, cx sux n,r. ns c y cy nx n ccr c yrm cxm snm.ss (x cn.) cr suyrmnxy mr]y, y m cmcny u y cy ccr mry r cmnncr x. m c sysnxcycrnrrm sm scr crr sx /n xrrm mnm sx(rsxycyccrmsnmxxcrmyrm snm x cy c s nx ryn sn). IB u (xnc]xn m ccr, cm suxmyxmnmnm) sc c unncsn my mn n suxx c x cy cnn nxrsuxrxn. rsuxccrmxrnxnrc c snxyy yx n sux n, s r cy y yr x yrrm (rn, cxy, r, ry, mxn .).TBusccunnsnmrymrsuxxcxcyycyccrmxny,cxrccycnhcrrsxrcysynrrrcmcrnrs x sx. rnxm rny cncx sn cy y rmrux sun nxm nm cxsyy ccrmm crx, r.]nxcm: crx m crm xnx rmruxx sun, . - y nxy su mr, y, cn ).rnyrrmsnm, xrcymhcx, ]cxnxcxcxcrxmcmrmruxsun, . ymhcxmhzoksu`xyh`(m. m.), hzban su `y xyh` (nx. .), hzokban su `y xyhm` (nx. m.). xcxmsnm, xx xcx,rmrux crn cr, rmrux sun c sxy, cr, m u cnnm unm. ncrruxm (xyhm) snm,xx cxmcx, xru cr rn smhy u un c, y ny, un mxm r xr y yr, . xr y cryxryy xr cn. usc c unn x ry sxmy h suxx c x cy cnh crr sx (rrcxs), r cy cnn nnr scr s y crm cmy (rnx s)r cy cnn yrrx xrxr crm cry ysmx yrn xsxyr(ns). mnmxrymycncxxsx,mhy xm xn ccx, nxcxm suxm csy (. rm cr...).*cryhysuxynycry. Byu: ,x yxr crcx n cx sx (mr sx) x sx: ccxr (s IV x ., c x yrnm y xnxcr), x,yy, rn, u, mcx (nrcx) .; , x yxr mr sx crccx crcx, xsx: ccx, xycx, ruux, rcrcx .; ,x yxr crurmcx sx (rrcx,ncx yrycxc r cy mr sn), crmcx (cx, cx, x,cncx, ]cx) srmcx sx (rncx, mux, xncx,]nmcx, ]xc, );,xyxrxnxmrxsxnrcx, cxcx,ymcx, nmrcx . (x nrcx c xm mrn sx, x cuy x ]yxn y mxrnux nx y rxy), x sx, xcycsnsynrr(r)nrcxr: cx, xrncx, ryrncx,]nycx, xcrcx (cncx), rncx, ccx, rmcx,ymycx, mncx .;,xyxrrncx(mrsx), xncx(mrsx),rcx, nx, cx, xrcx .; , x yxr scncx sx: ncx (mr sx),cx, rnnyxuxccx nnyxuxccx, ux, cnux;crucncx sx: nycx, ycx, yxcx; yxcncx sx:crcncx (mr sx), yrcx, mxcx, cnux, ccx/xrcx,; rr, cr xnx cncxx xnxx mxsx: yccx, mncx,rhcxxrcx ., x nrux yxcncx sn nux nrcx;!,xyxrmrsxycx, rx, rcx; x sx nrcx nrcx; ,x yxr crrux c nrm nxrm, cnrux rux;,xyxrmrsxxrrcx. nycx, nxcx,ncx .; " , x yxr mr sx rxcx rxcx F; mcx sx; ncx sx; rux (mr sx); ]rcx (mr sx); ncx (mr sx) rcx (mr sx).M.u run xnc]xn cncxx sx, x c cr1820. r . . crx, ry nx 1843. r . . sncx, scrrx,n cxx xx crx xnc]xn. u yxr cncxxnx mxsx (. x nm xy r yux),x cy rx y m crnmrccrmrcxxyun(cr, ym. . ynux), , rr, crhrun xnc]xn cr cr x n cnxy mxy mhycncxx suxxs.c x cy cr y m snm n nxrm sy c#cr srnc x syy cm crucncx sx c yxcncxm nscncxm, n cm x yxcncx sx c xm scncxm sxm cn. m, crucncxx sx cm yxcx m sr c crxm -y 1. nny nyn,r r sy c ccxm cnuxm sxm (y.y yx.!, y c.,y cn.$%&a'o);cnuxsx, s snxy yrx yxcncxx sx, n cr x crucncx sn,m nu-r ss $()* $()*a+ cm nyxuxccx cnux my xrry r. nsrxnc]xncncxxsxhmryhxysnxmhy yu xr s rcncxr nrcruxr rnc. r c xn mx r s snxr xrxr rn, cx sn c mhyc sr snxyy msx y mrym, rm n cy y rny x n mr sn, n c snxyy msy yrx nx, m m rm xnx cy cu nxcryc mr cx sn, c xnx cy crcrsrc cmn xcxx sx.snxyy c,rxh, m mnm n hm cry ccr smhy x sx nx ry sx y xy cx cxy m sy yrx nx. yy rmrxy cxx sx c cy su sn xmy cr c cmx. Mn cxx sx m cuycmx x cy crn . T cy cx crcx (sx mcxxcxnx rxcr,sXII x .), ccxr (xnx hcrcx sx sIVx .), crccx (s VII x .),crcx (sx crx xnr -,VIII x .), rux ( VII x .),nrcx ( VII x .), xrrcx (cmn s XIX XIII x .) .cr cuy rrcx rxcr cy s IV x . ., rxcx smhy VI IXx . ., crcncx s X x . ., ncx s XV, crnrcx s XVI x. .cxxsxcncu, yrnmymcrnyncrrm mnm (rux,]rcx, ncx,rcx .), mryh n cxx sx xx crn m. cm rr, m sx, yx x nrcr yy cnn myr sx, n x cncu yu sx ncx ry, s x c mx ccm ysrr cy n cx sux n. cm nrcrn u c s crx suxx n:cx, cmrcx-xmrcx, yncx-nrcx, xxcx, ryxcx, mrncx,ryrycx-muycx, cx, xcx-rrcx, xmcx ., yxyuyyhsxs n, x r cy cxcx n cx, n n x cy scxyumccrrmnnmrr]cxmxrymy(. sn ycrn x). s c rm mh c rn cr xysux n x y cx sn?TT cy, m xm mnm, rx suxmxn. crny mxn s cy y I xy srm,h, urxm x, yyr nx ]mync crrux r (. M. u-ru yrx nrcr)y nxy y xxm c cr, m x crccr smhycxxsxcyncxm, nrcxm, ]scxm, cxm xrncxmnm, mx xm snm,x c s y mxn crruxx sx.crnnrrxyyxxyccrxsuxxnrxhxs yrnm]rcxmnxcuxmy. sncyx1000m]m s x cmry cy sux crruxm snm cnh crrsx.crrux r xh y cmm y-crcxmyunm sx.xynn suxx n y rnxxnc]xn rny rm n cy c sn cr y cy rrcx nxn ccr n cy. MI n Icrx sx m mcry, n mcr m, s mhyc sccr, xyux rn yrnrrcx nmrn(rnxnysx).rncxncruxmrymuny xn ux sx, x c rm, cr, ./,ccxrn mrsuxsx. nyncrcycrr mn rm rny. Mhy nrcrm x cy c cnnx nn rm rnm c nyncruxx sn cr crnn mrs( crrx r rxx n sr mn).myx c cnxmcxm xsm x cymn rhn suxy mrsy, unn c nrcrn srx suxx n crn cmny nxm mn- xsm yxynnm,sxyyh rxhm ccr smhy suxxn s x c cmrn cy y xx rnx s (ur y]n yx mn), m rnr x cxyuyy mryhcr suxmrs r c rx mryhcr cxyuy s xn ycx cr. cyr rny ncycxsnycyccrcxmyrmsuxmnmcr rn cr xmrcr n xrrcrcxr sx.T uT I xx unn y-crcxx yun cxx sx.crxn y ncr y rmrx cxx sx xsn cycr ry cxx sx x my h suxx c(. cx cx ry), x r cy cx nxr mnynynxnn, xcyycnsrym sx (m sy s 100 y nrcxm01%n2)'0, xcrxy xrymcx ry, crcxm 03a24'0, x crxy crmcx ry).rymcxsn(rux, rncx, xnrcx, rmcx, rxcx, xrrcx, ncx)cuyncyrnxxcrmn(k, *) xcyycrmcxmsnm (cx, cx, mcx, rux, ncx, nrcx, cncx) rrncnycxnyr(3, z+ 5, 6)#sym c, rcccm sx r cr cu sux crn (. y cmmrncxm n y cmm ]nycxm sxy u s 100, x cy crn nrcxr1%n2)', sry c c nnm]xrm/r# 1%n2o0,c c]xrmxcrm/].1%n20xcyyrnysncrmcxry).Tn cxx sx yrnm c y c rr]cxm smrmxsxsmcrumnycxrsuxrcr, csysrxm rxcxr sxx c x xrymcx m h sy, nrcmncyhyTyxcry,xncrxy,xxrrcxrsx, xcr y xrrcxm ncry y Mn s. crxn yc y y rnnyny cxx sx sc xxn, n y nn ry.r.: . M, 78o$ ) )9o(%$no 9(o):a8an;% @A ? B> ?@ C@. T. 1, 2.Tnc, 1984; . Mr, Dn$o%8(o93k< ;%z