أنظمة الإتصالات عملي

אא

אאFFEE

224224א

א 224א א

אFE

،،אא،אW

אא א א א א א אאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאWא

אאK אאאאאאא

א ،א אא א א אא א א ،א

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ?א F E ? ?א ?אאאאא א א

אK אאאאאאא

،א،אאאאאאאאאK

א אאא WאK

אאאא

א 224א א

אFE

אאאאKאאאאאאא

א،،אאאK אאאSamuel Morseא

1837Kא1876אאGraham BellKאMarconi1894Kאא

א1908אאLee De Frosetאאאאאא

אKאאא1948אshockley،Brattain،BardeenאאאKא

אאאK אאאאאאאאאאא

אK אאאאאא

אאאאא J

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאK אאא؛אא

אאאאאFאEAM،אFMאא،PMאאאK

א 224א א

אFE

אא؛אאאאאאאPMאאאPAM،

אPWMא،PPMKאPCMאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאOTDRK

אאאאאאאKאאאאK

אאאאא

אא

אאFFEE

א

1

א 224אEאא אאFEא

- 2 -

א 1

אא א אאW1

אאW

אאאאאאאK אW

אאאאאF1-1KE

F1-1E

אאWאא Jא Jאאא،K

אאWאאאאאKאאא?אאF?אאModulationEאאK

אאWאאאאאא JאאאK

אאאWאאא،אאאאאאFאאEא

FDemodulationEK אאWאאא،

אK אF1-2Eאא

Information source

Transmitter Receiver Information destination

Transmission medium


- 3 -

F1-2E אאW

אא،אאאא،

אאאא،אF1 J3EאאK dc AF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF

30 300 3k 30k 300k 3M 30M 300M 3G Visible Light Micro - Millimeter Infrared Ultraviolet waves Waves Freq.[ Hz]

3G 30G 300G 3T 30T 300T

)3-1(شكل

Radio frequency band Optical fiber band

AM radio

TV FM

Satellite and radar

Infrared visible ultraviolet

Frequency (Hz)

Transmitting channel

Source Converter Transmitter

Receiver Converter Sink

Information signal in

Original form


Electromagnetic form

Message signal

Message signal


Electromagnetic


Original form

105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017


- 4 -

- FEאTransmission Modes א FEW

KאאאSimplex mode (SX)אאאK KאאHalf Duplex (HDX)אאK אאאאא אא

אK Kאא Full Duplex (FDX) אאא אאאאאK Kאאאאאא

א(F/FDX)Full/Full DuplexאאאK

-אאFא אEBandwidth(B.W) אאאאאאK

אאא(B.Wlnfo.)אא(B.Wch. )Kא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאK

؛

אFאE Noise

אאאאאאא.אאאאא(

mV or µV)KאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא؟

؛אאא

Ch. B.WB.W Info.


- 5 -

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאא؛אExternal NoiseאאTransmitting mediumKאאאאאInternal Noiseא

אאKאאאK

KאאExternal Noise אW

1 JאאאMan-made Noiseאא،אאאאאאאא،FאאE

א(Motors)אאאאאאאאKאאאFאE

אאאאאאKאא؛אאאאא

Kאאאאאא500MHzK אאאאא؛Kא،א

א(DC)אאאאRipplesאK 2 J0אאAtmospheric Noiseאאאאאא

אאא؛KאאאאאאאאK

3 JאSpace NoiseאאאאSolar Noiseאאאאאא

Cosmic NoiseKאאאאאאאKאא8 MHz–1.5 GHzK

אאא8 MHzאאIonosphereK WאאאInternal Noise

אאאאאאאאאKאאW


- 6 -

(Thermal Noise) Johnson Noiseאאאאאאאאאאאא

VNאאאWhite NoiseאאאKאאאאאא

אKW N = KTB

: NWאא(Watts)&BWאא(Hz) TWאא(Kelvin)&KWK=

Kelvin

Joules231038.1

אא (NdB)W NdB = 10 Log10 ( KTB ) [ dB]

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאW

1 JShot noiseאאאאאאא.

2 JאPartition noiseאאאאאK ؛אאאtransit noiseא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאK

1-8-2אא Correlated Noise אאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK -אא(S/N)Signal – to – Noise Ratio אאאאאKאאאא

אKאW

n

s

P

P

N

S


- 7 -

אאאא

n

s

dB P

PLog

N

S10

PsWאא(Watts)K& PNWאאא(Watts)K אאאאאאW

n

s

dB V

VLog

N

S20 and

n

s

dB I

ILog

N

S20

- א Noise Figure (NF)

אNFא؛אW NF = 10 log10 [(Si/Ni)/(So/No)]

א224אE אאFE א

- 8 -

א א 2

אא אCOM3LAB אאW1

אאW אאCOM3LAB)EאK

אW

אאW 1K COM3LABK 2K אאCOM3LABK

3K COM3LABK

אאW 1K ،אאאא

DETICTIVEאאF2-1KE

F2-1E

א224אE אאFE א

- 9 -

2K אאאF2-2KE

F2-2E

3K א،אאאF2-3KE

F2-3E

4K FcontinueEאF2-4KE

F2-4E

א224אE אאFE א

- 10 -

5K continueאF2-5E،F2-6KE

F2-5E

F2-6E

6K א'Feel free to experiment around'אF2-7KE

F2-7E

א224אE אאFE א

- 11 -

7K אאאאאF2-8E

F2-8E

אאW

אא

א

אא

א224אE אאFE א

- 12 -

אאאW 1K אאF2-9KE

F1-9E

2K אא،F2-10KE

F2-10E

3K אאF2-10EאאK

4K COM3LABאאK 5K אK

א224אE אאFE א

- 13 -

א 3

אא אא אאW1

אאW אאאאא

אאK אW

אאאאW WF OscilloscopeE JאאWאאאK J،א:

א:אאא.

א:אאאא،אFYEFXEא،F3-1EF OscilloscopeKE

אF3-2EאK

א224אE אאFE א

- 14 -

F3-1E

F2-2E

WF Frequency CounterE

JאאWאאK JW

א:אא.

Starting the Oscilloscope

Copy

Zoom

Setting the Y-axis

To Shift the X-axis on the Y-axis

Setting the X-axis

Selecting the signal to be shown

א224אE אאFE א

- 15 -

א:אאאא،אא،אF3-3KE

WאאאFtriggerEאאאא،אFY1Eא

FtriggerEFtrigger Y1Eא،F3-4KE

F3-3E

F3-4E

W(FFT) אאWאאK

אאאF3-5KE

א224אE אאFE א

- 16 -

F3-5E

אW(BODE)

אאK אאW،אא

F(CUT-OFFאאF3-6KE

F3-6E

Marker

Moving the

marker

Starting the FFT

Result of measurement

Starting the measurement

א224אE אאFE א

- 17 -

WFFunction GeneratorE אאאKW

sine wave, triangular wave, square wave and DC signal،

אF3-7EאאK F3-7E

Functions you can generate by selecting using

the mouse

Controlling the value of

frequency, amplitude and

DC voltage

א224אE אאFE א

- 18 -

אאאאאא

אאFFEE

א

א

א

2

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 19 -

אאWאאא א 4

אא אאSignal Analysis א1א

אאW אאאאFourier SpectrumK

אW

אאאאWאאאאאאKאW

)cos(...)2cos()cos()( 210 nwtAwtAwtAAtv n

)sin(...)2sin()( 210 nwtAwtAwtSinBB n

אאאv(t)אאW v(t) = A0 + A1 cos wt + A2 cos( 2 wt) + … + An cos( nwt)

אv(t)אאW v(t) = B0 + B1 sin wt + B2 sin( 2 wt) + … + Bn sin( nwt )

אF4-1EאFsinusoidalEW

א،אKאאאFsinusoidalEא،

FsinusoidalEK

+ + =

F4-1E

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 20 -

אאW

F4-2E אאW 1K אאאF4-2KE 2K אאFfunction generator EW

sine, f = 1 kHz, V p-p = 20V, V DC = 0V. 3K אFFFT ModuleKE 4K אאאאW

Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 10 kHz

5K א،א،אאF4-3E،אF4-1KE

6K אאFfunction generator EW triangular, f = 1 kHz, V p-p = 20V, V DC = 0V.

7K ،א،אאאF4-4E،אF4-2KE

8K אאFfunction generator EW square,f = 1 kHz, V p-p = 20V, V DC = 0V.

9K א،א،אאF4-5E،אF4-3KE

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 21 -

אW

F4-4E

F4-3E

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 22 -

4-1

א א

1

4-2

א א

1

2

3

4

4-3

א א

1

2

3

4

5

F4-5E

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 23 -

W

1 J؟א،אאא

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________

2 J؟אאאאאאאא _______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 J؟אאא،אאא

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________

4 JאאאF1Eא،؟

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________

אW

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 24 -

א 5

אא א א1א אאW

אאאK אW

אאאא،אFאאEא،אאאא

א؟ אאא،אK

אא،אאאא،א

א،אאאF5-1KE

F5-1E

WאRCא،LC،Quartz oscillatorsאF5-2E

Closed-loop feedback amplifier

Subtractor Voltage amplifier

Feedback network

Input = V1 V out V2 V3

V4

+ -

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 25 -

F5-2E

אאאאW אאאK

אאK

אK

אאW

F5-3E

אאW 1K אאאF5-3KE 2K אFFFT ModuleKE 3K אAMאאאא،W

Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs, curve=Y1

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 26 -

4K אאאF5-4KE

5K אאאK 6K אFMאאאא،W

Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs, curve=Y2 7K אאאF5-5KE

8K אאFMFאאEאאאKאאWf=10kHz, Vp-p=7V

אW

KW 1K ؟אאאא

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________ 2K ؟אאא

F5-5EF5-4E

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 27 -

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________

3K אאאא؟ _______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

אW

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 28 -

א 6

אא אא א1א

אאW ،אאאא،K

אW

אאW 1.

2cos

2cos2coscos 2121

21

2. 212121 cos2

1cos

2

1coscos

3. 2

cos2

sin2sinsin 212121

4. 2

sin2

cos2sinsin 212121

FEאW Ff 2 and 21 ff E

אאאאא:

221 ff

f L

,

221 ff

fH

א،F6-1KE

אאK

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 29 -

F6-1E

אאW

F6-2E

אאW 1K אאאF6-2KE

2K אאאFAMKE

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 30 -

3K אאFfunction generator EW Sine-wave, f = 1 kHz, V p-p = 7.5V, V DC = 0V.

4K אFFFT ModuleKE 5K אאאאW

Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs, curve = Y1, and in the spectrum analyzer set: f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz.

6K א،א،אאF6 J3KE 7K אאFfunction generator EW

Sine-wave, f = 9.5 kHz, V p-p = 7.5V, V DC = 0V. 8K אFFFT ModuleKE 9 J אאאאW

Y1/div = 2V, X/div = 500µs, curve = Y1, and in the spectrum analyzer set: f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz.

10 Jא،א،אאF6-4KE 11 JאאW 1 kHz

12 JאאאW 1 kHzאאאFFFTKE

אW

F6-3E

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 31 -

F6-4E

W 1K אאאאאF3E،W fH ,fL؟

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2K אאאאאF7E،W fH ,fL؟

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________

3K ؟א _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________ אW

א 224א א

אFEאאא

- 32 -

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________

אאFFאאEE

אאאא

א

F

אE

3

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 34 -

אModulation W

אF E א Modulating Signalא אא Carrier Waveא אאא א

AntennasאאKאאאFאEאFאEא(Demodulation)Kאאאא،אאW

אfm = 3000 Hzאאאא؛(C)א،(f)،א(λ)W C = λ x f

WC = 3 x 108 m/s אλאW

λ = 3 x 108 / 3000 = 105 m = 100Km אאFאEλ/2אאא؛

F50E(50 Km)אאאK אאא(fc= 30 MHz)؛

אλW λ =3 x 108 / 30 x 106 = 10 m

אאFאEλ/2א؛אאF5E(5 Km)אאאK

אאאאאאא؛אאאאאא

אאK אאאאאאK

אאאא(vc)W vc = Vp sin (ωt + φ)

W אאאאVp = Peak value אאאאאאω = Angular velocity (ω = 2 π f)

אאφ = Phase angle

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 35 -

אאאאאאW 1 J אFאEAMאVpאאK

2 J אFMאאאK

3 J אאPMאאאK

אאWאFאE א 7

אא AM (DSBSC)

א2א אאW

אאאFאEFAM DSBSCKE

אW אWאFאEאCarrier wave

אFאEאInformation signalK אאאW

1 J אK 2 J K

א אא ،א K א אא W

J אאא Information signalK J אא Carrier waveK

אאW DSBSC, DSBFC and SSB

אF7-1Eאא،K

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 36 -

signaln Informatio 2cos

signalCarrier 2cos

tfVtv

tfVtv

mmm

ccc

F7-1E

אאא،א

אאModulated waveW 1 J אא(fc)K

2 JאאאאאאאאאK

3 JאאאאK 4 J אאאK

אW

J אאאE = Ec + em

J אem = Em sin ωmt

J אאא E = Ec + Em sin ωmt

אModulation index (factor)"m = Em / Ec " E = Ec + m Ec sin ωmt

E =Ec(1 + m sinωmt) אאאAMWe = E sin ωct

W e = Ec (1 + m sin ωmt) sin ωct אאFTwo sin wavesEא

אאWsin x sin y = 1/2[cos(x-y) – cos(x+y)]

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 37 -

W

e = Ec sin ωct + (mEc/2) cos(ωc – ωm)t - (mEc/2) cos(ωc + ωm)t אאא؛

1 J אאEc sin ωct

2 J אאאFUSBE(mEc/2) cos(ωc + ωm)t

3 J אאאFLSBE(mEc/2) cos(ωc – ωm)t

אF7-2EאאK

אKאW f c - f m (max) f c + f m (max)

Ff cEWאא،Ff m (max)EWאKאFf c - f m (max) EFLSBEאאאא،Ff c H f m (max) EFUSBE

אאאK אאBWאאאFUSBEFLSBWE

BW = USB- LSB BW = 2 f m (max).

אאW

Lower Sideband

Lower side frequencies

Upper Sideband

Upper side frequencies

Am

plitu

de

Frequency

f c - f m (max) f c + f m (max)f c

AM DSBSC F7J2E

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 38 -

F7-3E

KאאW

1K אאאF7-3KE 2K FAMEאK

3K אאאW DC signal, V DC = 1 V

4K אFoscilloscopeEאאW Y1/div = 2 V, Y2/div = 2 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = DUAL

5K אFmodulation coefficient k MKE 6K אאאW

Sine-wave, f m = 200 Hz, V p-p = 10 V, V DC = 0 V 7K אFoscilloscopeEאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1

8K אאא،אF7-4KE 9K אאאW

Triangular-wave, f m = 200 Hz, V p-p = 10 V, V DC = 0 V 10K אFoscilloscopeEאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 39 -

11K אאא،אF7-5KE 12K אאאW

Sine-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 10 V, V DC = 0 V 13K אFFFTEאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y1 14K אאא،אF7-6KE 15K אאFlower sidebandEFupper sidebandKE 16K אאאK 17K אאאW

Square-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 10 V, V DC = 0 V 18K אFFFTEאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y1 19K אא،אאF7-7KE

W אאW

Sine-wave f c = 10 kHz V p-p ≈ 7.5 V tπf2sin7.5tF cc

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 40 -

אW

2

1

Y

YM V

Vk

F7-4E F7-5E

F7-6E F7-7E

m

mcUSB

mcLSB

f

fff

fff

2BW

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 41 -

W 1K אאW

a. RF _______________ _______________ b. LF _______________ _______________ c. HF _______________ _______________ d. LSB _______________ _______________ e. USB _______________ _______________ f. DSB _______________ _______________

2K אא،א،؟

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________ 3K ،א؟א

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________

אW ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 42 -

א 8

אא AM (DSBFC)

אא2

אאW אאאFAM DSBFCEאא،

FAM DSBSCEFAM DSBFCEK אW

אאFAM DSBSCEא،אאKאאאא

אאK אאאאא

( AM DSBSC)FAM DSBFC( KאאW

אאWאFAM DSBSCE،אאאאא،FAM DSBFCE

אF8-1KE

F8-1E

אאWFDCEאK אF8-2EFAM DSBFCE،W

Ff c - f m EF f c + f m,EFf cE،Ff cEאא،Ff m (max)EאK

Source

Oscillator

AM Modulator

Summation Stage

DSBSC DSBFC

Carrier

Signal

Information

Signal

Carrier

Signal

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 43 -

אFf c - f m (max) EFLSBEא،Ff c H f m (max) EFUSBKEאאאאFUSBEFLSBEW

B = 2 f m (max).

F8-2E אאW

F8-3E

LSB USB


Am

plitu

de

Frequency f c - f m f c + f mf c

AM DSBFC

Carrier


א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 44 -

F8-4E

W

אאW Sine-wave f c = 10 kHz V p-p ≈ 7.5 V tπf2sin7.5tF cc

אאW 1K אאאF8-3KE 2K FAMEאK

3K אאאW Sine-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 2 V, V DC = 1.7 V

4K אFFFTEאאW Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1

5K אאא א،אF8-5KE 6K אאFlower sidebandEFupper sidebandKE 7K אאאK

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 45 -

8K אאאF8 J4KE 9K אאאW

Sine-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 2.5 V, V DC = 0 V


11K אאא א،אF8-6KE 12K אאFlower sidebandEFupper sidebandKE 13K אאאK 14K אאאW

Triangular-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 2.5 V, V DC = 0 V 15K אFFFTEאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1 16K אאא א،אF8-7KE 17K אאאW

Square-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 2.5 V, V DC = 0 V 18K אFFFTEאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1 19K אאא א،אF8-8KE

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 46 -

אW

F8-5E

m

mcUSB

mcLSB

f

fff

fff

2BW

F8-6E

m

mcUSB

mcLSB

f

fff

fff

2BW

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 47 -

F8-7E

F8-8E

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 48 -

W

1 J אFDSBSCAM EFDSBFCAM E؟ _________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________ 2 J א،אFDSBFCAME؟

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

3 J ؟אא،א

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

אW ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 49 -

א 9

אא AM (SSB)

א2א

אאW אאFsingle sideband AM(AM-SSB)KE

אW

אאא،אא،א(AM-DSB)،אW

1K אא،אאאאאאKא(AM-DSB) W

א،א،אא،א

אאK 2K א،אאFLSBEFUSBEא،

אאKFLSB EFUSBEאאא،K

F9-1EאFSSBE

אאאאKאא

אא،FAM-DSBEFAM-SSBKE

Source

Oscillator

Information

signal

Carrier

signal

AM

Modulator

DSB

Signal

Filter SSB

Signal

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 50 -

FAM-SSBE،،אאאאאKאW

JAM single sideband full carrier (SSBFC)W אאאא،

אK JAM single sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC)W

אאאא،K JAM single sideband reduced carrier (SSBRC)W א،אאאK JAM independent sideband (ISB)W א،אאK JAM vestigial sideband (VSB)W א،אאא

אאK אF9-2EאאאאW

F9 J2E

f

Am

plitu

de

Carrier

LSB USB

f c

DSB

f

Am

plitu

de

Carrier

USB

f c

SSBFC

f

Am

plitu

de

USB

f c

SSBSC

f

Am

plitu

de

USB

f c

SSBRC

f

Am

plitu

de

Ch A (f m1) Ch B (f m2)

f c

ISB

f

Am

plitu

de

Carrier

LSB USB

f c

VSB

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 51 -

אאW

F9-3E

F9-4E

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 52 -

אאW 1K אאאF9-3KE 2K FAMEאK

3K אFbode moduleEאאאאW f min = 5000 Hz, f max = 25000 Hz, steps = 40, V p-p = 12 V, and deactivate the phase.

(on) 4K אאאFcut-offKE 5K אאאK 6K אFcut-offEK 7K אאאF9-4KE 8K אאאW

Sine-wave, f m = 2.5 kHz, V p-p = 1 V, V DC = 1.7 V 9K אFFFT EאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y2, T source = OFF 10K אאא،אF9-6KEאF9-1KE 11K אאאW

Sine-wave, f m = 2.5 kHz, V p-p = 1 V, V DC = 0 V 12K אFFFT EאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y2 13K אאא،אF9 J7KEאF9-1KE 14K אאאW

Sine-wave, f m = 3.5 kHz, V p-p = 3.4 V, V DC = 1.7 V 15K אFFFT EאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y2 16K אאא א،F9-8KEאF9-1KE 17K אאאW

Sine-wave, f m = 2 kHz, V p-p = 3.4 V, V DC = 1.7 V 18K אFFFT EאאW

Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y1 19K אאא،אF9-9KEאF9-1KE

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 53 -

20K אאאW Sine-wave, f m = 2.5 kHz, V p-p = 1 V, V DC = 1.7 V

21K אFFFT EאאW Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y2

22K אאא،אF9-10KEאF9-1KE Kא:

F9-5E

3dB-in ___________offcutf

F9-6E F9-7E

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 54 -

F9-8E F9-9E

F9-10E

-10 א א

-13 א אLSB LSB

Carrier Carrier USB USB

-16 א א -19 א אLSB LSB

Carrier Carrier USB USB

-22 א א 9-1 LSB

Carrier USB

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 55 -

W 1 J אFDSB-AME؟

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

2 JאאאW J א،אK

FE JאK F E

3 Jא(DSB) (SSB)؟

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

4 Jא100٪(SSB)אא100٪(DSBFC)؟ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

אW __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 56 -

אW 10

אאW אFdemodulationAM DSBfcE א2א

אאW אאאFAM DSBfcKE

אW

אאאFAM DSBfcEאאאF10-1KEאאאאאאא( AM

demodulation)K

F10-1E אאא،א

אאאאאא،אאא،F10-2EאאK

F10-2E

Source

Oscillator

AM Modulator

Summation Stage

DSBSC DSBFC

Carrier

Signal

Information

Carrier

Signal

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 57 -

אאא(y1)אאFAM DSBFCEאF10-3E،אא

אאאKאאא(Band-pass

filter)אא(LSB)(USB)א(fc)،אאאא(y2)אאF10-2E

אאF10-4Eאא،אK א(detector) אאFAM

DSBFCEאאאF10-5KE אאאא(Low-pass filter)

אאאאאאF10-6KEאאאK

F10-3E

F10-4E

LSB USB


Am

plitu

de

Frequency f c - f m f c + f mf c

AM DSBFC

Carrier


א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 58 -

F10-5E

F10-6E

אאW 1K ،אאW

2K אאאF10-1KE 3K FAMEאK

4K אאאW Sine-wave, f m = 2 kHz, V p-p = 5 V


6K אאא א،אF10-7KE

7K א(LSB)(USB)K

8K ،אאW

9K אאאF10-2KE

10K א(y1)א א،אF10-8KE

11K א(LSB)(USB)K


13K אK

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 59 -

14K א(y3)א ،אאF10-10KE


16K אK

17K אF3Eאא،אאאK

אאW

F10-7EF10-8E

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 60 -

KאW

LSB= ,USB= ,fc=

F10-9E

F10-10E

א 224א א

אFEאFאE

- 61 -

F10-11E

W 1K אאא،؟אא

__________________________________________________________ 1 J ؟אא،א

__________________________________________________________ 2 J (detector) ؟אא

__________________________________________________________ אW

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

אא

אאאא

א

4

א 224א א

אFEא

- 62 -

אאאWא א 11 אא FM

אא2

אאW אאאFVCOEאא

FFMKE

אW

FVCOEאאא،אאאKאF11-1E،

،אאאK

F11-1E אאK

אF11-2KE אא،אאאFFME

אאKאFVCOE،אK

אאא،אאאא

אא؟

Voltage

Control

Input

Signal

Change

in

א 224א א

אFEא

- 63 -

אFmodulatorcoefficient(K)EFVCOEFVCOEאא،אא

،אאאW

F11-2E J אאאאאאFFMWE

e = A sin (ωct + mf sin ωmt) W

A ZאאאאK ωcZאאאFangular velocityFEω = 2 πfE mfZאFM ωmZאאאאFאEmodulating signal angular velocity

אFMFFM modulation indexEW

mf = δ / fm

W δZאאאFDeviationE fmZאFmodulating signal?Eא?

f/Hz

V/V0

f1

f2

V1 V2

VHz

VV

ffk

12

12

א 224א א

אFEא

- 64 -

אאW

אאW 1K אאאF11-3KE 2K FFMEאK

3K אאאW DC, V DC = 0 V

4K אFfrequency counter EאאW trigger = +Y1.

5K אאאK

6K אאאאF (10kHz

7K אאאW

Sine-wave, DC, V DC = J 10 V

8K אFfrequency counterKE

9K אאF2.5VE،אF8EאF10VKEאF11-1KE

10K אF11-1EאאאאK 11K Fmodulation coefficient kEFV IN = 0VKE

F11-3E

א 224א א

אFEא

- 65 -

אW

IN (V) -10 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 OUT (Hz)

k

VV

ffk

fV

fV

21

21

22

11

________

________

א 224א א

אFEא

- 66 -

W 1K ( )،אא( )אאW

JאFVCOKE F E JFVCOEאK F E JFModulator coefficientEאאFVCOKE F E

2 J אF11-1EאF11-2Eאא،א؟

_______________________________________________________

3KאאאFModulator coefficientE؟ _______________________________________________________

אW

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

א 224א א

אFEא

- 67 -

א 12

אא FM א2א אאW

אאאFFMEא،K

אW

אאFangle modulationE،אFPMEאאאKאFFMEא

אKאF12-1EאFFMEאאK

F12-1E

Modulating Signal

t/s

A/V

A/V

Carrier Signal

t/s

A/V

Modulated Signal

t/s

A/V

א 224א א

אFEא

- 68 -

אאאאW ttVtm cc cos tmtVtm mcc coscos

אF12-2EאאFVCOEא

،אFdiodeEאאK

F12-2E

אאאW

LCfc 2

1

אאW

mm

m

f

f

f

Vkm

mVkf :(Carson bandwidth) من خالل قانون النطاقو عرض

Bfm=2*(m+1)*Fm

א 224א א

אFEא

- 69 -

رسم الدائرة:

F12-3E אאW 1K אאאF12-3KE 2K FFMEאK


4K אFfrequency counter EאאW trigger = +Y1

5K אאאK

6K אאאאF (10kHz

7K אאWtrigger = OFF

8K אאאW Sine-wave, V p-p = 20 V, fm = 1 kHz, V DC = 0 V.

9K אFFFT EאאW curve = Y1, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz, Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs.

10K אא،אאF12-4E

א 224א א

אFEא

- 70 -

11K Wμ، BFM،ΔFKאWk = 280 Hz / V 12K אאאW

Sine-wave, V p-p = 10 V, fm = 1.5 kHz, V DC = 0 V. 13K אFFFT EאאW

curve = Y1, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz, Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs. 14K אא،אאF12-5E 15K Wμ، BFM،ΔFKאWk = 280 Hz / V

אW

F12-4E

F12-5E

pmm

m VVf

Vkm

use, mFM fmB 12 mVkf

א 224א א

אFEא

- 71 -

F12-6E

pmm

m VVf

Vkm

use, mFM fmB 12 mVkf

W 1K Fangle modulationEאאאאא؟

K אאK F E K אאK F E

K אאK F E 2K ( )،אא( )אאW

K אאFPMKE F E K FFM modulatorsEאFVCOKE F E K אאFVCOKE F E K FModulator coefficientEאFVCOE F E

KאאFFME F E 3K אאא(FM) ؟

K _________________________________________________ K _________________________________________________ K _________________________________________________

א 224א א

אFEא

- 72 -

4K אFFMEאFCarson

bandwidthE،אאאFCarson bandwidthE؟

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

אW

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________

- 73 -

אא

אאאא

א

5

א 224א א א

אFE

- 73 -

א 13 אא אFdemodulationFME

א2א

אאW אאאFFMKE

אW

אאאאFFMEאאאF13-1KEאאאאאאא( FM

demodulation)K

F13-1E

אאאאאW ttVtm cc cos tmtVtm mcc coscos

אאא،א،אאאאאא،אא

אF13-2Eאא:

F13-2E

א 224א א א

אFE

- 74 -

א(FM)W (VCO),(phase detector),(Low-pass filter)

אאאא(y1)אא(FM)אF13-3KE(phase detector)אאא

א(VCO) KאאKאאK

F13-3E

אאW 1K ،אאW

2K אאאF13-1KE 3K FFMEאK


5K אFfrequency counter EאאW trigger = +Y1 6K אאאK

7K אאאאF (10kHz

8K אאWtrigger = OFF

9K אאאW 10K Sine-wave, V p-p = 20 V, fm = 1 kHz, V DC = 0 V

א 224א א א

אFE

- 75 -

11K אFFFT EאאW curve = Y1, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz, Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs.

12K אא،אאאF13-4KE

13K ،אאW

14K אאאF13 J2KE


16K א(y2)א א،אF13-6KE 17K אF3Eאאאא،K אW

F13-4E F13-5E

א 224א א א

אFE

- 76 -

F13-6E

W 1K אא؟א

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2K (phase detector) ؟אא

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

אW

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FFאאEEאא

אאאא

F

א

E

א

1

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 77 -

אא אאאאא

אאאאKאאFאEאאאאאאFאEאאאאאאL

אאK אאאאאFNoise performanceKE

אאFPre-processingEאאFPost-processingKEאאFDigital signal processingKE

א؛אאאK אאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאW

אFאEאFPAMKE

אאFTDMKE

PAM-TDMK

אPAM-TDMK

אPCMK

PCMK

אאCoding and decodingK

אאאאFSKK

אאאאאFאאKE

אאאאPSKK

אאאאאFאאKE

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 78 -

א(PM)Pulse Modulation א

אאאאW

1 J FאEאPulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)אאאאFEאFאEאK

2 J אPulse Width Modulation (PWM)אאאאא.

3 J אPulse Position ModulationאאאPWMPPMאPWMKאPPMא

אאא، PWM אא אPPMK

אאאאאאW

א א א PWMא

PPMK

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 79 -

א(Samples)אאK

אאPMאFאEAMאFM؛

J א AM & FM א א אKאPMא

אK

FאEא) PAM( Pulse Amplitude Modulation

אאWאא6א 14: رقم التجربة

Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM) אEאF: اسم التجربة

אאW אאKאW אאWאK2

אאWאK1 אאאW

1. אאאאF PAM .(

2. א). ( PAM

3K אאFSampling PulsesEאF PAM E

4K F PAME

אאW 1K אא)PAM(. 2K א)PAM(אאK 3K אא(LPF)אא.

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 80 -

אאWFאEאPAM Signal Generation)( אאW

1. א F PAM .(

2. אא) ( PAM وشرحھا.

3K אאFSampling PulsesEאF PAM KE

4K FPAMKE

אW

אאא(Samples)אאא،،א

אK אא،אאא

א(Fs)א(Fs)K(Fs)WFs>2Fm

אאW 1K אא ) Digital Communications Unit.( 2K אאאF Dual Channel OscilloscopeKE

3K אאFFunction GeneratorKE

אF14J1E

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 81 -

אאW JאFאEא)PAM(F14 J1EאאאאW 1 JאאFM2Eאא)(SAMPLER.

2 Jאאא )1 ( )2V/DIVEאא )0.1ms/DIV (

א(TRIGGER) א F1Eא F1E א ) (SAMPLEو )M2(

3 JאאאFM2E)Vp.p ()Fm ( M2 = Vp.p M2 = KHZ

4 Jא)M2(2KHZ)()Nyquist rate(אא)SP(؟

KHZ =Nyquist rate 5 JאאאF2E2V/DIV)(אאאאאFאE

אF2Eא)SP(K 6 JאאFSPEאאF2Eאא

אא Fs)( Fאא)M2 SP ( )14 -2( T = ms Fs = KHZ

7 JאאאFs)( )PAM( ولماذا ؟

8 JאF2Eאא) (SAMPLERאאאאא)2) (اإلشارة ستكون كما في الشكل)3- 14(E

Jnatural)(א)(flat-topא؟

)14-2(

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 82 -

9 Jאאאאא) (GNDאאK

אא) (אאאK Jאא)M2) ((PAM אא א)3-16( 10 J)CM((CIRCUIT MODIVATION)Fאאאא

אאא EאFFsE ) (16 KHZ אא)PAM(א؟אאא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Jאא)M2 (و)(PAMאא)14 -4(

11 J)CM(א)Fs( (4 KHZ) אאא

אא)M2(א؟א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

12 J)CM(אFFsE) (8 KHZ)(CMא Sample/hold)( א אKאאאאא مرشح معא Sample/hold)( ؟

)3-16(

4- 14( א(

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 83 -

אאمرشح بدون אא Sample/hold)( ؟ אאאSample/hold)( Fאאא)5- 14((

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

13 JאאאאF2EFPAMEאא F2Eعلى V/DIV)1( אאF50 ms/DIVEFPAME

אF14-6(

KאאFTpE Tp = ms

14 JאאאF20μs/DIVEKאFPWE אF14 J7EאאKPw = ms

5- 14( א(

6- 14( א(

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 84 -

15 JאFPW/TpEFP1E FP2E)PW/Tp( ) PW/Tp = ( / ) ms (

16 JאF P1EF P2E V1= V V2= V

17 JאאאאאאFPAME 21

22(/ vvTpXPW Vrms(p) = Vrms

18 JFPAMEאFK 1E

Z

prmsPp v )(

2

= mw

19 JאאF1EF2V/DIVEאאאF0.1ms/DIVEאאF2MEVp)2.5FEKאF14- 8EE

JאאF2MEאFK 1E Ps = (0.707 x V Peak)2 /Z = mw

א F14J7E

F14 J8E

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 85 -

20 JאFPAMEאא)(M2א FFPAMLE M2)(E

=Pp/Ps

21 Jאא)PAM( (M2) )Ps.(א)PAM ()T= 0.125ms(אאא)Tp(

mw =Pp=PW/T x PS

22 J)PAM(אא)PAM(אאאאא )PW/Tp( ؟

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 86 -

אאWא15 אאWFאEאPAM Signal Demodulation

אאW 1 J אא)PAM(.

2 Jא)PAM(אאK .قبلةعلى اإلشارة المست (LPF)ة المنخفض إمرار الترددات مرشحل عدد القطترتوضيح تأثير -3

אW ،אאאאא

אK אFSAMPLE/HOLDEمع تكون متزامنة في المستقبل )SAMPLER (

אאאאאאא J J

(STAIRCASE)KאF15 J1E אאאאא

אא

F15 J1E א،KאFFsE

אאאאאאאאא،K

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 87 -

F15 J2E אאW

1K אא) Digital Communications Unit( 2K אאFOscilloscopeDual ChannelE

3K אאFSignal GeneratorE

אF15 J3E

אאW JאFאEא)PAM(F15 J3EאאW 1 JאFPAMEאאFM2Eאא F(SAMPLERאא)SAMPLER (

אאFFILTEREאאFL P FEאK

2 JאאאאF1EF2V/DIVEא)0.1ms/DIV(א

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 88 -

F(TRIGGERא)1(א)1()M2(א)M2(אא)V p.p5(KHZ)2E

3 JאאאאF2E)2V/DIV(א،אאאאFאEאF2Eא)(SP )(SPFs = 8 KH 4 J)(M2 )KHZ2()(SPא)8KHZ(א )Nyquist rate( ؟

………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Jא)2(אא ) SAMPLER (א)PAM(אאא)(M2؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6 Jאאא)TOW-POST CONNECTOR(אא)M2(א

א) SAMPLER (אF2Eאא) (SIGNAL GENERATOR אאאא) SAMPLER (

אאאאאK

7 Jאאא)5Vp.p()2KHZ(א)1( بعد توصيل القناة)(مع مدخل ) 1 SAMPLER (واضبطھا على2V /DIV)(

8 JאF2Eאא)FILTER(אאF2E200 mv/DIV)( אאאאאאאF2Eאא

אאאF1E؟אF15 J4Eאאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 89 -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

9 JאאF0.5KHZ(אאF0.5VP.P(אאאאא؟)2(

..................................................................................................................................

JאאFm) (אFs)(אאאאK

10 Jאאא)5VP.P( )KHZ2( 11 J)CM()Fs( 8KHZ)4KHZ( אאא

אא)LPF(א)2(אאאאא)Fs (אא ) Fm (و)Fs-Fm Eא )15 J5 (

אא )Fs= 2Fm(

F15J4E

אF15J5E

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 90 -

12 J؟אאא …………………………………………………………………………………

אF15 J6Eאא

13 J)(CMא)Fs(א8KHZ)(א)Fm (16KHZ) (

א אאאFאFs<2

Fm (FFs<Nyquist rateEאאFא א)(Fs-Fm א)15 J7EאאK

Jא)fold-over distortion (aliasing or

14 JאFFmEF(3.5KHZא)Fs(F(16KHZ)CME

אאאאאאאFFs>2 Fm(

אF15 J8EאאאאK

F15J6E

אF15J7E

א א- א

224אFאEא

- 91 -

15 J )Fs>2 Fm(אאאא)Fm(א)Fs-Fm (

אF15 J9EK 16 Jאאא3.8KHZ) (Fs=16KHZ

Fm=3.5KHZ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאא

אאאא

א

א

2

א א- א

224אאא

- 92 -

אאFTDMETime Division Multiplexing א-אא

PAM – Time Division Multiplexing ( PAM-TDM ) 17& 16 :رقم التجربةאאWWאא3א

אאWF(PAMאא

אאWאPAM) Eאא אאאW

1 J FPAMEא.؟

2 J אאאא ) (PAM- TDM .

3 J אאאאFS1-S2(K

אאW 1. אאאFPAM-TDM.(

2. אאאא time slots) (אאK

3K א)PAM-TDM(אאK א من التجربة :אאאFאEאK

אא F(PAMאא PAM – TDM (Transmission)

אאW 1. FPAMEאK

2. אאאא ) (PAM- TDM

3K אאאאFS1-S2(

אW אאF16 J1aE

1 J (SAMPELR)אאאK 2 J אאאK

א א- א

224אאא

- 93 -

3 J K

F16 J1 JaE אא(fs)(SAMPELR)א(fs)

(SAMPELR)(fs)א،אאאאאאאא

Kא אאאא(frame)

אאא(frame)אK JאF16 J1 JbEאא)SLOT COUNTER(אאא

אאS1)(S2)(אאK

F16 J1 JbE אאא)PAM – TDM(אF16 J1 JbEאא

)Guard time(אאאאאאאאS1)(S2)(

א א- א

224אאא

- 94 -

אאW

1K אא ) Digital Communications Unit(

2K אאFOscilloscopeE

אאW 1 Jאא)PAM-TDM(אא)16 J1 Jc(

א)M1()SAMPLER1()M2()SAMPLER2(

2 Jא)1() (M1א)2( SAMPLER1) (אאאאא1(א()2) (2V/DIV(א)0.2 ms/DIV(אא)1(

3 Jאאאא)16 J2(א)PAM( א2(א(אא) (M1אא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

F16 J1 JcE

אF16J2E

א א- א

224אאא

- 95 -

4 J)PAM(א)2(אא)DC(א) (M1א)SAMPLER1(א) (M2א

אאא)16 J3EאK 5 Jאאאא)M1()SAMPLER1(אא)DC( عند

SAMPLER1((مدخلDC = V

6 Jאאא)M1()SAMPLER1(אאא )10 µS/DIVEאא)Tp(PAM)(א)2(

µS Tp = 7 Jאאאאאא )SAMPLER1(

Fs = KHZ J الـNyquist )fs=2 x fm(אאאא)M1 ( Fm =…………….KHZ

8 Jא)1()SAMPLER1(א)2( SAMPLER2)(אאא)50 ms/DIV(אאF1E)PAM(אא

א)4-18(؟א

אF16J3E

א א- א

224אאא

- 96 -

9 J)PAM()M1()M2(א؟אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

10 Jא)2(אS1)(אא)50 ms/DIV(אS1)()SAMPLER1(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK JאS2)()SAMPLER2(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 11 Jא)1(S1)(א)2(S2)(אאS1) (S2)(א)אאא) S1S2E؟ = µS

Jאאא)frame(אאslot 0) (

אאSync. Pulse ) ( التيאאאאא Slot 1)( )PAM 1(אא Slot 2)()PAM 2(א)16 J7(K

Jאא)bits(؟אאא E1E2E3E4א

13 JאאאS1)(S2)()Guard time(א)16 J6EאאK

אF16J4E

)16J5(

F16J6Eشكل

א א- א

224אאא

- 97 -

Jאאא)EXT.TRIG.(SAMPLER1)(א)1(

)S1(א)2(אא)ADDER(אאא)EXT.TRIG(אא)0.1 ms/DIV (אא)1()5V/DIV( אא

אאאאאאאא

F16 J7EאF M1M2EאאK J)PAM – TDM(א)2 (؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 16 Jאאא)10 µs/DIV(אא)Guard time(

א)PAM – TDM(=…………ms Guard time אאS1)(S2)(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 17 Jאא20(א µs/DIV(אאא א)PAM – TDM(אאא)CM(

אאאאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

F16 J7E

א א- א

224אאא

- 98 -

18 Jאאא)CM(אאאאאאא)PAM(א

אאאאאאK 19 Jא)1(אאא)SYNC. PULS()CM(

אאאא)1(.KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

20 Jאאאא)PAM(אאא)Guard time( אאא)PEDESTAL(א

א)PAM – TDM(אאא)PEDESTAL(אFאEא)CLCKT(אFאEא)16 J8EאאK

21 Jא)1(א)CLCKT(אאאא)2(

)SAMPLER1(אאא)10µs/DIV(אא)CLCKT(אFPAMEאאFCLCKTEאאא

אFPAME؟KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אF16 J9Eאאאאאאאא

F18J8E

א א- א

224אאא

- 99 -

F16 J9E

22 Jא)ADDER( )PAM(א)M1M2Eא)PAM-TDM(א)CLCKT(אאא

)CLCKT(אאאאאFאE)PAM ()CLCKT(אא

א)PAM(אאאא)PEDESTAL()0 Vdc(

16(والشكل J10Eא)ADDER(

23 Jא)1( مع)CLCKT(אאאא)2(א

אאא)SAMPLER1 (אאא)10µs/DIV( والقناتين)2(على) 2و1V/DIV و(5V/DIVא) EXT.TRIG (قدح خارجي

Jא)CLCKT(אא)(ADDER؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

24 Jאא)Av(א)16 J12Eאא= )10kΩ( 1 Jאא 2 J)CLCKT (

? Av =

? Av= 25 Jאא50(א µs/DIV(א)1()(SAMPLER1א

)2(א)PAM(א)1(א)16 J13(

אF16 J10E

א א- א

224אאא

- 100 -

Vi = V

Jאאאאא)2(אא)16 J14(

Vo =

א F16 J12E

26 Jאא)Av( )Vi ,Vo(א

Av= ?

אF16J11E

א א- א

224אאא

- 101 -

אא

אPAMאא PAM – TDM (Reception)

אאW 1. אאאFPAM-TDM.(

2. אאאא time slots) (אאK

3K א)PAM-TDM(אאK

אW

אאאא(frame)אKאF17 J1WE

א(slot

counter)א(frame)אא(frame) Jאא–(slot counter)אאא(H1)(H2)

אאא،(H1) א(S1)אאא(H2)(H2)K

(SAMBELR1)،אא(SAMBELR2)Kאא،א

א(PLL)אאאאאK

אאW


2K אאFOscilloscopeE

א א- א

224אאא

- 102 -

אאW

J17(א J1EאאאFPAM-TDMEאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK 1 JאFPAM-TDMEא17(א J2 (

)M1-SAMPLER1( )M2-SAMPLER 2( )ADEER- COMP) (SAMPLE&HOLD 1-

FILTER 1 (א)1Eאא )1( א )2Eא )2 (

אא )2V/DIV(א)0.5ms/DIV(אאF1E

2 Jאאאאא)M2(אאK אאא2(א ( ثمא)M1(א)1(M

אא)1(א)2M(אאF2Eא؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א (PAM-TDM RECEIVER) F17 J1E

17 ( א J2(

א א- א

224אאא

- 103 -

3 JאF2EאF1MEאאאF1EאF1EאF1MEאF2EאאאאF1E

Vi = V Vo = V

4 JאאאFPAM-TDMEא AV =

5 JאF2EאאFPAM-TDMEאF1E אFSAMPLE & HOLD1EאאF50ms/DIVEאאF1E

אאאFGNDEאאאאאאאF1EאFPAMEFM1E

אFאEF(StaircaseאFSAMPLE & HOLD1EF(H1 FאאאEFאE

F(H1FאEאאאאאF17 J3EאאK

אFH1EאאF1FETime slot 1EאFM1E אאא)( S1אK

א)H2(אא)2)(Time slot 2(א)M2( אאא)( S2אK

6 JאF2E)H1(א)2V/DIV(א)20µs/DIV( א)SAMPLE&HOLD1()H1()HIGH ( ؟

F17 J3E

א א- א

224אאא

- 104 -

.................................................................................................................................................

7 Jא)H1(TH1 = µs 8 JאאF1EאאF2EאאF1E

F(S1אF5V/DIVEאאFS1EFH1EF(H1אFS1KE

9 JאFS1ETS1 = µs 10 Jאא)H1()S1(

אאא)H1()H1Eאא)(PAMאא)PAM(K

11–)CM(אאא)H1( KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

12 JאF1EאF1EאF2EאF1EF(CM אאF1EF (2.6KHZF (7.7KHZFCME

JאאF1E؟אא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אא)CLKT(אFאE )Time slot(אא)(PAM-TDMאאFE)(PEDESTALא)17 J6(א

J)CLKT(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

17( אJ4E

א א- א

224אאא

- 105 -

13 Jאאא)PAM-TDM(؟ Jא)COMP-(א)PAM-TDM(א)-0.7V(

אאالـ)PAM-TDM(אא א)LOW()HIGH(

א)PAM-TDM(אא א)PAM-TDM(אא

א)CLKT(א)17 J7(אא 14 JאFPAM-TDME)M1-SAMPLER1(

)M2-SAMPLER 2( )ADDER- COMP) (SAMPLE&HOLD 1- FILTER 1(א)1(אא)2()COMP-(אא)5V/DIV(א)10µs/DIV(

J)PAM-TDM(אFאE؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Jאא)PEDESTAL )(T( على القناة)1 (א T = ms Fpam = KHZ

15 Jאאא)2(א א)PAM-TDM(אא)-0.7V(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Jאאא2(على القناة ) السالب( المعاد اكتشافھا عند مخرج المقارن (

א T = ms Fcomp = KHZ

17(אJ5E

א א- א

224אאא

- 106 -

Jאא)PAM-TDM(א) -COMP(؟ 15 Jא)1(א)CLKT(אאא א)PAM-TDM(א)CLKT(א)-COMP(

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J17(א J6(אFאEאאא

א אאאאאא

)-COMP( )PH(אא)PLL(K J)PH( אא )CLKT(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 16 Jא)1(אFאEא)2(א)PH(אא

2(אEא)PH(א)2(אFאE )-COMP(א)PH(א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Jא)PLL (א)(PHא) (C48) (48KHZא

אא)(PH. (C48) 17 Jא)1(א (C48)א)2(א)(PHאאFאE J(C48)؟אא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 18 Jא)PLL(אאא)CLOCK(א

א(C48)א)PLL((C48))(PHא)PLL()(PH.

19 JFPAM-TDMEאאאאא Jא)PLL(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Jאאאאאא)H1()H2(א )S1()S2(אא)SLOT 0(אאא

א א- א

224אאא

- 107 -

)SYNC PULS(אאאאאK Jאאאא FPAM-TDMEאא

)-COMP(א)+COMP( 20 JאFPAM-TDMEא2-4(א ()M1-SAMPLER1( )M2-SAMPLER 2( )ADEER- COMP) (SAMPLE&HOLD 1-

FILTER 1(א)1(א)S1(אא)2()H1(אאא5(אV/DIV(א)20µS/DIV( אא )2(

فعاال؟ S1((عندما يكون )H1(ھل يحدث-...................................................................................................................................

21 Jאאאאאאאאא)CT2&CT1(אא)Frame(K )CT2&CT1()0,0(א)SLOT 0()1,0(א

)SLOT 1(א)(M1)(1,0א)SLOT 2(א)M2(א)17 J6(אא

אF17 J6E

22 Jא)1(אאא)SYN(אאא)2(א)CT2( واضبط قادح الراسم على القناة)1 (

JFCT2EFLOWEאFSYNE؟ ...................................................................................................................................

23 Jא)2(א)CT1()CT1()CT2()SYN( موجودا؟

...................................................................................................................................

F17א J7Eאאאאאאאאא

א א- א

224אאא

- 108 -

אF17 J7E 24 Jאאא) M1M2(אKא)CM(

)SYN()CM(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

25 Jא2(א()CT1()CT2( وماھو المقطع)TIME SLOT(א )CT1()CT2()CM(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 26 J)CM(FSYNE)CT1()CT2(؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 27 Jאאא)+COMP(א)PAM-TDM(אאא

)PAM-TDM(א)PEDESTAL(אאאאאא)0(אא)SYN(K

Jאא1.5(אV(+אא)PAM-TDM( وھما فقط عينات)M1M2()SYNC(

אאאאא)SLOT 0(K 28 Jא)1(אא)2(א)+COMP(אאא

א)2(אא)PAM-TDM( א)1.5V(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

29 J)M2(אאאא)1(אאאא)20µS/DIVEאא )SLOT 2Eא ألنھا ھي كوذل

אא)M1(א

א א- א

224אאא

- 109 -

30 Jאא)1.5V(؟א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

31 Jא)1(א)SYN (א)2(אאאאא)2(אאאאF2Eאאאא

)M2( ثم الحظ أن نبضة)SYN ( تحدث في نھاية المقطع)SLOT 0E.

32 Jא)2(FS1EאאF1EFH1Eא)H1( HIGH(FS1E( مرتفعا

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 33 Jאאאאא J؟אאא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 34 JאF2EאF2EאאאאF1E

אא

אאאא

א

3

א א- א

224אא

- 110 -

א Pulse Code Modulation ( PCM )

19& 18 :رقم التجربة

KאWאא : اسم التجربة

אאWאFPCMEFTDMEK

WאPCMאPM؛ א PCMא א א א

Coding K א F E אא K אFא E אQuantizing levels

אFאE؛אאאאא(Analog-to-Digital Converter "ADC")

אא(Binary Codes)KW א 16 א א

אF10 Eא א (ADC) (1010)K

Delta Modulation (DM) אא אא אאאא א

FE"go up"FE"go down"W

א א- א

224אא

- 111 -

א(Encoder)אא(High)

א(Low)KאאאK אאאVoice

א K א؛ א אPCMאאאאאאK

אאאDMאאאאאאFא Eא K،א

א א א א Bandwidth אאאKאאאCVSD(Continuously variable slope

Delta)K DMאPCM

J א אאBWא23

א K א א אאDMK

J א א אK

אאW אאKאW

א א- א

224אא

- 112 -

אאאW אאאFPCMEK אאFPCMEK

אאאאFPCMEK

אאW אאFPCMEFTDMEK אאאאאאאK

אאאFFULL DUPLEX(אFPCM(. K

א א- א

224אא

- 113 -

אא א PCM Signal (Generation & Demodulation)

אאF18E2

אאW 1. אאאאFPCM.(

2. אאא)PCM(.

3K אאא)PCM(K

אW אF18 J1Eאאאא(CODEC)אF18 J2Eאאא،אאאא(AX)

(DX)אW

אF18 J1E

אF18 J2E אאאאא

א(SX)א8KHzאא)SAMPLE&HOLD( J JאאK

א א- א

224אא

- 114 -

אא(ADC)אאאא

)8 bit()0127الى(+אאאא)0127-الى()0000 0000()1111 1111(א )0000 0000( )1111 0111(א)Quantization(א )18 J3(א

אF18 J3E JאאאאאאאFP/SEאFPCMEאF18 J4E

אF18J4E

א א- א

224אא

- 115 -

אא)COMPANDING(W אאא

אאאא)PCME אW

א JA-lawאאאאF6,4,2,0(א)(PCMאאא )-127()0111 1111(א

א1010 0010(א(. J-lawאאאאאF6,5,4,3,2,1,0Eא)(PCMאאא)-127()0111

1111(אאא)00000 000(K אאאFאאE )MSB(אא

)0(אאאאא)18 J5Eא

אאאא(DR)(AR)אאאאאא

א )18 J5(

א א- א

224אא

- 116 -

FS/ PEאF (DACאאF(SAMPLE/HOLDאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאא)TIMING AND CONTROL (אאא

אאאאאאאאא)CLK(א)1.54 MHZ()SRSX(א)8KHZ(K

אאW 1K אא ) Digital Communications Unit(

2K אאאFOscilloscopeE

3K אאFFunction GeneratorE

אאW

1 Jאאא)PCM (אא)18 J1 (1(א) ( (codec 1 א)2( )codec 2(

2 Jא)Signal Generator(אאFAXE)(codec 1 3 JאאאאF) (4Vp.p1KHZ )E 4 JאאאF2V/DIVEאF0.2 ms/DIVEאאF1E FAXEא)(codec 1אF2E)(ARא)codec 2(

5 JאאאF18 J6EאאאFAXEאאא

אאא)AR(אF2EאF2E؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א א- א

224אא

- 117 -

6 Jאאא)4KHZ()(3.5KHZ

אאא)(0.1KHZ)0.2KHZ(אאאFאא)BPF(אאאE

7 Jאאאא)AR()codec 2(؟א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

8 Jאאא)AX(א)1(א)(M1א

M1= Vp.p M1= KHZ 9 Jא)1(א)(AX)1(א)2()SX()1(

אא (2 V/DIV)א)0.2 ms/DIV(אא)1(אא)M1(א)1()SX(א)2(א)18 J3()SX(

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אF18J6(

א )18J7(

א א- א

224אא

- 118 -

10 Jא)2(א)DR(א)2(אאאא)2(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

JFאא)DX(אא)DR(א)1(א)2(אאאאאאאאאאא)DR(א)1(א)DX(א)2(

א)1(א)2(אאאאK J18(א J4(אאאK

11 Jאא10(אμs/DIV(אא

א)PCM(אא)LEVEL(אK 12 Jאא)PCM()Frame(א)8 bit(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 13 Jא)1(א)SX(א)1(אאא)50 s/DIV(א

א)2 ( אאא)(SX)1Eא)(PCMא )DR()2(

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אF18-9EאFPCMEFSXEאK

א )18J8(

א א- א

224אא

- 119 -

14 Jא )2( إلىא)SR(א)2(אא

)SX()1()SR()2(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

15 Jא )1(א)DR(א)2(אא)SR()2( א)PCM(א)(DR)2(

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 16 JאאאF(0.1 ms /DIVאאF1EאF1EFAREא

F2EאF2EF(DRאF2EK אאא)Frame( א)PCM()M1(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 17 Jאא0.2(א ms /DIV(א)2()AX()1(א

אאא)AR()2(אאאא)1(אFAXEאF18 J10Eא JאאF (AX) =…………KHZ F (AR) =……………..KHZ

)18J9(

א )18J10(

א א- א

224אא

- 120 -

אא א

P C M Signal (Time- Division Multiplexing) אאF19E 2

אאW 1. אאאFPCM( )TDM(

2K אאאאאאאא

3K אאא)FULL DUPLEX(אFPCM(




אאW 1 J אא)PCM(אא)19 J1 ( وباستخدام وصالت مزدوجة قم

M1-AX()1()(M2-AX)2()DX-DX()1()2 ((بتوصيلאאאF2 V/DIVEא)0,2 ms/DIV(א)1(

1(א(א)AX(א)2(א)2(א)AX(אאא)19 J2(אאאא

אK

א)19J1(

א א- א

224אא

- 121 -

2 JאאW

M1 = Vp.p M1 = KHZ M2 = Vp.p M2 = KHZ

3 Jא)M2 ()(M1: FM2/FM1 =

3 Jאאא)S/DIV ( 50 א)1(א)SX()1(א)2(א)SR()2(אא)19 J3 .(

Jא)SR()2(אא)SX()1(

א)2(א)PCM(אא)؟)1 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

4 Jאא0,2(א ms/DIV(א)1()AX(א)1(א)2()AR(א)2(

Jאאא)2(אא)M1(؟

א )19J2(

א )19J3(

א א- א

224אא

- 122 -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 5 Jא)1(א)SX()1(א)2(א)SR()2(א

אא2(אµS/DIV(אF19 J4(

אא)SR(אאא)2(אא)CLK (אאא)SX(אאא)1(אאאא

א)M1(؟KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6 Jא )CM(אא)19 J5 (אא

א)SR(אא)2(אאא)SX(אאא)1(؟

א)CM(אאאK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א )19J4(

א )19 J5(

א א- א

224אא

- 123 -

7 JאאF0,1 ms/DIVEא)1(א)AX()1(א)2(

)AR()2(א)CM()SR(א)19 J6(אא)CM(.

Jאאא)2(א)M1(אא)؟)1 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

8 JאאאF50 S/DIVEאא)2(א)1(א)SX(

)2(א)2(א)(SR)1(אאא)7-21(K

9 Jא)2()M2(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 10 J؟אאא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 11 JאאאF20 S/DIVEא)1()DR()2(א)2(

א)SR()1()M1-PCM()SR()1(

א )19J6(

א)19J7(

א א- א

224אא

- 124 -

12 Jאא0.2אmS/DIV)Eאא)1(א)1(א)AX()1(א)2(א)AR()2(

Jאאא)2(אאא)1(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

13 Jאאא)EX.TRIG.(א)AX()1(אאאF20 S/DIVEאعلى)EXT.()CM(אאאא

)FULL DUPLEX(

14 Jא)1(א)SX()1(א)2(א)SX()2(א)19 J7(

אאאK Jא)1()M1(א)2()M2(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 15 Jא)2(א)DR()2( والشكل)اراتيوضح اإلش )8-19.

אאאא)2( ؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

16 Jא)2(א)SR()2(א)2()PCM-M1(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J19(א J9(אK

א)19J8(

א א- א

224אא

- 125 -

17 Jא)1(א)SX()2(א)2(א)SR()1(

א)1(FPCM-M2 (؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

18 Jאא2(אms/Div(א)1(א)AX()2(א)2(א)AR()1(אא)2(אאא)1(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J19(א J10(א 19 Jאאאא)AX()1(אאא)EXT.(אאא)1S/DIV(א)1(א )SX()1(א

)2(א)CLK(אKא)19 J11(א

א)19J9(

א )19J10(

א א- א

224אא

- 126 -

20 Jאאאאאאא)19 J12(K JFSXEFCLKEאאF19 J12E؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 21 Jא)1(א)DR()2()PCM(א)1(א

אא)SX()PCM(א)19 J13(

א )19 J11(

א)19J12(

א )19J13(

א א- א

224אא

- 127 -

22 Jאא5(אS/Div(א)1(א)SX()1(א)2(א)DR()2(אאאאאאא

א)SX(א)1 ()PCM(א)2(א)19 J14(

Jא)PCM(אא)2(FM1()M2(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 23 Jא)1(א)SX()2()CM()SX(א)2(

)PCM(א)2(א)19 J15( Jאא)PCM(אא)2()M1 ()M2(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 24 Jא)1(א)SR()1()SR()1(א)PCM( )2(א؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 25 Jאאאא)1(א)SX()1(א

א)19J14(

א )19J15(

א א- א

224אא

- 128 -

)SR()2(אאא)PCM()M1(FM2E؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

26 Jאאא)PCM(א)2 (؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

27 J)CM(אאאאאא)PCM(אאאאFPCME؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 28 Jאאא)PCM(؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 29 Jאא2(אS/DIV(א)CM()PCM(

א)2(אאא)PCM(FE

T pcm = ……..….. sec

30 Jאא)20s/DIV( )SX(א)1( א)19 J16(

T sx= ……………ms

31 Jא5.208S Tpcm = وTsx = 0.125S )PCM(א)SX(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א)19J16(

אאאא

אאאא

א

א

4

א א- א

224אאא

- 128 -

WאFאאEאDigital Transmission Jא FאאEאאאאW 1 JאFאESource 2 JאCoderאאאאאADCK 3 JאChannelאאK 4 JFEאDecoderאאאאא

אאDACK 5 JאDestinationK

אאF20 JEאאFאKE

Channel

F20 JEאאא אאbitsא

אאKאאאאאFאE אNoiseKאאאא

אerror detectionFEאDecoder אאK

אאאFאEאא אModulationאאFBode rateEא

אאFbitsEאאbpsKאא אאKאאאאאאאK

א Source Coder Decoder

Destination

א א- א

224אאא

- 129 -

אא Encoding and Decoding التي تيم إرسالھا من (0 & 1)ھي تحويل اإلشارة إلى مجموعة من النبضات عملية التشفير :مقدمة

:وفي ھذه المقدمة المختصرة نأخذ بعض مكونات نظام االتصال الرقمي. خالل قناة االتصال .(0 & 1)يكون عبارة عن مجموعة متتابعة من النبضات دخل النظام الرقمي :Sourceالمصدر - 1ما تكون سعة قناة االتصال أكبر بكثير من معدل البيانات لمصادر عادة: Multiplexerالمجمع - 2

Digitalولالستفادة من ھذه السعة؛ يتم تجميع عدة مصادر من خالل مجمع رقمي. منفردةMultiplexer مستخدما طريقة اإلرسال البينيProcess of interleaving وبذلك يتم مشاركة

.من عدة رسائل متزامنةزمن القناة وتوجد . عملية إرسال اإلشارة في صورة مجموعة من النبضات: Line Coderمشفر الخط - 3

:النبضات إلى بيانات رقمية كما في شكل التالي) تحويل(عدة طرق تخصيص

J (RZ)off-On JaW אאW

1אא؛0K J Polar (RZ) JbW 1א +ve Pulse א 0؛

ve Pulse JK

J Bipolar (RZ) or Psuedoternary or Alternate Mark Inversion(AMI)

JcW1א+ve Pulse ve Pulse Jא؛א0K

J off(NRZ)-On Jd

א א- א

224אאא

- 130 -

J Polar (NRZ) Je

4 J א Regenerative RepeaterWאא אא אאא

אאאK אW20&21 :تشفير وفك شفرة الخط؛ وتحتوي على تجربتين: اسم التجربة

אאWאK

אאWאK

אאW4 אאW אאKאW

אאאW 1. אא )Non Return to Zero()NRZ.(

2. אא)Return to Zero)(RZ.(

3K א )Manchester)(MAN(K

4K אאאאK

אאW 1. אא )non return to zero) (NRZ.(

2. אא)return to zero) (RZ.(

3K א )Manchester( )MAN(K

א א- א

224אאא

- 131 -

אאWא Encoding

אאW 1. אאא )Non Return to Zero)(NRZ.(

2. אאא)Return to Zero)(RZ.(

3K אא )Manchester)(MAN(K

4K ،אאאאK

אW

אאא)NRZ(אאאbitא)01(א)20-1(W

)NRZ(אאFאE)bit time (אאא)timing information ()NRZ(

אאאK א)RZ(אאאbitF1Eאא

אא،אKאאbitF0Eאאא،20-2(א(W

א )20 -1(

א א- א

224אאא

- 132 -

)RZ()NRZ(אאאאאאאאא)20-3(K

FMANE (אאאbitF1Eאאאא،אKאאbitF0Eאא

א،אא،20-4(א(W

)MAN()NRZ(אאאאאאאאא)20- 5E

א )20-2(

א)20-3(

א )20-4(

א א- א

224אאא

- 133 -

אF20-5E א)DATA RATE()b/s(

)CLK(אאCLK(F1/T ((الـ

T = ms DATA RATE =1/ T= b/s

אBAUD RATE)(אאא)20-6(W

א)DATA RATE()BAUD RATE()NRZ(

אאK )RZ(א)BAUD RATE()DATA RATE(

א)RZ(אא)bit time(K )MANא)BAUD RATE()DATA RATE(

)MAN(אא)bit time(

אאאאא)NRZ()Bandwidth(אאאאא)MAN(אK

א )20-6(

א א- א

224אאא

- 134 -




4K אא)Multimeter(

אאW 1 JאאENCODING)( אא)20-7(א)1(א

א)CLK(א)2(אא)SYNC(אאא)SYNC(אאאK

2 Jאאא)5V/DIV(אא)0.5ms/DIV(א

אאאא20-8(א(אאא FCLKEאF1Ems =T

3 Jאאאאאאא

א )20-7(

א)20-8(

א א- א

224אאא

- 135 -

FE Jאאא)CLK(؟אאא

אא=א 4 Jא)2(א)NRZ(אאאאאאא ) (NRZא)20-9(

5 JאאאF8Eא) (NRא)2(؟ אאEF

6 Jא)2(אא)RZ(אא)ENCODING()RZ(א)20-10EK

7 JאאאF8Eא)RZ(אF2E؟

אאFE J)RZ(אאא

אאאא 8 Jא)DATA RATE()b/s( )CLK(אאא)CLK()1/T (

T = ms DATA RATE =1/ T= b/s

א )20-9(

א)20-10(

א א- א

224אאא

- 136 -

9 Jא)2(אא)MAN(אאFENCODINGE)MAN(א)20-11(

10 JאאאF8Eא)MAN(

אF2E؟ אאEF

J)MAN(אאאאאאאאא

אא 11 Jא)BAUD RATE(אא2( א(

BAUD RATE = baud Jאאאא)(polarא)unipolar(

אא)20-12(

12 Jאא)1 3و 2و(אאאאא

א)20-11(

א )20-12(

א א- א

224אאא

- 137 -

13 Jאא) (Modulatorאא)20-13Eא)NRZ(אא)FSK(א)1()NRZ(אאא)2(אא)polar(אא)(FSK

14 Jא)1()NRZ( א)unipolar(א)2(

)NRZ()polar(א)20-14(א

Jאא)1(א)+5V(אאאא

)2()+5V( )-5V(אK 15 Jאא)1()0(א

( Unipolar signal ) V(0)= V V(1)= V

polar signal ) V(0)= V V(1)= V (

16 Jא)2(אא)1(א)polar(אF1Eאא)10110100(א)polar(

17 Jאאא)( Voltmeter)DC(א)NRZ(א NRZ = mv dc

18 J)CM(א)01000100(אאא)DC(א)NRZ(א

NRZ = mv dc

א)20-13(

א)20-14(

א א- א

224אאא

- 138 -

19 Jאאאאא)MAN(אאאא)( polarאאא)1(אאא)10110100(

)MAN()polar( 20 Jאאא)DC(א)MAN(א

MAN = mv dc

21 J)CM(א)10001000 (אאא)DC( א)MAN(אMAN = mv dc

Jאא)NRZ ()MAN(אא אא20-15(א(אא) (NRZ)DC(

)MAN(א)MAN()DC( אאK

אא NRZא 1011010042mvdc56m.vdc 0100010042mvdc-2.43mvdc

)20-15(

א א- א

224אאא

- 139 -

אא א Decoding

אאW 1. אאא )non return to zero) (NRZ.(

2. אאא)return to zero) (RZ.(

3K אא )Manchester( )MAN(K

אאW 1K אא ) Digital Communications Unit(K

2K אאאFOscilloscopeKE

3K אאFfunction generatorKE

4K אא)Multimeter(.

אאW Jאאאא)NRZ()RZ()MAN(

א)NRZ(אK Jאא)RZ()NRZ( א)21-1(אא

אאK

1 Jאא)ENCODING(א)1(אא)CLK(אF2E )SYNC(אאא)SYNC(אאאא

א)EXT.( א)21-2(אאאK

א)21-1(

א א- א

224אאא

- 140 -

2 Jאא5(אV/DIV(א)0.5ms/DIV(אאא

א)21-3(אאK

3 Jאאא)RZ(א)D(א)2(

א)RZ(א)RZ( 4 Jא)2(אא)1(א)NRZ(אאא

21-4(א(אאK

Jאאאאאאא אא)NRZ) (CLK(K

א)21-2(

א)21-3(

א)21-4(

א א- א

224אאא

- 141 -

5 Jאאא)1(אאא)2 ( 6 JאF1EאFRZEFNRZEאאא

אF21 J5EאאFRZEאFNRZEאא

Jאא)MAN()NRZ(

אאא21-6(א(א 7 JאאF12EאאאאK 8 Jאאא)MAN(א)XOR(א)2(

א)MAN (א)MAN (. 9 Jא)1(א)XOR) (MAN(אF2Eאא)XOR(

אאFMANEאאFNRZEאאF21-7EW

א)21-5(

א)21-6(

א)21-7(

א א- א

224אאא

- 142 -

10 JאF1EאאאFNRZE Jאאאאאאאא

אא)NRZ) (CLK.( 11 JאאאF1EאאאF2E؟ 12 Jאאא؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Jאאאאא)PLL) (Phase Locked Loop(

FאאאEא)CLK()MAN.( 21-8(א(אא)PLL(

13 JאאF12Eאאאא 14 J)MAN(אאאאאא )MAN ()MAN SYNC DECODER(א)LOCK(א

א)CW( אF2Eא)RELK(אאFDECODER(

15 JאאאFLOCKEאאFRCLKEאF2EFCLKEאF1EאאאאFMANE אאKאF21 J8EאאW

א)21-8(

א א- א

224אאא

- 143 -

Jאא)RCLK()MAN (אא)CLK(

אאאאאW א)EDGE DET.(אא)AND(אא )PLL(א

) -SHIFT( 16 JאF1Eא)MAN(אF2Eא)EDGE DET.(

)MAN(אF1EאאF2E)AND()XOR(אאאא)21-10(

)AND(אא)RC(אאא)XOR(אאאK

17 Jאאאאא

אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 18 JאF2EאF - SHIFTEאF1Eא

א )21-9(

א)21-10(

א א- א

224אאא

- 144 -

JFANDEאאF1Eא ) - SHIFT(א)2(

19 Jא)2()AND OUT(א)AND( Jאא)AND(אא )1 ( 20 Jא)AND (אא)PLL(אא

אK 21 Jאא)PLL(א)21-11(Wא)phase detector(

)L.P.F()V.C.O(אא 22 Jא)PLL(אא)VCO(אאאא

)REF()VCO(אא)LOCK(א J)VCO()REF(א)phase detector(

)REF()VCO OUT(א)PLL( 23 Jא)PLL()REF(אא

)REF()VCO OUT(؟א 1E2Eא

24 Jא)REF()VCO OUT(אאאאאאא)LPF(אא)VCO(א

אא)VCO()REF()VCO OUT.( 25 Jאא)PLL()VCO OUT(א

אא)VCO(؟KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 26 JאF2E)VCO OUT(אF1E)AND OUT(אא

)21-11(

א א- א

224אאא

- 145 -

JאאאF2EאאאF1E؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

27 JאF2E)RCLK(אאאאF2EאאאF1E؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 28 Jא)AND OUT(אאאא

אא)PLL()RCLK(אאK 29 JאF1Eא ) - SHIFT ( 30 Jא)SHIFT(אא)RCLK(؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 31 JאF1E)NRZ(אאאF2E)NRZ-OUT(א

אאא)MAN( Jאאאאא)RCLK()MAN(אא

א)D()NRZ( 32 J)NRZ(؟אאאאא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאא

אאאאאא

אא

5

א א- א

224אאא

- 146 -

WאאאDigital Carrier Systems א א א אFא א EBaseband signal א

א،אאאאאא Kאא א

Baseband signal אFאEאRadio linksאאSatellites א א א א א ؛

Kא،אSignal SpectrumאאאKאאאאאא

אFאEFrequency Division Multiplexing "FDM"K אאאאאאW

FdE

1 J אאאFאEAmplitude-Shift Keying "ASK"אאon-offאאאאא

JbK

א א- א

224אאא

- 147 -

2 J אאאFrequency-Shift Keying "FSK"אאאא JdK

3 J א א אא Phase-Shift Keying "PSK" א אאp(t)א؛W

1 p(t) cos ωct 0 -p(t) cos ωct = p(t) cos (ωct + π)

JcK

אאF S K)( y Shift KeyingFrequenc

23& 22 :رقم التجربة :تعديل وكشف تعديل إزاحة التردد؛ وتحتوي علي ثالث تجارب: التجربةاسم

1K אאF22EWאאK

2K אאF23WEאאFאאEK

אאW4 אאWאאאKאW

אאאW 1. אFF S KEאאא.

2. אאאא)Analog Multiplexer( كمعدل)FSK.(

3K אא)FSK(K

אאW 1. א)NRZ()F S K(אאK

2. אאאאא)PLL(אאאא)FSK(.

3K אא)PLL(.

א א- א

224אאא

- 148 -

אא אאאF S K Signal Generation

אא 1. אאFF S KEאאאK

2. אאאאא)Analog Multiplexer( كمعدل)FSK.(

3K אאא)FSK(K

אW J22-1(א(אאאא)FSK(א

אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאK

אאאא)22-2()FSK(אאאאא)HIGH(Kא

א)LOW(אאא)NRZ(K

א )22-1(

א )22-2(

א א- א

224אאא

- 149 -

אא 1K אא ) Digital Communications Unit(

2K אאא )Oscilloscope(

3. אא) Function Generator(

אא 1 Jאא)ENCODING( אא)22-3(אא

א)EXT.(א)SYNC(א )1(א)NRZ(אאK

2 Jאא)BAUD RATE()NRZ(א

BAUD RATE = baud

3 JאאFMODULATORSEאאF22-4E

FFSKEFNRZEאF2EאFFSKE

4 JאFBAUD RATEEFFSKEאF2E

א)22-3(

א)22-4(

א א- א

224אאא

- 150 -

BAUD RATE = baudFFSKE 5 Jאא)BAUD RATE( ؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6 J )FSK( א)NRZ(

Vp.p = V (high) 7 J )FSK( א)NRZ(

Vp.p = V (low) JאFSK)(א؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 8 Jאאאאא ) (CARRIER)FSK( א

אאאא)FSK( אאאא؟

1 (°0 2 (°90 3 (°180 4 (°270

9 Jא )FSK(؟אא

1 (°0 2 (°90 3 (°180 4 (°270 10 J )FSK(؟אאא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 11 Jא)FSK()NRZ(؟

F = KHZ (high) 12 Jא)FSK()NRZ(

F = KHZ (low)

13 Jאאא)FSK (؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

14 Jא)2(אא)POLAR(אא)FSK(K 15 Jאא)POLAR()NRZ(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 16 Jא)1(אאא)POLAR INV(אא)FSK. ( 17 J؟אאא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א א- א

224אאא

- 151 -

18 Jא)1(אא)FSK(K 19 Jא)FSK(אא)POLAR(

F = KHZ (high) 20 JאF2EאאHIGH TONE)E 21 JאאHIGH TONE)E؟

F = KHZ (high tone) 22 Jא)2(אא)LOW TONE( 23 Jאא)LOW TONE(؟

F = KHZ (low tone) 24 Jא)FSK(؟אא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 25 Jא)1(אHIGH TONE)(א)2(א)LOW TONE(

א )CM(אK 26 Jאא)CM(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 27 Jא)2(א)FSK()CM(אK 28 Jאאא)FSK()CM(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 29 Jאאא)FSK(א)FSK(א

א)22-5 (אאK 30 Jאא)FSK(؟אא

1(600 HZ 2(600/1200 HZ 3(1200/2000 HZ 4(2025/2225 HZ

)22–5(

א א- א

224אאא

- 152 -

31 Jא)1(אא)CM(אאאא)FSK(K

32 Jא)CM(א)FSK(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

33 Jא2400(א HZ FSK(؟אא

1 (°0 2 (°45 3 (°90 4 (°180

Jא)Discontinuities( אאא)FSK(א

אא)Discontinuities( JאאF°180Eא)FSK(אK 34 Jאאא)FSK()2400HZ(אאא

FHIGHEאאFLOWE 1 (°0 2 (°45 3 (°90 4 (°180

35 JאF2EHIGH TONE)EFCMEK 36 J)CM(א)Discontinuities(؟


א א- א

224אאא

- 153 -

אא אאFאאE

F S K Synchronous Detection אא

1. א)NRZ()F S K(אא.

2. אאאאאא)PLL(אאאא)FSK(.

3K אאא)PLL(.




אא

1 Jאא)ENCODER ( אא )23-1Eאאא)EXT.(معא)SYNC(אאאאא)EXT.(א

)1(א)NRZ(אא

2 Jאא)MODULATORS(א)NRZ(אא)FSK(אא)FSK(אא)CHANNEL(

א)23-1(

א א- א

224אאא

- 154 -

23-2(א(אאא

3 Jא)(NOISEא)CCW( 4 Jא)2(אאא)CHANNEL(אאא )FSK ()NRZ(אK

5 JאאאאאאFNRZE؟ )E

6 Jא)CHANNEL(אאאFSYNC DETECTOREא)CHANNEL(אא)PLL(א )REF INKE

7 Jאאאאא)PLL( א)1(אא)VCO(

א )2Eאא)PLL( )REF INEא)23-3(אאא

א)23-2(

א)23-3(

א א- א

224אאא

- 155 -

8 Jא)VCO()FSK(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

9 J)A/F(א)PLL(א)CIN(Kא)VCO(א)(Dאא)PLL( 10 Jא)2()VCO(א)VCIN(א)1(אא)CHANNEL(

א)PC(אא)LPF(K Jא)PC(א)VCO)(VCIN( 11 Jא)PC()HIGH(؟ 1Eא2Eא3Eאא

12 JאאאאאאK 13 J)VCD ()FSK (אא)1( 14 J)VCIN()FSK(אאא

)VCD(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

15 Jא)1()VCD(א)2()VCIN(K J)CM()VCIN( )LPF(אאא

אא)VCO( 16 Jא)VCO()VCD(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 17 Jא)2(א)VCO(K 18 Jא)VCO()VCD(؟אאא

F VCO out = HZ

Jא)PLL(אאللـ)VCO( א )VCIN(אא)FSK()VCD(

19 Jא)2()FSK(K 20 Jא)VCD( )FSK (2400 HZ

FSK high) ( F VCD out = HZ

21 J Jא)VCD()FSK (200 HZ 1

א א- א

224אאא

- 156 -

FSK low) ( F VCD out = HZ

22 Jא)VCD()FSK(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

23 Jא)1 (א)VCO( א)VCIN.( 24 Jא)VCO()FSK(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 25 Jאא)PLL(א)LPF( 26 Jא)2(א)LPF(אא)2 ()500 mv/ DIV( Jאא)PLL(א)LPF(א)VCO(א

א)VCO()NRZ( 27 Jאא)(BINARYא)FSK(؟אאא

FE 28 Jא)1()NRZ(אK 29 J)NRZ(؟אא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 30 Jא)5 V(א

FאאאאאאE 31 Jא)2(אא)(VOLT COMP. 32 Jאא)NEGATIVE SUPPLY(

)NRZ(אK 33 Jאא)NRZ(؟אא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 34 Jא)1(אא)CHANNEL(א)2(אא)LPF.( 35 Jא1(א(F2V/DIVEא)2()500mv/DIV(א)1mse/DIV(K Jאאאאא23-4(א(

א א- א

224אאא

- 157 -

36 Jא)(DCאאא) (LOWא)LPF(א)2(؟

DC = mV 37 Jא)(DCאאא) (HIGHא)LPF(א)2E؟

DC = mV J)CM()BANDWIDTH( القناة)(CHANNEL א

אאא)FSK(אK 38 J)FSK( א)NRZ(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 39 Jא)CM( )Discontinuities(א)FSK(K 40 Jאאאא)LPF(؟


א)23-4(

אאאא

אאאא

אא

6

א א- א

224אאא

158

אאPhase Shift Keying (PSK) אW24&25

אא :אא؛W אאF24EWאאK

אאF25EWאאFאאEK אאW4–

אאWאאאW אאאW

)PSK(.

אאW )PSK(אא.

אא

אא P S K Signal Generation

אאWא)PSK(. אא




אא 1 JאאאאF24-1EאF1Eא

אאF(SYNCK

א א- א

224אאא

159

2 Jאאאאא)(SYNC

אK 3 J)1(אא)(SYNCאאאא

)(SYNCאאאא)EXT. ( 4 Jאא)MODULATORS (א)NRZ(אא )PSK/ASK( אא)24-2 (

5 Jאא)PSK/ASK()PSK( 6 Jא )PSK/ASK(א)OFFSET()CCW(

)BAL(אK 7 Jא)1(א)NRZ(אאא)2(א)P(

)ASK/PSK( 8 J)NRZ(א)1()PSK(א)2(

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

9 Jאאא)2(אאאBALANCED) (MODULATOREHFאF JE

א )24-1(

א)24-2(

א א- א

224אאא

160

JאאאF0°E)NRZ(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

10 Jא)2()ASK/PSK(K 11 Jאאא)BAL()CCW(

)CW(אא)PSK()BAL(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 12 J)BAL(אאאאאא

אK 13 JאאאFNRZEא)ASK/PSK(א

א)RZ( אאא)ASK/PSK(

1(א(אאאFBALANCED MODULATORE 14 Jאאאאאא)24-3( 15 Jאא)RZ()MAN(אא

אאאאאא)24-4E

א)24-3(

א א- א

224אאא

161

16 Jאא)50µs/DIV(אאאא

24-5(א (

)PSK( )°180(אא)LOW(

Jאא)PSK(אאאא 1 ( °0 2 (°90 3 (°180

F24-5E 17 Jא)CM(אאא

)PSK(א

א )24-4(

א

א א- א

224אאא

162

אא אאFאאE

P S K Synchronous Detection

אא 1 J )PSK(אא.




אא

1 Jאאא25-1(אEא )NRZ()PSK(

2 -)PSK(אא)CHANNEL(אאאא)SYNC

DETECTOR(אKאאאא)SYNC(אאא)1(א)NRZ (אא

2(א(אאא)MODULATORS( 25-2(אEאאא

א)25-1(

א א- א

224אאא

163

2 Jאאאא)NRZ( 3 Jא)2(؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 4 Jא)1(אא)2(אא)CHANNEL(א)NOISE ()CCW(

אא 5 Jאאא)BAL(אאא)PSK(א)25-3(

א)25-2(

א)25-3(

א א- א

224אאא

164

6 J)NRZ()PSK(אא؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

7 Jא)1 (אאאא)DOUBLER(א)RECT( 8 Jאא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

9 Jאאא)PSK(؟ 1Eא2Eא3Eא

אאאאאא)25-4(אא

10 Jא)1(א)2(א)DOUBLER(

אאא)DOUBLER(؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 11 Jא)2()VCO(א)PLL( Jא)VCOله نفس؟

א)25-4(

א א- א

224אאא

165

1Eא2Eא 12 J2(א()VCD(K 13 Jא)VCD(אאא J)VCD()VCO(א)2(א

אאאאא )25-5( . Jאא)VCD(؟א

1(°0 2(°90 3(°180

14 Jא)2() °90(אאK Jאאא )°90(؟ 1 Jאא)PSK( 2 Jאא)PSK( 3 Jא

15 Jא)2(אאאא

)MIXER.( Jאאאאאא)MIXER( 1Eא2E PSK3EVCD

16 Jא)2()50mv/DIV(אאא)2(א) (1אאאK

Jאאא)PHASE SHIFTER(؟

א )25-5(

א א- א

224אאא

166

1E) polar (2E )unipolar ( 17 JאF1EFPSKEאFMIXERE

F25-6Eאאאא Jאאאאאא

K אא)PSK(

אאאאK )PSK(אאFא

אEא )PSK(אאFאאE

אK 18 Jאאאא)PSK(א

25-7(א(PHASE SHIFTER)( 1 ( A 2 ( B3 ( C4 (D

א)25-6(

א )25-7(

א א- א

224אאא

167

19 Jא)2(אאאא)BAL(אאא)25-8(

Jאאאאאאא

אא)PSK(؟ 1E )PSK(2E)PSK(א 3E)PSK(

21 Jא)1(א)LPF(א)0.5(إلى )1V/DIVE Jאא)1()LPF( 1Eא2Eא

22 Jא)2(אאא)CCW(K

23 Jאאא)CW(2(א(א)25-9E

א)25-8(

א )25-9(

א א- א

224אאא

168

Jא؟ 1E2E )LPF(3Eא

24 Jא)1()NRZ(אאאאאא25-10(א(

אאאאא 1E)NRZ(2E)PSK(3E

24 Jאאאא)CHANNEL(א

אאאאאא)2(אאאאא)ASYNC DETECTOR(

25 Jאאא)CCW()CW(؟אאא

1E)PSK(אאאא 2E)PSK(אאאאאא

א)25-10(

א א- א

224אאא

169

אאאא

אאאאאא אא

א

2

א א- אא א

224א

- 169 -

אא Optical Fibers W

אאאאאאאאאאFאא1EKאאאF

אμmEKאאאאאאאאאW

ƒ = c / λ (1)

cאאאאאF c = 3 × 108 m/sEK

אאFcnEאFnEאאאW

cn = c / n (2)

אא Electromagnetic Spectrum

אF1EאאאאאאאאאאאFא1014 HzKE

dc AF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF

30 300 3k 30k 300k 3M 30M 300M 3G Visible Light Micro - Millimeter Infrared Ultraviolet waves Waves Freq.[ Hz]

3G 30G 300G 3T 30T 300T

אF1Eאאאא

אאאאאאאאאW λ = 850 nm

λ = 1310 nm λ = 1550 nm

א א- אא א

224א

- 170 -

אאאאאF 650 nmEK אאאא1012 Hz 1016 HzF2אEW

JאאFVisible LightEF370 nm770 nmE JאאאFInfraredE770 nmK JאאFUltravioletE.370 nm

אF2Eאא

אאF1EאאאאאאאK

F1Eאאא

א א- אא א

224א

- 171 -

א

אא [nm]

א [ Hz]

א 400 7.5 × 1014

455 6.59 × 1014

490 6.12 × 1014

550 5.45 × 1014

580 5.17 × 1014

620 4.83 × 1014

750 4 × 1014

אא 800 3.75 × 1014

J1WאאאאאאאW

א [ Hz]

אא [meter]

300 106

3000 105

3 × 106 100

3 × 108 1

3 × 109 0.1

3 × 1010 0.01

אאאAdvantages of Optical Fibers

1 Jאא Large Transmission Capacity אאא

אאאאFא Hz1014Eאאאא0

א א- אא א

224א

- 172 -

אאאאאאאא0

2 Jאא Low Loss

אאאאאאא0.2 dB/km אאλ = 1550 nmאאא0אאאא

אאאאFRepeatersEF100 kmEאאK 3 Jאאאא Immunity to interference

אאאFאאEאאאאFCrosstalkEאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאK

4 Jאא Small Size and Weight

אאאFא125 μmE0אאאאאאא

אא0אאאאאאאאאאאאאא0א

5 Jאא Greater Security

אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאא0אאאאאאאאא

FאאאאEKאאאאאאאאאאאאK

6 Jאא Flexibility

א א- אא א

224א

- 173 -

אאאאאאאWאאאאK

7 Jא Greater Safety אאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאא

אK 8 Jאא Longer Life Span

אאא20 30אאא1215אאאאאא

אK 9 Jאאאאאאא High Tolerance to Temperature Extremes and Liquids

אאאאFאאEאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאK 10 Jאא Ease of Expansion System Capability

אאאאאאאFאאאאאאאאא

אאWDM EאאאK 11 Jא High Quality Transmission

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK

א א- אא א

224א

- 174 -

אאאאאFSignal to Noise

RatioEFS/NEאאFBit Error RateEFBEREאאK

אאאאאW BER = 10 -6אאאאא BER ≤ 10 -9אאאאK

12 Jאאאאא Use of Common Natural Resources

אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאK

13 Jאא Low Installation and Operation Cost

אאאאW

אאא

א

א

אאאאא

אאOptical Fiber Disadvantages אאאW

1K אאאאK 2K אאאK

א א- אא א

224א

- 175 -

3K אאאK 4K אאאאאK 5K אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK

אא Fiber Optic Applications

אאאא30אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אאאאW 1 Jאא Long Distance TelecommunicationsK

2 Jאא Local Telephone Networks K

3 Jאאא Cable TelevisionK 4 JאאInternet and data communications K 5 Jאא Military CommunicationsK 6 Jאא Optical SensorsK

אאא Entrance to butcher fibers optical

א א- אא א

224א

- 176 -

אW26 אWאאאאאK

אאW J אאאאאK

J אאאאK

J אאאK

ســاعـتـان 2 :الوقت المتوقع للتدريب אאW

J אFiber classK

J K

J K

J אאא Jacket stripperK

J אאאCleaver K

J אאאאK

אאW J אW

אFm10 Jm125E

אאאא،אאאF26 J1KE

א א- אא א

224א

- 177 -

אF26 J1E

J W

א،אאאF26 J2KE

אF26 J2E

J W

،אאא،אאאאאאF26 J3KE

F26 J3E

J אאא FJacket stripperEW

א א- אא א

224א

- 178 -

FE،אFEאאאאא،א

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאF26 J4KE

אF26 J4E

J אאאCleaver W

אאאא،אא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאK

J אאאאW

א א- אא א

224א

- 179 -

،אאאאאאאא

א،אאאאאאK

G אאW

1 J אאK

2 J אאאאאF26 J5KE

3 J אא

אאאאאאF26 J5KE

4 J אאאאF AUTO , MM , SM KE

5 J אאא،אK

6 J אאאאSleeve lengthאKאאF26 J5E

א א- אא א

224א

- 180 -

אF26 J5E

אW

אאאאאאאאאאאW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א א- אא א

224א

- 181 -

אאאאאאאא Preparation the Cleaver and FSM

אW27 אאWאאאאK

אאW

J אאאאאK

J אאאאאK

J אאאK

ســاعـتـان :الوقت المتوقع للتدريب

אאאאW J אאאCleaver K

J K

J K

J אאאאFSMK

אאאאW אאאאאאאא

אאW

1 J V-groovesאא،אאאF27 J1KEאא،אא

אאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאW

J אאK

א א- אא א

224א

- 182 -

J אF27 J1E

J אV-groovesא،אK

J אV-groovesאאאא

אאאאV-groovesאאא،אK

2 J אאFfiber clamp chipsEאא،F27 J2EאאאW

J אאK

אF27 J2E

J אאFfiber clamp chipsE،אאK

א א- אא א

224א

- 183 -

3 J א،אאF27 J3E،אאאאא

אאW

J אאK

אF27 J3E

J אאאאאאאאאK

J אאאאK

4 J אאאObjective lensא،F27 J4Eא،אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאא

אW

J אאאK

א א- אא א

224א

- 184 -

אF27 J4E

J אאא

א،K

5 J אאאCleaverFאEא،F27 J5Eא

،אאאאאאאK

אF27 J5E

א א- אא א

224א

- 185 -

6 J א Arc Calibrationא،F27 J6Eאאאא

אאאאא،אK

אF27 J6E

אW J אאאW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK



KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א א-אא א

224א

- 186 -

אאאCreate fiber optic splicing אW28 אאWאאא

אאW J אאאאאאאאK

J אאאאK


אאאאW

J Fiber Optic ،אF28 J1EK

J ،אF28 J1EK

J ،אF28 J1EK

J אאאJacket stripper،אF28 J1KE

J אאאCleaver ،אF28 J1EK

אF28 J1E אאאW

א א-אא א

224א

- 187 -

W Jאא1mאאאאאא ، א א א א א

F28 J2Eאאא،אאאאאאאאK

אF28 J2E

1 J אאאאאאKאF28 J3Eאא،

אאאאאK

אF28 J3E

2 J א Protection sleeve א ،א א א،אאאF28 J4KE

א א-אא א

224א

- 188 -

אF28 J4E

3 J אאאאאא،F28 J5Eאא א א Jacket stripper

אאאאאF28 J5E،אאאK

אF28 J5E

אF28 J5E

א א-אא א

224א

- 189 -

4 J אאאאאאאאאא א ،א

F12cm-15cmEאK

5 J א א א א Fאא א Eאא ،אאאאאאF28 J6KE

)6- 28(الشكل

6 J אאאF30mm- 40mmEאאK

7 J אאאאאאאא א א Jacket stripper א

אאK

8 J א א א א אCleaverF E א אאאאאאאW

J אאאFUnlockEאאאאK

J אאאא،אF28 J7KE

א א-אא א

224א

- 190 -

אF28 J7E

J אאאאאאK

J א א א א א FCleaverE א ،F28 J8 Eא Fא Eאא ،אא א

אK

J אאא،F28 J8EאאאK

אF28 J8E

J אאאאאK

J אאK

J אאאאאאK

א א-אא א

224א

- 191 -

9 J א א א א א אאאאK

W

J אאאאK

J אאאאאאK

J אאאא אאאאאK

אW

א אא אאאאאא

____2

____2

____2אאאאא

____2

____2

____2אא

____2

____2

____2אאאאא

____2

____2

____2אאאא

____2

____2

____2אאאא

____10

____10

____10א

____10

א

א א-אא א

224א

- 192 -

אאW

J אאאאאW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK






KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א א-אא א

224א

- 193 -

אא Splicing of Fiber Optic אW29 אאWאאאאK

אאW J אאאאאK

J אאFSMאK

J אאאK

אא:

אאאאW J אאFSMK

J K

J אאאK

W אאFSMא

אא ، א א א אא א א א אא ، א א

אאאאאאא א ، א אא א

אאאאאSplicing procedureW J א

FChip E FLip E

א א-אא א

224א

- 194 -

FInclineE،F29 J1EאאאאK

אF29 J1EאאK

J אאאאאא אFElectrode E

א אArcאאאאא،F29 J2KE

אF29 J2EאאArcK

J א א ، א F29 J3 Eא א אאאFLEDE

אאאא،אFFatEאFThinEFBubbleEFLarge Dust BurnKE

א א-אא א

224א

- 195 -

אF29 J3Eא

J אאאאאאאK

א א א F29 J1EאאאK

א א א

אאאV-groove א

אV-grooveא

א

אאא

Clad axial offset

א אאא אא

Combustion

אArc

אאאא

Arcא אאא א

א א-אא א

224א

- 196 -

F29–1E

אאאאאא

אאאא

Bubbles

א א א

Separation

אאאאאא

אאאא

א א א

Fat

אArc Arc

Thin

אא Arc

א

אא Arc

א

Line

א א-אא א

224א

- 197 -

אאאW 1 J אאK

2 J א א א ،א V-grooves א א ،א א

FElectrodeEאK

3 J א ،א א א א אFSheath clampEא،אאאF29 J

4EאאאאאאK

אF29 J4EאK

4 J אאאאאא،F29 J5E،אאא

אאאאK

א א-אא א

224א

- 198 -

אF29 J5Eאאא

5 J א א א א א א אא،

אאאאאא،אאK

6 J א FSMא א א אאאא،אK

7 J אאFSM،אא SETאאK

א א אאאאK

א א-אא א

224א

- 199 -

אFSMK

W

J אאאאK

J אאאאאאK

J אאאא אאאאאK

א א-אא א

224א

- 200 -

אאאאאW

אא F1Eא

א

F2EאFSM

F3EאV-groove

F4Eא

____ 2

____ 2

____2

____2

אא F1Eא

א

F2EאFSM

F3EאV-groove

F4Eא

____ 2

____ 2

____2

____2

אא F1Eא

א

F2EאFSM

F3EאV-groove

F4Eא

____ 2

____ 2

____2

____2

א א

א א-אא א

224א

- 201 -

אאאFSM

א א-אא א

224א

- 202 -

אאW

אאאאאK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK







KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 203 -

אאאאאאOOTTDDRR

TTeesstt ddeeffeecctt ffiibbeerr ooppttiiccaall bbyy OOTTDDRR (( OOTTDDRR:: OOppttiiccaall TTiimmee DDoommaaiinn RReefflleeccttoommeetteerr ))

אW30

אאWאאאOTDR

אאW J אאאאאאK

J אאאאOTDRK

J אאOTDRאK


אאאW J אאOTDRK

J K

J K

אW

א א ، א אW

J אאאאאאא א א،א א א

אאאK

J אאאאACאאאK

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 204 -

J אאאאאאK

J אאאאאאF30 J1KE

W،אאאאאאא א אא א

אאאאKאאאאK

אW J אאאאאאK

אF30 J1EאF30 J1WE

אF30 J1WEאOTDR M 100

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 205 -

אאאnmF850-1300EOTDRאאאא

א

MM

1

אאאnmF1310-1550EOTDRאאאא

אSM2

אא 650 nmFEאא

VFL 3

אאאאאא

4

ONACא

OFF

א5

אF30 J1E J אאא

F30 J2EאF30 J2WE

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 206 -

אF30 J2WEאא

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 207 -

אאאא

1

אא א[Test] key

2

אאא אSet key

3

אאא א

4

אא א

5

אאVFLFE VFL

6

،א،אאאאא،אא

א7

אACאא אPower port

8

אzxא א[Menu] key

9

אא א[Zoom] key

10

א [a][b]א א[Select] key

11

OTDRאאא Display

12

אא א [Reset] button

13

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 208 -

אF30 J2Eא אF30 J3Eאאא

אK

אF30 J3Eא

אאאF33 J4EאאK

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 209 -

אF30 J4E

אאאW 1 J אאאאאאK 2 J אאאאאא

F30 J3KE

3 J א א א אאF30 J1KE

4 J א א ، א א א א1.5א kmאא

2.5 kmאא،F30 J3EאאאאאW

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 210 -

אM100

Resolution

א Distance Range

(km)

אאWavelength

(nm) 1.250.3,0.6,1.2,2.5,5.0,10,20MM 8501.250.3,0.6,1.2,2.5,5.0,10,20MM 13002.5401.250.3,0.6,1.2,2.5,5.0,10,20SM 1310

SM 1550 2.5405.08010.0160

אF30 J3E

5 J אאאאאאF30 J4KE

א Pulse Width (s)

אא Wavelength (nm)

0.03 , 0.1 , 0.3 , 1 MM 8500.03 , 0.1 , 0.3 , 1 MM 13000.03 , 0.1 , 0.3 , 1 , 3 SM 13100.03 , 0.1 , 0.3 , 1 , 3 , 10 SM 1550

אF30 J4E 6 J אאאאF

F30אאEא J5WE

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 211 -

אFE Test Time (approximately)

א

Test Mode

א Average Setting

א0 7 seconds

1 8 seconds2 9 seconds4 11 seconds8 16 seconds16 26 seconds32 47 seconds64 1.5 minute128 3minutes255

אF30 J6E

W אאאאK

7 J א FFilter Eא א א א אא אאאאאK

8 J אאאאאא،אאKאאF30 J7KE

א

Index of Refraction

אא Wavelength

(nm) 1.4960MM 850

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 212 -

1.4870MM 13001.4675SM 13101.4681SM 1550

אF30 J7E 9 J א א FBackscatterE אא،

א א א ، א א א ، אאאF30 J8KE

אא

Backscatter Coefficientאא Wavelength

-68.00 dB850 nm-76.00 dB1300 nm-80.00 dB1310 nm-83.00 dB1550 nm

אF30 J8E

10 J א א،א א א א אK

11 J אאאאאאאאK

12 J א א FTest key E ،א אאאאK

13 J אאFTest keyEאאא،א א א א ، א

אאאאא،אK

אW J אאאאWdB

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 213 -

Km

J אא א،K

سبب الفقد) 3( مقدار الفقد) 2(

[dB/km]

نقطة الفقد )1( )المسافة(

[km]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

אאW

אאאאאאK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א א-אאאOTDR א

224א

- 214 -





KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

א אF224אEאא א

אFE

אא

Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` . Schaum’s outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993). Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New York (1985). Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw Hill 3 rd edition (2000). Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc (1996). Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990). Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr. Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``. Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to communication`` King Saoud university (1988).

K،אאא،אא1995،א،

אאא،אK

Bob Chomycz,: Fiber Optic Installer’s Field Manual, McGraw-Hill, 2000 ARC fusion splic (FSM – 17S)

AFL Telecommunication [(M100) Optical Time Domain Reflectometer]

א F224אEא א

אFE

א K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 2 אCOM3LAB K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 8

אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K13 אאWאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K19

אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K19 א K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K24

אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K28 אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

AM (DSBSC) K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K35 AM (DSBFC) K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K42

AM (SSB) K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K49 אFdemodulationAM DSBfcE K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K56

אאאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K FM K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K62

FM K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K67 אאאWאFdemodulationFME K K K K K K K K K K K K K K73

Wאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אאWFאEא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J77 J

FאEא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J80 J FאEא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K86

אאWאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K F(PAMאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K92

אPAMאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K96 אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

א K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 112

א F224אEא א

אFE

א K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 119 א K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 131

א K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 139 אאWאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 148 אאFאאE K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 153

אאWאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 158

אאFאאE . 162

אא אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK176 אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK181

אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK186 אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK193

אאOTDRKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK203 אא

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