ΡΥΠΑΝΣΗ ΕΔΑΦΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΥΠΟΓΕΙΩΝ ΝΕΡΩΝ ΛΑΡΙΣΑΣ

- . &

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: 25209

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2007

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2006-2007,

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ABSTRACT

The specific diplomatic dissertation, taking into consideration the immediate need for

environmental protection which had been passed over in favour of the economic development, is

focused on the soil and underground water contamination. The factor that cause this are focused on

the human activities and are classified in urban and industrial waste, as well as in agricultural

activities.

Besides the presentation of the recent situation and the methods of soil and water

remediation in European and International level, the prefecture of Larissa has been chosen, being

the city of Larissa its centre and the fifth largest populated city in Greece as well. Furthermore, it

gathers a great number of economic activities of primary, secondary and third section.

In particular as far as the primary agricultural section is concerned, a questionnaire was

drawn up and distributed to the farmers of the prefecture of Larissa.

Its main goal is to thoroughly present the profile of the farmer in the prefecture of Larissa and to

investigate his relation with the natural environment and natural resources. Especially, to what

extent this correlation is affected by factors such as educational economic level and age.

Due to the fact that the natural resources globally are considered limited, it is vital to secure

them in favour of sustainable development and the high living standards of future generations.

Bearing that in mind, not only the possibilities of their remediation are investigated, but also the

perspectives of sustainable development of the prefecture, the protection of their quantity, quality

and last but not least the most vital factor which is their renewability.

- . &

5

.........................................................................................................................................9

1. .........................................................11

1.1 .............................................................................................................................11

1.2 ...................................11

1.3 ..................................................................................12

1.4

......................................................................................................................................13

1.5 : ..........15

1.5.1 ..............................................................................................................15

1.5.2. ........................................................................................................19

2. ..................................................................22

2.1 .............................................................................................................................22

2.2 ...............................22

2.2.1 ....................................................................................................22

2.2.2 .....................................................................................................................22

2.3 ......................26

2.3.1 ........................................................................................................26

2.3.2 ......................................................................27

2.4 ..................................................33

2.5 ......................................................................................................37

2.5.1 - .................................................................................37

2.5.2 ....................................................................................................................38

2.5.3 .............................................................................................38

2.5.4 - ..............................................................38

3. .........................................................................40

. ............................................................................................................40

3.1 .............................................................................................................................40

3.2 - ...............................................................40

3.3 ......................................................................................................43

. ..........................................................................................................44

- . &

6

3.4. .

..........................................................................................................44

3.4.1 ..............................................................45

3.4.2 .....................................51

3.4.3 ...................................................................................52

3.4.4 .... ...........................................................................................................53

3.4.5 ....................................................................................................................56

3.4.6 ..................................................................57

3.5 ................................................................58

4. - .................60

. ............................................................................................................60

4.1 .............................................................................................................................60

4.2 ................................................................................................61

4.2.1 ................................................................................................................61

4.2.2 ................................................................................64

4.3 ...................................................................................................66

. ........................................................................................................70

4.4

.......................................70

4.4.1. ........................................................................................71

4.4.2 ..................................79

4.5

.......................................................................................................80

4.6 ................................88

4.6.1. ..................................................................................................................88

4.6.2 ...................................................................................................88

4.6.3 ..............................................................................................90

4.6.4 .....................................................................92

4.6.5 - .......................................................................................92

4.7 ..........................................................................94

4.7.1 , , ....................95

4.7.2 "" - ..................................................................95

- . &

7

4.7.3 ..........97

5. : ...................................................................................................................100

- .......100

5.1 .....................................................................................100

5.2 .................................................................................................................100

5.3 ................................................................................................102

5.4 ............................102

5.4.1 ....................................................................102

5.4.2. , .........................................................107

5.4.3 /

. ........................................................................................127

5.5 / ...........131

5.6 .....................................................................................147

5.7 .....................................................................................................152

6. - ......................162

. ..........................................................................................................162

6.1. ..........................................................................162

6.1.1. ............................................................................................................162

6.1.2. .....................................................................................................167

6.2 ......172

6.2.1 .....................................................................175

6.2.2 .....................................................................175

6.2.3. ...................................................................................................176

6.2.4. ........................................................................176

. ........................................................................................................177

6.3 .......................................177

6.4 ................................................................177

6.4.1 ................................................177

6.4.2 ........................................................178

6.4.3 .................................................................................179

6.4.4 ......................................................................................181

6.5 ........................................................183

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8

7. - ................185

. ........................................................................................................185

7.1 ....................................................................185

7.1.1. ...........................................................................................................185

7.1.2. .....................................................................................................193

7.2 - ..........200

7.2.1 ..............................................................................................200

7.2.2 .............................................................200

7.2.3 ............................................................201

7.2.4 .........................................................................201

7.2.5 ..........................................................202

7.2.6 ..................................................................................................202

. ......................................................................................................202

7.3 ................................................................202

7.4 .........................203

7.5 ........................................................206

7.6 ....212

7.7 ...........................................................................................................213

7.8 .............................................................215

8. ...................................................................................................217

................................................................................................224

...............................................................................................................................234

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UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)

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(World Health Organisation WHO) : http://www.who.int/en/

(International Maritime Organisation IMO) : http://www.imo.org/

(Food and Agriculture Organisation FAO) : http://www.fao.org/

, (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNESCO) :

http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-

URL_ID=29008&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

:

(World Wildlife Fund WWF) : http://www.worldwildlife.org/

(International Union for the Conservation of Nature - IUCN) : http://www.iucn.org/

(International Council on Monuments and Sites ICOMOS) : http://www.icomos.org/

Green Peace : http://www.greenpeace.org/international/

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2.1.

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2.1: .

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

17.420 15.631 14.447 14.862 14.121 51.644 44.927 41.979 42.999 37.264 101.234 113.226 139.738 151.223 161.566

36.800 35.186 35.788 38.945 42.823 27.218 24.189 22.313 22.583 23.531

234.316 233.159 254.295 270.612 279.305

: ...., 1961,1971,1981,1991,2001.

1961-1971 1971-1981,

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2.2:

,1971-2001

1971 1981 1991 2001 1971-81 1081-91 1991-01

. 7.4 72 7.087 7.411 6.458 -5,43% 4,37% -14,76% . 7.685 8.007 8.545 8.407 4,02% 6,30% -1,64% . 4.418 4.250 4.335 3.951 -3,95% 1,96% -9,72% . 2.716 2.509 2.626 2.273 -8,25% 4,46% -15,53% . 3.683 4.864 6.327 10.022 24,28% 23,12% 36,87% . 4.453 3.931 3.622 3.119 -13,28% -8,53% -16,13% . 15.741 14.442 15.637 14.563 -8,99% 7,64% -7,37% . 5.415 5.174 4.838 4.526 -4,66% -6,95% -6,89% . 2.586 2.421 2.522 2.428 -6,82% 4,00% -3,87% . 5.319 4.657 4.753 4.375 -14,22% 2,02% -8,64% . 3.270 2.909 3.096 2.834 -12,41% 6,04% -9,24% . 3.989 3.625 3.514 3.305 -10,04% -3,16% -6,32% . 4.505 3.800 3.275 3.274 -18,55% -16,03% -0,03% . 2.546 2.186 2:109 1.763 -16,47% -3,65% -19,63% . 73.848 103.468 114.334 126.076 28,63% 9,50% 9,31%1 . 3.782 3.710 3.378 3.187 -1,94% -9,83% -5,99% . 3.281 3.267 3.004 2.976 -0,43% -8,75% -0,94% . 3.526 3.154 3.278 3.472 -11,79% 3,78% 5,59% . 2.277 1.899 1.811 1.781 -19,91% -4,86% -1,68% . 6.261 5.579 5.588 5.486 -12,22% 0,16% -1,86% . 6.743 6.249 6.863 6.540 -7,91 % 8,95% -4,94% . 5.091 4.726 4.410 3.588 -7,72% -7,17% -22,91% . 7.585 7.658 8.203 8.292 0,95% 6,64% 1,07% . 7.823 6.953 6.470 6.412 -12,51% -7,47% -0,90% . 5.745 5.528 5.451 5.065 -3,93% -1,41 % -7,62% . 4.302 3.874 3.946 3.588 -11,05% 1,82% -9,98% . 15.320 15.581 16.923 16.900 1,68% 7,93% -0,14% . 8.674 8.287 9.464 10.812 -4,67% 12,44% 12,47% . 801 561 554 510 -42,78% -1,26% -8,63% . 1.565 1.146 1.351 1.086 -36,56% 15,17% -24,40% . 2.733 2.793 2.974 2.236 2,15% 6,09% -33,01% . 233.159 254.295 270.612 279.305 8,31 6,03% 3,11 % : ...., 1971, 1981, 1991,2001,

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26

... 30 (1971-2001).

2.3:

%

1971 1981 1991 2001 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01

233.159 254.295 270.612 279.305 8,31 6,03 3,11

30.558 25.411 25.776 26.332 -20,26 1,42 2,11

40.874 39.558 41.434 38.037 -3,33 4,53 -8,93

161.727 189.326 203.402 214.936 14,58 6,92 5,37

/.

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17,53% 25,56% 15,31% 13,62% -12,69 -1,60 -12,43

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69,36% 74,45% 75,16% 76,95% 6,83 0,95 2,33

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75%

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2.3 2.3.1

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2001,

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(2001)

(Kg / /)

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14.121 0,8 4.015

37.264 0,8 10.950

42.823 0,8 12.410

23.531 0,8 6.935

124.786 1,096 50.005

36.780 0,8 10.585

279.305 94.900

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. , 80%

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(16%).

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5.677.100

100 1.000

CONTAINER -

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80,

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53

. ,

.

. 7

141 . , ,

, , , (, 2000).

. 51

312 .

: , , , , , , ,

, , , (, 2000).

,

. . ,

,

, (, 2000).

.

(, 1993):

3.4.4 ....

...

, 3. .

25 . . 1998 50 ,

60.000 (, 2000).

560 , 200

.

- . &

54

,

. 300

. . , 730 . .

390 . . 2 ( , 1998).

, 3 1 . 100 . (

, 2003).

.... +185 +230

. ,

+60

.

...., -,

.

,

,

...., .

,

( , 1998).

, (15-

25%). , , 850 .

13 ,

. ,

.

....

,

. .

, , ,

, ,

. ,

, .

, ,

- . &

55

....,

( , 1998).

....

3 .

3 33 ,

.

150 kg BOD5 / ( ) 3 kg BOD5 / m3

( , 1998).

,

. .

,

.

1 ,

( ,

1998).

....

,

.

,

, .... :

, ,

, ,

( , 1998).

....

.

, ,

,

( , 1998).

- . &

56

3.4.5

1998 , ,

, ..

, .

. , . . ,

. ,

, ,

.

(, 2000).

22,9%, 800

( .., 2000).

, ,

...., (,

, , , , )

.

, , ,

, , ,

(, 2002, Tchobanoglous, 2002).

.

.

..

.

.. 7 .

, ( ).

:

(/) 0,035 () 0,005

- . &

57

0,36 1 0,8 0,5 0,07 0,15 0,18 0,06

40.000 / , .

:

(/)

0,009

0,006

0,006

.

, ,

(

).

.

. ,

, .

( .., 2000).

.

3.4.6

.

:

- . &

58

(, , ) .

.

(, , ).

. , :

.... ,

... ....

,

, , .

.

3.5

. :

(pH

- . &

59

15.000

180.000

: .... & ...., 2001

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

(.... & ...., 2001).

- . &

60

4. -

.

.

4.1

, , ,

, .

( .., 1998).

(.1739/87) 14 ,

,

, , ,

.

(..) (..08),

,

, , ,

.

, , .

13.162km2, 285m.

( 2.400 km2) ( 1.100 km2)

5 2.000

m, (2.917 m).

.. , ,

, ,

, , ,

. ..

. ( ..,

1993).

- . &

61

, ,

, ,

(, .).

4.2 ,

) )

.

4.2.1

,

, (, 2001):

(Total Solids - TS) (Suspended So1ids SS)

(Dissolved Solids - DS)

.

10 22C

. ,

,

.

.

,

.

, , .

,

, .

,

. ,

.

, , ,

- . &

62

, , .

: - (DO): ,

' .

.

.

- (CH4):

.

(Kooo,

2001).

,

,

.

, Escherichia Coli Enterobacter

Aerogenes.

,

,

.

, ,

.

.

. ' ,

, (,

1990).

,

(..).

.

:

- . &

63

) : ,

( , ,

..) , ,

,

200 m .

, ,

(, 1995). .

,

(, 2001).

) :

, 0,1 - 0,001 mm, .

( ) (, 2001).

35-50% (, 1990).

) :

.

( ,

) ( , ).

,

(,

2001).

( ) 80 90% (, 1990).

) :

.

.

,

,

(, 2001).

) : ,

.

- . &

64

, , , ,

, .

(, 2001) ..

,

.

: )

, )

, )

(,

2001).

4.2.2

(-3), ().

'

. ' ,

.

.

,

( , 1995).

, .

.

.

()

.

, ,

( .., 1993).

- . &

65

o ,

( ),

.

.

.

,

. ,

.

.

.

,

,

.

.

( 50%) ,

.

( .., 1993).

,

, , ,

, .

, ' .

.

,

( .., 1993).

,

,

, . , , ,

, , , , , .

- . &

66

4.3

:

1. 221/65 (... 138/24.2.1965) "

"

1/17831/7.12.1971 (... 986/10.12.1971) 4/1305/2.8.1974 (...

80l/9.8.1974). 1 ,

.

.

1650/1986 (... 160A/16.10.1986). 9 & 10

,

. 16

.

.....,

, ,

.

(...)

(...). :

... 144/2.11.87 (... 197A/11.11.87): "

, (HCH)" ... 73/90 (...

90/11.7.90) 255/94 (... 123/ 21.7.94)

.

... 26857/553/88 (... 196/6.4.88): " " .

... 55648/2210/91 (... 323/13.5.91): "

- . &

67

".

... 80568/4225/91 (... 641I7.8.91): ",

.

21 1991 (91/271/...)

... 5673/400/97 (... 192/14.3.97):

" ",

.. 19661/1982/99 (... 1811/29.9.99).

. :

) :

31/12/1998 (..) 10.000 " ",

31/12/2000 .. 15.000 31/12/2005 .. 2.000 15.000. )

:

31/12/2000 .. 15.000 31/12/2005 - .. 10.000 15.000,

- .. 2.000 10.000

.

...

2.000 10.000

1.500 :

4.1.:

BOD5 25 mg/l 70 90%

COD 125 mg/l 75 %

- . &

68

TSS 35 mg/l* 90 %

(*)

8 9

,

.

...

...,

....

, .

96/61/... 1996

" ".

1999

2007.

,

: , ,

.

, .

.

,

.

91/689/... ...

19396/1546/97 (... 604/18.7.97): "

".

.. 46399/4352/86 (... 438/3.7.86) : "

, ,

, , ,

,

75/440/..., 76/160/..., 78/659/..., 79/923/... 79/869/...".

- . &

69

1739/87 (... 201/20.11.87) "

".

.

, ,

.

, .

,

, ,

, , ,

&

.

,

,

(....), , ,

, , , ,

, .

2000/60/ 23 2000

,

,

. 3199 /2003

23 2000.

91/676/ ...

16190/1335/97 (... 519/25.6.97):

.

- . &

70

.

4.4

, ... 5673/400/97

( 192/14.3.97),

.

4.2.

/

1 12.4786 2 3.027 3 5.920 4 3.021 5

5.997

6 4.025 7 2.288 8 7.762 9 2.507 10 3.624* 11

15.434*

12 2.714

- . &

71

13 26.261* 14 2.379 15 3.149 16 2.700 17 1.803 18 12.451 19 9.870 20 2.236

*

: ...., 2003

,

4.3.

:

145.906 52 % 133.399 48 % > 2000.

200.725 72 %

< 2000 . 78.580 28 % : , 2002

4.4.1.

,

,

, , , ,

.

2001 11.700.000 m3. o

,

. ( .., 2002)

- . &

72

1989

.... .

(

)

. 1984

, 1987

, ( , 1991).

,

, .

2,04 .,

198 . . ,

. 14 ( ..,

2001).

( ,

1996):

. 1989 115.000 ( 20.000 m3 / ) 230.000 ( 40.000 m3 /

) 2008.

3 m3/sec.

BOD5 11 mg/L

30 mg/L.

. . .

.....

(....., 1990):

- . &

73

,

.

4.4.: .

1 2

V. . m3/ 19.600 39.200 Q1 m3/ 816,7 1633,3 V. m3/ 28.750 57.500 Q2 m3/ 1.198 2.396 Q m3/ (500 L/sec) = 1800 (1m3/sec) = 3.600 Q m3/ (600L/sec) = 2.160 (1,2 m3/sec)= 4.320 BOD5 kgr/ 7.490 14.980 SS kgr/ 8.780 17.560

- 30x106/100ml

120.000 240.000

: .. , 2007

(1995-1997)

.

.

( ,

,

,

)

.

- . &

74

. ,

,

.

,

.

( , 2002).

,

.

, .

.

,

, , ,

16-20-0 .

.

.

( .., 1994).

.

4.5

, % 16,5 - pH 6,8 - Cd, ppm 4,1 20-40 Ni, ppm 77 300-400 Fe, ppm 7014 -

- . &

75

Mn, ppm 187 - Zn, ppm 137 2500-4000 Cu, ppm 101 1000-1750

: .., 1994

1998

. 4.500 .

4.200

. .

,

.

:

. . : . .

:

BOD5 = 11,2 mg/lt COD = 120 mg/lt SS = 25 mg/lt = 7 mg/lt = 1 mg/lt (, 2002)

1995 7.000 ,

10.500 . .

2000,

- . &

76

,

. ,

12.000 . ,

50%, ,

.

,

.

()

. ,

. ,

15.250

15 18.000 35.

50%.

,

.

:

, ,

.

, .

.

.

. .

- . &

77

.

.

.

.

, (UV).

.

106090/18-12-1998, 95% :

BOD5 = 20 mg/lt COD = 90 mg/lt SS = 20 mg/lt = 10 mg/lt = 5 mg/lt ( .. , 2007)

(....) ( .., 2001).

1996.

,

2016,

, 2036.

,

:

4.6.:

.

(m3)

1996 9.077 2.178

- . &

78

2016 12.225 2.934

2036 16.465 3.952

: , 1997

, :

,

:

= 30 C pH = 6,5 8,5 BOD5 = 40 mg/lt COD = 80 mg/lt SS = 80 mg/lt > 3 mg/lt ( , 1997)

2015 2000 .

,

,

.

.

:

, :

BOD5 = 15 mg/lt COD = 50 mg/lt

- . &

79

SS = 10 mg/lt = 120 mg/lt = 15 mg/lt ( .. , 2007)

4.4.2

vo .

, ,

,

.

.

2022-.. 9.000

) ( ),

2042-.. 12.000 ) ( ).

: ) - , )

, ) , ) , )

- - , ) ,

) , ) ,

) , ) , )

, ) , )

,

,

:

BOD5 = 16 mg/lt SS = 14 mg/lt = 5 mg/lt = 6 mg/lt (, 2005)

v

- . &

80

.

(..)

12.000 2036 4.200 m3/d,

860 kg BOD5/d

BOD5 > 90%, COD > 75% TSS > 90%.

:

- . . . . . 4 . . (UV). .

-

3 .... . 3

, .

( ,., 1997)

4.5

,

..

.

.., 50%,

.

..

- . &

81

.. 60%.

..

.

4.7: ..

.

.. LARCOM FOODS S.A.

.. . . ..

..

() ..

() .. () . . .. .. . & AROFARM A.E.

A.E. PLAST FOOD HELLAS ABEE . . : .. , 2007

. .. ,

, .

.. ,

.

-

.

21

.

,

- . &

82

,

.

.

(air lift).

.

,

, .

( )

. ,

,

. ( ..

, 2007)

, ,

, (

).

.

. ,

.

,

.

,

.

.

(

.. , 2007)

- . &

83

.

, &

.

20.000 m3.

. .

8.000 . -

.

500 m3

/ . 9-10 .

110.000 m3.

(BOD5= 3.000-3.500 mg/L).

.

( .... )

( .. , 2007)

o .

. ,

,

.

-

, , .

- . &

84

2.000.000 m3 ,

23.000 m3 90 .

,

,

. ( .. , 2007)

(, )

. 8.520

m3/,

- - 40.000 m3 / ,

48.520 m3 / .

. ,

, ,

(, ,

, , .).

.

. ,

/ , .

, ()

.

(

.. , 2007)

.

, .

- . &

85

54 , 2

. 50%

,

.

2/3

, . ,

,

, ,

.

1.400 m3 ,

240 ,

336.000 m3. ( .. ,

2007)

.

.

205.000 m3.

( .. , 2007).

.

4.000 m3 .

11 .

440.000 m3 .

.

45.000 /.

- . &

86

( .. , 2007)

.

.

EXALCO ALBI. EXALCO 1.500 m3

,

.

ALBIO 22.000 m3 .

.

410.000 m3 ( .. , 2007)

o

( ) & ( ).

60 m3 .

,

.

240 m3

.

. 100.000

m3 .

,

( , 1997).

BOD5.

- . &

87

4.8.

(m3/)

% BOD5 (mg/l)

, 20.000 0,5 40-60 110.000 3,0 3.3000-

3.700

2.000.000 54,4 800-1200

- -

9.000 40.000

0,3 1,1

14.000-16.000

- &

335.000 9,1 2.000-2.400

- - - 205.000 5,6 200-600 440.000 12,0 800-900 - - - - - - - - 1.000-1.200 - - - 410.000 11,2 - - - - - - -

- - -

- - - 105.000 2,8 - 150.00 0,4 500-700

3.674.000 100 : , 1997

,

.

4.9.

% (, , )

27 26

( )

55 52

( )

13 12

- . &

88

)

10 10

105 100 : , 1997

4.6

4.6.1. ,

(. ), (. ),

1988, 1990, .....

....., . ,

,

,

.....

,

.

,

.

.

, , ,

,

. ,

,

.

. (

, 2003)

4.6.2

2000

.. ... :

- . &

89

:

: .

: .

: . .....: .

1990.

.

: , .

: . 20 ,

.

-: .

:

: .

-: ,

.

:

: -, .

: .

:

: , ,

.

- . &

90

:

: .

4.6.3

.

,

. 23

(12 , 2 , 3 , 4 2 ),

,

( "", 2003):

: ' TOC

,

.

( - ) ,

.

0,5 () 10 ppm ( ),

0,45 17 ppm ().

, '

.

: .

0,2 () 17 ppm,

0,7 28 ppm. '

- -

. , 1 ppm,

.

15 ppm.

: . 0 0,6 ppm (),

.

- . &

91

.

: 0 1,3 ppm (Av), 0 0,51 ppm.

- , '

.

.

: 1980-91 80% .

DO 1980-90

1980.

,

(, .., 2001):

: 5C 28-30oC,

.

,

.

12C.

:

.

. ,

5 20 mg/L,

100 mg/L.

: 7,8 8,2, 7,5

. .

,

. ....

- . &

92

100 100.000 / mL,

- 240.000 / 100 mL 0 -

80.000/100 mL (, .., 2001).

4.6.4

.

6.250 m . 1938

,

- .

, .

.

. ,

,

.

, .

1995

.

2,5 km

.

,

, .

.

.

,

. ( .. , 2007)

4.6.5 -

.

- . &

93

. .

,

().

, .

.

,

.

.

. ,

,

. .

1980.

,

.

4000 .

.

.

22 km

- (

"", 2003).

,

:

1.700 8.630 mhos/cm, .

28% 109%, .

, .

(COD) 4-94 mg/L

- . &

94

25 mg/L.

, , , .

. BOD5

3

( .., 2001).

4.7 ,

.

T 40%-60%

. T

. M, ,

, .

E,

3%.

1,5% ,

. (, 2005)

A, A, A ,

. (, 2003)

,

, 1970 10-60 m. ,

,

.

, ()

.

,

.

.

. , .

- . &

95

, , ,

,

. (, 2007)

, ,

.

4.7.1 , ,

1993

. 57

, 2 (,

), '

.

4

:

15 mg/L, . 25 mg/L, . 50 mg/L, ,

801778/.O.K.

,

:

- : .K (55 mg/L), (102 mg/L), (84 mg/L), (119 mg/L), . (150 mg/L),

: (35mg/L), : (27 mg/L), ( .., 1993)

4.7.2 "" -

-

(-3) ( )

,

- . &

96

.

,

. .

, .

, 4, 2,

,

.

,

.

,

:

, .

. ,

.

,

, . ,

,

,

,

, .

2005 ,

(. 3199/2003)

( 2006) .

- . &

97

,

.. 2000/60,

.

,

. 800

, . ( ..

, 2007)

4.7.3

&

& , ,

(), . (/ ), , &

.

, 117

.

13 , 78 , 26 91

. 250

, .

,

.., .

, ..

.

, ,

.

.

, ,

.

4.1.

- . &

98

: ..

EUROWATERNET.

30

39 ,

139. ( ..

, 2007)

, 1999 262

-

40,5 mg/L. 278 2000

36,5 mg/L, 9,9%.

,

.

... ..... 98

, 42 50 mg/L,

- . &

99

. 23

25 50 mg/L,

. , 33

25 mg/L, .

:

195 . , 23,1% >

50 mg/L, 26,7%

25 - 50 mg/L, 50,2% 25 mg/L.

- ,

, 272

17,2 mg /L(.... ..., 2001).

- . &

100

5. :

-

5.1

. ,

(, ),

:

(, ).

(- ).

(- ).

5.2

:

1) , .

9

.

9 .

9 , , .

9 .

9 . .

- . &

101

2)

26 2007 7 2007 :

3)

Excel-Spss v.11

.

( )

.

, ,

,

.

(Boxplot)

.

, 50%

(), 50%

.

.

, .

(

) (

). (

)

.

- . &

102

, , .

5.3 1

258 ..

( ),

5.1:

35 13,4 13,4 13,463 24,4 24,4 37,869 26,7 26,7 64,511 4,1 4,1 68,615 5,8 5,8 74,426 9,9 9,9 84,312 4,7 4,7 89,029 11,0 11,0 100,0

258 100,0 100,0

Total

ValidFrequency Percent Valid Percent

CumulativePercent

3,8% (10 ).

5.4 2

5.4.1 ,

, , ,

, , .

5.1:

1 ( missing). 2

- . &

103

97,6%

2,4%

.

97,6% 2,4% . 5.2

,

-

.

5.2:

48%

18,7%

27,5%

5,8%

25-30

30-40

40-50

50

, 48% 50 ,

,

. 27,5%

30 40 , 18,7%

40 50 , (5,8%)

25 30 , ,

. 5.3:

- . &

104

27,9%

26,7%

34,3%

4,7%2,3%

4,1%

(.. )

(/)

5.3

,

(26,7 27,9 ). /

(2,3%),

. ,

.

5.4:

77,2%

19,9%

2,3% 0,6%

5.4

.

(77,2%), ,

(19,9%) .

5.5:

- . &

105

9,5%

90,5%

/

5.6: ;

90,5%

9,5%

5.5 5.6 ,

. 90,5%

, ,

9,5%, ,

, ,

.

.

5.7: ;

- . &

106

6,7%

26,7%23,6%

20,6%18,2%

4,2%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-75

%

5.7 26,7% 30 39

, 23,6% 40 49

,

, ,

.

5.8:

87,2%

11%0,6% 0,6%

0,6%

5.8 .

(87,2%), 11%

. 5.9: :

- . &

107

86%

13,5% 0,6%

5.9

86% , 13,5%

. 5.10: ;

21,9%

14,8%

5,9%

17,2%16%

24,3%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 51 60

%

5.10 ( 1 10 )

14,8% . (24,3%)

21 30 .

( 11 20 ), 5,9%

51 60 ,

.

.

5.4.2. ,

5.11

(36,3%) 51 100 . ,

(25,7%) 101 150 ,

- . &

108

201 , ,

14,1% . ( 20 50 )

13,5% . 5.11: ;

13,5%

5,3%5,3%3,5%

10,5%

25,7%

36,3%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

20 50

51 100

101 150

151 200

201 250

251 300

301

%

5.12: ;

31,8%

15,9%

5,1% 2,5%

44,6%

1 50

51 100

101 200

201

5.12

(44,6%) . ,

(31,8%) 1 50 ,

7,6% 101 .

5.13: ;

- . &

109

14%

3,5%

8,7%

14%

37,8%

22,1%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

5.13

, 22,1% ,

(14%) . 3,5%

3 6

(). , , ,

. .

5.14: -;

98,8%

1,2%

-.

5.15: ,

;

- . &

110

84%

11,8%

, 4,1%

5.15 (84%)

, 11,8%

.

5.2:

(kg/)

Descriptive Statistics

170 15,0 150,0 63,518 23,0065

170

; (kg/)Valid N (listwise)

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

. ,

15 / , 150 .

64 23 / .

5.16: ;

- . &

111

170N =

;

kg/

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

5.16 50%

45 88 / , 99% 20 100

/ . , 140 150

/ .

(kg/)

,

, .

.

.

,

.

(9 )

.

, 258 170

,

.

- . &

112

4

,

, ,

.

,

.

,

5.3: ( , )

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: ;(kg/)

31937,029a 18 1774,279 4,323 ,000400632,943 1 400632,943 976,149 ,000

44,710 3 14,903 ,036 ,9917177,865 4 1794,466 4,372 ,0029490,473 11 862,770 2,102 ,022

80853,133 197 410,4221009212,500 216

112790,162 215

SourceCorrected ModelIntercept* ErrorTotalCorrected Total

Type III Sumof Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

R Squared = ,283 (Adjusted R Squared = ,218)a.

,

.

(p-value=0,022). ,

,

.

,

- . &

113

5.17:

Non-estimable means are not plotted

50 40-50

30-40 25-30

Est

imat

ed M

argi

nal M

eans

(kg/) 90

80

70

60

50

40

1

,

.

, , ,

40 50

, 30 40

. ,

,

.

,

,

40 50

, .

,

( )

.

- . &

114

( )

, . ,

,

,

. 17

, .

5.4: ( ,

)



45197,304a 20 2259,865 6,146 ,000252155,451 1 252155,451 685,801 ,000

5435,778 5 1087,156 2,957 ,01320785,460 4 5196,365 14,133 ,000

15057,029 11 1368,821 3,723 ,000

72432,971 197 367,6801009662,500 218

117630,275 217

SourceCorrected ModelIntercept *ErrorTotalCorrected Total



. ,

(p-value

- . &

115


Est

imat

ed M

arg.

Mea

ns (k

g/) 140

120

100

80

60

40

20

1

: ,

. ,

.

.

.

,

. 18

, .

5.5: (

, )

- . &

116



44493,047a 20 2224,652 5,992 ,000291279,234 1 291279,234 784,580 ,000

2624,196 4 656,049 1,767 ,13713625,795 4 3406,449 9,175 ,000

18841,601 12 1570,133 4,229 ,000

73137,228 197 371,2551009662,500 218

117630,275 217

SourceCorrected ModelIntercept *ErrorTotalCorrected Total



5.5

.

(p-value

- . &

117


-

-

Est

imat

ed M

argi

nal M

eans

(kg/

) 120

100

80

60

40

20

1

.

5.6: (

, )



45734,314a 23 1988,448 5,366 ,000257629,120 1 257629,120 695,172 ,000

7737,322 6 1289,554 3,480 ,003

8963,659 4 2240,915 6,047 ,000

10939,256 13 841,481 2,271 ,008

71895,962 194 370,5981009662,500 218

117630,275 217

SourceCorrected ModelIntercept*ErrorTotalCorrected Total



- . &

118

5.6

.

(p-value=0,008). ,

5.20:

(20 50 )

70 () 80 ,

. , 51 150

.

, ( 251

),

. ,

151 200 201 250

. (

251 )

. 20


;

301

251-300

201-250

151-200

101-150

51-100

20-50

Est

imat

ed M

argi

nal M

eans

(kg/

)

120

100

80

60

40

20 0

1

- . &

119

,

.

5.21: ;

53,9%

6,7% 3,6%

35,8%1 /

2 /

3 /

4 /

(53,9%) -

2 . (35,8%)

1 , 10,3%

3 4 .

5.22: ;

6,7% 6,1%

87,2%

(87,2%)

, 6,7%

- . &

120

,

6,1% .

,

.

,

.

,

.

:

5.7: (

)

ANOVA

; (kg/)

5865,793 2 2932,897 5,952 ,00381306,891 165 492,76987172,684 167

Between GroupsWithin GroupsTotal

Sum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.

5.7,

(p-value=0,003). 5.7 ,

. Scheffe (

), 74 /

5.8.

. ,

- . &

121

.

5.8:

Descriptives

; (kg/)

144 60,807 22,7967 1,899717 79,091 20,0183 4,9282

8 74,000 10,9545 4,0000

168 63,192 22,8471 1,7627

Total

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error

5.23: ;

1,8%

38%

8,6%4,3%

23,9%

3,7%4,9%2,5%

12,3%

05

10152025303540

NP

NPK

(NP NPK)

( )

(

)

5.23 38%

, 23,9% 12,3%

. 1,8%

.

5.24

.

,

, ,

.

5.24:

- . &

122

2,

(2=195,244, p-value

- . &

123

5.26:

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

20-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-300 301

3-5

6-8

9-11

12-15

, (2=56,091, p-

value=0,003).

. ,

( )

51 150 , (3-

5 ) .

(12-15 )

.

5.9:

( / )

Descriptive Statistics

126 15,0 90,0 52,054 18,2202

126

;( /)Valid N (listwise)

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

- . &

124

15 90 . 52

, 18 / .

5.27: ( / )

126N =

kg/

100

80

60

40

20

0

50%

45 63 / , 99%

20 90 / . 15

/ .

( / )

,

5.10: (

)

- . &

125

ANOVA

; ( /)

10180,726 6 1696,788 6,448 ,00031316,037 119 263,16041496,763 125

Between GroupsWithin GroupsTotal

Sum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.

(p-value

- . &

126

38,6%

4,1% 5,8%

41,5%

1,8%

8,2%

05

1015202530354045

5.28 41,5%

,

(38,6%)

. 5.29:

2,3%

50,9%

9,9%3,5%

33,3%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

()

,

(33,3%) .

5.30: :

30,9%

6,4%

18,2%

44,5%

, ..

- . &

127

44,5%

. 6,4%

2 , 6

.

5.4.3 / .

, ,

. ,

.

.

, , ..

, .

5.31:

25,9%

5,6%

19,1%

38,9%

12%8,3%

0,9%

5,6%

41,7%42,3%

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

25,0%

30,0%

35,0%

40,0%

45,0%

2,

(2=22,162, p-value=0,005). ,

- . &

128

. ,

. (42,3%)

. , 0,9%

5.32:

58,4%

68,6%

41,6%

31,4%

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

80,0%

5.32

, .

(2=2,65, p-value= 0,266),

.

58,4%

. 5.33:

- . &

129

15%

5,6%

35%

11%

4%0%

38,9%35,5% 42%

13,9%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

-

-

2=15,991 (p-value=0,043),

.

5.33 (15%)

, 75,5% .

4% .

5.34:

23,1%

8,6%

31%

40%

32,6%

51,4%

10%

0%3%

0%0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

2=18,629 (p-value=0,017).

. , (23,1%)

, 63,6%

- . &

130

. 3%

.

5.35:

6% 5,6%10,9%

6%

26%

66,7%

31%

17%

26%

6%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

X2=30,44 (p-value

- . &

131

30,6%

38,9%

9%5,6%

2,3%

8,3%

16,7%

42,8%

27,0%

18,9%

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

25,0%

30,0%

35,0%

40,0%

45,0%

(2=22,301, p-value=0,004),

. 42,8%

,

2,3% .

5.5 / 1

.

.

5.37

(70,9%)

.

5.37: -

- . &

132

20,9%

70,9%

8,1%

(2=0,909, p-

value=0,340).

(98,8%)

-,

. ,

5 245

.

,

,

,

.

, .

. .

5.38: -

;

- . &

133

78,6%70,2% 69,8%

21,4%

8,5%

29,8% 30,2%

91,5%

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

80,0%

90,0%

100,0%

25-30 30-40 40-50 50

X2

- ,

12,777 (p-value=0,005).

. , 5.38

, ( 40 )

.

30 40 ,

.

,

(2=8,749 (p-value=0,120) 2=3,213 (p-value=0,523)

.

,

5.39: -

;

- . &

134

100%

79,7% 77,3% 75,7%

50%

71,4%

0%

20,3% 22,7% 24,3%

50%

28,6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

(.. )

(/)

,

(11 12 ).

,

,

. , 2=1,805, p-

value=0,179. ,

. ,

2=16,180 (p-value=0,003),

, ,

.

. ,

, .

5.40:

- . &

135

40,8%

50%

0%

6% 5,6%

17,9%

33,3%

17,4%

11,1%

17,9%

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

,

,

5.40

, 40,8%

.

,

33,3% , 50%

.

,

35,3%

,

.

.

.

5.41: ;

16,9%

16,3%5,2%

41,3%

20,3%

,

,

- . &

136

5.40

, (41,3%)

.

258 14 (5,2%)

. 11 14

,

3

.

2=65,995 (p-value

- . &

137

,

,

.

, 43,5%

, 22,4%

,

15,6%

.

.

,

.

, ,

. ,

.

.

(2=40,311, p-value

- . &

138

,

.

30-40 , . ,

, 30-40

, 0%.

, (2=52,882, p-value

- . &

139

. , 5.45

5.45:

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

20 50 51 100

101 150

151 200

201 250

251 300

301

,

,

, 51

.

151 200 ,

.

.

( 51 100

) ( 151 200 ).

(2=24,688, p-

value=0,076),

. ,

.

.

,

. ,

. .

- . &

140

(2=9,717, p-value=0.045). 5.46

5.46:

20,3%24%

39%

8%

0%

4,8%

12%

56%

18,2%17,7%

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

/

,

,

.

,

. ,

2=4,247 (p-value=0,039). 5.47

5.47: ,

;

88,9%

73,9%

11,1%

26,1%

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

80,0%

90,0%

100,0%

/

- . &

141

.

,

.

2=3,343 (p-value=0,342) 2=7,623 (p-value=0,106) .

,

.

2=43,245 (p-value

- . &

142

(X2=33,587, p-value

- . &

143

(78,5%) ,

(9,3%), (7%), (5,2%).

5.51: ;

25,1%

74,9%

(74,9%) .

5.52: ;

65,5%

34,5%

, (34,5%)

.

- . &

144

. ,

2=0,765 (p-value=0,382).

5.53: ;

20%

10,9%

20%

27,3%

21,8%

5.53 27,3%

,

, ,

.

6 , 3

.

. ,

.

.

.

5.54 (55%)

.

.

- . &

145

5.54: ;

55%

5,8% 6,4% 1,8%

31%

-

/

/

/

,

.

2=39,778 (p-value

- . &

146

, . ,

. ,

,

30 .

(2=53,997, p-value

- . &

147

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

80,0%

-

-

-

/

/

/

. , ,

.

. ,

.

5.6

.

. ,

, ,

.

5.57:

- . &

148

73,1%

26,9%

26,9%

.

, .

5.58: , ;

, ;

2,3%8%6,8%3,4%

9,1%10,2%

60,2%

010203040506070

/

.

, 10,2%

, 9,1%

.

,

. ,

- . &

149

2=55,911, (P-value

- . &

150

0%

21%

54,2%38,5%

28,6%

100%87,6%

79%

61,5%71,4%

12,4%

45,8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

(..

(

/

5.61 23,3%

,

. (29,1%)

.

5.61: /

29,1%

1,7%

29,7%

16,3%

23,3%

5.62: ;

- . &

151

2,9 7,67,6

12,2

69,8

5.62

, 12,2% ,

2,9% .

5.63 : ;

66,2%

4,7%10,1%

0,7%

18,2%

, 5.63

(66,2%)

, 4,7% .

- . &

152

5.7

. 5.64: ;

26,2%

9,3%

64,5%

(64,5%) .

5.65: , ;

2,8%9,3%

21,3%

12%

54,6%

1980

1980-1990

1990-2000

2000

1980. ,

, 2000

. , (12%)

, . 5.66:

- . &

153

14,4%4,8%

5,8%

5,8%3,8%

17,3%30,8%

17,3%

30,8% ,

17,3%. (14,4%)

.

5.67:

;

13,4%

86,6%

(86,6%)

Documents

ΡΥΠΑΝΣΗ ΕΔΑΦΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΥΠΟΓΕΙΩΝ ΝΕΡΩΝ ΛΑΡΙΣΑΣ