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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ ПРИОРИТЕТНЫЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ «ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ» ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ КАЗАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМ. А.Н.ТУПОЛЕВА О.Г.МОРОЗОВ, Т.С.САДЕЕВ, А.Ф.АГЛИУЛЛИН, Д.Л.АЙБАТОВ ВОЛОКОННО-ОПТИЧЕСКИЕ СТРУКТУРИРОВАННЫЕ МУЛЬТИМЕДИЙНЫЕ СЕТИ Конспект лекций

ВОСМС Конспект лекций

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...............................................................................................................8 1. ............................9 1.1. .............................................................9 1.2. .....................................................13 1.3. MPEG-1 -2.........................................................................24 1.4. MPEG-4...................................................................................28 1.4.1. ......................28 1.4.2. ............................................................29 1.4.3. ....................................30 ........................................................................................30 .........................................................................................32 . .....................................................34 .........................................................................................................35 1.5. MPEG-7...................................................................................35 1.6. MPEG-21...................................................40 1.6.1. (IPMP).................................................................................................................40 1.6.2. ........................................................................41 1.7. DVB..........................41 1.7.1. DVB..............................................................41 1.7.2. DVB-C. ...............................................................43 1.7.3. .................463

1.8. ..................................................................47 1.9. ............................................................................52 2. IP-......................53 2.1. IP .................................................................53 2.2. , IP...............56 2.2.1. Triple play.........................................................................................56 / ....................................................................56 2.3. IPTV.........................................................................57 2.3.1. IPTV- .............................................................................................................................57 2.3.2. IPTV-..............................58 MPLS.......................................................................................................58 Metro Ethernet.........................................................................................58 2.3.3. ................................................................59 xPON.......................................................................................................60 FTTx........................................................................................................61 xDSL........................................................................................................62 HFC.........................................................................................................63 2.3.4. IPTV-.......................................64 RTP..........................................................................................................64 RTCP.......................................................................................................64 SIP...........................................................................................................64 RSVP.......................................................................................................65 RIP...........................................................................................................65 OSPF........................................................................................................66 BGP.........................................................................................................66 IGMP.......................................................................................................66 2.3.5. IPTV ............................................................................67 2.3.6. , IPTV ..............................72 2.3.7. ............................................................77 IPTV ICELAND TELECOM (, ), Cisco Systems............................................................................................................77 IPTV SureWest4

Communications

(

), Cisco Systems...80 2.4. ............................................................................83 3. .........................84 3.1. ........................................................84 3.1.1. ................................................84 3.1.2. .............................86 .......................................................86 ...........................................................................87 ........................................................................88 ...........................................................................88 ......................................................89 3.2. ................90 3.2.1. ...............................90 3.2.2. . ......91 3.2.3. - .............................................................................................................................93 3.2.4. ....................................................94 3.2.5. - ...............................................95 3.2.6. ........................................................97 . .........................................................................................................................97 ............................................................100 ....................................................101 3.3. FTTx...................................................................................104 3.3.1. FTTx..........................................................104 3.3.2. PON..........................107 E-PON......................................110 MPCP...................................................................................112 ........................................................................113 ................................................................114 ............................................115 3.3.3. PON...................................................................................................................115 3.3.4. PON................................................................117 ...........................................................1195

. ..........................................................120 3.3.5. PON.............................121 3.3.6. AON.................................................................122 3.3.7. AON ....124 3.4. ..........................................................................127 4. - ......................................................................128 4.1. ..................................................................................................................128 4.1.1 , ............................................................128 4.1.2. .....................................129 4.2. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() . ...................................................131 4.2.1 ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E)....................131 4.2.2 ......................................................133 4.2.3 ...................138 4.2.4. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() . 140 ........................................140 .......................................142 ..................144 , ....................145 ............................146 ........................................147 , ..........................148 4.2.5 .............................................................................................................149 4.2.6 - ........................................................150 4.3. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() - .....................................................................152 4.3.1. ...........................................................................1526

4.3.2. .........................................................153 4.3.3. ....................................................154 4.3.4. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() - .............................................................155 4.3.5. - ...........................158 4.3.6. 160 4.4. ..........................................................................162 5. . 164 5.1. ................................165 5.2. ....................................................167 5.3. ...............................................................169 5.4. ............................................173 5.5. SSAVI, Line Shuffle, Line Shear, Line Cut&Rotate....................................................................................................177 5.6. ..........................................................................180 ..........................................................................................181

7

. ( ), , , . , . , (. smart building). -, ( ), . () . , . ? : , , , , . . , , , . . , . , , : (, , , . .), (, ). , , , . .

8

1. 1.1. . MIDI (Music Instrument Digital Interface). , . MIDI , . MIDI . , , . , , . , , 0, 12, 40. 127 , , . MIDI- ( ), . 127 . MIDI ( 1000 ). MIDI . . , , . Musicam (Masking pattern Universal Sub-band Integrated Coding And Multiplexing), ISO MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group; ISO 11172). Musicam , 20 32 . . 9

, . , (. . 1.1). , 500- 110 .

. 1.1.

, . , . 32, 44,1 48 . , . 32 , , 384 . 2 1152 . 3 . . 25 ( , , ). , . , . , , . - (FFT).10

. , 110 /, 128 / CD. 64 / . ( 1990-) (IP-Phone, VocalTec). 30 IP-phone , 200 , . , , ; IP-phone . , IP- : GSM (Global System for Mobile communications), 5, DSP (True Speech) 18 ( 7,7 /). 6,2 /. 2-5% , 20% . 1.1 , . 1.1. [/] [1/] 9600 4000 14400 6000 19200 8000 28800 11000 IP-phone , , ( ), 8 , . IP-. UDP. IP-, UDP , . , , IP-phone . . . 11

. RTP RTCP. , . IP- , , . (DiffServ IntServ MPLS-TE RSVP-TE). IP-, . RTP (Real Time Protocol, RFC-1889, -1890), RTCP (Real-Time Control Protocol), RTP, RSVP (Resource ReSerVation Protocol, . IETF), , MPLS-TE. RTP UDP/IP, CLNP, ATM IPX. , , ( , . RFC1423). , - (, CSMA/CD), . RTP RTCP . RSVP ( MPLSTE) (, ) . , , . . IP- , : 100 ; 5%; h.323v2, h.235; / ( ). IP- . 1.2 (MVW Multiflex Voice/WAN , ).12

. 1.2. IP-

, ISDN. , . h.323 (Gatekeeper ). .

1.2. (pixel picture element ). ( ), . 1.3.

. 1.3.

. , , . , , - . 1980- , 13

(), , . , 3 , (, RGB). 4:3. 525, 30/; 625 25 ./. 483 525 NTSC 576 625 PAL/SECAM . (, , , .). . , , 25/, . ( ), , , . , . NTSC (National Television Standards Committee, ). , . SECAM (Sequential Couleur Avec Memorire; ) PAL (Phase Alternating Line; ). - , RGB- (Y). , , . HDTV (High Definition TeleVision). . , . 16:9 4:3, 35- , . . , . , , . 8 256 , - . - , , . , . 14

, . . , , . , 16 (8 ). , ! , , 575 720 , 1,240 . B ISDN, , 2,5 . . XGA- (1024x768, 24 24 ./) 472 /. , - . . MIME. -. , (, PGP) . . Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG). (DCT Discrete Cosine Transform), 7 7 ( 2 x + 1) u (2 y + 1)v F ( u, v ) = 1 4 C (u )C ( v ) p( x, y ) cos cos ,(1.1) 16 16 x =0 y =0

v , u , x , y , C(u), C ( v ) =1 2 u, v = 0 C(u), (v) = 1 . , . 1.4, p(x,y) . . 15

8x8 DCT . , DCT- . 64 , , 64 ( ), . , , . . DCT , . () . DCT 0,5 1,0 / . , 5 . 64 /, 0,01 0,04 , 10 40 . . 1.4.

. 1.4. JPEG

JPEG . JPEG . 1.5. 20:1 .

. 1.5. JPEG

16

( , : ) ( , ). WWW, , , , , . 0,1 . : , . . -, , , ( DVD-), . , . . , () . DVD. - . , -. , . : . . , , - ( ). . 314159260000000000000271828182811111111110707193800000002001 , - , R , 31415926R0132718281828R11007071938R072001 R, . , - . CLUT (Color Look Up Table). RGB ,17

224 . . , 256. 768 , 256 . RGB- . , , . . . , . , . DCT, . . . , , , . . , . , , . CLUT. , . , . . CCITT H.261. , 40 / 2 /. , ( H.221, , 46,4 / 16 / ). 625 525 25-30 . R (red), G (green) B (blue), (Y) : Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B ( ). NTSC : I = 0,60R 0,28G 0,32 Q = 0,21R 0,52G + 0,31B. PAL SECAM . : B = B - Y CR = R - Y. Y, CB R, R, G B. , , . , CCIR 601 13.518

Y 6,75 B CR. Y- 4800 , I Q 1200 . 64 . RGB- 24- Y- 8- B CR. (. . 1.6).

. 1.6. JPEG

216 /, 3375 64/ B- ISDN. : 1. 288 ( 625 ) ; 2. ; 3. . 3 . 601 720 360 . CIF (Common Intermediate Format). (Quarter CIF). PCM CIF 8 352 288 (1 + 1/4 + + 1/4) 29,97 8 = 36,5 / ( ). . . , RGB-, CMYC- (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow Black) . RGB 0,0,0, CMIK 75%, 68%, 67% 90%. . , . - , , 19

. , 16x16 8x8 . 1/2 ( MPEG-2). . . , . , , DCT-. DCT , . (). , . , , , , , . 4-, . 20- PSC (Picture Start Code, ), 5- TR (Temporal Reference, , ). , 4 : , GoB (Group of Blocks), (MB) . ( , GoB, MB , . . 1.7, 1.8 1.9)

. 1.7.

PTYPE 6 , ( CIF QCIF). PEI , 8- PSPARE ( ). PEI20

= 0, GoB. CIF QCIF. GoB Y (), 176 48 88x24 CB CR. GBSC (Group of Blocks Start Code) 16- , 4 GoB (GN GoB Number). GN , GoB. GQUANT 5 ( 31 ), GoB. GEI PEI. GEI GSPARE , , . MB . GoB 33 (MB), 16 16 Y ( 8x8) CB CR. MBA (Macroblock Address), GoB.

. 1.8. -

, . MBA MTYPE, ( MVD ..) . CBP (Coded Block Pattern) , , (8x8) ( ). CBP . EoB (End of Block).

. 1.9.

21

, , , . , . . , - . , . GoB. - . . , BCH (511,493; Forward Error Correction Code), , 6 511 (. . 8). . 8 , 1 , 1 , 492 18 . Fi ( ) , 492 . 40:1.

. 1.10.

, - , .. D- (ISDN), , . , B- (H.221). , 8 /, 80 . 8 22

(FAS Frame Alignment Signal) : ( ); ( 16 ); ( 16), ; ; CRC- (); "A-" // (A = 0 , . ISDN;. 384, 1536 1920 / - 1. 8 BAS (Bit Allocation Signal) : , (/ , , ..); , ; esc-. , BAS- (H.242) . , . . , . = 0 , BAS. BAS H.242. BAS. , , 100 , 20 . MCU (Multipoint Control Unit) "-". MTU . , . . H.231, H242 H.243. 364 / (464 /c). , . . , . , , 23

(, , , ..) ( , ) . ( , ) . ( ) . 1-4 .

1.3. MPEG-1 -2 MPEG 1 (ISO 11172;) , - 1,5 /, CD-ROM. MPEG-1. PES (Packetized Elementary Streams), . , . . MPEG-2 . 1.11.

. 1.11. MPEG-2

PES . . , , . 188 MPEG-2 MPEG-1 . 24

, . MPEG-2 MPEG-1 . . 1.12 MPEG-2 , .

. 1.12. MPEG-2

MPEG-2 DSM-CC (Digital Storage Media Command and Control) , MPEG-1 MPEG-2. . DSM-CC . DSM-CC. DSM-CC , SRM (Session and Resource Manager), (. . 1.13).

. 1.13. DSM-CC

MPEG-2 RTI (Real-Time Interface) , 25

. MPEG-2 1997 . MPEG-2 MPEG-1 . MPEG-2 MPEG-1 (I- P- B-; D- ). I- (Intracoded) , JPEG . , ( 1-2 ). MPEG-1. P- (Predictive) . P- , 16x16 8x8 . P- . B- (Bidirectional) . B- P-, , . 10x10 ( 8x8 MPEG-1). D (DC-Coded) . MPEG-2 ( DBS) CD-ROM : 352x240 (), 720x480 (), 1440x1152 (-1440) 1920x1080 (). (HDTV). MPEG-1. MPEG-1 , JPEG. , . , , . ( ) . , . NTSC. . - 25 . 1920x1080x24 = = 49766400 ( , 224 ( ). , , , . , 1244 /. 26

. , . , 15 . 3 , 200 . ( , ). MPEG-2 5 . . , B-, /. HDTV, . 3 100 /c. 3-4 /c. 1.2 MPEG-1 MPEG-2. 1.2. MPEG-2

I P B MPEG-1 (1,15 /) 150,000 50,000 20,000 38,000 MPEG-2 (4 /c) 400,000 200,000 80,000 130,000 - MPEG-2 . 1.14. (PES Packetized Elementary Stream), 30 , , , , .. MPEG-2 , (PS) , MPEG-1, - , (TS) (188 ) . . (, DCT- ). MPEG-2 , 140 /, 1,5 15 / (, ). D1 (PAL) (576x720) 1,1 /c. H.320 + 56 / 1 ./.27

. 1.14. - MPEG-1 MPEG-2 ()

1.4. MPEG-4 MPEG-4 ( ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 14496) 1998 . 1999 . MPEG-4 2 1999 . 2000 . . MPEG-4 : ; (synthetic content); World Wide Web. 1.4.1. - MPEG-4 , . , : (, ); (, ); (, ); ..28

MPEG-4 -, , , 2- 3-. - MPEG-4 , : ; , ; . - , - , , , . , - . - . , . 1.4.2.

. 1.15. MPEG-4

. 1.15 - MPEG-4, . -, -. - , - . : , 29

, , -. , . MPEG-4 , : - ; -; -, -; , ( , , ; , ); ( ). , VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language). 1.4.3. , . , , . : / ; ; , , ; , . MPEG-4 , . , , : . 2 / 24 /. , 1,2 /, , . . HVXC, . CELP, 30

; . TTS- 200 / 1,2 /, ( , , ..), . : ; ; : , , /; (.. , ); ; , , ; FAP (facial animation parameter). . . 6 / 4 . . (Structured Audio Decoder), . . , . , , , , .., . . , , " " ( ) , .. . , , . . , . 31

. , , , . . . , , . , , .. MPEG-4 () ( ). , . , () , 2D- 3D- . , MPEG-4 1: : 5 / 10 M/; : progressive, interlaced-; : sub-QCIF HDTV; . , "" ( ) " "; 2D- 3D-; , , , ; , , ; , "", ; , 32

, , . , ; , , ; , , . , , . , ; , , , , . 11 . ; , , , . ; , , . . , , , ; , , , . , , , , . . , . (on) (off); - . - , . - . , -, , 33

, . , - . - , . . , " ", , . MPEG4, . ( ). . , . ( ). 3D- (). 3D- . . . . 2 MPEG-4 1999 . 1 2 ; MPEG-4 . 2 1. . MPEG-4 2 : - ; ; ; ; : . .

34

MPEG-4 2 , . 2 MPEG-4 . . , . ( 1 / ). . (CELP) . , . , . , . MPEG-4 . QoS - .

1.5. MPEG-7 MPEG , "Multimedia Content Description Interface" (, , MPEG-7), , - . MPEG-7 , , . MPEG-7 - , , . MPEG-7 "Ultimedia Content Description Interface". MPEG-7 -. MPEG-7 -, , - . MPEG-7 - , , , , , , , .35

, , , 3D , , , . - , - . - , , . , , ( , , ..). ( , ) - ( -, ). , VCR, , , . , , - . - , . - , . - , , ( MPEG-1 MPEG-2) -, MPEG-4. , . . , , PCM ( ), . , . , , , , " " " " (, ). MPEG-7 . MPEG-7 , , , .36

MPEG-7, MPEG, - , . MPEG-7 . , , MPEG-4, MPEG-7, , MPEG-1 MPEG-2. MPEG-7 , . MPEG-7 , , MPEG-4. MPEG-4, - , () ( ), () , - . , . , . . . ( JPEG, MPEG-2) . , . . , , . . . . . . (, 1996 ., 200- ). . , . , . , MPEG-7 (.e. 37

) , : , (, , ); , ( , , ); ( , ); , - ( , , ); (, , , ); ( , ); , (, , ); ; ( , ). , , , .. , MPEG-7 . , , . . , , . , MPEG-7, , , . MPEG-7 A- (-) , . , A- MPEG-7; . ; , , , , .. MPEG-7 . MPEG-7 . - . , MPEG-7 38

, - . MPEG-7 , , , SMPTE Metadata Dictionary, Dublin Core, EBU P/Meta, TV Anytime. , MPEG-7 . MPEG-7 , ( , , ), , off-line. , . , , MPEG-7. MPEG-7, . , (, ). (,, TV). ( , ..). (, , , , , - ). E- (, , , ). (, , ). (, , , , ). (, , ). (, , , ). (, " ", , ). (, , ). (, , , ). (, , ). (, , , ).

39

1.6. MPEG-21 MPEG-21 , - . MPEG-21 : (Digital Item ) . ( , ), . MPEG-21 , , : , , , . . , MPEG-21 . , , , , , . . MPEG-21 , . (content) (, , ..), , MPEG-21, . MPEG-21. MPEG-21 , , , (). , , , .. .. 1.6.1. (IPMP) MPEG-21 IPMP (Intellectual Property Management and Protection). IPMP . IPMP, IPMP . IPMP, (Rights Expressions) .40

1.6.2. REL (Rights Expression Language) , - . REL , , , , , , , . , (content). , . REL . , , , .

1.7. DVB1.7.1. DVB DVB Project (Digital Video Broadcasting Project ) , . 1993 , 300 , , , - .. DVB Project (). , DVB Project, . , . . DVB Project 1994 DVB-C ( Cable ) DVB-S (S Sattelite ) . (.. , ) DVB-T (Terrestrial ) ,41

1996 , . DVB MPEG-2. . DVB , MPEG-2, , , , , ( ) . MPEG-2 , MPEG-2, -. . DVB MPEG-2. , (PID). PSI (Program Specific Information ), , .. MPEG-2 PSI, PID: 1. PAT (Program Association Table ). PID = 0. PAT . 2. (Program Map Table ). PID PAT , . (, , .) PID , . 3. CAT (Conditional Access Table ). PID = 1. CAT PID ( .). DVB 4 PSI: 1. NIT (Network Information Table ). PID = 0x10 ( , 16). NIT , , , , . , (, ). 2. SDT (Service Description Table ) PID = 0x11.42

SDT ( ), . 3. EIT (Event Information Table ). PID = 0x12. EIT , .. . (EPG Electronic Program Guide). 4. TDT (Time and Data Table ). PID=0x14. TDT (UTC Universal Time Coordinated), . , NIT, EIT SDT . , , . DVB , , . , (EPG Electronic Program Guide), .. , . . - . 1.7.2. DVB-C. , , / ( 30 ) . , , . , . DVB-C (). 16-, 32- 64- . 256- . , 43

, . 1.3. ( ) . ( ) -. 1.3

16- 32- 64-

, / 6,89 6,92 6,84

, / 27,56 34,60 41,04

, / 25,2 31,9 38,9

. 13.2 , , , . . . , , .. , . . DVB-C QAM. AM , . , MPEG-2 AM QAM. , . . 1.16. . , . , 44

, .

. 1.16.

. 1. . 2. MPEG-2 . 3. DVB. . 8. , .. 0x47 08. . 4. . , . 5. -. 188 204. 6. . 7. . , 64- 64- 3 4 . 8. . 9. , 45

I Q. - , . 10. . 11. . 1.7.3. . . 1.17. , , , , . . , . 3 ... 11 . , . . 16, 32- 64- , 8 , 256- 9 . , .. 7 . .

. 1.17.

I Q, . . , 64- 4 3 . ( ) , , . (46

), . ( 188 ) . . (), , , , . . (PAT) , . , PID , , , . ( ..) , ( . 1.17 ). (), , , . . . , . -, , . . MPEG-2. 601. ( . 1.17, , 3 ), , , , , , . , .

1.8. (MPEG-2) " " ( TV on demand) , -. 47

1995 . . . . 1.18.

. 1.18.

. , , , . , -. ATM, SDH, Fibre Channel IEEE802.17. . , . , -, , , , , , . - , , . , ( ). , . . . 1.19. () . . 4 . 48

: ( ), (RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Discs), CD . , , , , , , . . , , .

. 1.19. -

: ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), FTTC (Fiber To The Curb), FTTH (Fiber To The Home) HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax). . . , , , > 1,55 /. ADSL- . 1.20. . , 16 /c. (4 ). - MPEG-1. 2 . FTTC , . ONU (Optical Network Unit), 16 . . 49

.

. 1.20. - ADSL

FTTH , , 51,84 155,52 /. ADSL, FTTC FTTH "", HFC . - (300-450 ) 750 (125 6- ). 50 QAM-256, 40 / . 500 . - HFC , ( ADSL, FTTC FTTH). , , .. , , . , MPEG-. . , . . 1.21.

. 1.21.

(, 50

ROM), , MPEG- . , - . - . 500 MPEG-2 1 . , , . , , , . - MBone (Mulicast Backbone). . Mbone , (DVMRP PIM). , - ( peer-topeer). , , . . -, , , , - . -, , . , , , - ( (Zipf), ). , , MBONE, . CD 4 . , , . . "" , ( ). , , , (CD, , RAM). , 51

, . , . MPEG-3 1920x1080x30 20-40 /. MPEG-2. MP3 ( MPEG-3) . 3 join stereo, stereo, dual channel ( ). MPEG-4, . , / , .

1.9. 1. MIDI? 2. Musicam? 3. ? 4. IP ? 5. ? 6. DCT? 7. ? 8. ? 9. ? 10. MPEG-1? 11. MPEG-2? 12. MPEG-4? 13. MPEG-7? 14. DVB-C? 15. ? 16. ?

52

2. IP- 2.1. IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) , . TCP/IP , Request for Comment (RFC). RFC Internet. RFC , . TCP/IP RFC, RFC . (Department of Defence, DoD) 20 ARPAnet . ARPA . ARPA Internet Protocol (IP), TCP/IP . TCP/IP OSI (Open System Interconnection), 80- . TCP/IP ISO/OSI, TCP/IP OSI . . , 53

. TCP/IP 2.1. TCP/IP 4 . ( IV) OSI. TCP/IP , : Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, PPP . TCP/IP RFC, IP . ( III) - , , , . .

.2.1 TCP/IP

( OSI) IP, , , , . IP , . IP , , . TCP/IP IP-. , TCP/IP. 32- IP . IP- 54

: , , ( ), TCP/IP. IP- , , . . , , TCP/IP ( , , TCP/IP) . , . , , RIP (Routing Internet Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). ( II) . TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP . UDP , IP, . ( I) . TCP/IP . , FTP, telnet, SMTP, Internet, , WWW . TCP/IP . , , . , Intranet ( Internet- ) TCP/IP. TCP/IP . , TCP/IP . , , TCP/IP.

55

2.2. , IP IP . IP , , (, ), (, -). , TCP, UDP RTP. 2.2.1. Triple play TriplePlay , . - IPTV Voice over IP. - , , . TriplePlay , , , , . IPTV, , , . (Quality of Service QoS) , . IPTV . IP- , . , . IPTV VoIP . IGMP, RTSP SIP. IPTV/Triple Play (VoD) . Triple Play IP- , .. IPTV. / , , . , . 56

. . /, , , . , , . ISO/MPEG MP3, . IPTV- MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 / AVC (H.264). H.264, IP: , . /. IP . , , , . , . 150 , / .

2.3. IPTV IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) IP. IPTV, , triple play. IPTV - , (Video on Demand, VoD), (Time Shifted TV), (Network Personal Video Recorder, NPVR), (Near Video on Demand, NVoD). IP -, , , , , , , , . 2.3.1. IPTV 1. DVB 2. ATSC 3. SDB 2.1 .57

2.1. DVB ATSC ISDB MPEG-2 (Main profile ISO/IEC 13818-2) ATSC A/52 MPEG-2 Layer II, MPEG-2 AAC-LC (Dolby AC-3) Dolby AC-3 (Digital), DTS 8-VSB 16- QPSK, 16QAM DQPSK, QPSK, VSB 64QAM COFDM 16QAM 64QAM BST-OFDM2 , 6 6, 7 8 6, 7 8 16-VSB3 QAM QAM 6 6, 7 8 6, 7 8 , QPSK, 8PSK QPSK PSK

2.3.2. IPTV- MPLS MPLS , . MPLS OSI, (2,5). , . MPLS , IP-, ATM, SONET Ethernet. IP ( ) , . MPLS , . . , . , MPLS : Traffic Engineering, QoS, VPN, EoMPLS AToM. Metro Ethernet Metro Ethernet , (, , ) .58

: IP ; ( 1 /c) Ethernet; ; LAN ; ( 1 /) IP (VoIP, IP VPN); MPLS; ; QoS ; ; (). 2.3.3. 2.2 IPTV , 2.3 IPTV-. VoCaTV (ISDN, VoIP) (xDSL, FTTx ) (UMTS ) (DVB-H, DMB )

/ /

(IPoCaTV )

CaTV

IPTV

. 2.2. IPTV AON APON BPON xPON GPON EPON xDSL

FTTx Active Ethernet ADSL2+ VDSL2 ADSL2 FTTH FTTC FTTN FTTR FTTB VDSL ADSL

CDMA-2000

Wi-MAX

MMDS

DVB-H

LMDS

HSPA

UMTS

DMB

xDSL ADSL2+ VDSL2 ADSL2 VDSL ADSL

. 2.3. IPTV- 59

HFC

xPON PON 1990- , APON, EPON GPON. 2001 , BPON PON: (, , ) OLT ONU ; PON, . APON BPON. APON DBA (Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation) ONU , . APON : SDH (STM-1), ATM (STM-1/4), Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, (SDI PAL), E1 (G.703), Ethernet 10/100Base-TX, . - PON ONU, , APON . , OLT . EPON , . Gigabit Ethernet, EPON 1250 / 8B/10B. EPON , WDM 1490 1310 . 1550 ( ). EPON : 1 ( 10 1:16) 2 ( 20 1:16). PON . GPON (Gigabit PON) APON. 60

PON, . GPON 622 / 2,5 /c, PON , , ( TDM). 93% 71% APON. FTTx 2.4 FTTx.

FTTH ONU OLT

FTTB ONU 10 OLT

FTTC ONU 100 300 OLT

FTTN ONU 300 1 OLT

FTTR ONU 1 10 OLT

/

. 2.4. FTTx.

61

xDSL xDSL: ; ; ( ) ISDN ; DSL 32 / 50 /, ; xDSL 1 1; , ; , , . xDSL . VDSL : ; , , . VDSL . - . . 300 VDSL , ADSL. VDSL : . VDSL ADSL, . VDSL 52 /. 62

, ADSL, 8 /. , VDSL , , , , , ADSL. VDSL : ; ; ; ; . HFC - HFC , ( ) ( ). .STB

STB

STB ONU STB OLT

STB

STB

. 2.5. -

63

2.3.4. IPTV- RTP RTP UDP . RTP , , (, JPEG, MPEG). , . RTP . , , RTCP. , RTP , , , , STUN-. RTP, (, SIP). RTCP RTCP , RTP, . , , . , . SIP SIP , , , , , - . 3GPP IMS. H.323, SIP , VoIP. , , , UDP, TCP, ATM.64

RSVP RSVP . - , (, -), RSVP. . - , , . , , . . , , , . , - . RIP RIP , , . RIP ( ) 1969 ARPANET. 1994 . RIP2 [RFC 2453], RIP, RIP . IPv6 RIPng [RFC 2080]. RIP -, . , RIP 15. RIP 30 . RIP , , , OSPF. 15 65

. . OSPF OSPF , (link-state technology) . OSPF IETF 1988 . OSPF, (Interior Gateway Protocol, IGP), . OSPF : ; ; ; . BGP BGP . BGP, , , , , , . BGP , , . BGP . BGP , TCP. IGMP ( UDP-RTP). . , IP- MAC-. IP MAC- , , , . , , IGMP. IGMP , . 66

, . (gateway) . IP-. , , . IGMP IP- (IGMP- ). IGMP- , . , . , .. . , , IGMP- , . MAC- , . Cisco Systems CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol), , , . 2.3.5. IPTV IPTV , , . - , , , BT (British Telecom), - (ISP), Tiscali (). , , , . , , , , , , triple quadruple play . IPTV Internet Television (end-to-end) , ISP. Internet Television, , , . Internet Television , , , , RSS Aggregat, Brightcove. , 67

. , IPTV , , , Internet television. , IPTV . IPTV , , , z Internet television. HD IPTV ( IP). HDTV (High Definition TV) 1000 625 PAL 525 NTSC. IPTV , IPTV Internet television . IPTV set-top-box . Internet television , , , . -, IPTV VoD (video-on-demand), - . IPTV ondemand, interactive time-shifted , . , IPTV , , . IP, (unicast) , (broadcast) (multicast, multicast ). IP- . Unicast ( ) IPTV . Unicast IP- . STB. , unicast , . , Gigabit Ethernet, , 1 / , .68

Broadcast ( ) IP-, IP-. Broadcast STB . . - IPTV Broadcast . VoD

B ST

B ST

IP

B ST

B ST

B ST

B ST

VoD

Multicast Unicast

.2.6. IPTV

Multicast ( ) , - , . IPTV , . multicast IP- , 69

IP-. , . , IPTV . broadcast , - . IPTV 3 broadcast, multicast unicast, , , IP- . multicast . , multicast, 2 4 / 20 / . , Gigabit Ethernet, multicast , 100 MPEG-2 , 5 /. VoD , unicast, VoD 2-4 / . , VoD 4 /c. -. - , IP-. , . , IPTV, , STB. IPTV: 1. (Near Video on Demand) - c , . , . IP-multicast, . , , , , , .70

2. (Video on Demand, VoD) . . , , . , , IP-unicast. 3. (Personal Video Recorder, PVR) - . , , , . IP-unicast. 4. (Pay per View, PPV) (, ). IP-multicast. 5. (Time Shifted TV) . IP-unicast. 6. (Services on Demand, SoD) , , , .. . , , IPTV, . , , IP- : Instant Messaging ; Voice over IP (, -, ..); E-mail ( -); Unified Messaging ; Caller ID ; Video Telephony , ; Walled Garden Internet , , ; Home Surveillance . 71

, . (, , , , ..) , . " ". " ", . 2.3.6. , IPTV . IPTV . 2.7.

Middleware

IP Set-TopBox

VoD

CAS

. 2.7 IPTV

(Head End) . , IP : 1. , DVB , , , . 2. / , . 3. (MPTS) SPTS, Grooming. 4. , Rate shaping ( VBR 72

CBR) VBR-VBR, CBR-CBR. 5. IP DVB IP-Multicast Unicast . 6. DVB , EPG. 7. , MPEG-2 MPEG-4. 8. . (Video grooming) , . IP , : -, , CPE ( ). MPEG-2 MPEG-1, AC-3 (Dolby Digital) . (MPTS ,VBR), (SPTS, CBR). . , (channel surfing) xDSL. . SPTS IP-multicast, . VBR, , DVB-S CBR, DSL . (Peak Bit Rate, PBR) VBR DVB-S 9 / . VBR-CBR VDSL 4,7 M/. (Rate shaping) , 3,2 / ADSL. , , ( 12 ), , xDSL, ( ADSL2+) 73

, . , ( , , ) . CBR xDSL , , IP/MPLS. , , , . AC-3 , Web .. QPSK , VHF/UHF, / ( DVB) DRM (Digital right management) IP . ( ). (Video on Demand) (nVoD) (VoD), (nPVR) . (MPEG-1, MPEG-2, H.264, WM9, MP3 .) , VoD. , . , , Bitband, Entone, nCUBE, MidStream Technologies, SeaChange International, Canopus, Concurent Computer. , MediaHawk Concurent Computer 5872 4 . MPEG-2. on-demand. Fastweb, IPTV, VoD. Fastweb , . 100 000 , 1,3 . . . Fastweb NDVR (Network-based Digital Video Recording). 74

, , . NDVR Fastweb. . (Conditional Access System) , : ; , ; ( Middleware) ( - ) . , . (Conditional Access System) , : ; , ; ( Middleware) ( - ) . , . (Middleware) IPTV. Middleware IPTV (Head End, VoD, IP-, STB) API (ApplicationProgramming Interface) (, CAS, OSS/BSS ..). Middleware , STB: Broadcast TV , EPG (Electronics Program Guide) , PPV (Pay-Per-View), VoD, SVoD (Subscription Video-on-Demand), nPVR , IP- Softswitch. Middleware IPTV Web . .75

, Middleware : Content Provisioning Manager, Content Manager; GUI, Customer Manager; , SMS/SMPT Manager, Customer anager; Bandwidth Manager; VoD Manager; Purchase Manager; TV/Live/EPG Manager; - PVR/Time Shifted TV manager; - Terminal Manager; Admin/Supervision Manager. Middleware Java XML-. CAS, STB, VoD , . IP- , , IPTV. IP- , , IP- ( , , .). , , . (CPE STB) - IPTV , . STB Triple Play. STB : xDSL Ethernet , Wi-Fi, DVB-T . STB , VoIP, SIP/H.323, . STB 76

SD HD: MPEG-2, Europe HDTV, MPEG 4 ASP, AVC (H.264), WM9 (VC-1), : MPEG-1 I&II (Musicam), AAC, AC-3, MP-3. STB : DHCP, TCP/IP, RTP/RTSP, IGMP v2 . Linux, Java, Web JavaScript API, HTML, SOAP/XML ( ), IP, Triple Play. IP- , , DVB-IP QoS, (Forward Error Correction, FEC). IP- (Edge) , (Point of Presence, PoP), , IP, , HFC, FTTx. , IP, (RF) HFC. VoD HFC , IP, DVB-C, HFC. , IPTV. 2.3.7. IPTV. . IPTV ICELAND TELECOM (, ), Cisco Systems 77

. Iceland Telecom Ltd - , . : . , (PSTN), (ISDN) . . ( 70 ). (ATM) (ADSL) (ISP), . PPP, Frame Relay, ATM VPN 3 MPLS VPN, MPLS Cisco 12000. WLAN. Cisco 7200 (SSG). , , , Iceland Telecom "triple-play", , . IP/MLPS, NGN. NGN Ethernet. , : , "triple-play" . "triple-play" ( , ) IP-. unicast multicast . MPLS. . . 78

, .

2.8. MPLS Iceland Telecom

Iceland Telecom Cisco 7600 Series, :79

Cisco 7600 Series, DSLAM IP- VoD, Iceland Telecom . Cisco 7600 Ethernet, Ethernet DSLAM ADSL. 7600 Series (MPLS VPN) DSLAM Cisco 7200 BRAS. , Cisco 7600 Ethernet MPLS VPN "triple-play" . (multicast) . : 1. IPTV VoD IP. 2. ( ). 3. 20 . IPTV SureWest Communications ( ), Cisco Systems 2002 SureWest IP-, , triple-play. : (QoS) IPTV, HDTV IP- . , , . .80

SureWest IP NGN, IP- (FTTH). Cisco Catalyst 4500 6500. Catalyst 4510 ( 1550/1310 ) 100 / Ethernet 1000 . (RT) Catalyst 4510, Catalyst 6509 40 000 . Ethernet- Catalyst 4510 Catalyst 6509 10 . SureWest Ethernet 10 . , Catalyst 6509. , Cisco 6500. Cisco IOS, . . , Cisco Catalyst Catalyst 4510. , . 2004 SureWest IP/TV . 2006 HDTV IP-. IP, 260 - , 17 , VoD, 500 .

81

.2.9 IPTV SureWest Communications

82

2.4. 1. TCP/IP? 2. TCP/IP IP? 3. , TriplePlay. 4. IPTV . 5. IPTV . 6. RTP? 7. RSVP? 8. IP-? 9. IPTV. 10. , IPTV . ?

83

3. 3.1. . ( , , ), . , , , , , , . , , . . 3.1.1. , . () () . , ( , , ), () ( , 84

, ), . , , , , , , . , , , . (), 10%, . , , , , , , . : , (), (). , , , . , , . . (, , ), , , , . ( ). . , - . (-1) , , . . , , . , MATV, , . . 85

() 5 862 . . . , MATV . (5 862 ) (950 2150 ), , . 5 2150 , . SMATV . CATV (Community Antenna Television System) , . QPSK AM . 3.1.2. , : ; ; ; () 900 2150 ; ; . , , , . . , , , , , . , , () () . , , , . 86

, , . , , , . , . 3.1, (3,70 4,20 ) Ku (10,7 12,75 ). . 3.1 ()

L S X Ku Ka

, 1,45 1,55 1,61 1,71 1,93 2,70 3,70 4,20 5,72 7,08 7,25 8,40 10,70 12,75 12,75 14,80 15,4 26,5 27,0 50,2 84,0 86,0

(), ( ), , , , , . , . , . LNB , , , . , , . ( 0,5 ), 15 K 400 . , . , . Car-diner, Grundig, Oxford. (Universal LNB), . LNB 87

13 () 18 (). , . , . LNB , , LNB (V ). . . , , , . Nokia Scientific Atlanta. SMATV . , , (PAL, SECAM NTSC) DVB/MPEG-2. , , . , . : , , MPEG-2 -. , . , , . . , , . () , . (950 2150 ) , . , , , 88

, , , QPSK, , AM . , - , , / . CATV AM . . DVB/MPEG-2 , . . . . . (combiner) , . , .

. 3.1.

. 3.1 . , , 89

. , . , , . . , .

3.2. , , , . . . , , , . 3.2.1. , . , , () . . , . . , . , , . , , , , , , , . , . , , , , . , () . 90

, . , , . , ( ), ( ) . , . , , . , .. . , , . . , , , , , , , . . , . , , , . , , . , . 3.2.2. . . , . "" "". (), (), . 3.2. , , . "" , "", , , 91

, , , , . . 3.3,. , . , , . , . , .. , . . 3.3, .

. 3.2.

. 3.3. : ) ""; ) ""

92

. , . , , , . . . , . , . . , , , . , .. , . . , . , , , , , 4 5 , , , . , , . , , - , . 3.2.3. - . 93

, . , . , , ( ). , . , - (Hibrid Fiber Coaxial, HFC). . - : ; , ; , ; ; . 1310 / 1550 . 850 - . 3.2.4. . . . . 3.4 . , , , , , ( ). , , AM , . , . , . . 94

"-". , , , , . , 1310 30 . 1550 90 . . , . , . , , , , , .

. 3.4.

3.2.5. - , . , , " ", . , , , . , . , , .. . , 95

. , , . . . . , . , , .. . 20 40 . , . , . , . , . 2000 5000 . , ( 200 500). , , , . , , . . 3.5. , . , , . , , . , . , . , , 96

. , , . , . , , , , , 30 . , , .

. 3.5.

3.2.6. . , , , , , . . - HFC (Hibrid Fiber Coaxial). , , , . . , , . (), 97

. , , . , . , , , , . , , . . 3.6 , . . , , , , , . , , . , . . 3.7 . , . , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , , , . 98

, . .

. 3.6.

, 10000 30000 , .

. 3.7.

, . , , . , . , , , . , 99

, .. . . , . , . , , , .. , . . . , . , , - . , . , , ( 200 500) . , , , .

. 3.8. 100

. 3.8 , ( ). , WDM, . , . , . , , , , WDM, . 3.8. , , . . , , . , , . , . , , . 5 30 (65) . .

. 3.9. 101

. 5 1000 . 5 30 , 47 1000 . 30 47 , . , . . 3.9 , . , 5 30 , , 47 1000 . , , . . , , (5 1000 ). , , , , , , . , , . , . . , . , , , .. , , . , , , . . . , 102

- . . , , . . , .. . , - . . , , . . , , . , . , . . . , , , , , . , , . , ( ), , . . , , . , - , ,103

, . , . , , . . , . , . , , . , .

3.3. FTTx.3.3.1. FTTx , , , (). , xDSL. PON ( ), 90- . PON FTTx. AON (active optical network). FTTx . , , . 3.10 FTTx.

104

.3.10. FTTx.

FTTH Fiber To The Home. 1990 . . - - : , - , . , Home FTTH . Home FTTH , . .. FTTH, , FTTH - . FTTH . FTTB Fiber To The Building , . : -, . FTTB - , . FTTB - - , , FTTB . FTTC Fiber To The Curb - : , . FTTC 2 : ) - , ADSL, ; ) FTTC - - , -. - , . FTTN Fiber To The Neighborhood/Node, / ; , , . PON . PON , , , . , , SDH WDM. PON 1995 , (British Telecom, France Telecom, Deutsche Telecom, NTT, KPN, Telefonia Telecom Italia) 105

, . , ITU-T, FSAN (full service access network). FSAN PON , PON. FSAN 40 , ITU-T, ETSI ATM . 90- , ATM QoS . FSAN, PON, ATM. 1998 ITU-T G.983.1, ATM PON APON (ATM PON). G.983.x (x = 17), 622 /c. 2001 G.983.3, PON: 1) - , OLT ONT (. . 3.12.) ; 2) PON, , (triple play). APON BPON (broadband PON). APON ONT , . APON : SDH (STM-1), ATM (STM-1/4), Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, (SDI PAL), E1 (G.703), Ethernet 10/100Base-TX, (FXS). - PON ONT, , APON . , PON OLT . 2000 LMSC (LAN/MAN standards committee) IEEE EFM (Ethernet in the first mile Ethernet ) 802.3ah, PON, Ethernet. Ethernet 106

. Ethernet . , 95% 320 . Ethernet. Ethernet , . Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet. , Ethernet, , , . Ethernet , Ethernet PON Ethernet . GPON (Gigabit PON) APON. PON, . GPON ITU-T Rec. G.984.3 2003 . GPON 622 / 2,5 /c PON, . GPON ITU-T G.704.1 GFP (generic framing protocol, ), , TDM. SDH , GFP (generic framing protocol), SDH, . 3.3.2. PON. PON ( .3.11): 1) (.3.11); 2) (.3.11); 3) (.3.11).

.3.11

PON OLT ONT . . 3.12. OLT107

(optical line terminal) , . SNI (service node interfaces) ( ) PON. . ONT (optical network terminal) , , , , PON 1310 , 1550 . ONT OLT, UNI (user network interfaces).

.3.12 PON

ONT, OLT, , . OLT ONT () , , 1550 . , , () , 1310 . OLT ONT WDM, . . ONT, , (. 3.13). . ONT , TDMA (time division multiple access). ONT. ONT, c , ONT OLT. TDMA MAC.108

.3.13. PON.

PON (, SDH, Ethernet) (OLT) : E (Ethernet), FE (Fast Ethernet), GE (Gigabit Ethernet), E1 . , . M N . PON 1xN . 2xN . 1N 3,3log2N . (N=32 APON) 17 . .3.14 2N, .

.3.14. 2N

: N . . , . 1, 2 3 . (operating wavelength range) , 109

Rk (splitting ratio) k : Rk = Pk/Pout, Pout = P1 ++PN. EL (excess loss) : EL = 10lg (Pin/Pout) ILk (insertion loss) k- : ILk = 10lg (Pin/Pk). , : ILk = EL + 10lg (1/Rk) ORL (optical return loss) , : ORL = 10lg (Pin/PR) D (directivity) , : D = 10lg (Pin/PD) (uniformity) U : U = ILmax ILmin. . G.671 U . PDL , . .. PON : /, OLT ( ) SNI; (OSP); , ONT ( ) / UNI. E-PON

110

.3.15. E-PON.

() OLT Ethernet 802.3, 1xN ONT, . 3.15 . 1550 1490 . , , 1490 , 1550 . Ethernet , MAC .

.3.15. E-PON.

() ONT 1310 , . 3.15.. , 111

ONT, OLT. , EPON -. - EPON , , ONT. EPON, PON, OLT ONT , ONT, . EPON ( ONT) CSMA/CD . . -, Gigabit Ethernet , EPON 20 . CSMA/CD, , , . -, , CSMA/CD, TDM- (, ), , QoS . , , .. , . MPCP. , , OLT ONT EPON. ONT OLT. (-). , OLT, Ethernet, . 3.15. , -, ONT , . MPCP MPCP (multi-point control protocol). (): GATE REPORT. GATE OLT ONT. , , .. ONT OLT REPORT, . REPORT OLT . MPCP : () . . , OLT ONT. LLID112

ONT, RTT (round trip time) ONT . . 1. OLT ( OLT T1 + RTTmin) T, . OLT , ONT, .. OLT . T RTTmax RTTmin + TREPORT, RTT OLT-ONTOLT, . 3.16, TREPORT REPORT. 2. OLT T0 GATE, . GATE T1 REPORT. MAC, OLT MPCP TS T0, OLT. 3. ONT GATE. ONT GATE, ( TS) T0 . 4. ONT T1, ONT REPORT. REPORT MAC ONT T1. 5. T2 OLT REPORT ONT, MAC- T1 , . 5. RTT = (T2 T0) (T1 T0) = T2 T1 ONT REPORT GATE, . ONT, REPORT , . ONT , ? ONT , - , , , , GATE-. , . , IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD. 6. , OLT GATE- MAC- ONT LLID. ( LLID 113

, EPON 2 .) 7. GATE, ONT .

.3.16.

, MPCP ONT. MPCP , ONT OLT . DBA (dynamic bandwidth allocation). 1. OLT DBA MPCP GATE ONT : , ONT , . 2. MPCP OLT ONT GATE. 3. ONT, GATE (unicast), , , . , OLT ONT RTT . ONT OLT, GATE- . , ONT , , . 4. , ONT, , . Ethernet. . , , .114

OLT ONT GATE REPORT. ONT OLT . OLT, GATE ONT , ONT REPORT . OLT ONT . 13 , 3.2. , (20 32 ) . OLT . , , . RTT ONT (20 ) 0,2 . OLT 0,02% (0,2/1c). 3.2. E-PON.

3.3.3. PON. PON .3.17. ONT, ONT xPON OLT. OLT ONT . WDM , SIP, VoIP OLT Softswich, OLT OLT tripple-play . .

115

.3.17 PON

ONT GPON G25A (.3.18), : 4 10/100 BaseT; 2 (SIP); 1 . RF CATV (1550 , 2-8 , +18 , 47860 ) GPON APC/PC, GPON 28 (+); 2448/1224 /; 12 ; 270 190 45 , 0+40 WiFi

.3.18. GPON

OLT SURPASS hiX5750 (. .3.19)

116

.3.19 SURPASS hiX5750

:

GPON 56 (14 4); PON 64; 56 64 = 3584; 1310/1490 , 1550 ; 2448/1224 / c DBA; PON 28 ( +); - SURPASS hiX 5701, hiX 5703, hiX 5705, hiX 5709 ( , outdoor), G25A ( , desktop); 150 /; GEM/GTC, ITU-T G.984; , 10 / - 2 (.), 1 / 8 (.), ; VoIP (H.248 SIP, RTP), RSTP, IGMP, 802.1Q; ACI-E ( Siemens); 48/60 , 200950 ; 482 mm x 536 mm x 268 mm, 19; (1+1) , PON , .

3.3.4. PON. (PFP) - (FDH). - , , 32- . - . 117

- . - (. .3.20)

.3.20. .

- , , 1310, 1490, 1550 . , (1310 , 1490 , 1550 ) . , , . , FTTx (Up Down), . 1550 B-PON G-PON, +20 / +25 , 1310 1490 . . . PON -, , . ( 3.21). , , . , , . ( ), .118

.3.21. PON .

ONT PON- , . , -. , 1625 . OTDR . , 1600 . (OLTS). . OLTS . . .3.22. PON OLTS. . 3 12 3 , . 132 15 . , . ( WDM, , ) ONT.119

.3.22.

. ORL (optical return loss) , . . ORL, , .. . ORL ORL, . ORL , , , CATV, FTTx. . ( ), / / . ORL : ; ; / , ; (BER) . , , ORL . ORL OLTS, , . 3.3 ORL . ORL, ITU-T G.983 G.984, 32 .120

3.3.

3.3.5. PON , PON , , . . , , . . PON () . , : , PON- (32 64); -, . OLT (.3.23), (.3.24). , OLT, . , , . .3.24 PON, Node1 .

.3.23. PON OLT

.3.24 PON

. 121

. , ONT- ( ), OLT, , ONT , , , ( ). , OLT . , , , . . .3.25 , , , , . , . . 3.25 , .

.3.25. PON

3.3.6. AON. PON FTT (AON P2P) . , "-". " Ethernet" (AON). AON , . 1 / (GE). AON 70 - 80 . AON , (.3.26.). , ONT .122

ONT

ONT

OLT OLT OLT OLT

ONT

ONT

.3.26. AON.

() ( 2,3), , (.3.27)

. 3.27 AON

AON, Ethernet -, PON , . (.3.26). SFP (Small Factor Pluggable module), . , .3.23, , AON , PON. , .3.25, PON , , PON (. 3.28).123

.3.28 AON

, , , . , . , , . ( ) SFP- , . PON (APON/BPON GPON, EPON), TDM , (IPTV) (. 3.24 3.25). , , , . , AON ( Ethernet) , . 3.3.7. AON . . 3.29 AON. , , ip-, sip- ( ), , . , . .

124

.3.29. AON .

.3.30. AON, -. , . WDM 1550 . (ONT) OnAccess H1002S (.3.31), Ethernet .

125

.3.30. - AON .

.3.31. ONT.

.3.32.

126

3.4. 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. ? 6. . 7. ? 8. ? 9. ? 10. ? 11. ? 12. ? 13. ? 14. ? ? 15. ? 16. ? 17. . 18. ? 19. ? 20. ONT. , . 21. PON . 22. PON? 23. PON 24. OLT 25. PON . 26. (downlink) (uplink) ? 27. AON PON? 28. - c AON? 29. FTTx ?

127

4. - 4.1. 4.1.1 , , , . , . , , : , . . , , , . () , : ; (, , , ); , (, , );

128

() . , , , , . , , (). , , . "generic cabling" "structured cabling", "proprietary cabling" ( ). (. centralized cabling). () , . , , , , , . (. cost of owning) ( , ) $ 355 . ( $ 3500 . ). , , , - , , , . , , . . 4.1.2. , , , : ; (); ; . , : , 129

, . , , . . . , , , . , . , . . . , : , , , , . . , : ( , ); ; . . , , , , ( , , ). . , , . , 9294 . 850 , 1700 599 400 (. building management system BMS). (50%) (25%) (14%) (11%), . , 14%, 49% 34%. .

130

4.2. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() . 4.2.1 ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) ISO/IEC 11801 "Information technology Generic cabling for customer premises" ( ) 2002 . , : ISO/IEC 11801:2002(). 13 , 9 (3 , , 6 D, E, F, G, , I) 74 . 136 . ( ) , ISO/IEC, (, . , ., . 4, .: (095) 290-5094). , IEC (, - www.iec.ch). , , , , . , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E), , 1995 , 1 2 1999 , Ed. 1.2 2000 1 2 2002 . , . , , . F ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , , . , CSMA/CD 1000Base-T; ATM LAN 155,52 Mbit/s; ATM LAN 1,2 Gbit/s; l000Base-SX; l000Base-LX; 100Base-FX; 10Gbase-LX4. ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) . :131

, -, , , -, , ; (, , ) , , . , ; ( ) , , , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002() -, , , . IEC, ; ; . , , . , , 250 600 ( F). , , , 10 . , , , 2000 . , . , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , : , ; ; ; ; , , ;132

. ISO/IEC 11801: 2002() . 4.2.2 . : ( ); ( () ); (, ); . . , , , , , , . . , , , , . (-), . : ? : . , , . , , , . , . . 4.1. : (. Campus Distributor, CD);133

3 (. Building Distributor, BD); (. Floor Distributor, FD); (. Consolidation Point, CP); (. Telecommunication Outlet, TO). : (); (); ().

. 4.1.

, ( ) , , . , , : , . . , (, , ) . ( .) (, ), . , (), , , , 134

. , . . , , , , . . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) . . . () . 4.2.

. 4.2.

.3.2 : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ( , ), , . , , . , , . ( ) . , , , . . () . 4.3.

135

. 4.3

. 4.3 : 1 , 2 , 3 ( ), , . , : , , , . . () . 4.4.

. 4.4.

. 4.4 : 1 ( () ()), 2 , 3 ( , ), 4 , 5 (), 6 .136

, , . ( ), . . (, , ) . , , .

137

4.2.3 . . 4.5.

. 4.5. ( , )

ISO/IEC 11801:2002() , , . , . . , , . , , : . , : . , , . , , . , (, 22 ), 138

. , , , . . , , 2 , 20 . , , 2 , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002() , . . , , , , : ? : , , , : , . ., . (, . .) . ? : . , , , , , . , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , , 4-3-4: 4 : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) ; 3 : 1) , 2) , 3) ; 4 : 1) , 2) , 3) (), 4) . .

139

4.2.4. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() . . . , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E). : - (. inter-connect) - (. cross-connect). (-) . 4.6, (-) . 4.7.

. 4.6. (. inter-connect): ) ;)

: , , (, ). : - , , - , . , , (, ), 140

.

. 4.7. (. cross-connect): ) ; )

ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) (), () (), . . 4.8-, . 4.8-.

. 4.8. () ()

: , , , 141

, , (, ), ( ). : , . , , , , , . , , ISO/IEC 11801:2002() (. channel) (. permanent link). , . . , , , . , ( ) . () , . . . 4.9. (. link), 11801 1999 , . , 1999 . . . () (. consolidation point link), . . 4.10.

142

. 4.9. : () ; ()

. 4.10. ,

: , ; , , , . 143

, . , , permanent link : , . (, , , ). , . , . , , . , . , , . ISO/IEC TR 14763-2. , , , . . , : 100 ; , (++) 2000 . , 2000 , , , . , , , . , 1000 . . (, ), , . , , , , . , , . 1 ,144

, 22 , 4 . (. redundancy), , , : , , . ( , , ). , , , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E). . , IEC 61935-2 (. 1.1). , , . . , - . (, ) ISO/IEC 11801:2002(). , , , . , , , , . (. balun). , . (. bridge taps) . : () (. work area cords); () (. equipment cords); () (. patch cords). , , , . , -, Ethernet , . , 145

, , (. jumpers). . , . -. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() , , . () (. telecommunication outlet) , , . , , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) . . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) : . ISO/IEC TR 14763-2 9 . ; 4- IDC (. insulation displacement connection), - , 4- IDC; (. label), ; (, . .) (. . , , ). ISO/IEC 11801:2002() , - 4- . , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , ISO/IEC 14763-1. , 146

. , 1995 ( 11801) 4- , , , . , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , . : . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) (. Single User TO Assembly, SUTOA) (. Multi-User TO Assembly, MUTOA). . . .. . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(): , , MUTOA; MUTOA 12 ; MUTOA . , . () , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(): ; ; -; 12 ; , , , ; 15 ;147

, ; . , : , , ; ; , , . , . , . 11801 () (. transition point). , . 100 , . , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , , : (. Telecommunications Room). , . : , , , . . ( ); (. equipment room). , , ( , . .). , , 148

. ( ). , , . . (. building entrance facilities) , , , . . . , , . , , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002() , () . , , . , , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , , , , , , , . 4.2.5 , , . : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (, , . .) 6. (, . .)149

7. (, . .) 8. (, , . .) 9. ( ) 10. ( ) 11.- . . 1-4 . . () , 5-8 , 9-11 . , , , , . : , , , , . , , . , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , . , , 1-4, 10 (. 1.1), - . , , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E). 4.2.6 - - 150

. : - ( ); ( ); ( : , , ); . , , , , . . . , 0,125 , 3-5 . , 0,9 , . , , : 6-8 , , 140 /. , , , , . , , , . (. tight buffer), (. loose tube). , . . , , , : . , , . - , . , , , , 151

.

4.3. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() - 4.3.1. - , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , . , . , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) , , - , . , , . , . , . , . , . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) () , 100 , , , 2000 . , , . , , , . - , , . , ( ) . , 1995 152

() , . : -, . 4.3.2. ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) : OF-300; OF-500; OF-2000. , , , . . 4.1, ISO/IEC 11801:2002(), , . 4.1. , -

- : ) , ) , ) . , , , 153

, , . - , . - , , . 4.3.3. , - , . , . , - , , , (), () (, , , ). , , , , . ( ) . 3.11, . 3.12.

. 3.11. -

( ) . 154

, . 3.12, (. patched channel), (. spliced channel) (. direct channel), . , ( ), , .

. 3.12. - ( ): ) , ) , )

, , . 4.3.4. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() - 155

- ISO/ IEC 11801:2002() :

, , 1,5 . , ; ISO/ IEC TR 14763-3; , ( ). . 4.2, ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) . 4.2. , , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E).

OF-300 OF-500 OF-2000

850 1300 2,55 1,95 3,25 2,25 8,50 4,50

1310 1550 1,80 1,80 2,00 2,00 3,50 3,50

. 4.2 , ISO/ IEC 11801:2002(), (0,85 ) (2000 ), 8,50 . , , 11 15 . , . , .4.2, : , . , , , , , -, . , . , , , . , , . , . . 156

( ) . , , . , , - .

157

4.3.5. - - , , IEC 60794 , ISO/IEC 11801:2002(), . : 1, 2, OS1. , , , . 4.3. 4.3. , /, 11801:2002()

1,2, (/) OS1 (/) , 850 1300 1310 1550 , / 3,50 1,50 1,00 1,00 , , 5,00 /, , 0,667 . , , . , , : ; ; . : ; ; 503/1252 ( Ala) 62,53/1252 ( Alb); , A1a A1b IEC 60793-2-10 ( Ala - 0,200,02 0,230,02, Alb -0,2750,015). : . 4.3, . 4.4,158

.

IEC 60793-1-40 IEC 60793-1-41, . I60794-2 I60794-3, . 4.4. ISO/IEC 11801:2002() , X , .

, , 1 2 50 62,5 50 62,5 50

850 1300 850 200 500 500 500 1500 500 2000

, , , . . . (. . 4.4) , - . : (. overfilled launch) (. laser launch). 850 2000 . , . 7 100 , 600 , , 20 000 . ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) . -, IEC 60793-50 1 ITU-T G.652. -, : . 4.3,159

, 1260 (. . , 1260 ). -, , , IEC 60794-2 IEC 60794-3, . 4.3.6. - (, ) -10 +60. , , . , , , . SC ( ): ; , (PC); (APC). , SFF. ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) . 4.5. () SC-D, . . . . , , . : , .160

161

4.5. ISO/IEC 11801:2002(). ( IEC 60874-19-3 IEC ) 60874-19-2 125 IEC 60793-2, Clause 5 , (A1, 1b) 32.2 (1) _ IEC 60794-2, 6.1 , , IEC 60794-2, 6.1 , , 500 IEC 61300-2-2 (insertion loss), , 0,3 IEC 61073-1 - 0,75 IEC 61300-3-34 (return loss), , 20 35 IEC 61300-3-6

4.4. 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. ? 6. ISO/IEC 11801:2002()? 7. ISO/IEC 11801:2002()? 8. ? 9. ? 10. ? 11. ? 12. ? 13. ? 14. ? 15. ? 16. ? 17. ?162

18. ? 19. ? 20. - ? 21. ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E)? 22. ? 23. - ? 24. ISO/IEC 11801:2002(E) - , ? 25. ? 26. ISO/ IEC 11801:2002() - ? 27. ? 28. ISO/ IEC 11801:2002()? 29. ? 30. ? 31. ?

163

5. - , . , . , . , . , , ( ), , , . , . . . , , , , . , , . , . , . , , . .164

5.1. , , , , , . . , . , . RG-6, RG-6 RG-59. , , , . . , , , . . , , , .. . . , , . . 5.1 5.2 , , , . 2, . 2, 3, 4 , 2 3 ( 3,5 ). . . 165

, , , .. , (. 5.1). , , . 5.2, . , .

. 5.1.

. 5.2.

, . , , .. 30 1000 . . 580 ( -IV). , 30 580 KTB-I (110-170 ), -II Hyperband (230 470 ), . , 166

12- . , , . , , . , . , 12- , . , , , 12. , , . , , , ( 3- 4- ). , , , . , , . . , , , 30 1000 . 20, 35, 52 .

5.2. , , , , , . . , ( ) , . , . , 167

. (), . 3 4 . . . , , . , , . , , .. . . , , (trap), , . , . , - . . , , , . . , . , , 2,5 , .. . , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , - , 168

. , , , , - , , . , , , , . . () . " " . , , , . , . . , . , (), . , (), .

5.3. (ACS, Address Control System). ACS , , . , , .. . ( ) ( ) . , . , (addressable decoder). , . 169

, . , -. - . , .. ACS . , . , . , , ; . , . , , . . , . ACS . ACS () IBM PC, , . ACS (system controller). , , ( ), , , , , , . (billing computer). , , ACS , . . , . , , , . . ACS, 170

, . : 1. ACS ( ) (, ) , ACS , . 2. , . 3. , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , , . - , , . ACS , . , , , - , . , . , ACS, . . , ACS . , ACS . , 171

, , . , , , , . 100 150 . , ( ), , , . . , . , , . ( ), . . , , , .. . , , . , - , . , . " ", , , . , , , . , , , , , ( ). 172

. , , , , , , , . , , . , , , , . . , -. , , - , , .

5.4. . , . , "", , , . , , , . ( . scramble ) , , . - , , . , , .173

. SSAVI, Line Shear, Line Cut&Rotate. , . , . , . , , , . , . . , . , . , ACS, , , , . ( ) , . , ( ) . , , . . -, , . -, , . , , , , . .. , (, , ) , . , 174

(PAL, SE, NTSC), SECAM D/K(OIRT). , , , . , , SS (Sync Supression). , , . . , ( ). 4% , , . SS . SS . SS , , , . (). 12,5% , . SS , . . , . , . SS Universal-500, CryptOn, Chameleon. CryptOn , SS , . , . , , . 175

, , . , . . , . , . , . , , , ( ) , , , . , . Chameleon, NCA Microelectronics ( Megavision Megacrypt-2001), SS . SS , , , .. , . ? , , , . , , 32 , 128 4 . ( ), , - , . 128 , . (60 NTSC 50 PAL SECAM) . , , , . 176

(16 ), , , .

5.5. SSAVI, Line Shuffle, Line Shear, Line Cut&Rotate SS SSAVI (Sync Suppression&Active Video Inversion), . , , . , , . , . , , , . , , . , . , SSAVI SS. , ( ), , 22 335 . . , , .. , . SS, , , . , SSAVI, SS. SSAVI , SS. , , SS , , . SS . , . , 177

, . , . () . , . , , . , . , . , , , . , , . () , . , , . , . , . , , , "" , , .. , , -. , . () , . , . . , , . , Line Shuffle, , .. , . , , . , , . () 178

, ( 256 ). , , . , , , , . Nagravision ( Nagra), PAL SECAM. Syster -. Line Shear. , , , , . , . . , . , . , , , . , , . Line Shear PhaseKrypt, Macrovision, Dalvi, Technetix. , , Line Cut&Rotate. Line Shuffle , , , , () , , . , , , , . . . , , 179

( 128 256 ). , .

5.6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ? . ? ? ? ? ? 7. ? 8. ? 9. Sync Supression? 10. Line Cut&Rotate?

180

1. .. / .. .: ; , 2005. 216 + 12.: . 2. .. . .: ; .: , 2005. 416 .: . 3. .. - . .: -, 2001. 266 . 4. . - , 2- . .: , 2004. 496 . 5. .. - . .: -, 2001. 237 : . ( ) 6. .. . .: , 2000. 486 .: . 7. .., .. PON. 1. , Lightwave Russian Edition 1, 2004, .22 -28. 8. .., .. PON. 2. Ethernet , Lightwave Russian Edition 2, 2004, .25 -32. 9. .., .. PON. 3. , Lightwave Russian Edition 3, 2004, .21 -28.181

10. .. , Lightwave Russian Edition 1, 2007, .24 -32. 11. . FTTx, Lightwave Russian Edition 1, 2006, .3035. 12. , . FTTx, Lightwave Russian Edition 4, 2004, .35-41. 13. .. FTTx, www.vilcom.ru 14. .. NG Triple Play: , 3, 2005 .42 44. 15.http://www.ponforum.org/ 16.www.fb-tel.com 17.www.lightreading.com 18.www.intuit.ru

182