

22

. "11. " "21 " "31 " "41 " . . "51 : / 5 / 572. /9/ 393. /9/ 021. /31/ 763. /21/ 621.11 2131

41 51

32

. . . . " . "61 " : "71 61 / / / : 522 / / / 5002/ 91271

42

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52

.. "91 : 1. . 2. . 3. . . . 4. 5.

6. . 7. . 8. . 2591 / / . 12/ : 26291

62

)( 02 .

/ / 1/ : / / : 91

02

72

. .82

Empiricism empiric 12 empeiria : .. . . . 12Audi, Robert/ The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy/ second edition/ Cambridge University 262:.Press/1999/ p

92

22. . . 32 22 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New 862-662-262- 952 :.York/ 2003/p - 51 0102/ 02- ] [ : .32

03

. " . "42 " . "52 " "62 " .. "72 . 42 Rescher/ Epistemology / ibid. / p: 27. For more : Skorokhod, A.V./ Basic Principles and Applications of .5 :Probability Theory/ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg / 2005 / ch : 1, The Nature of Randomness / p For more see : Hossack, Keith / The Metaphysics of Knowledge / Ch: 1, S knows that A / Oxford University Press / 2007. And : Kantorovich, Aharon / Philosophy of Science: From Justification to 8891 ,..(Explanation / The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science / Vol. 39, No. 4/ (Dec 52 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New 82 :York/ 2003/ p 62 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New 82 :York/ 2003/ p 72 11 :Husserl, Edmund/ The Basic Problem of Phenomenology/ Springer/ 2006/ p

13

" "82 " .. "92 " . 03 ". . 13 .. " " . 82 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New 61 :York/ 2003/ p 92 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New 71 :York/ 2003/ p 03 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New 81 :York/ 2003/ p 13 .

23

. " : . . 23 " " "33 " . "43 53 63 . 23 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New 91 :York/ 2003/ p 33 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New 02 :York/ 2003/ p 43 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New 02 :York/ 2003/ p 53 See : Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of 92 :New York/ 2003/ p 63 See : Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of 63 :New York/ 2003/ p

33

" .. . "73 . . " " : " 83 " 93 " 04 " " 73 Rescher Nicolas/ Epistemology, an introduction to the theory of knowledge/ State University of New York/ 2003/ p: 43, See : Boghossian, Paul A. / Fear of Knowledge : Against Relativism and 18 : .Constructivism / Oxford University Press / 2006 / ch : 6, Epistemic Relativism Rejected / p 83 .Kuhn, Thomas/ The Structure of Scientific revolutions / The University of Chicago Press/ 1970/ p: ix .See : Kuhn, Thomas S. / The Relations between History and History of Science / Daedalus, Vol. 100, No .2 / (Spring, 1971). And : Kuhn, Thomas S. / Historical Structure of Scientific Discovery / Science, Vol ,136, No. 3518 (Jun. 1, 1962). And : DILWORTH, CRAIG / SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS / Ch:7, KUHN FEYERABEND, AND INCOMMENSURABILITY / Springer, Netherlands / 2007 / p:49. And : Kuhn, Thomas .S. / Theory-Change as Structure-Change: Comments on the Sneed Formalism / Erkenntnis, Vol. 10, No 6791 ,..(2 (Jul 93 821 :Dostal, Robert/ The Cambridge Companion to Gadamer/ Cambridge University Press / p 04 053 :Gadamer, Hans-George/ Truth and Method/ Continuum/ London/ 2006/ p

43

"14 " - : - . "" 24 " " " . . 34 " : " "44. 14 4 :Gadamer, Hans- George/ Truth and Method/ Continuum / 3rd edition 2006 / p 24 ,Gadamer, Hans- George/ Truth and Method/ Continuum/ 3rd edition 2006/ p: 4. For more see : Olson / David R. / Mining the Human Sciences: Some Relations Between Hermeneutics and Epistemology 6891 .(Interchange, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Summer 34 5 :Gadamer, Hans- George/ Truth and Method/ Continuum/ 3rd edition 2006/ p 44 7 :Gadamer, Hans- George/ Truth and Method/ Continuum/ 3rd edition 2006/ p

53

.

" : : "54 " " " .. / / / / : 11254

63

"64 . " - . "74 . / / 91 12. / / / / : 32264 74

73

- . " "84 " .. " .. / 451 : 84

83

" " "05 " "15. . 25 " . "35. " "45 " / / / 5002/ 841 : / 952. / / / / : 612.9405

94

/ / / 5002/ 841 - : 2: 831. 25 0791 /.See: Kuhn, Thomas/ The Structure of Scientific revolutions/ The University of Chicago Press 35 / / / / 1/ 8141./ : 012. 45 / / / : 584.

15

93

"55 " 65 ." " "75 . . 55 / / / : 584. 65 358 :Wilson, Robert/ The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences/ The MIT Press/ 1999/ p / / 56175

04

: 85 . 95 06 . . " )( )( / / / 0991/ 223. / / / 0991/ 323. / / / 0991/ 323.85 95 06

14

)( )(.. ) )( )(( "16 1( 2( . . " . 26 ." 36 46 :" / / / 0991/ 123. 26 993 :.Wilson, Robert/ The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences/ The MIT Press/ 1999/ p 36 : . / : / . / 062/ 2/ 0002 . 46 .16

24

. "56 " 66 " . " . "76. / / / 0991/ 644 66Audi, Robert/ The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy/ second edition/ Cambridge University 472:Press/1999/ p 76 / / / 6831 . . / 62-72.56

34

" "86 ) ( " . "96 " "07. " / / / 0002/ 176. / / / 0002/ 663. / / / 0002/ 136.86 96 07

44

"17 " . : "27.

17 / 1 / 1 9991 / 111. 27 / 1 / 1 9991 / 111.

54

: 1. 2. 3. 4. : : 1.4. : 2.4. : 3.4. : 4.4. : 5.4. 5.

64

:

74

. . . 84

. . . " "37 " "47 " 37 / / / 7002 / 261. 47 / : / : / / 9002 / 99.

94

"57 " .. .. .. "67 " "77 " .. .. "87 " "97 " .."08. .57 / / : / / 7002 / 672. 67 / / / 5002 / 11 / 93. 77 / / / 5002 / 11 / 57. 87 / : / / 6002 / 7 / 981. 97 / : / 0991 / 1/ 251. 08 / : / 2 / 3002 / 381.

05

: 1( 2( 3( 4( . . " " . . : 1( 2( 3( 4( . 15

/ .

25

. . : : : . " "18 " "28 4 :Gadamer, Hans- George/ Truth and Method/ Continuum/ 3rd edition 2006/ p 8 :Gadamer, Hans- George/ Truth and Method/ Continuum/ 3rd edition 2006/ p18 28

35

" 38 " " : "48 " "58 " "68 " . 78 ." . .,Elliot ,Elliot ,Elliot ,Elliot /John /John /John /John The The The The Limits Limits Limits Limits of of of of Historical Historical Historical Historical /knowledge /knowledge /knowledge /knowledge 38 8:Hamilton, Paul/ Historicism/ Rutledge/ 1996/ p 48 12 :European Review/ Volume 11/ No. 1/ 2003/ p 58 12 :European Review/ Volume 11/ No. 1/ 2003/ p 68 32 :European Review/ Volume 11/ No. 1/ 2003/ p 78 42 :European Review/ Volume 11/ No. 1/ 2003/ p

45

. " . "88 .

/ / 3 / 322.

88

55

: " . . . . "98. : ".. "09 " .. "19 " "29 " 39 ."98 / / / 4 / 81. 09 / / / .3/ : 424 19 / / / .4/ : 06 29 / / / .5/ : 83 39 / / / .6/ : 03

65

" .. .. "49 : " "59. / / / .61/ : 822 / / 9 / 441.49 59

75

: : " "69 6 9791 )(: " . . "79 42 9791 : ".. "89 : " 99 ."

/ / 1/ : / / : 031 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 804 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 946 / / . 01/ : 03

69 79 89 99

85

. . 7531 . . : " "001 92 6531 .. )91 ( : " .."101 . / / / .3/ : 243 / / / .3/ : 303001 101

95

6 8791 : " 201 ." 2 7531 .. " 301 ." 13 8791 )(: " .. .. 401 " 8 9791 : " . . 501 ."201 / / 1/ : / / : 572 301 / / / .5/ : 481 401 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 773 501 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 024

06

8 9791 : " "601 ... 21 9791 )(: " 701 ." 61 8531 .. : " "801 . :

601 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 124 701 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 094 801 / / / .8/ : 373

16

. . . .

26

. . . " ) ( 36

"901 :" . "011 " . "111 " . ) ( . )( . "211. " : ) ...( ) ( ) ( ) ...( ) ( 311 " .901 2 :Law, john/ After Method, mess in social science research/ Routledge/ London/2004/ p 011 Law, john/ After Method, mess in social science research/ Routledge/ London/2004/ p: 70. for more see : RITCHARD, DUNCAN / WHAT IS THIS THING CALLED KNOWLEDGE? / Ch:11, Skepticism about ,3 :other minds / Routledge / p127. And : HEAL, JANE / Mind, Reason and Imagination /Ch ,Understanding Other Minds from the Inside / Cambridge University Press / 2003 / p:28. And : Abelson Robert P. et.al. / Experiments With People : Revelations From Social Psychology / LAWRENCE 4002 .ERLBAUM A550CIATE5, PUBLISHERS / London 111 Louise, Antony/ The Socialization of Epistemology/ The Oxford Handbook of Continental Political 36 :Analysis/ 2006/ p 211 721 :Dostal, Robert/ The Cambridge Companion to Gadamer/ Cambridge University Press/ p 311 /See: Jasper. James/ Motivation and Emotion / The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis 761-751 :Oxford University Press/p

46

" : "411. " "511 :" .. "611 " "711 411 Colin Hay/ Political Ontology / The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis/ Oxford 18 :University Press/ 2006/ p 511 / / 671. 611 / / 671. 711 / / 671.

56

. . . . .

66

. 811 . : . . .

811 : ..... / / / : 281.

76

. " "911 " . "021. 8 9791 : " 121 ." 911 / 5 / 581. 021 / 3 / 863. 121 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 124.

86

" "221 " . . 321 ." " .. "421 " "521 . 621 221 / / / .12/ : 162. 321 / / / .11/ : 452. 421 / / . 31/ : 34. 521 / / / .91/ : 713. 621 .

96

:" . 721 " . 3691 5791 51 . :" "821 .

/ / . 1/ : 121. / / . 2/ : 82.

721 821

07

"- - - - "921 . " . "031 41 " / / . 3/ : 692. / / . 4/ : 512.921 031

17

. "131. " "231 " "331 " "431. " . 671. 583. 601. 142. : : : : 4/ 4/ 5/ 5/ . . . . / / / / / / / / 131 231 331 431

27

. . "531 " . . "631 . :".. - . : . "731 / 01/ 803. / / . 21/ : 202. /5 / : 791.531 631

731

37

. " "831 . " / / . 9/ : 331.831

47

"931 . . " "041 " "141 . : / / . 02/ : 314. /5 / 872. /8 / 44.931

041 141

57

) (. : . . .

67

. . . . . 2691 87-97 241 / Roberts, Robert C. / INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES / Ch 8 : Courage and Caution / Oxford University Press 612 .2007/ p

241

77

341 0891 . 441. . . . : ) ( 341 9791 ..See : Cooper, Roger / Is Khomeini the Leader of Iran? / Spectator / 3 Feb 441 4002 / ..See: Rabasa, Angel / The Muslim World after 9/11 / Rand corp

87

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( : ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( : ) ( ) ( ) (541. . " "641 " "741.

541 512 :Rescher, Nicholas/ The Logic of Decision and Action / University of Pittsburgh Press/ 1966/ p 641 :The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences/ Edition Wilson, Robert/ The MIT Press/ 1999/ p 022. 741 3 :.Chapman, Chris/ Project Risk Management/ 2nd Edition/ John Wiley and Sons/ 2003/ p

97

" 841 " " "941. " . "051 " "151 " "251. " : ... . "351 841 9002 /.Weber, Elke/ Mindful Judgment and Decision Making/ Annual Review of Psychology 941 65 :See: Weber, Elke/ Mindful Judgment and Decision Making/ Annual Review of Psychology/ 2009/ p 051 59-49 :.Priest, Graham/ Logic, a very short introduction/ Oxford University Press/ 2000/ p 151 .43 :Buchanan, Leigh/ A Brief History of decision Making/ Harvard Business Review/ January 2006/ p for more see : Skorokhod, A.V./ Basic Principles and Applications of Probability Theory/ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg / 2005 / ch : 1, The Nature of Randomness / p: 5. And : Mark Kaplan / Decision : Theory and Epistemology / The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology / Oxford University Press / 2002 / p 434. And : DAVIDSON, JANET E. / The Psychology of Problem Solving / Cambridge University Press 3002. 251 31 :Mun, Johnathan/ Applied Risk Analysis/ John Wiley and Sons, inc/ 2004/ p 351 24 :.see: Brown, Rex/ Rational Choice and Judgment/ Wiley/ 2005/ p

08

" "451. : 551. " . ... "651. . 451 /Hardman and Macchi/ Thinking, Psychological Perspectives on Reasoning/ John Wiley and Sons, LTD 521 :2003/ p 551 ,See: Hansson, Sven Ove/ Decision Theory: a brief introduction/ Royal Institute of Technology 5 :.Stockholm/ 1994/ p 651 :Buchanan, Leigh / A Brief History of decision Making / Harvard Business Review / January 2006 / p 33.

18

: 1( 2( 3( 4( 5( 6( 7( 8( 9( 751. . 851 : . 751 071 :Klatt and Hiebert/ The Encyclopedia of Leadership/ Mc-Graw Hill/ 2001/ p 851 Sequential Method ; See : Lewis, Marianne / Metatriangulation : Building Theory from Multiple 9991 / .4 ..Paradigm / The Academy of Management Review / Vol. 24, No

28

. . : " .. .. 38

"951 : " "061 " "161 , . .. " "261 . / / / 6/ :581.951

/ / / 5002/ 212 161 / / 1/ : / / : 672 261 / / 1/ : / / : 63 - 8791.

061

48

8791 :" . "361 . " "461 . 1 8791 : " 361 / / 1/ : / / : 55 : 541 461 / / / .4/ : 31.

58

"561 ... 5 9791 )(: " "661 : " "761 861. " .. .. "961 . / / 1/ : / / : 18 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 004 / / / : 571861561 661 761

.)9791 ,See : Falk, Richard A. / Khomeini's Promise / Foreign Policy / No. 34 (Spring / / / .61/ : 762.

961

68

.. : " . .. .. 071 ." " "171 " "271 " "371 " "471 071 .../ / / : 392 171 / / / .41/ : 133 271 / / / .41/ : 673 371 / / / .41/ : 673 471 / 601.

78

" "571 " 671 " . 13 1631 .. : " : . .. .. "771. " " " " : " "871 571 / / / .51/ : 842 671 / / / .51/ : 842 771 / / / .61/ : 762 871 6 :US. Army/ FM 3-0, Operations/ Headquarters, Department of the Army/ Feb. 2008/ ch. 3/ p

88

" 971 " . 0891 " "081 " "181 " 281 " 381 " " . 97171 :US. Army/ FM 3-0, Operations/ Headquarters, Department of the Army/ Feb. 2008/ ch. 5/ p 081 / / / .31/ : 671 181 / / / .31/ : 671 281 / / / .31/ : 671 381 / / / .31/ : 671

98

" "481. 1891 " "581 " "681 " "781. . 704 424 424 424 : : : : .71/ .31/ .31/ .31/ / / / / / / / / / / / / 481 581 681 781

09

881 1891 " "981 " .. "091 . " . "191 . 895881

4 .See : Behrooz, Maziar / Factionalism in Iran under Khomeini / Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 27, No .)1991 ,.(Oct 981 / / / .41/ : 261 091 / / / .41/ : 261 191 / / / .71/ : 704

19

" . "291 . : 7891 " . .. "391 .

291 / / / .12/ : 68 391 / / .12/ : 781.

29

: :

39

. . " .. "491 . / / 42.491

49

. 591. " : : : : : "691. :" "791

591

Ismael, J. S. and Ismael, T. Y. / Social Change in Islamic Society: The Political Thought of Ayatollah .0891 ,.Khomeini /Social Problems, Vol.27, No.5 / Jun 691 /9991 /See: Wilson, Robert/ The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences/ MIT University Press 502:.p 791 39:.Adair, John/ The Art of Creative Thinking/ Cogan page, London/2007/ 2nd Edition/ p

59

. : . . 891 " " " "991 / / .5/ : 761. / / / / : 541.891 991

69

8 9791 : " "002 102. : .. . " . / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 244. : / / / ..........002 102

79

"202 9891 : 302. : " 402 " : . / / .12/ :233. / / .12/ :233. / / . 12/ :321.202 302 402

89

.

99

2691 " . . .. . . . : "502 " . .. .. . "602 / 1 / : 99. 1 : 101.502 602

001

. " . . . . . . . . "702 " "802 " / . 81 / 102. / / 1/ : / / : 27702 802

101

"902 " "012 " "112 . " . 212 ." 61 9791 : 3691 : " . 312 ."902 / / 1/ : / / : 44 012 / / 1/ : / / : 27 112 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 225 212 / / . 31/ : 24 312 / / : / / .2/ 9002/ : 235

201

: )( : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. : 1.7. 2.7. 3.7. 4.7. 8. : 1.8. 2.8. 3.8.

301

: . . . : ..

401

" "412 " "512 612 " " 712 ". 543 : .. " / / / 6. / / / 04. / / / 63. / / / 5. 412 512 612 712

501

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601

. . : ... . . :... . 912 . " . " . "022. " . "122. . / / 483. / / 19.912 022 122

701

" "222. " .. .. "322 . / / 19. / / 12.222 322

801

" "422 " 522 " . 622. 722 " . "822.

422 / . 61/ . 761. 522 / / 36. 622 . 722 / / 984. 822 / / .81/ : 804.

901

" "922 " . . )( "032. ) ( : " .. "132. " "232 922 / / / 3002 / 242. 032 / / / 3002 / 442. 132 / / / 3002 / 442. 232 / / : 94 /.....

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" "332 " " . 432 " " . " "532 " "632. 332 / / / : 843. 432 / / . 31/ : 393. 532 / . 81/ . 653. 632 ----- / : )(/ )(/ 1 6991/ 103.

111

72 7131 .. : " "732 . " "832 " .. "932. 732 / / . 1/ : 04. 832 / / . 31 / . 113. 932 . / / : )(/ / 9991/ : .76.

211

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311

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411

542 " . " . "642. " ) ( "742. / / . 61 / . 951. / / 39. / / 32.542 642 742

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752 852 952

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1.1.2. 1.1.1.2. 1.1.1.1.2. 2.1.1.1.2. 3.1.1.1.2. 4.1.1.1.2. 5.1.1.1.2. 6.1.1.1.2. 2.1.1.2. 2.1.2. 1.2.1.2. 2.2.1.2.

2.2.

1.2.2. 1.1.2.2. 2.1.2.2. 3.1.2.2. 2.2.2. 1.2.2.2. 2.2.2.2. 3.2.2.2. 4.2.2.2.

3.

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