1 1. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. Windows- NetWare- UNIX- 2.4. NetBEUI- IPX/SPX- TCP/IP- 2.5. 2.6. Ethernet Token Ring AppleTolk ARCnet ATM ADSL 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. OSI 3.4. TCP/IP IP TCP UDP IPv6 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 5.1. 3 4 4 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 13 13 14 14 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 21 24 25 27 29 31 32 34 36 37 37 38 38 38 38 39 40 41 42 43

3.

4.

5.

2 ISDN DSL - ATM 43 44 45 46 46 47 49 49 50 50 56 56 58 60 68 69 69 70 70 70 70 72 73 76 77 78 80 80 82 84 85 85 88 90 92 93 95 98 99 102 104 105

5.2.

6.

6.1. 6.2. LAN MAN Bluetooth ZigBee 6.3. WEP WPA WPA2 SSID LAN MAN 7.1. 7.2. 7.3 8.1. 8.2. VPN 8.3. VPN 9.1. 9.2.

7.

8.

9.

10. 10.1. 10.2. 10.3. 10.4. 10.5. 10.6. 11. 11.1. 11.2. 11.3.

3

1. 19- 20 . - , . 19- . 1960 . , . 60- , , , . , , . , 60- , ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network). 1969 . . . , . (WAN Wide Area Network). -, 80- , ARPAnet Defense Data Network ( ) NSFNet ( ). NSFNet , . ARPAnet. ( ) , . , . , . . . , . . , - () . , , . (, .) . , (LAN Local Area Network). , , - . (, / .), . , ( ) ( ). , , (circuit switching). ( ) , . . , - ( ), . , (packet switching). , . , ,

4 . , . . 90- LAN- - . . , 20 .

2. : ; ; ; ; ; . 2.1. , , . : (LAN Local Area Network); (MAN - Metropolitan Area Network); (WAN Wide Area Network). LAN- , : , . LAN , , , . .1 LAN, , , .

.1

(workstation) , . , - ( ). .1 , . . , , -

5 , . , , . - LAN (.2). (), : , , / . ( , , .) , LAN.

.2 LAN- , . MAN- LAN, ( - 50 80 ). LAN WAN MAN LAN WAN. MAN . WAN ( , ) . - WAN . , (), . WAN , , . WAN . ,

6 . WAN- , . WAN- . , , , ( ), . WAN- . , , LAN-, (gateways). , (router), . WAN- . WAN ( LAN-) ( ) , . - . WAN- - LAN-. 2.2. : (peer to peer) , , ; - , , . , 10 . (workgroup). . Windows , . .3 , Windows XP , .

.3

7 Start/System/Control Panel/Computer Name [Change]. . . , , ( / ) . Windows XP Network Setup Wizard, Start/Settings/Control Panel/Network Setup Wizard. , . , ( ) . , . . - , /, , . . , , . . , . , , . , , , (, , .) (), . - (authentication) (permissions). ( ) . , ( ). 2.3. (). . : Windows-; NetWare-; UNIX-. , . . (directory service). , , . . . , . , . - ,

8 . , , . . ( ): , , . , . , , , , . . : OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) X.500; DAP (Directory Access Protocol); LDAP (Lightweght Directory Access Protocol). Windows- - Windows- . , , . . Active Directory ( Windows 2000) Windows-. LDAP , , X.500 . Active Directory , . Active Directory , (domain trees) (forests). Active Directory . Active Directory logon- . Active Directory , , . - , . , Windows-, DNS (Domain Name System). , . Active Directory , Active Directory. DNS . DNS-, , IP-. DNS- Active Directory, Active Directory DNS. NetWare- Novel NetWare. NetWare-. 4, NetWare Directory Services (NDS). - Bindery. Active Directory NDS LDAP , X.500 . NDS , Active Directory. NetWare, NDS , : Microsoft Windows, Sun Solaris, SCO UNIX ., Net eDirectory . NDS , : NDAP (Novel Directory Access Protocol), LDAP (Lightweght Directory Access Protocol), HTTP ( Web-), ODBC API (Open Database Connectivity Application Protocol) ADSI (Active Directory Services Interface). , Active Directory NDS .

9 UNIX- UNIX- UNIX, ARPAnet. Linux, UNIX. Linux , . UNIX, Linux , . 2.4. , . . - : NetBEUI, IPX/SPX TCP/IP. AppleTalk OSI (Open Systems Interconnection). NetBEUI- , Windows- NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface). NetBEUI NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System), IBM. , , . NetBEUI- , OSI (.3.3). NetBEUI TCP/IP, , TCP/IP. , NetBEUI- , , NetBEUI TCP/IP (router). IPX/SPX- IPX/SPX (Internet Package Exchange/Sequenced Packed Exchange) Novel NetWare- . TCP/IP, - - . IPX/SPX Windows. Microsoft IPX/SPX, NWlink. Microsoft- NetWare-, NetWare 4.x ( NetWare- 5. TCP/IP), IPX/SPX NWlink. TCP/IP- TCP/IP - - , . : , ; TCP/IP; TCP/IP; TCP/IP .

TCP/IP, .

10 2.5. . , .. , . , . . ( , ) , , . (.1). . , , , . . , , : ; ; ; ; . , . , . (.4), , (peer-topeer), .

.4

.5

11 (.5), thinnet. RG-58 A/U 1/4 50 . Ethernet 10Base2 (.2.6). 185 , . Ethernet T- , BNC T-. BNC-, () (.6).

.6 50 , BNC-. T- . , , , . ( ) . RG-8 RG-11 1/2 , thicknet. 500 . Ethernet 10Base5, Ethernet 10Base5 . , DIX- AUI . , , . - - ( -). Thicknet (backbone), . , . 10BaseT. , , . , , . , . , ( ) . . , , . , () , .

12 . , (.6). , . . , , . - ( ) . . Token Ring IBM . peer-to-peer ( ) . (), . , . Token Ring (.2.6), - , , STP (STP shielded twisted-pair) IEEE 802.5. .

.6 (.9). , . . - , - . . , . (star) - LAN . (.7), (UTP) Ethernet 10BaseT, 100BaseT 1000BaseT (.3). , . . . (-) , , , (.4.3).

13 , , , . - , (). . . , . . , , / .

HUB

.7 - , . , UTP - . . . (mesh) . , , , . . . . , , . , .

14 , , . , , , (.8). . BNC T- RJ-45 UTP . (backbone) . . , , .

.8 2.6. - . : , , , , , . , . LAN : Ethernet, Token Ring, AppleTalk ARCnet. - Ethernet. Ethernet Ethernet 60- . ALOHA . 70- Xerox, Digital Intel, Ethernet 10 Mbps, IEEE 802.3. - - Fast Ethernet Fiber Link Ethernet, 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet, 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps). Ethernet . , () (CSMA/CD - Carrier Sence Multipple Access with Collision Detection). Ethernet : 10Base2 (thinnet); 10Base5 (thicknet);

15 10BaseT (UTP); 100BaseT (Fast Ethernet); 100BaseFL (Fiber Link Ethernet); 1000BaseT (Gigabit Ethernet). 10 , 10 Mbps, 100 1000, 100 Mbps 1 Gbps. Ethernet 10Base2 (thinnet) RG-58 A/U 1/4 50 , thinnet. 2 , 185 ( 185 200, ). 10Base2 BNC- . . , . , . . Ethernet 10Base5 (thicknet) RG-8 RG-11 1/2 , thicknet, 500 . 5 , 500 . 10Base5 . Ethernet 10Base5 . , DIX- AUI . , , . - -. thicknet (backbone), . 10BaseT. Ethernet 10BaseT (UTP) UTP - LAN. . T 10BaseT twisted .

.9

16 (UTP unshielded twisted-pair) (STP shielded twisted-pair). Ethernet UTP, ApppleTalk Token Ring STP. , . (.9) . 2 3000. , AWG. [1]. UTP Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5 Cat 5 Enhanced (Cat 5e) Cat 6 & 7 4 Mbps 16 Mbps 20 Mbps 100 Mbps 1 Gbps 155 Mbps 1 Gbps . . . . Ethernet 10 Mbps - LAN. Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet ATM Gigabit Ethernet

10BaseT Cat 5 Cat 5e. Cat 3 . , . Ethernet RJ-45 (.10). RJ (registered jack) .

.10

17 - RJ-11, RJ-45. 10BaseT (UTP) UTP . , UTP - . 10BaseT . 100BaseT (Fast Ethernet) UTP Cat 5 Cat 5e, 100 Mbps. . 10, 100 1000 Mbps. - (.8) . 100BaseT , . , , UTP . 100BaseFL (Fiber Link Ethernet) (fiber optic cable). - (FL - Fiber link 100BaseFL ). (.11) , , . , , (LED Light Emitting Diode) (ILD Injection Laser Diode).

.11 : (Single mode), . - - . 10 Gbps. WAN . Multimode), .

18 , . LAN . . , 2000 , 4 10Base5, 10 10Base2 20 10BaseT. , 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps . -. . 1000BaseT (Gigabit Ethernet) Gigabit Ethernet 1996 . IEEE 802.3z. LAN , , . 1 Gbps, 10 - Fast Ethernet 100 - 10BaseT. - , UTP . Token Ring Token Ring 80- IBM. , Ethernet. Token Ring , . - . (), MSAU (Multistation Access Unit). . . . , token, . , . . , . , . Ethernet , . Token Ring . Token Ring STP ( ), IEEE 802.5. Token Ring - 10BaseT 100BaseT - ( 16 Mbps). Ethernet. , Token Ring FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface). 80- 10 . - Fast Ethernet . , 100 Mbps. AppleTalk AppleTalk Apple Computers Macintosh. . , AppleShare. LocalTalk Link Access Protocol (LLAP), LocalTalk AppleTalk. AppleTalk , . , . , ZIP (Zone Information Protocol).

19 ARCnet ARCnet (Attached Resource Computer Network) . LAN . Ethernet Token Ring. , Token Ring, , . ATM ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) , , . . LAN, WAN . 1980 . ITU (International Telecommunication Union). 1991 . - - . . : 25 Mbps, 155.520 Mbps 622.080 Mbps, 10 Gbps. (broadband) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network ), B-ISDN. 53 , . , , 5 , 48 . ( , ). . (circuit switching) (packet switching). , , . , ( , .). . ADSL ADSL (Asymetric DSL) e , . ( WAN-). DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines), ADSL - - . DSL . . 384 Kbps 6 Mbps, ( , , Web) - ( 1.5 Mbps) ( Web FTP). ADSL , - (download) (upload) . , ADSL 5 .

3. , . , .

20 3.1. , (packet switching). , - , , . , . , . , () , . ( ) (.12) . , , . , , , , - . .12 . , . : , , , . Ethernet (frames, ). 64 1518 . Token Ring () 4202 . , (trailer). , . (cyclical redundancy check CRC). , -, 2 ( ). . , , . , , . 3.2. . , . . , ( ). . , (protocol suit). . - OSI TCP/IP. , . Windows XP Microsoft [1].

21 , OSI. 3.3. OSI OSI (Open System Interconnection) 80- ISO (International Standard Organization). . . 70- , ARPAnet, TCP/IP, .

.13 Link Pres Ses Transp Net Link Net Transp Transp Ses Ses Ses Pres Pres Pres Pres .14 Link Link Link Link Link Link

22 OSI (.13), . OSI-. , . OSI . . - , ( ) (.14). , . .14 , . . : () . , , , , , : , , . . : FTP (File Transfer Protocol), Telnet ( ), SMPT (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) . . , ( ). , ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code). . , . ( ) . . . , / ( ). , / . , , . . . , () , . . ,

23 . -. - , , . TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - . - - , - . . , . - (- - ). , , , . UDP (User Datagram Protocol), TCP/IP, -. (datagrams). . TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) IPX/SPX (Internet Package Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange) (), (IP), . DNS (Domain Name System). . , Web e-mail . IP- . , . . - , . , IP , . . 16- (64536 ), 12- 20 IP- . . (routing). ( ) - . - (routers) 3 (switches of Layer 3). , . , - , , . : (MAC Media Access Control); (LLC Logical Link Control). MAC (Media Access Control) .

24 . MAC , () Ethernet Token Ring (NIC Network Interface Card). MAC Ethernet , Ethernet , 12 , 6 , , 26:C4:2F:53:08:A4. 6- . 3 ( IEEE), 3 . , . MAC , 3- ( ). MAC , . LLC , , (.2.5), . MAC . , , (bridges) 2 ((switches of Layer 2), . , , , , . . , (, ) , . , . . , ( ) . . , , , , .4. 3.4. TCP/IP (.3.3) TCP/IP 70- , ARPAnet. . TCP/IP , OSI . .15. : / (Application/Process). - OSI , . (Transport +- Host to Host). TCP, UDP DNS. (Network Internet). OSI. , . ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) MAC . , - MAC . (Link Network Access). OSI. Ethernet Token Ring.

25 (Transport Host to Host) (Network Internet) / (Application/Process)

(Link Network Access)

.15 IP (, , .) TCP/IP IP . , , IP . , , , . IP . , IP , . IP 32- . - (doted-decimal) . , . , 8 . , 0 255. w.x.y.z. IP 11001001.10101100.01010001.01100111 201.172.81.103. : w x y z

201.172.81.103 IP , 32 232 4 294 967 296. IP , . IP , . () , . 201.172.81.103 - 201.172.81, , 103, .

26 TCP/IP IP (classful addressing) (classless addressing). - . IP 4 . , (netblocks). . . ( IP ). . . - - ( IP ) - . IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). , IP . IP ( ) ( IP ) A 126 * 16 777 216 B 16 384 65 535 C 2 097 152 254 D () * 127.x.x.x , . 126 (), 16 IP . , : IBM, Hewlett Packard, Xerox, . , 65635 IP . Microsoft Corporation . 2 , 254 . D . (, ). 127.x.x.x , 24 IP . 4- , . . w . A B C D () w 0 10 110 1110 w 0 127 128 191 192 223 224 - 239 7 14 21 28

IP w, 0. , 10. 182.34.123.5 , w 182, 128 191. 182, , 10110110. 10, , . , , . . , IP

27 . , w. - , 7 , 128 - 0 127. 127 , IP 0.0.0.0 IP , 126 ( 2 ). 127... 0.0.0.0 , , IP - 2. (16 ). w , 14 , 2 14 = 16384 ( ). (24 ). w , 21 , 2 21 = 2097152 ( ). D (32 ). w , 28 , D , . . , 1000 . , 254. 65000 , , 64000 . . (CIDR - classless interdomain routing). , CIDR , IP , 175.234.45.0/20. 20 - , . 12 IP . IP , CIDR slash x ( ) . CIDR /8 , /16 , /24 . CIDR - IP , , , /5, /12, /21 .. IP . TCP/IP . () . 196.234.45.12 196.234.45.24, , 196.234.45. IP : . TCP/IP . DHCP . DHCP. DHCP IP , TCP/IP . , , DHCP .

28 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 1993 ., - Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP). DHCP 1997 . DHCP, DHCPv6, IPv6, IP , IP. , DHCP , . 4 : , TCP/IP DHCP , () DHCP . DHCP , , DHCP . IP , . DHCP , . DHCP IP , . DHCP , DHCP . , , , DHCP (DHCP request). DHCP . , -, , . DHCP , , , IP , 2 IP . DHCP . - . DHCP () (DHCP lease). ( ) ( ). , IP , . IP . (DHCP Reservation), IP . , , . IP . . , DHCP DHCP , , . DHCP . Windows, UNIX,NetWare . IP APIPA . DHCP , DHCP ( ), IP . APIPA . APIPA , , DHCP , . DHCP , IP - DHCP . IP , DHCP (default gateway) (subnet mask). , , .

29 , . / . IP . () , . ADSL , ISDN . , . (proxy server) (firewall). . , , . (switch), / . , IP . , 150.215.017.009 , (150.215) , (017.009) () . . : . , . . () , - . , - IP . IP ( ) . . 6 . , IP 150.215.017.001. , : 10010110.11010111.00010001.00000001 10010110.11010111, 00010001.00000001. B, , 65535 . , , . . 6 , () 3 (000) . 3 8 , . , , , , 000 111 . 6 - 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, .. . , . ... 1, AND IP , IP , . :

30 255.255.224.000 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000. AND IP : IP : : : 150.215.017.001 255.255.224.000 150.215.000.000 10010110.11010111.00010001.00000001 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 10010110.11010111.00000000.00000000

150.215.000.000. , , , , 000 111 . 6 : 10010110.11010111.00100000.00000000 10010110.11010111.01000000.00000000 10010110.11010111.01100000.00000000 10010110.11010111.10000000.00000000 10010110.11010111.10100000.00000000 10010110.11010111.11000000.00000000 150.215.032.000 150.215.064.000 150.215.096.000 150.215.128.000 150.215.160.000 150.215.192.000

IP . 13 , , 213 = 8192. , , , . 8190 (8192 2 = 8190). , IP 10010110.11010111.00100000.00000001 (150.215.032.001) 10010110.11010111.00111111.11111110 (150.215.063.224). , IP 6- : 001 010 011 100 101 110 IP 150.215.032.001 - 150.215.063.224 150.215.064.001 - 150.215.095.224 150.215.096.001 - 150.215.127.224 150.215.128.001 - 150.215.159.224 150.215.160.001 - 150.215.191.224 150.215.192.001 - 150.215.223.224

IP . , 5 (). , 150.215.032.002 150.215.032.005. , 255.255.224.000, AND , 150.215.032.000 ( 150.215.32.0). , ARP (Address Resolutio Protocol).

31 IP 150.215.032.001 150.215.032.002 150.215.032.003 150.215.032.004 150.215.032.005 150.215.032.006 IP 150.215.32.1 150.215.32.2 150.215.32.3 150.215.32.4 150.215.32.5 150.215.32.6

ARP IP (MAC) , , ARP . , 150.215.032.002 150.215.096.021. AND - 150.215.032.000 150.215.096.000. () , . TCP UDP TCP/IP , , . , , . . , , Web-, . , . , . , . . TCP/IP , IP . IP , , . 16 , , 65536. . (wellknown ports) . 0 1024. - . 21 23 25 80 110 119 137 396 500 FTP Telnet SMPT HTTP POP3 NNTP NetBIOS name service NetWare over IP ISAKMP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

TCP/IP . , IP . , .

32 , . - -. UNIX AF_INET. , AF_UNIX. Berkely Sockets API TCP/IP . Windows Sockets, Winsok, Windows DLL. TCP/IP , - -. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) -. , , . UDP (User Datagram Protocol) -. (datagrams). TCP , - . . UDP , . - (- - ). , , , . , , TCP/IP IP . . . , . , , ! , . ( ) ( ), - . . . - : com , ; net , ; org , ; edu , ; gov , ; mil , ; int , . , , : uk ; au ; ca ; bg ; de . , , : ibm.com, vfu.bg, dallas.net .

33 , . : tuvarna.acad.bg. tu-varna, acad ( ) bg. Web www (world wide web ). www.vfu.bg www, vfu bg. : hosts lmhosts. , ( c:\windows\system32\drivers\etc); DNS (Domain Name System) DDNS (Dynamic DNS); WINS (Windows Internet Name Service). hosts lmhost . WINS IP . NetBIOS-, Microsoft, WINS-. Windows NT, Windows 2000 - Windows WINS-. WINS Help Windows. - DNS. , . DNS , (domain names) IP-, vfu.bg 213.16.42.226. . IP- DNS-. DNS . , : (top-level domains) : com, org, edu ..; (country-level domains) bg ( ), fi ( ), fr ( ) .. (registered domains) - abv.bg, pirin.com .. (local domains), (subdomains), tu-varna.acad.bg, e . DNS . DNS , , IP , - DNS .., . , , ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers - ). IP- lookup-. Windows nslookup, cmd.exe. DNS lookup , . : C:\>nslookup vfu.bg Server: e.home Address: 192.168.1.1 Non-authoritative answer: Name: vfu.bg Address: 213.16.42.226

34 , IP , vfu.bg 213.16.42.226. http://vfu.bg, IP http://213.16.42.226, Web . ping. . cmd.exe: C:\>ping vfu.bg Pinging vfu.bg [213.16.42.226] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 213.16.42.226: bytes=32 time=140ms TTL=56 Reply from 213.16.42.226: bytes=32 time=114ms TTL=56 Reply from 213.16.42.226: bytes=32 time=134ms TTL=56 Reply from 213.16.42.226: bytes=32 time=134ms TTL=56 Ping statistics for 213.16.42.226: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 114ms, Maximum = 140ms, Average = 130ms , arp, netstat, nbstat, [1]. IPv6 32- IP . IP , IP (.3.4), () IP NAT (Network Address Translator) (.4.3, ), . 2010 . IPv4 . 1992 . . 1996 . IPv6. IPv6 , IPv4 IPv6 , . IPv4 IPv6 , IPv4 IPv6 (IPv6 , IPv4 ). - IPv4 IPv6 . - IPv6 IPv4 - IPv6 128 , IPv4 32 . IPv4 4 , IPv6 3.4 1038. IPv6 2128-32 = 296 IPv4 . IPv6 64- ( ) 64- . IPv6 8 4 , , : 2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7334. (0000), , . 2001:0db8:0000:a244:c666:33ff:1428:57ab 2001:0db8::a244:c666:33ff:1428:57ab. , , . 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57ab 2001:0db8::1428:57ab. . - . IPv6 :

35 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000::1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0:0:0:0:1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0:0::1428:57ab 2001:0db8::1428:57ab 2001:db8::1428:57ab IPv6 , . 2001::FFD3::57ab : 2001:0000:0000:FFD3:0000:0000:0000:57ab 2001:0000:0000:0000:0000:FFD3:0000:57ab 2001:0000:FFD3:0000:0000:0000:0000:57ab IPv6 ( ) , (2n). . , , . ( ) , . , , . (slash). .3.4 ( IP ). CIDR. : : : 2001:0db8:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 2001:0db8:1234:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

2001:0db8:1234, 48 (12 4), 12 , 4 . : 2001:0db8:1234::/48. 128- , /128, 2001:0db8:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000:0044/128 2001:0db8:1234::44/128. IPv6 unicast, anycast multicast : Unicast . Unicast . , unicast , . Unicast . unicast . unicast . , . Anycast . anycast , () . , anycast , , , , . - , , . . Web Web , Web . anycast ( ) , - . anycast . unicast . , . Multicast . multicast , anycast , , () . , anycast , , multicast ,

36 . IPv6 , ( 8 ) 1, multicast . FF00::/8. . 2 (link-local), 5 (site-local), E ( ) (global). IPv4 IPv6 , IPv4 64 , IPv6 - , (jumbograms), 4 . IPv4 , IPv6 , , URL . IPv4 , , IP , 198.56.123.4:80. IPv6 ([ ]), : http://[2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7348]/ : https://[2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7344]:443/ URL : https://[2001:db8::1428:57ab]:443/ IP Windows UNC (Uniform Naming Convention), . UNC , - URL . Microsoft (second-level Internet domain) ipv6-literal.net, . IPv6 : 2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7348 URL - : http://2001-db8-85a3-8d3-1319-8a2e-370-7348.ipv6-literal.net URL DNS . IPv6 Internet IPv4 IPv4 , , (tunneling), IPv6 Ipv4 .

4. , OSI (.16). 4.1. (NIC Network Interface Card), (.16). . OSI . , , . (). : , , . , (tranceiver). . Ethernet 10Base5 (thicknet) . AUI, ,

37 , , . Ethernet (motherboard). - . 10, 100 1000 Mbps, 10BaseT, 100BaseT 1000BaseT. RJ-45 UTP ( ). , . . PCI PCI . . IRQ, / , . dip- , , , . PnP (Plug and Play) ( , BIOS- PnP).OSI

.16 4.2. . () / (, , , ). , (.2.6), . ( ) (UTP STP). , , -. , ,

38 , . LAN WAN . Cisco Systems Motorola, Texas Instruments, Samsung . , . 4.3. , . : , , , , . (media adapters) (media translators). 10BaseT, 100BaseT 1000BaseT Token Ring , . (repeater) , . () , . . , Ethernet 10Base2, 185 . - , . (hubs), , , . OSI (.16). LAN . , (.17). - .

.17 , . , , . , , . (multiport repeaters). . , , . (manageable hubs).

39 . , Token Ring, , , , . (bridge) , - LAN LAN, Ethernet Token Ring (.18).

.18 ( ) OSI (.16). MAC . MAC , - OSI . LAN , . . (routing table) MAC () LAN , . ( Ethernet ), MAC . , .. LAN, , . . . , . , , . LAN. LAN, MAC . , MAC , . , , , . , . . , Ethernet LAN (10Base5) Ethernet LAN . , . , 80/20, 80% ( ) 20% ( LAN).

40 (routers) OSI . . , (gateway). LAN , WAN , . , MAC (IP IPX ). - . - . (forwarding tables), . , . WAN ISDN , ADSL LAN (.19).

WAN

.19 , WAN , , . WAN . . . Ethernet ( 4 8 ), LAN , . LAN ( ), . 50 - , USB- . NAT- (NAT boxes). NAT (Network Address Translator) , LAN IP- . LAN, . NAT . IP-. LAN, . NAT- . DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) , DNS (Domain Name Service) proxy- (firewall) LAN . (, switches) , (.20).

41 . OSI , . 2. . , , , , , . (switching hubs) (port switches). 2 , . , . (segment switch). , . LAN , , LAN.

.20 3. OSI , 2. , (switched router). 4. 3, OSI . - , TCP UDP . , .21 . . (), , . () , , , , . ( .21 ) , .. . , , . 2 , ,

42 , . , , . , . - . - , , - , LAN .

.21 () . - , . MAC- , (IP IPX ) .

5. LAN , . , . , . , , LAN , . (dialup networking) . , Ethernet . . . - 56 Kbps, - Ethernet 10 Mbps. ADSL , , 6 Mbps. , - Ethernet .

43 WAN . WAN e LAN, LAN , . , : PSTN, ISDN, DSL, - . (.1): (circuit switching). , , . . . , ( ), . . (packet switching). , . , , . . . .

5.1. dialup , , , . , , : , dialup . , . PSTN (Packed Switched Data Network). /. , , . , , , . . , - . . , , . ( ), , . , (handshaking) . , , . fallback. , , ( ) . - OSI-. . WAN- dial-up .

44 . , (COM ) . USB (). , ( IRQ I/O ). , . - ISA PCI , PCMCA . , Plug and Play (PnP) BIOS PnP. / . . / 14.4 56 Kbps. , . , , . . - . ISDN ADSL . . . ISDN ADSL , . ISDN ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network ) , , . ISDN , B- (bearer, ) , D- (Delta ). B- 64 Kbps, D 16 64 Kbps . ISDN : Basic Rate ISDN (BRI). B-. 64 Kbps. , (multilink ), 128 Kbps. , . BRI . Primary Rate ISDN (PRI). 23 B- 64 Kbps, 1472 Mbps. PRI , PBX (private branch exchange), . , ISDN . Ethernet . ISDN , . , 128 Kbps. , 64 Kbps. -,

45 , , 128 Kbps. DSL DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines) - ISDN. . . - ISDN DSL . DSL . ( ).

ADSL .22 DSL 5 . xDSL. : ADSL (Asymmetric DSL). - - DSL (.22). (download stream) 384 Kbps 6 Mbps. (upload stream) 4 - . () ADSL , 4 Mbps. ADSL , 5 . ADSL . Ethernet . SDL (Symmetric DSL). , 3 Mbps. ADSL . HSDL (High DSL). 768 Kbps. . VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL). 13 Mbps 52 Mbps, . - DSL . IDSL. DSL , ISDN . 144 Kbps. - - ADSL. , , DSL .

T- , , . ,

46 LAN . DDS, 56 Kbps. , , - - DDS. . - : -1 1.544 Mbps; -2 6.132 Mbps; -3 44.736 Mbps; -4 274.760 Mbps. - , 64 Kbps. . . - , . , . CSU/DSU (CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit, / ), RS-232 (COM ). CSU , DSU ( , ). -1 - -, - ADSL , - . -1, . ADSL . - , -1 . - 1 , . 5.2. : X.25; Frame Relay; ATM. ATM. X.25, PSDN (Packet Switched Data Network). IBM. Frame Relay X.25 , -1 -3. ATM ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) , , . .2.6. . , , ATM . , , .

47 (.23), . ATM " " ( ), " " ( ). .

. 23 : , ; ; , . ATM . , . . . () , . ATM . . ATM , , . , . ATM - . ( ) , . , . . ATM , . ATM (VPI - Virtual Path Information) (VCI - Virtual Circuit Information). ATM , .

48 ATM . , , TCP/IP IPX/SPX. ATM : ; ; (.24) ATM . .

.24 - (.25), -. .

.25 - . . , ( , .). . , ATM LAN, WAN . B-

49 ISDN, . B-ISDN .

6. 6.1 -. , : ( , , ), , . ( ) . , . , - 802.11b / 802.11g. LAN , (spread spectrum). . , . , . 1945 . , , . LAN ALOHAnet, 1971 . . , , , . , 901-928 MHz. , . -, 1997 ., IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11, , . 802.11 2.4 GHz, 2 Mbps, DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum). , . , , 802.11, , 802.11. , IEEE, WFA (Wi-Fi Alliance). WFA IEEE. 6.2 IEEE LAN/MAN 802. . - 802.11, 802.11. 802.15 ( Bluetooth), 802.16 ( , MAN ) .

50 LAN 802.11 , 802.11, 802.11a. - LAN: 802.11 (Wi-Fi) 802.11b (Wi-Fi) 802.11g (Wi-Fi) 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps ~30 Mbps ~6 Mbps ~30 Mbps 8 14 14 50 m 500 m 50 m 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz

802.11. 8 . 802.11 DSSS FHSS, , OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). . - 802.11b , . 802.11b. , , Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi CERTIFIED). 802.11b. - , 1999 . - 802.11. 802.11 High Rate Wi-Fi. , Ethernet. DSSS. 2.4 MHz 11 Mbps, (fallbacks) 5.5 Mbps, 2 Mbps 1 Mbps. 500 . 14 , 3 . , , Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi CERTIFIED). 802.11g. - , 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz . 20 Mbps OFDM, 20 Mbps DSSS. 14 , 3 . 802.11g Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). , , Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi CERTIFIED). 802.11g- 802.11b, 802.11b- 802.11g-. 802.11g , 802.11b. , 802.11b 802.11g. 802.11n. , IEEE 2008 . 2007 . WEA (Wi-Fi Alliance) 802.11n draft 2.0, 802.11n. 802.11n , 20 MHz, 88.5 Mbps. 40 MHz, 146.83 Mbps, 5 802.11g ( 30 Mbps). 802.11n - 802.11b 802.11g. , 802.11g, -, . 802.11 , , , 2,4- .

51 : ad-hoc (peer-to-peer). ad-hoc , peer-to-peer . , . (AP Access Point) LAN.

Ad-hoc , . Ethetrnet Token Ring. MAC-, . ad-hoc (.26).

.26

.27

52

.28 LAN, (AP), LAN. (HAP Hardware Access Point) (.27) , (SAP Software Access Point) (.28). LAN , LAN (.29). (, , ..) LAN. LAN , LAN.

.29 , , . 10, 100.

53

.30 (Extension Points) (.30). . , . , (.31). , -. . , , , . , , , .

.31

54

.32 LAN (.32) , ( ). , , LAN, , , . LAN (wireless bridge) LAN. .32 ( ) - master, , slave. poin-to-point. , poin-to multi point. , . , master, slave. master plus APs (Access Points). slave .

.33

55 AP to AP, . -, ( ). . , , (.33). , (.34).

.34

.35 LAN (.35, Wireless Network 2), . , LAN (.35, Wireless Network 1). .35 , LAN . LAN . , LAN .

56 Wi-Fi VoIP (Voice over IP), Wi-Fi Alliance Wi-Fi CERTIFIED VoicePersonal Wi-Fi . , . MAN IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16a, WiMAX. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) DES3 AES. 802.16 10 66 GHz, 802.16a 2 11 GHz. - HiperLAN/2, HiperLAN/1. ATM- IP-, . 5 GHz, 54 Mbps. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). , . Bluetoth Bluetoth , , , . Bluetoth , 1998 , 2000 , IBM, Intel, Nokia, Erricson, Toshiba, 3COM, Lucent, Microsoft. 1.1 1 2000 . Bluetoth 2400 2483.5 MHz, , 2 Mbps. , , 723,2 Kbps, , 433,9 Kbps. 10 . FHSS. : PPTP, SSL VPN. Bluetoth TCP/IP. Bluetooth- /, . . / 2400 2483.5 MHz, . , , 24452475 MHz (), 2446,5-2483,5 (). Bluetooth , - Bluetooth , /. , . . Bluetooth, , , master, a , master- slave. slave- 7 (multislave-, .36b). master- slave-. master- ( ), , . slave- . piconet (.36). piconet master-. slave- master , , scatternet (.36). Scatternet .

57

.36 , , , , , (hopping channel), , , hopping, . Bluetooth . MSI EpoX Bluetooth. GSM , PDA Bluetooth. , Bluetooth . , - , . ZigBee. ZigBee 2002 . , ZigBee. ZigBee Alliance, 230 , Samsung, Philips, Mitsubishi u Motorola. ZigBee 2005 . ZigBee (zigzag) (Bee-), ( ) . ZigBee (.37), IEE 802.15.4. IEE 802.15.4 , ZigBee , , , . - ? Bluetooth Wi-Fi, , ? , . IEE 802.15.4 90- , Bluetooth Wi-Fi , ,

58 . , , - 802.15.4. 2003 . Philips ZigBee Alliance Bluetooth Wi-Fi , IEE 802.15.4. 13 2004 . ZigBee 2004, 2006 . ZigBee 2006. 2007 . ZigBee PRO.

APL (Application) SEC (Security) NWK (Network) MAC (Medium Access Control IEEE 802.15.4 PHY(Physical Layer) .37 ZigBee . . , IEE 802.15.4. Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN). 27 16 2,4 GHz , 915 MHz (10 ) 868 MHz ( ). 20 256 Kbps. (CSMA; Carrier Sense, Multiple Access) , . ZigBee . . , , , . . , . , , , . , ZigBee Bluetooth, . ZigBee , ( ), . ZigBee , . 65000 , . ZigBee

59 ZigBee : : 868.3 MHz 2.46 GHz 915.0 MHz 2.46 GHz : 915 MHz/2,46 GHz: 0.5 mW 10 mW 868 MHz: 25 mW (13.9 dBm) : 100 : 20 Kbps 868/915 MHz 250 Kbps 2.4GHz : CSMA (Carrier Sense, Multiple Access) - , ZigBee, Bluetooth Wi-Fi.ZigBee 802.15.4 [] [Kbps] [] 100-1000 255 65000 20 250 1 -75 , , Bluetooth 802.15.1 1-7 7 720 1 10 WiFi 802.11b , , 0,1 5 30 11000 100

, ZigBee . . ZigBee : ZigBee End Device (ZED). , ZigBee, RFD (Reduced Function Device). (), . , . ZigBee Router (ZR). , ZigBee (.37). FFD (Full Function Device). - . . ZigBee Coordinator (ZC). , . . ZigBee . . . , , . , ZigBee 2006 ZigBee 2007, . ZigBee PRO . ZigBee 2006 ZigBee 2007 ZigBee PRO, . . . , TCP- . 255 . (241 254) , 255 ( ). 0 .

60 16 (MAC-). , . . , , . binding. binding-, . , / / . ZigBee , , , . ZigBee. , . ZigBee . ZigBee , . ZigBee . , . - ZigBee : , ; ; , . ZigBee Pantech-Curitel , . , ZigBee . , , , ZigBee 128- AES . . - , - - . .38

TCP/IP

61 , , , , 500 , . , . . (.38). (cell tower) /, ( ) . . (MSC Mobile Switching Center), . , . . , (Gateways), Internet TCP/IP . (mobile embedded devices), , : , , PDA, . LAN . , , 70 Bell (), . () 1980 . AT&T. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service). 800 MHz, - 1900 MHz, . , . AMPS . - TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). AMPS e FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access). - (), . TDMA , (.39). TDMA (time-sharing). 1 1

2

FDMA

.. ....................................................... N N

2

1 1 2 ............ M

2 N

TDMA

. ..1 . . . .2 . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .M ......... . .......... . .......... 1 2 ............ M

.39

62 , , . 80- , , , , , . , . AMPS, ARTS NAMPS, TACS NTACS, AURORA, NMT, NETWORK C-450, RADIOCOM NTT NAMTS. , , . (CEPT Conference Europeene des Postes et Telecommunucation) 1982 . Groupe Special Mobile (GSM), . GSM - Global System for Mobile communications. 1989 . GSM- CEPT E (ETSI European Telecommunucation Standart Institute). . GSM- 1991 . GSM . . , 1200 bps, : ( ); ; : , (SMS); ; ; ; ; . TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). . TDMA IS-54/136. CDMA-. CDMA 80- QUALCOMM 1993 . IS-95. , CDMA, 1995 . Hutchison Telecom Of Hong Kong. TDMA- TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access ) , (.40). , , , . . TDMA . IS-54 (Interim Standart - 54), - IS-136. 1992 . TIA ( ). 1993 . TDMA-. TDMA

63 PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) D-AMPS (DigitalAmerikan Mobile Phone Sevice). CDMA- CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access ) , (spread spectrum) / . (3G Third Generation) . - TDMA, 115 Kbps. - , CDMA . CDMA . , , , . , , . TCP/IP- Internet, -. . CMDA (TIA) 1993 . IS-95. CDMA 800 MHz 1.9 GHz. CMDA. - : CMDAOne. , . 14.4 Kbit/s 115 Kbit/s . CMDA2000. CMDA, . WCDMA (Wideband CMDA). e ITU (International Telecommunrcation Union), IMT-2000 direct spread. , . WCMDA , . , UMTS- . HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access). , WCMDA, - , 8-10 Mbps, MIMO (Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output) 20 Mbps. HSDPA UMTS . GSM GSM , TDMA. GSM-. GSM- 4.6 8 114 . . () 4.6 . GSM- 22.8 Kbps. 9.6 Kbps, 13.2 Kbps . 14.4 Kbps, 8.4 Kbps. GSM- - 450, 900, 1800 1900 MHz. ( 3 kHz 300 GHz 3 300 . : 1 MHz AM-, 100 MHz FM- 1.5 GHz GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) ). PCN/DCS GSM 1800 MHz GSM 1800. GSM 1800 . GSM- 1900 MHz, PCS 1900. GSM-,

64 GSM-, . 800 MHz 1900 MHz , 900 MHz 1800 MHz . GSM- . GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) EDGE, . : IRIDIUM, ICO AceS GSM, GPRS. GSM- 1994 ., GSM. 2000 . GSM- Globul. GSM- - Vivatel. GSM- , . GSM- , . : PCS (Personal Communications Service). TDMA, CDMA GSM. 1900 MHz. GPRS (General Packed Radio Service. GSM. i-mode. , cHTML(compact HTML)-Web- GIF- . NTT DoCoMo 1999 . UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). , IMT-2000, ITU (International Telecommunication Union) IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications - 2000). UMTS 2 Mbps. .40 GSM . 2G, 2.5G 3G , (G - Generation). UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). 1997 . 2G 1998 . 2.5G 1999 . 2002 . 3G

HSCSD

GSMGPRS

EDGE

UMTS

.40

65 HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) GSM- - . 14.4 Kbps, 43.2 Kbps. GPRS. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) e - GSM. . GPRS e , . IP-, . GSM 9.6 Kbps 115.5 Kbps. GPRS always-on, . . , . GPRS 8 . , 8 . 8 , . 8 14.4 = 115.5 Kbps. , 4 . GPRS- , . GPRS , , , , , . , . GPRS . , . . , , , , . EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment) e , 384 Kbps. GPRS-, . GSM TDMA . UMTS UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) (3G). UMTS IMT-2000. ITU (International Telecommunication Union) IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications - 2000). UMTS , 2 Mbps. TMDA. UMTS , . 2 Mbps . , , . 5- , : 2 Mbps Pico- 384 Kbps Micro- Macro- 144 Kbps

pico- ( ) 2 Mbps, UMTS . Micro- macro-

66 . 384 Kbps, , . , . 144 Kbps. - . -. UMTS : -. . , ISDN. UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). , UMTS-. UMTS : Internet, , . - . - . MPEG , -: MPEG-1 MPEG-2 (DVD) 1 - 2 Mbps 1.5 - 2.5 Mbps MPEG-2 (DV) 25 Mbps MPEG-4 768 Kbps

, , . GSM 9.6 Kbps HSCSD 14.4 Kbps GPRS 115.5 Kbps EDGE 384 Kbps UMTS 2 Mbps

, , GSM, Internet. 2.5G- GPRS EDGE, . , , UMTS. , (telematics). , / / , . GPS- , LED-, . , Internet, . (WLAN Wireless LAN) , . , -TEL HOMEBOX. Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, HUAWEI E960. USB , HSDPA/WCDMA 2100 GSM/GPRS/EDGE 1900/1800/900/850. 4 ( RJ-45) Ethernet , USB ( RJ-11). USB , USB . .41 LAN, WLAN 4- Ethernet E960. (), ()

67 (). LAN .

Uplink HSDPA218.10.1.1

RJ11

960IP 192.168.1.1/24

WLANIEEE 802.11 b/g

Ethernet

IP 192.168.1.105

LAN / /

IP 192.168.1.107

IP 192.168.1.108

WLAN

IP 192.168.1.109

.41

6.3. , . . , Windows Linux, . - . , LAN, , . , , ( 802.11b/802.11g), , , , LAN. . , . . . , , . -

68 (soft APs). MAC ( 2 .37), , 3 ( VPN), . MAC ( ) , MAC (MAC ) . MAC , , , MAC . ( SMAC), , MAC , . . . , - (soft APs), . , (AP) , . LANjack AirJack. (DoS - Denial of Service attack). , . . . , , 100%- . : LAN ; ; . IEEE 802.11 . , 802.11a, 802.11b 802.11g, WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) . RC4, - . , . , , - . , . . WEP WEP (Wired Equivalency Privacy) . . aircrack-ng, weplab, WEPCrack airsnort, , . e 128 256 . WEP . , . WEP RC4, , . , Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4" Scott Fluhrer, Itsik Mantin Adi Shamir, WEP. - Adam Stubblefield WEP . , Linux,

69 WEP, . WEP . WEP WPA-PSK. (, ) WEP . , . , - . (HEX, ASCII .), WEP. WPA WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) 802.11i . Wi-Fi Alliance WEP. WPA TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol), WPA AES (Advanced Encription Standard), WPA2. 256 . WPA . TKIP (rekeying) , . 0, . WPA . , WPA - WPA Enterprise WAP Personal . WPA Enterprise EAP (Extensive Authentication Protocol) , IEEE 802.1. WAP Personal (PSK - Pre-shered Shared Key) , 8 63 ( 256 ). aircrack-ng. PSK , 64 . WPA PSK WPA-PSK. WPA2 WPA2 , - 802.11i. WPA2 WPA AES (Advanced Encription Standard) . WPA, WPA2 EAP PSK. WPA2 PSK WPA2-PSK. SSID , LAN (WLAN Wireless LAN) (APs). (SSID - Service Set ID) , . , . WLAN SSID . . WLAN SSID. SSID, MAC , . . MAC SSID . , . SSID WLAN.

70

7. LAN WAN LAN . LAN , - WAN . LAN . , - , , ADSL ISDN (ISP Internet Service Provider) . ( / ), , (ISP) ISP . LAN , , LAN . - LAN WAN. . : ; ; . 7.1. - . (NAT - Network Address Translation , Native Address Translation IP Masquerading). LAN , ISP . LAN WAN . IP WAN IP , LAN. NAT . () (firewall). , . , , , . , IP LAN, , NAT . NAT , , IP IP WAN. WAN LAN, Web , NAT , LAN, , . NAT IP (IP masquerading), . - IP LAN IP , - , . RFC 1918 LAN. - , : IP 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 10.x.x.x 172.16.x.x 192.168.x.x CIDR 10/8 172.16/12 192.168/16

71 , . . RFC 1918 NAT IP LAN (.42). NAT WAN, LAN WAN, WAN IP ( IP , masquerading). LAN . NAT , ( ) IP . NAT IP .WAN 203.14.23.5

ISP 203.14.23.2

LAN (NAT ) 192.168.1.1

WAN

192.168.1.9

192.168.1.4

192.168.1.2

.42 NAT (.3.4, ), WAN. . , , , WAN. .42 : 1. IP 192.168.1.9 HTTP URL IP www.google.com. 2. NAT 192.168.1.9 . IP IP , ( 80, HTTP ). 3. NAT , 192.168.1.9, 203.14.23.5, . 4. NAT www.google.com ISP . DNS IP , www.google.com. 5. www.google.com. IP 203.14.23.5 NAT . 6. NAT IP , 80 192.168.1.9.

72 NAT , , .. IP IP , : () IP 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 ........... 192.168.2.1 () IP 193.65.76.1 193.65.76.2 .......... 193.76.77.1

(static NAT). , , . (dynamic NAT), IP , . . . NAT 1990- , IPv4 . , . NAT , , - . NAT IP . -, - , LAN WAN . 7.2.. (proxy server) , . (.43), LAN , . , Web . , . , . , , , . / . . ( ) ( ) , , , . Web .

.43

73 , , (tunneling proxy) - - (gateway). NAT, LAN, , . . , NAT . , , () . , , -. : . , . . , . Web . , Web . Web . web URL , . web web , PDA. . - web , . (hostile proxy). , . . . , . NAT , . - -, , Web , . NAT TCP/IP , IP ( DHCP, .3.4, ). DHCP. , , : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server. 7.3. LAN WAN. NAT . LAN, , IP (). NAT , , -, IP . . , IP , NAT. , IP Security (IPSec), . , , , .

74 LAN, WAN, , : IP , , ; (.3.4, ), IP . LAN , DNS , , IP , . TCP/IP, . . (.3.4), IP . , IP . , , . , (default gateway) . LAN . , TCP/IP : IP , DNS , . . . .44 . , WAN . . , ( ), Windows XP. , IP , ( ) 198.1.1.1 203.13.4.1, , . , - , IP . WAN 203.13.4.1

198.1.1.8

198.1.1.15

203.13.4.3

203.13.4.12

198.1.1.29

198.1.1.2 LAN 198.1.1.1

203.13.4.2

203.13.4.107

.44 , IP 198.1.1.15, 203.13.1.4.12. IP ,

75 IP . 255.255.255.0. AND IP , , , - - : IP 198.1.1.15 255.255.255.0 AND IP 203.13.4.12 255.255.255.0 AND 11000110 00000001 00000001 00001111 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 11000110 00000001 00000001 00000000 11001011 00001101 00000100 00101001 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000000

198.1.1.0

203.13.4.0

, IP 198.1.1.15 203.13.4.12 , AND - 198.1.1.0 203.13.4.0. , 198.1.1.15 IP 198.1.1.1. - 203.13.4.1 AND, - : IP 203.13.4.1 255.255.255.0 AND IP 203.13.4.12 255.255.255.0 AND 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000001 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000000 11001011 00001101 00000100 00101001 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000000

203.13.4.0

203.13.4.0

, , . , . (WAN ) : , ADSL , ISDN . (routing tables), , . .45 Windows XP, -TEL HOMEBOX ( HUAWEI E960). 0.0.0.0 Network Destination (default route). IP (Default Gateway) 192.168.1.1. , 192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.1. , IP 192.168.1.100. 127.0.0.1 (localhost), .

76

.45 , ? , . IP , . Windows XP route (.45), TCP/IP. - . . , . , . .

8. .5. .6 , . (virtual private networking - VPN), . , VPN , , (.46). , . VPN , . , . . , , , ( ), , , VPN .

77 8.1. . . , () , . , . , . . . OSI , 2 3.

VPN

VPN

.46 2, . PPTP (Point-to Point Tunneling Protocol) Microsoft, , , . L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding), Cisco Systems. PPTP . L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) PPTP L2F. L2TP IP, IPX IP . 3, , IP- . IP , IPSecurity (IPSec), Internet Key Exchange (IKE) : Message Digest 5 (MD5), Data Encryption Standard (DES) Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA). IPSec IP . L2TP. L2TP , IPSec , IPSec . VPN. VPN , , dialup . Windows 95 Windows VPN (.47).

78

.47 Linux IPSec PPTP. Linux PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) Secure Shell (SSH), RSA . 8.2. VPN VPN , . VPN - : , . ( , , ), , . , , . VPN dialup (.48) - (.49), , T1 (.5.1). VPN .48 . VPN , VPN . : , . , ADSL , .

79 , VPN LAN, IP . VPN , VPN . . LAN .

VPN LAN

VPN

.48 () , VPN , .

.49

80 VPN .49 VPN -. . (dial on demand) . dialup . , , . (ISP) VPN. , , VPN . VPN - . , VNP . , , , LAN WAN VPN . 8.3. VPN VPN : , . - . - . VPN , ISP ( ), . VPN : ISP , VPN . dialup LAN . VPN -, , VPN. dialup LAN, VPN .

9. . . , , . (, , .), , . , , Microsoft Terminal Services, Citrix XenApp . , . , . . .

81 , . (mainframe ), ( ) , . . , , . (thin-client terminal server computing), , . (PDA, .), , , , . , -, -, - . MS DOS 64 4.77 MHz , Windows 95 16 MB 66-90 MHz, Windows 2000 64 333-450 MHz. . , , , . . , - , Linux, 4 . , (, .) , . - , f i . Windows XP Microsoft Office 2003, IBM PC 386X Macintosh. ? , , () . , . , . , , . . , . , : , , . , . . - .

82 . , , . , .

: ; ; . 9.1. - Microsoft Terminal Services Citrix XenApp. , RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) ICA (Independent Computing Architecture). RDP , ( ), Terminal Services Microsoft. RDP TCP/IP LAN / , dialup. Microsoft RDP RDC (Remote Desktop Connection), Terminal Services Client (TSC). , RDP, : Linux, FreeBSD, Solris, Mac OS X Palm OS.

.50 1997 . RDP ICA (Independent Computing Architecture) Citrix Systems ( , , ), Microsoft

83 , Terminal Services Citrix Presentation Server ( Citrix MetaFrame), Citrix XenApp. Citrix XenApp Terminal Services. Citrix Systems' thin client protocol. Citrix XenApp : Windows (CE, 16-, 32- 64-), Linux, Mac OS X UNIX- . Terminal Services e Windows. . Terminal Services , . Terminal Services Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition. - Windows 2000, Windows XP Windows Server 2003. Windows Vista Windows Server 2008. Windows - Remote Assistance Remote Desktop (.50), . Remote Assistance , ( ), . , . RDC (Remote Desktop Connection) Microsoft , Terminal Services. mstsc.exe. , .51. , RDC (.rdp). , 3389. X, XDMCP (X Display Manager Communication Protocol) RFB. : BOOT, DHCP TFTP, . , , .

.51 PDA. Web-. WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) WML (Wireless Markup Language). WAP TCP/IP. Web- URL . URL WML-, , . , . WML .

84 9.2. . : Windows- (WBT Windows Based Terminals); (Network Computers); PC (Net PC); , ; . Windows- Windows- (WBT) Windows Windows . RDP ICA Citri Microsoft. WBT - PC-. , . WBT . . WBT Wyse Technology, (1995 .) . (Network Computer) JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Web . Network Computer : , .. Network Computer . Web , HTTP Secure HTTP (HTTPS) . SMPT (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). TCP/IP. Java . Network Computer Sun Microsystems 90- . Network Computer Nework Station IBM. ICA Citrix Windows . IBM . PC-, . Windows Linux, . Net PC- Network Computer Net PC Microsoft, Dell, Compaq Hewlett Packard. Net PC PC- (Pentium 100 MHz) (16 RAM). WBT, . Plug and Play (PnP). CD . Net PC , , . Microsoft Terminal Services Citrix ICA . ? .

85 , . . , , , Windows, Windows . . , , . Windows CE (handheld computer) WBT. WML , Web- .

10. , , / . . , . (100%-) . , , . . - , . - . , , . . , , . , . - ( .10.1 .10.4) (.10.6). 10.1. , . . , . . , . : , , . . -, . , , - , . . , , - ,

86 . -, . , (, ), , . , . . , . , . , , .

: ; DoS ; IP ; ; . , . , . . , . , . , , , (). . . , ( , ..), ( , ) ( , ). - , , , . . DoS DoS (Denial of Service ) (nuke) . , . - DoS : Ping/Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP); ; Ping ; SYN . Ping/ICMP . ICMP , . ping . ICMP . , ICMP Echo Request , ICMP Echo

87 Replay. ICMP ICMP , , ping. IP , , ping. ICMP , . , , . , . Ping e , , (MTU - maximum transmission unit) . MTU . , MTU, - . IP , ICMP , 65535 ( 8 ). , , - . SYN TCP, . TCP . SYN , . ( ACK), , , , SYN , . ACK. , . SYN , () IP ( ). . , . . IP IP . , , - , , , . . , - . , . (worm) , . - , . HTML, . , , . . Web-, , .

88 10.2. - . . , , , , .. , , . , . , , , . -, - , . , , . , ( , ) ( ). . , . , , , , . , . . , . . , . , . ( ) . , , , , . , , , . , , . , . , , ,

89 . - . , . , , . , . . , . , . / . , . IP Security , , . IP Security (IPSec) . OSI. Cisco Systems IPSec , Windows IPSec TCP/IP . Windows XP IPSec mmc.exe, Start/Run (.52). Add/Remove Snap-in, File Add/Remove Snap-in. [Add], .53. IP Security Policy Management , . IPSec , : Authentikation Header (AH). IPSec. Encapsulation Security payload (ESP). .

IPSec . . . , , (.8.1), .

.52

90

.53 Secure Sockets Layer Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) . SSL (.10.3), , OSI , SSL. SSL Netscape Web . . . () . , , . , : ; ; , , , , , . : Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), Kerberos, Baltimore Mail Secure, MailMarshal Softec . . 10.3. , . , , () () .

91 , . : + + = - , - . 40 56 , 128 . . . 40 , , 128 . . , , . - / . , . , X Y , =10, = 11, =12 .., 4. , 40, 44, 48 .. Y, , , 4, 10=, 11=, 12= .. : ; , ; , . . , , . , , , . , , . , . -. , , , . -. , . , , . . - , . / . / / . . . , . - . :

92 1. . . , , . 2. , . , . 3. . , . . , , , . - , , , , , , . . , , ( ). - . 10.4. , . . , , .. . . : 1. , . , 0111010100000001, . 128 , . 2. . 3. , 0111010100000001, , . : Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) Message Digest 5 (MD5). , , . , , (certificate authority). , , . , , . , , . , , ..

93 . (). X.509. , ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication [Standartization Sector]). . (www.infonotary.com), 2004 . , : ePay.bg (www.epay.bg) ; Easypay (www.easypay.bg) Easypay; (www.datamax.bg) . 10.5. (firewalls) LAN . : . , IP, TCP/UDP ICMP . IP . . () , . . , , Java . , , IP .

.54

94 , . , - , . Windows Firewall, ZoneAlarm (.54) . ZoneAlarm , . , , . - , (trusted) , ( Zones .54). , (untrusted) . ZoneAlarm, Windows Firewall (.55). . (ACL Access Conrol Lists), . , ACL , . .

.55

95 , (.7.2), . , . 10.6. (.10), . , , . , . . : ; ; ; . ( ) . , . , . . - , . UPS (Uninterrupted Power Suplay). , , ( 5 20 ). UPS , . UPS , UPS. UPS. UPS . . , UPS , , . , UPS , UPS . . . , , . , , ( ) , , . , , , (), . , . , : ? ?

96 ? , - . , , . , . , . , , : , , .. , , , , . . , . . : . , , , . , . . , . . , . . , , . - , . , . , , , . , , . , . . Windows Windows Backup, NetWare Sbackup, UNIX tar. , , . , . . , . , . , . . , , .

97 1952 . . - , . , , : ARJ, ARC, ZIP, RAR, PKLITE, CAB, LHA, LHZ, TAR, ACE,UUE, BZ2, ISO, GZ . , Windows Win, : WinZIP, WinRAR ., Windows XP . - WinZIP WinRAR. . SFX (SelF eXtracing). SFX- , . SFX- WinZIP, WinRAR . . . . , RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks). - RAID : RAID level 1. . , . . RAID level 1. . , . / . RAID level 3. () . , , . , . RAID level 5. () . RAID level 3, . , . RAID level 2 RAID level 4, - . RAID . -, -. Windows NT, Windows 2000 - RAID. (). UPS, , . , , . . , , (.56). Windows 2000 Advanced Server - . Microsoft , . , .

98 RAID

1

2

.56

11. .2.2 . , : (peer-to-peer) , , ; - , , . , 10 . (workgroup). . Windows , . NetWare NetWare Lite, Apple Macintosh . UNIX, Linux, , , , . . . , , , ( / ) . Windows XP Network Setup Wizard, Start/Settings/Control Panel/Network Setup Wizard. , . , ( ) . , . - .

99 - , / , , . . , , . . , . , , . (, , .) (), . - (authentication) (permissions). ( ) . , ( ). 11.1. Windows . , . (creating a share). , NetWare, - . , .

.57

100 Windows , Server . Windows. Server Start/Settings/Control Panel/Administrative Tools Administrative Tools Services. , Windows . Server, , . .57. , , , . , . (share-level security) (peer-to-peer) . Windows (.58) . , , . , () . , , . , Windows Explorer Shared Documents ( .58).

.58 , , ,

101 , . , , Windows Network Setup Wizard, Start/Settings/Control Panel/Network Setup Wizard ( .58). , , , , , (.59). aaa 1 bbb 2 1: aaa 3: ccc 4: ddd 1: aaa 2: bbb 3: ccc 2: bbb 3: ccc 4: ddd 2: bbb 4: ddd

ccc 3 ddd 4 .59

username password

1 2

username password

3 4 .60

username password

username password

102 (user-level security) . (user account), . , , (.60) . . , . (access control list). , . , . , , , . Windows (local level) (network-level security), (domain-level security). , (.2.3). , . . , Network Setup Wizard. - , . , , . , -. . 11.2. , . , . : (username); (password), ; ( , ; /; ..); (, ); ( , , , : , -mail .). (), , security accounts database ( ). ( ) . , administrator. , . - . (logon authentication server), Windows- (domain controller). , (username) (password). . , (access token),

103 , . , , . , ( ) , . . : . , . : \ / : = , + * ? < >, . . , . , , . , 300 10 , 300 300- . . , 10- . , , 300 . . 300 CommonFolders, , , 300 . , , (security groups). Windows 2000 , ( ), ( ), . Windows - universal, , (.2.3.). NetWare UNIX . . . . Windows NetWare 3x Everyone. UNIX World. : Users, Administrators, Backup Operators .. . . - , . , , , . . , , . Windows , .

104 11.3. : , , , . ( ) , , . . - , . Windows Explorer , . , Sales, L:. Windows Explorer L:, , . - , .. . . Windows Start/Settings/Control Panel/Printers and Faxes. (application servers). , , , . : , . . . , , , . (terminal services), .9. - . , - . : , IP-. NAT-, IP-, (.7). -.

105 : : 1. , . . , 2008 2. , . . , 2000 3. (). , 2005 4. , . - . , 2006 : 1. , . . , 2006 2. http://www.zapiski.info/view.php?id=153 ()

3. http://dhstudio.eu/articles/wireless_bluetooth/wireless_bluetooth.doc 4 http://www.webopedia.com/

5. http://www.tuj.asenevtsi.com/CN/indexN.htm 6. http://www.phis.uni-sofia.bg/~burova