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სტატიაში განხილულია თბილისში არსებული სატრანსპორტო საშუალებიბი უძველესი დროიდან დღემდე. ასევე აღწერილია თუ როგორ იცვლებოდა საქალაქო სატრანსპორტო საშუალებები თბილისის ზრდა-განვითარებასთან ერთად და რა თავისებურებების მატარებელი იყო ეს პროცესი. პუბლიკაცია მომზადებული პროექტის „ჩემი ქალაქი, შენი ქალაქი, ჩვენი ქალაქის" ფარგლებში ფონდ „ღია საზოგადოება - საქართველოს" ფინასური მხარდაჭერით.
Citation preview
1
Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis
ganviTarebis istoriidan
tfilisis hamqari
2
Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoria
3
nika maxaraZe
aleqsandre saraliZe
Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis
ganviTarebis istoriidan
2012
Tbilis z e m zrun v elTa ga erTian e ba
tfilisis hamqari
4
publikaciaze muSaobdnen:
nano zazanaSvili
magda cocxalaSvili
ana WabaSvili
publikacia momzadebulia proeqt „Cemi qalaqi, Seni qalaqi, Cveni qalaqis“
farglebSi fond „Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelos“ finasuri mxardaWeriT.
samwuxarod, internetidan aRebuli zogoerTi fotos mflobels ver mivakv-
lieT, aseTis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi gaviTvaliswinebT yvela SeniSvnas.
© tfilisis hamqari, 2012
i. griSaSvilis q. 10, Tbilisi 0105, saqarTvelo
[email protected]/TiflisHamkari
gamoyenebuli saarqivo fotomasalis originalebi daculia saqarTvelos
erovnuli muzeumis Tbilisis isto riis muzeumis, i. griSaSvilis biblioTeka-
muzeumis da „tfilisis hamqris” arqivebSi, kerZo koleqciebsa da eleqtronul
saresurso bazebSi.
Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoriidan
5
6
7
sazogadoebrivi transportis idea
jer kidev XVII saukuneSi gaCnda ev-
ropaSi. saqalaqo sazogadoebrivi reg-
ularuli transporti didi frangi
maTematikosisa da fizikosis, blez
paskalis mofiqrebaa. pirveli regu-
laruli reisebi swored misi Taos-
nobiT dawesda parizSi. rvaadgiliani
Ria etli fiqsirebuli marSrutiT
parizis quCebSi pirvelad 1662 wlis 18
marts gamoCnda. Tumca am eqsperiment-
ma mxo lod 15 wels gastana. sazoga-
doebrivi transporti intensiurad
mxolod XIX-XX s.-ebSi ganviTarda.
XIX-XX ss.-is mijna evropis istoriaSi
`mSvenieri epoqis~ (BBBelle Époque) saxeli-
Taa cnobili - kontinentze mSvidoba
sufevda, did aRmavlobas ganicdida
ekonomika, teqnika da xelovneba. arc
ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myo-
fi saqarTvelo CamorCeboda am ten-
denciebs. didi yuradReba eqceoda
Tbilisis keTilmowyobas. qalaqis TviT-
mmarTveloba axali transportis - jer
konkis, mogvianebiT ki eleqtroZraviani
tramvais - xazebis gayvanaze zrunavda.
amave periodSi gamoCnda TbilisSi pi-
rveli avtomobilebi da funikuliori.
ase rom, Tbilisis transportisTvis es
marTlac `mSvenieri epoqa~ iyo.
Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoriidan
sabWoTa periodSi Tbilisis mosax-
leoba da teritoria swrafad izrde-
boda. maT kvaldakval viTardeboda sa-
transporto qselic - is mowesrigebuli
iyo, Tumca ki mgzavrebis komforts na-
klebi yuradReba eqceoda. XX s.-is 60-
iani wlebi iyo dro, rodesac TbilisSi
erTdroulad moqmedebda saqalaqo
transportis yvela ZiriTadi saxeoba:
tramvai, funikuliori, avtobusi, tro-
leibusi, metro, sabagiro gzebi, sa-
marSruto da individualuri msubuqi
taqsebi. iyo mtkvarze samdinaro taqsis
Seqmnis mcdelobac.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pi-
rveli wlebis mZime pirobebi Tbili-
sis transportzec aisaxa. manamde avad
Tu kargad awyobilma sistemam swrafi
degradacia gani cada. 1990-ianebis da-
sawyisis yoveldRiur realobad iqca
mgzavrebiT gaWedili, garedan xal-
xiT daxunZluli troleibusebi, denis
gamo rTvis gamo gvirabebSi gaCe rebuli
metros matareblebi da sxva.
avtobusebis, tramvais, trolei-
busebis parkebi da maTi marSrutebis
raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda, ker-
Zo samarSruto mikroavtobusebisa
da taqsebis ricxvi ki, piriqiT, ukon-
trolod gaizarda.
8
saukuneebis manZilze galavanSi Ca-
ketili qalaqis viwro teritoriaze,
sadac mcirericxovani mosaxleoba
cxovrobda, saxmeleTo transportis
ZiriTadi saxeobebi iyo sajdomi pi-
rutyvi (cxeni, jori, viri); aqlemi;
agreTve uremi, romelSic xarebi an
kameCebi iyvnen Sebmuli. mdinareze ga-
dasaadgileblad tivebs an borans iyen-
ebdnen.
mtkvarze erTimeoreze mijriT mi-
wyobili didi xis Zelebisagan Sekru-
li tivebi dacuravdnen. mtkvris or
napirs Soris kavSirisTvis bornebi
gamoiyeneboda. borani erTmaneTTan
SeerTebuli ori brtyeli navisagan
Sedgeboda, romelzedac gadebuli iyo
ficrebi. igi napirebs Soris gaWimul
bagirze iyo gamobmuli da erTi na-
piridan meoreze mgzavrebi gadahyav-
da da tvirTi gadahqonda. muxranis
da veris xidebis agebis kvaldakval
bornebi zeviT, mtkvris dinebis aRma
inacvlebdnen. bolo, diRmis, borani
didubis xidis agebis Semdeg, 1955 wels
gauqmda.
Tbilisuri transportis uZvelesi saxeobebi
9
etlebi
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi qalaqSi gamoC-
nda sxvadasxva saxis etlebi. es iyo, pi-
rvel rigSi, erTcxeniani droSkebi
(дрожки) - msubuqi oTxTvala rkinisbor-
bliani etlebi, romlebic TandaTan daix-
vewa da tyaviT da brezentiT gadaixura.
1824 wels ramdenime fxianma moqalqem
mgzavrebis gadayvanisTvis qira daawe-
sa. Tavdapirvelad aseTi etli qalaqSi
sul TxuTmeti iyo. magram Zalian male
stiqiurad aRmocenda ramdenime sad-
guri, e.w. `birJa~, saidanac droSkis ay-
vana SeiZleboda – erevanskis (axlandeli
Tavisuflebis moedanze), madaTovisa
da aleqsandres moednebze (axlandeli
aTonelis quCis midamoebSi) da somxis
bazarze (amJamad kote afaxazis, yofili
leseliZis quCis midamoebSi).
aTwleulebis mere, rkinigzis gayvanis
Semdeg, birJa vagzlis moedanzec gaCnda.
birJis etlebiT, anu droSkiT mgzavroba
Zviri Rirda. 1829 wels TbilisSi yofnis
Semdeg puSkini werda: `mas Semdeg, rac iz-vozCikiT ori quCa gaviare ,da naxevar saaTSi gavuSvi, ori vercxlis maneTi momTxova. Tav-dapirvelad vifiqre, undoda, axalCamosu-lis arcodniT esargeb la-meTqi, magram Sem-deg miTxres, fasi swored esaao”.
ruseTis armiis oficeri, baroni tor-
nau (romelmac TbilisSi 1830-ian wleb-
Si imogzaura) werda: `droSkebi mwkrivad idgnen SuabazarSi, madaTovis moedanze, tfilisis medroSkeni ki ise daaqrolebdnen TavianT cxenebs, rom gamvlelebs SiSis zars
scemdnen~.
Semdeg gaCnda faetoni (xalxuri
gamoTqmiT - faitoni), gadasaxsnelsa-
xuraviani etli, romelSic wyvili cxe-
ni iyo Sebmuli. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
faetonSi kidev ori cxenis Sebma SeiZle-
10
boda. faetonSi oTxi adgili iyo (win da
ukan or-ori), xolo mexuTe mgzavrs kuC-
erTan (кучер - meetle) SeeZlo dajdoma.
faetons Tavdapirvelad rkinis borble-
bi hqonda da qalaqSi gadaad gilebisas
saSinlad xmaurobda. TandaTan isi-
ni rezinis borblebma Secvala, ramac
xmauri Seamcira. 1887 wels TbilisSi
oficialurad 520 mefaetone (xalxuri
gamoTqmiT - mefaitone) iricxeboda.
etlis kidev erTi saxeoba iyo kareta,
yoveli mxridan daxuruli, oTxbor-
bliani ekipaJi.1 pirveli kareta Tbi-
lisSi garsevan WavWavaZes ekuTvnoda.
is peterburgidan XVIII saukunis bolos
Camoiyvanes.
kaliaska (коляска) – resorebiani2 oTx -
bo rbliani Tavaxdili ekipaJi iyo. pi-
rveli kaliaska qalaqSi 1826-28 wlebSi
gamoCnda. is Tbilisis samxedro guber-
nators, sipiagins ekuTvnoda. 1830-ian
wlebSi TbilisSi 10 kareta da kaliaska
iyo. isini didmoxeleebs da mdidar ojax-
ebs ekuTvnoda. magaliTad, grigol or-
beliani Tavis Zmas swerda: `Cemo iliko,
pirobaze rogora xar? Tribeliuzis ka-
liaskas rom dampirdi, aba, sad aris? am
moxucebulobaSi maS riT viaro?~.
karetas, kaliaskas da droSkas adinoCka
(одиночка) - erTcxeniani etlic mohyva.
lineika (линейка) - mravaladgiliani,
grZeli, farTo, oTxTvliani, resore-
biani erT - an orcxeniani Ria etli Tbi-
lisSi XIX s. meore naxevarSi gamoCnda
da faetonTan erTad Secvala uresoro
droSka.
Tovlian zamTarSi TbilisSi zogjer
marxilic gamoiyeneboda. gareubnebTan
kavSirisTvis moqmedebda diliJansebi -
mravaladgiliani daxuruli etlebi da
omnibusebi (laT. omnibus yvelasTvis) -
cxenebSebmuli mravaladgiliani karete-
bi. omnibusi reisebs gansazRvrul dros,
gansazRvruli marSrutiT asrulebda.
omnibusi ocadgiliani iyo da TiToeuli
mgzavri adgilSi garkveul safasurs ix-
dida, romelsac iRebda konduqtori. is
signalebsac iZleoda da sxv.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi TbilisSi
ekipaJebis ramdenime saxelosno gaixsna:
slavickis, ibragimbekovis, kotrinis da
maierisa. mixeilis (dRevandeli daviT
aRmaSeneblis) gamzirze mdebareobda
rixard maderis karetebis saxelosno.
vilhelm maderis aseTive saxelosno
gaixsna peterburgis quCazec. riyeze
muSaobda kadmanis, aRamovebis, karu-
novis saxelosnoebi.
1 ekipaJi - saerTo saxelwodeba msubuqi samgzavro sazidrebisa (etlisa, msubuqi avtomobilisa da misT.)
2 resori - etlis, avtomibilis, vagonisa da a.S. zambara, romelic RerZsa da Zaras Soris aris moTavs-ebuli biZgebis Sesarbileblad.
11
avtomobili
avtomobilebi TbilisSi 1904 [1908?]
wels gamoCnda. pirveli avtomobili
mefisnacvals ekuTvnoda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom manqanebi cota iyo, ukve 1910
wels Seiqmna `kavkasiaSi saavtomobilo
mimosvlis franguli saaqcio sazoga-
doeba~, romlis sammarTvelo olgas
(dRes - kostavas) quCis 46-Si ganTavsda.
TbilisSi avtomanqanis daqiraveba gax-
da SesaZlebeli. saavtomobilo saaqcio
sazogadoeba `adleris~ saxeliT Sek-
veTebs karetebis ostatTa, maderebis
erT-erTi Zma, alfredi iRebda.
TbilisSi popularuli yofila
velosipedic. 1896 wels qalaqSi 250
velosipedi iyo aRricxuli. adolf vai-
sis firma Tbiliselebs iwvevda hanis
(axlandeli galaktionis) quCaze `in-
glisuri da germanuli velosipedeb-
is kavkasiaSi udidesi sawyobis~ sana-
xavad. qalaqis saTaTbirom erTxel
ganixila velosipedebisTvis gadasaxa-
dis dawesebis sakiTxi, Tumca es idea
Cavarda. velosipedebis mflobeleb-
ma, piriqiT, anazRaureba moiTxoves,
vinaidan, maTi TqmiT, cud mdgomareoba-
Si myofi quCebis gamo maT xSirad uzian-
debodaT velosipedebi.
12
konka
konka (конка – конно-железная городс-кая дорога) cxenSebmuli tramvais vi-
wroliandagiani rkinigzaa. TbilisSi is
1883 wlis 26 Tebervals kerZo mewarmis,
Sevcovis TaosnobiT amuSavda. ukve 1885
wels is `tfilisis tramvais belgiuri
saaqcio sazogadoebis~ xelSi gadavida.
1889 wlis 15 oqtombers gaixsna yor-
Ranovis kerZo xazi, romelic ramdenime
weliwadSi aseve belgielebis kompaniam
SeiZina.
konka oTxive mxridan Ria patara va-
goni iyo, rkinis boZebze dayrdnobili
saxuraviTa da TiTo grZeli safexuriT
baqnis orsave mxares. SigniT gadasaxs-
nelsazurgiani skamebi idga. konka oc
mgza vrs itevda. vagoni or cxens dahyav-
da. aRmarTSi foreitorebi (wina cxen-
ze mjdomi meetleebi, rogorc wesi,
mozardebi) damatebiT kidev or cxens
ubamdnen. TiToeul vagons dahyveboda
konduqtori (bileTebis gamyidveli),
romelic mgzavrebis moTxovniT aCe-
rebda vagons, vinaidan sagangebo gaCe-
rebebi ar iyo dawesebuli.
pirvelma xazma vagzlis moedani vo-
roncovis moedans daukavSira. mogvi-
anebiT konkis gza gagrZelda. vo-
roncovisa da nikolozis (mSrali)
xidebis, bazris (orbelianis) moednisa
da puSkinis quCis gavliT konka adi-
oda erevanskis (Tavisuflebis) moed-
namde, saidanac sasaxlis quCis (axlan-
deli rusTavelis gamziris monakveTi
Tavisuflebis moednidan mefisnacv-
lis (amJamad moswavle axalgazrdobis)
sasaxlemde), golovinis (rusTavelis)
prospeqtisa da veris daRmarTis meS-
veobiT kirxis (marjaniSvilis) moedans
aRwevda; bolos, mixeilis (daviT aR-
maSeneblis) gamzirisa da vagzlis quCis
(Tamar mefis gamziris) gavliT isev vag-
zlis moedanze brundeboda.
1904 wlidan konka eleqtrotramvaim
Secvala. avWalis - dRes Citaias quCaze
konkis xazi 1910 wlamde SemorCa. am pe-
riodSi Tbilisis mosaxleoba daaxloe-
biT 100 aTass Seadgenda. ase rom, konkas
maSindeli qalaqisTvis daaxloebiT ise-
Tive mniSvneloba hqonda, rac dRes met-
rosa aqvs.
13
tramvai
pirveli eleqtrotramvai simensis firmam warmoadgina berlinis sam-rewvelo gamofenaze 1879 wels. Tbi-lisSi tramvais pirveli xazi 1904 wlis 21 noembers gaixsna. is konkis gzas ime-orebda. marSruti aseTi iyo:
vagzlis moedani, vagzlis quCa (Tamar mefis gamziri), elisabedis (winamZ-RvriSvilis) quCa, pirogovis (karga-reTelis) quCa, mixeilis (daviT aRmaSen-eblis) gamziri, mixeil voroncovis (zaarbriukenis) moedani da nikolo-zis (mSrali) xidi, madaTovis (giorgi aTonelis) quCa, bazris (orbelianis) moedani, puSkinis quCa da erevanskis
(Tavisflebis) moedani.tramvais eqspluatacias axorcieleb-
da `tfilisis tramvais belgielTa saaqcio sazogadoeba~, romelTanac qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobas 20-wliani xelSekruleba hqonda gaformebuli 1931 wlamde. Tumca ukve 1915 wlis 15 marts sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT Tbi-lisis tramvai municipalitetis xelSi gadavida.
tramvai sazogadoebrivi transpor-tis aucilebel da xelmisawvdom saxe-obas warmoadgenda. Tavdapirvelad es iyo `heliosisa~ da `simens-Sukertis~ 28-adgi liani vagonebi. 1926 wlidan isi-
14
ni TandaTan mitiSCis (qalaqi moskovis olqSi) qarxnis vagonebma Secvala.
1960 wels Tbilisis tramvai-trolei-busebis sammarTvelom sakuTari Zale-biT gamouSva ori eleqtromatarebeli. am models `Tbilisi~ daerqva. 1969-1990 wlebSi TbilisSi ust-katavis (qala-qi ruseTSi) vagonmSenebeli qarxnis (es igive sawarmoa, saidanac 1901 wels TbilisSi `simensis~ pirveli tramvai Camoiyvanes. maSin es qarxana swored `simensis~ firmas ekuTvnoda) da rigis qarxnis sxvadasxva modifikaciis vago-nebi Semodioda.
1965 wels tramvais xazebis saerTo si-grZem 105 km-s miaRwia, 299 vagoniT 107 milioni mgzavri iyo gadayvanili. 2000 wlisTvis xazebis sigrZe 71,6 km.-mde Semcirda da vagonebis raodenoba mxo-lod 39 erTeuls Seadgenda. tramvais xazebi TbilisSi 2006 wlis 4 dekembers gauqmda. miuxedavad amisa, transportis
am saxeobas dResac bevri enTuziasti da gulSematkivari hyvas. maTi azriT, tramvais aRorZineba moawesrigebda sa-transporto situacias da xels Seu-wyobda ekologiuri mdgomareobas gaumjobesebas, komfortul samgzavro pirobebs Seuqmnida Tbileselebs, gaa-lamazebda qalaqs. amitom arsebobs imedi, rom odesme tramvai aucileblad dabrundeba Tbilisis quCebSi.
troleibusi
troleibusic, eleqtrotram vais
msgav sad, simensebis gamomgonebluri
niWis wyalobiT Seiqmna. idea 1880 wels
vilhelm fon simensma aRwera inglisur
JurnalSi, xolo 1882 wels misma Zmam,
verner fon simensma ganaxorciela ber-
linSi. Tumca sazogadoebrivi trans-
portis saxeobad troleibusi mxolod
XX saukunis dasawyisidan iqca.
ruseTis imperiaSi troleibusis pi-
rveli xazi daproeqtda 1904-05 wlebSi
novorosiisksa da soxums (!) Soris. mag-
15
ram, miuxedavad imisa, rom detalurad
iyo damuSavebuli, am gegmas ganxor-
cieleba ar ewera.
TbilisSi troleibusis pirveli xazi
1937 wlis 30 marts amoqmedda `dina-
mos~ stadionidan plexanovis gamziris
(amJamad daviT aRmaSeneblis) gavliT
marqsis (zaarbriukenis) moednamde.
1938 wels ki troleibusi rusTavelis
gamzirzec gamoCnda.
Tavdapirvelad sabWoTa (iaroslavlis
qarxnis) modelebi gamoiyeneboda, 1955
wlidan - Cexur firma `Skodas~ sxvada-
sxva modifikaciis troleibusebi. sxva-
dasxva dros TbilisSi troleibusis 21
marSruti arsebobda. 1955-1990 wlebSi
troleibusebs yovelwliurad daax-
loebiT 53 milioni mgzavri gadahyavda.
1997 wlisTvis ki maTma ricxvma mxolod
15 milioni Seadgina. 1990 wels qalaqSi
204 troleibusi dadioda. 1997 wels –
zustad orjer naklebi (102). momdevno
wlebSi es monacemebi kidev ufro Sem-
cirda. 2006 wels TbilisSi troleibu-
sis xazebi saerTod gauqmda.
16
avtobusi
TbilisSi avtobusis pirveli regu-
laruli marSruti 1934 wels gaixsna.
man rusTavelis gamziri vagzlis moe-
dans daukavSira. jer kidev 1960-ian
wlebSi qalaqSi wamyvan rols eleqtro-
transporti (tramvai, troleibusi,
axlad aSenebuli metro) asrulebda.
Tbilisis teritoriis swrafma zrdam
da axali kvartalebis momravlebam ki
avtobusebis raodenobis swrafi zrda
ganapiroba.
Tavdapirvelad TbilisSi sabWoTa
warmoebis avtobusebi dadioda. 1973
wlidan isini TandaTan ungruli war-
moebis yviTelma `ikarusebma~ Secvala
(ikarus-260). `ikarusi~ aRmosavleT
evropis da sabWoTa respublikebis
qalaquri landSaftis erT-erT damaxa-
siTebel niSnad iqca. `ikarusis~ modi-
fikaciebi gamoiyeneboda dasavleT ger-
maniaSi, skandinaviis qveynebSi, kanadasa
da aSS-Sic, rac mis maRal xarisxze me-
tyvelebs.
1990-ian wlebSi avtobusebisa da maTi
marSrutebis raodenoba mkveTrad Sem-
cirda.
2004 wlidan avtobusebis parki mTli-
anad ganaxlda. dRes TbilisSi ori
markis avtobusebi moZraobs. pirvelia
Ex-NZH 5226 markis avtobusebi. maTi
mwarmoebeli, cnobili holandiuri
kompania `den audsteni~ 2001 wels ga-
kotrda da amitom is avtobusebi, rome-
lebic holandiaSi aRar gamoiyenebo-
17
da, masobrivad gaiyida sxva qveynebSi
(saqarTveloSi, poloneTSi, nigeriaSi,
vietnamSi, kubaSi, trinidadsa da to-
bagoSi). meorea `bogdani~. ukrainuli
warmoebis es avtobusebi iaponur kom-
pania `isuZus~ (Isuzu) Zravaze muSaobs da
ukrainis gareT, rogorc wesi, `isuZus~
markiT iyideba.
bolo wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda av-
tobusis marSrutebis raodenobac.
samarSruto mikroavtobusi
samarSruto mikroavtobusi, e. w. `ma-
r Srutka~, rogorc kompaqturobiT, ise
momsaxurebis principiT (gansazRvrul
marSrutze moTxovnisamebr gaCereba)
omnibusisa da lineikis pirdapiri `STa-
momavalia~. samarSruto taqsi, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi transportis erT-erTi
saxeoba, jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi gaC-
nda, magram transportis sxva saxeobebs
realur konkurencias ver uwevda. es
gamowveuli iyo `marSrutkebis~ moZrao-
bis arc ise didi sixSiriT da sxva mraval-
adgilian satransporto saSualebebTan
SedarebiT mgzavrobis maRali Rirebule-
biT (20 kapiki 3-5 kapikis nacvlad) da indi-
vidualur taqsisTan SedarebiT naklebi
komfortiT.
samarSruto taqsebis parki, romelic
mTlianad saxelmwifos xelSi iyo, ri-
gis saavtomobilo qarxnis TerTmetad-
giliani mikroavtobusebis `rafebisgan~
(РАФ - Рижская Автомобильная фабрика)
Sedgeboda. maT modifikaciebs saswrafo
daxmarebis da zogierTi sxva saqalaqo
samsaxuri iyenebda. 1990-iani wlebidan
Tbilisis quCebis tipur atributad ukve
kerZo kompaniebis samarSrutoebi iqca.
qalaqSi, sadac sxva saxis sazogadoeb-
rivi transportis raodenoba mkveTrad
Semcirda, maT mosaxleobis did nawils
gadaadgilebis problema gadauwyvites
da am mxriv mniSvnelovani funqcia Sea-
srules.
amasTanave, sxvadasxva markis, teqni-
kurad gaumarTavi manqanebis mozRvave-
bam, marSrutebis numeraciis, moZraobis
ganrigis, mimarTulebisa da traeqtoriis
srulma usistemobam, cvalebadma fasebma,
servisis dabalma xarisxma, quCaSi moZra-
obis wesebisadmi mZRolebis daudevarma
damokidebulebam Tbilisis satranspor-
to sistemaSi qaosi Semoitana. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom `marSrutka~ qveyanaSi 1990-ian
wlebSi Seqmnili mZime viTarebis erT-erT
yofiT simbolod iqca.
18
rkinigza
rkinigzis sadguri (vagzali) qalaqSi
1872 wels gaixsna. Tbilisze gamavali
xazi akavSirebs ara mxolod saqarTve-
los sxvadasxva kuTxes, aramed Tbili-
sis ramdenime raionsac. samwuxarod,
misi arsebobis TiTqmis 140 wlis man-
Zilze rkinigzis Sidasaqalaqo saWiroe-
bebisTvis gamoyenebaze aravis uzrunia.
rkinigzis xazis mimdebare ubnebis misi
meSveobiT erTmaneTTan dakavSireba
sagrZnoblad gauadvilebda cxovre-
bas am raionebSi mobinadre da momuSave
xalxs, gantvirTavda sxva saxeobis
transports da qalaqis gzebs. Tumca
dReisTvis ukve mimdinareobs muSaoba
rkinigzis qalaqgareT, Tbilisis zRvis
meore mxares gadatanaze.
2007 wels, Tbilisis aeroportis axa-
li terminalis aSenebis Semdeg gaix-
sna rkinigzis specialuri xazi, romel-
mac aeroporti Tbilisis centralur
vagzals daukavSira. aseTi eqspresebi
TiTqmis yvela didi Tanamedrove qala-
qis aucilebeli atributia, magram Tbi-
lisSi mgzavrebis nakadi Zalian mcire
aRmoCnda. am xazis momavali Tbilisis
aeroportSi mgzavrTbrunvis zrdasa da
saqarTveloSi masobrivi turzmis gan-
viTarebazea damokidebuli.
misi reformirebis kidev erTi saSu-
alebaa xazis ufro aqtiuri gamoyeneba
qalaqis SigniT, adgilobrivi mosaxle-
obis saWiroebebisaTvis. am mimarTule-
biT pirveli nabiji ukve gadaidga:
2009 wlis 28 oqtombridan aeroportis
eqspresi navTluRSic (samgoris sad-
gurSi) Cerdeba. matarebeli dReSi rva-
jer moZraobs.
kergza (kojris eleqtro rkinis gza)
- ganuxorcielebeli proeqti mTaw-
mindasa da kojors Soris eleqtro-
rkinigzis gayvanis idea, TbilisSi
funikulioris aSenebis ideis msgavsad,
`konkis~ mmarTvels, belgiel inJiners,
alfons robis ekuTvnis. qalaqis TviT-
mmarTvelobasa da belgielTa saaqcio
19
sazogadoebas Soris funikulioris
Taobaze dadebuli xelSekruleba ko-
jris gzis mSeneblobasac gulisxmobda.
sxvadasxva mizeziT es proeqti maSin
ver ganxorcielda. Tumca, gasabWoebis
Semdegac, 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
kergzis proeqti jer kidev aqtualuri
iyo. am periodSi ibeWdeboda krebule-
bi, sadac warmodgenili iyo momavali
sadgurebis eskizebi. Zneli saTqmelia,
ra zegavlenas moaxdenda es gza kojri-
sa da misi midamoebis ganviTarebaze.
`mziuris~ monorelsi
1960-ian wlebSi arsebobda Tbilis-
Si (ssrk-s ocamde sxva did qalaqTan
erTad) monorelsis aSenebis gegmebi,
romelic SemdgomSi daviwyebas mieca.
monorelsi aris sayrdenebze gama-
grebuli calrelsiani sahaero gza,
ro melzedac gorgolaWebiT Camokide-
buli vagonebi moZraobs. monorel-
sis gayvanis idea 1982 wels `sabavSvo
qalaq mziuris~ gaxsnasTan dakavSire-
biTac ganixileboda. monorelsi `dis-
neilendisa~ da `msoflio gamofenebis~
futu ristuli garemos aucilebel
atributad iTvleboda. miT ufro didi
iyo misi TbilisSi xilvis survili.
monorelsi parkis erT-erT mTavar
atraqcionad unda qceuliyo, amave dros,
mas veres xeobis rekreaciuli zonis
farglebSi satransporto funqciac See-
Zlo etvirTa - zooparkisa da `mziuris~
teritoriis sxvadasxva nawilebis erT-
maneTTan dasakavSireblad.
metro
Tbilisis metropolitenis mSeneblo-
bis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miiRes 1951
wlis 29 seqtembers. sagangebo komisiam
SearCia trasa sadgur `didubesa~ da
`samgors~ Soris. daigegma 14 sadguri.
maT Soris ZiriTadad ganisa zRvra erT-
kilometriani manZilebi. 1952 wlis 2
ianvars daiwyo Saxtebis gayvana. mSen-
eblobas saTaveSi Caudga moskovis
metros erT-erTi mSenebeli, inJineri
Salva danelia. 1953 wels (savaraudod,
stalinis sikvdilis, lavrenti berias
daxvretisa da kandid Carkvianis ga-
dasaxlebis gamo) Tbilisis metropo-
litenis mSenebloba SeCerda. proeqti
1960 wels ganaxlda. Tbilisis metro
msoflioSi ocdameeqvse, xolo yofil
sabWoTa kavSirSi meoTxe iyo.
20
1965 wlis 28 noembers, RamiT, meman-
qane noe lacabiZem pirveli sacdeli ma-
tarebeli gaiyvana reisze. 1966 wlis 10
ianvars sadgur `rusTavelze~ sazeimod
gaiWra lenti da Tbilisis metropo-
liteni amoqmedda. matarebelma metros
sadgur `didubemde~ waiyvana mgzavrebi.
11 ianvars dilis 6 saaTidan ki metro
yvelasTvis amuSavda.
Tbilisis metros mSenebloba ramde-
nime etapad ganxorcielda. samuSaoebs
`TbilmetromSeni~ awarmoebda, romel-
sac ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZ-
Rvanelobda inJineri viqtor gociriZe.
1971 wlisaTvis sadgurebis saerTo
raodenobas kidev xuTi daemata: 1967
wels sami - leninis moedani (amJamad
`Tavisuflebis moedani~), `ocdaeqvsi
komisari~ (amJamad `avlabari~) da `300
aragveli~, uSualod 1971 wels ki kidev
ori - `isani~ da `samgori~. 1985 wels am
xazs sami sadguri Seemata: `RrmaRele~,
`guramiSvili~ da `varkeTili~, 1989
wels ki - `axmeteli~ da `sarajiSvili~.
1979 welis 15 seqtembers eqspluata-
ciaSi Sevida metros meore, saburTa-
los, xazi, romelic `vagzlis moedansa~
da `deliss~ akavSirebda erTmaneTTan.
im droisaTvis xazi xuTi sadguris -
`vagzlis moedani~ (amJamad `sadguris
moedani~), `wereTlis gamziri~, `po-
liteqnikuri~ (amJamad `teqnikuri uni-
versteti~), samedicino instituti (am-
Jamad `samedicino universteti~) da
`gociriZe~ (amJamad `delisi~) - Sedge-
boda. 2000 wlis 2 aprils maT kidev
erTi sadguri - `vaJa-fSavela~ Seemata.
mSeneblobis procesSia sadguri `uni-
versiteti~.
sabWoTa periodSi dawyebuli metros
mesame xazis mSenebloba (rusTaveli-vo-
roncovi-elia-vazisubnis monakveTze)
1992 wlidan SeCerebulia.
2005 wlidan mimdinareobs metros sad-
gurebisa da matareblebis rekonstruq-
cia. garda imisa, rom ganaxlda teqni-
kuri infrastruqtura, mniSvnelovnad
Seicvala zogierTi sadguris interie-
ri. miuxedavad imisa, rom TbilisSi met-
ro naklebad gamoiyeneba qalaqis cen-
tris farglebSi gadaad gilebisTvis,
ganapira ubnebisTvis is centrTan da
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis umTavresi
saSualebaa. Tbilisis uaxlesi istoriis
yvelaze mZime periodSi, 1992-1994 wleb-
Si, metroze modioda transportiT ga-
dayvanil mgzavrTa 90%-ze meti. qalaqis
erTiani satransporto sivrce daSlis-
gan maSin swored metrom gadaarCina.
funikuliori
funikuliori (frang. < laT. funicu-lus Toki, bagiri) cicabo ferdobze ba-
giris meSveobiT momuSave transportia.
funikulioris gayvanis idea 1896 wels
qalaq Tbilisis `konkis~ mmarTvelma,
belgiel inJiners alfons robis gauC-
nda. gadawyvetileba TbilisSi funi-
21
kulioris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb qalaqis
TviTmmarTvelobam 1900 wlis ivlis-
Si miiRo. swored maSin moewera xeli
xelSekrulebas belgielTa saaqcio
sazogadoebasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac
es kompania aaSenebda da 45 wlis ganma-
vlobaSi eqspluatacias gauwevda funi-
kuliors, xolo Semdeg usasyidlod ga-
dascemda qalaqs.
sainteresoa, rom Tavdapirvelad fu-
nikulioris gayvanas sruliad praqti-
kuli mizani hqonda. XIX saukunis meore
naxevarSi gadawyda mTawmindis platos
aTviseba. qvemo da axali, zemo Tbilisis
umoklesi gziT dakavSirebis saukeTeso
saSualebad funikuliori miiCnies.
zemo Tbilisis gaSenebis idea rom sak-
maod seriozuli iyo, amas Tbilisis
arqivebSi mTawmindis platos dageg-
marebis dRemde Semonaxuli sqemebi
adasturebs. Tumca, saboloo jamSi, es
gegmebi CaiSala. pirvel rigSi imis gamo,
rom ver mogvarda mTawmindis platoze
wylis gayvana, Tanac am gegmebs dae-
mTxva ruseTis imperiaSi pirveli rev-
oluciuri gamosvlebi. funikulioris
gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoe-
brivi azri gaiyo. qalaqis sabWos sx-
22
domaze erT-erTma xmosanma ganacxada:
`es nageboba gancxromis sagania, TbilisSi
funikulioris gakeTeba SeiZleba maSin,
rodesac igi miaRwevs keTilmowyobas. es ki,
albaT, 1000 wlis Semdeg iqneba~.
magram, winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,
funikulioris aSeneba mainc gadawy-
da. mSenebloba 1903 wlis seqtemberSi
daiwyo. mSeneblobaSi mravali ucxoeli
specialisti monawileobda: proeqtis
avtori frangi inJineri a. blanSi (robis
pirvandeli proeqti uaryves), erovne-
biT poloneli Tbiliseli arqiteqtori
a. SimkeviCi, mSeneblobis xelmZRvaneli
belgieli inJineri i. ragoleri, misi
TanaSemwe, italieli inJineri a. fon-
tana-rosi (romelic funikulioris
mSeneblobis damTavrebis welsve (1905)
gardaicvala da is kukiis sasaflaozea
dakrZaluli).
funikulioris mSeneblobaSi didi
wvli li Seitana niko nikolaZem. swored
misi iniciativiT mokle droSi Ses-
rulda rkinabetonis samuSaoebi funi-
kulioris estakadisaTvis (xidisebri
nageboba, romelzec rkinigza gadis).
funikulioris mSenebloba ZiriTadad
1904 wlis bolos damTavrda (es Tari-
Ri liandagzecaa aRniSnuli). 1905 wlis
24 Tebervals specialurma komisiam
Seamowma funikulioris teqnikuri mx-
are, muSaobis reJimi da misi eqsplu-
ataciis nebarTva gasca. 1905 wlis 27
marts, dilis 10 saaTze, Tbilisis funi-
kuliori sazeimo viTarebaSi gaixsna.
funikulioris pirveli memanqane vaso
yvavilaSvili igonebs: `pirvelad xalxs
eSinoda bagiris gawyvetisa da vagonSi ar
sxdeboda. faetonebiT xalxi mohyavdaT da
fuls aZlevdnen - aiReT fuli, nu geSiniaT,
CasxediTo. mere, xalxi rom SeeCvia, icocx-
le, bileTebze rigi idga.~
funikulioris qveda sadguris
qalaqis centrTan dasakavSireblad
erevanskis (Tavisuflebis) moednamde
tramvais xazi gaiyvanes. Tbilisis funi-
kulioris gzis sigrZe 501 metria, li-
andagis daxris kuTxe - 28-33 gradusi.
funikulioris zeda sadguris simaRle
zRvis donidan 727 metria, qveda sad-
gurisa – 460 metri.
funikulioris pirveli rekonstruq-
cia 1936-1938 wlebSi Catarda. Zveli
sadguris `rotondas~ nacvlad funiku-
lioris zeda gaCerebaze aSenda axa-
li, samsarTuliani Senoba restorni Ta
da ga nieri Ria terasiT (arq. z. qur -
diani, n. qur diani, a. volobuevis Ta-
na monawileobiT). funikulioris me-
ore rekonstruqcia 1968-1969 wlebSi
ganxorcielda. amjerad Zveli qveda
sadguris nacvlad axali Senoba aigo,
Seicvala vagonebis Zarebi. 1989 wels
dawyebuli rekonstruqcia 1992 wels
Sewyda. gaCerebuli, gapartaxebuli
funikulioris zeda sadguris Senoba
Tbilisis omis (1991-92 ww.) umZimesi pe-
riodis erT-erTi yvelaze metyveli
23
simboloa. amJamad mimdinareobs funi-
kulioris rekonstruqciis axali gaWia-
nurebuli etapi. 3
sabagiro gza
XX saukunis Sua wlebisTvis mTawmin-
dis funikuliori veRar audioda qala-
qis mzardi mosaxleobisa da turisteb-
is nakads. 1958 wels daiwyo Tbilisis
pirveli sahaero-sabagiro gzis mSeneb-
loba. is amave wlis oqtomberSi amo-
qmedda. xazi, romelic rusTavelis moe-
dansa da mTawmindis parks akavSirebda,
maSinve Tbilisis kidev erT turistul
RirsSesaniSnaobad iqca. 1990 wlis 1
ivnisis dRis 3 saaTze moxda ubeduri
SemTxveva: sabagiro gzis `rusTavelis
moedani - mTawminda~ bagiri gawyda. ad-
gilze daiRupa cameti, xolo momdevno
dReebSi - xuTi adamiani, aqedan oTxi
bavSvi. daSavda 47 kaci. sabagirom muSa-
oba Sewyvita. Tumca misi aRdgenis idea
drodadro isev ganixileba.
TbilisSi kidev ramdenime sabagiro
xazi aSenda. dRes municipaluri sawar-
mo `Tbilbagirtransi~ oTx sabagiro
gzas ganagebs: delisi - lisis tbis, vake
- kus tbis, universiteti - bagebis da
samgori - vazisubnis.
aqedan delisi - lisis tbisa da uni-
versiteti - bagebis damakavSirebeli
sabagiroebi ar funqcionirebs. vake
- kus tbisa - sezonurad, xolo samgo-
ri - vazisubnis sabagiro erTaderTia,
romelic sruli datvirTviT muSaobs
da dRemde mniSvnelovan satransporto
funqcias asrulebs vazisubnis mosax-
leobisTvis.
sabWoTa periodSi kidev ramdenime
xazis proeqti ganixileboda: funi-
kulioris zeda sadguri - kus tbis,
bagebi – wyneTis, nucubiZis plato -
sairme-baxtrionis da vagzlis gadasav-
leli xidi - lotkinis mTis.
TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo samuSaoebi
veris parkisa da marjaniSvilis moednis
damakavSirebel sabagiroze. veris park-
is aRmosavleT nawilSi (mtkvris mxares)
gada kidebuli betonis ucnauri kon-
struqciebi swored am sabagiro gzis
3 gamoyenebulia mzia qucniaSvilis werilis masalebi (`mudmivi kavSiris samyaro~ #3, 2001 w. noemberi)
24
zeda sadguris dausrulebeli baqnebia.
Tbilisis reliefis Taviseburebebis
gamo sabagiro gzebi qalaqisTvis metad
saWiroa. miuxedavad bundovani perspeq-
tivisa, am saqmis gulSematkivrebi imeds
ar kargaven, rom Tbilisi transportis
am originalur, ekologiurad sufTa
saxeobaze uars ar ityvis da mis ganvi-
Tarebas axali biZgi miecema. 4
transporti dRes
XX saukunis 1960-iani wlebidan saav-
tomobilo industriis ganviTarebam
gamoiwvia mzardi konkurencia sazoga-
doebrivi transportisa da individu-
aluri saavtomobilo transportis
momxreebs Soris. Agasuli saukunis gan-
mavlobaSi ori polaruli azri arse-
bobda sazogadoebrivi da individu-
aluri transportis Tanaarsebobis
Sesaxeb. Aam antagonizmma gamoiwvia sa-
zogadoebrivi transportis rolis
daknineba ara marto saqarTveloSi,
aramed mTel msoflioSi. rig qveynebSi
sazogadoebrivi transporti saerTod
gauqmda. Mmsgavsma radikalurma damo-
kidebulebam Tbilisis msgavsi istori-
uli qalaqebis satransporto sistemis
mdgomareoba daamZima, gadatvirTa ar-
sebuli sagzao qseli, sakmarisi aRar
aris avtosadgomebi, gaizarda munici-
paluri xarjebi axali satransporto
saavtomobilo kvanZebis, estakadebis
asaSeneblad, ramac Sedegad ekologi-
uri da socialuri problemebi moitana.
XXI saukuneSi bevr qalaqSi daiwyo Zve-
li radikaluri poziciebis gadasinjva.
izrdeba ekologiurad sufTa sazoga-
doebrivi transportis roli. igegmeba
Zveli tradiciuli satransporto sa-
Sualebebis – tramvais, sabagiro gzebis
aRorZineba da modernizacia.
bolo wlebSi energiuli nabijebi
gadaidga Tbilisis sazogadoebrivi
transportis mowesrigebisa da mo-
dernizaciis mizniT: mTlianad ganax-
lda avtobusebis parki, sagrZnoblad
gafarTovda marSrutebis qseli; rekon-
struqcia Cautarda metros sadgurebsa
da matareblebs; rkinigzis specialur-
ma xazma aeroporti qalaqis centrTan
daakavSira. am cvlilebebis sxvadasxva
aspeqti kritikas iwvevs, magaliTad,
TbilisSi eko logiurad sufTa, didi
istoriis mqone transportis – tram-
vaisa da troleibusis xazebis gauqmeba
am sistemis modernizaciisa da gafar-
Toebis nacvlad. zogadad ki es cvli-
lebebi mainc dade biTad SeiZleba Se-
fasdes.
4 wyaro: http://www.tavisupleba.org/content/article/1550257. tml
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