Ассемблер - Это Просто. Учимся Программировать. 2-е Издание

-

-

2011

681.3.068+800.92 32.973.26-018.1 17

. .

17 . . 2- ., . .

.: -, 2011. 336 .: . + CD-ROM

ISBN 978-5-9775-0591-8

-

. Intel, 16- 32- ,

, ,

, . , -

, -

( Norton Commander FAR Manager) .

, , -

. -

. - , -

, .

681.3.068+800.92

32.973.26-018.1

:

.

.

.

02429 24.07.00. 31.01.11. 70 100

1/16.

. . . . 27,09.

2000 . "-", 190005, -, ., 29.

- 77.99.60.953..005770.05.09 26.05.2009 .

.

" ""

199034, -, 9 , 12.

ISBN 978-5-9775-0591-8 . ., 2011 , "-", 2011

................................................................................................................................... 1

.......................................................................................................................... 2 ...................................................................................................... 3

I. : ............................................................................. 7

1. ........................................................................................................ 9

1.1. ................................................................................ 9 1.2. ........................................................................................................ 12 1.3. ......................................................................................................... 13 1.4. .................................................................................................................................... 16

2. .................................................................................................. 17

2.1. 808680186 ...................................................... 17 2.1.1. ............................................................................................................. 17 2.1.2. - ......................................................................................................... 18 2.1.3. ..................................................................................................... 18

2.2. .......................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. add ................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2. sub ................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3. inc .................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.4. dec ................................................................................................................... 21

2.3. ....................................................................................................... 21

3. .............................................................. 23

3.1. . ............................................................................ 23 3.1.1. ................................................................ 25 3.1.2. ................................................................ 25 3.1.3. .............................................. 26

3.2. ............................................................................. 26 3.2.1. ......................................................................... 28

3.3. ...................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1. ASCII? ............................................................................................................. 32

3.4. ....................................................................................................... 33 3.5. ...................................................................................................................... 34

II. ....................................................................................... 37

4. ......................................................................................................... 39

4.1. ..................................................................................... 39 4.1.2. .................................................................................................... 39

4.2. .................................................................................................................... 42 4.2.1. ....................................................................... 43

4.3. ..................................................................................... 44 4.3.1. .......................................................................... 45

IV

4.4. ....................................................................................................... 45 4.4.1. .......................................................................................... 46

5. ............................................................................................................ 47

5.1. ............................................................................................................... 47 5.2. ....................................................................................................................... 48 5.3. ....................................................................................................... 51 5.4. AFD ....................................................................................... 53

6. ......................................................................................................... 54

6.1. ......................................................................................................................................... 54 6.2. ....................................................................................................... 61

6.2.1. nop ................................................................................................................... 61 6.2.2. ........................................................................................................... 62

7. ................................................................................................ 64

7.1. 6 ............................................................................................... 64 7.2. ............................................................................................................... 66 7.3. .................................................................... 69 7.4. ASCII ..................................................................................................... 69 7.5. ....................................................................................................... 71

8. ..................................................................................... 74

8.1. .............................................................................................. 74 8.2. .................................................................................................... 76 8.3. ....................................................................................................... 82

9. ........................................................................................................ 84

9.1. .............................................................................................. 84 9.2. ....................................................................................................... 87

III. , , ........................................... 91

10. . .......................................... 93

10.1. ............................................................................................ 93 10.2. ..................................................................................................................................... 97

10.2.1. .......................................................................... 98 ? .................................................................................................... 98 ? ................................................................................. 98 ? .................................................................................................................. 98 ? .......................................................................................... 98 ? ....................................................................................................... 98 ? ....................................................................................................... 98

10.3. ................................................................................................................................ 99 10.3.1. ........................................................................................... 99

10.4. ...................................................................................... 101 10.4.1. ................................................................ 104

10.5. ........................................................................................... 104 10.5.1. ? ........................................................................... 106

11. ................................................................................ 109

11.1. ............................................................................................................................. 109 11.2. ................................................................................................... 112

V

12. ............................................................................. 115

12.1. .............................................................................................................................. 115 12.2. .................................................................... 115 12.3. ........................................................................................... 118 12.4. xor sub ........................................ 125 12.5. ...................................................... 126

13. : .................................................................... 127

13.1. ................................................................................................................................. 127 13.2. ............................................................................................................................. 128 13.3. movs ..................................................................................... 132 13.4. , ......................... 134 13.5. ..................................................................................................................... 135

14. ................................................................................. 137

14.1. ................................................................................................................... 137 14.1.1. COM?.......................................................... 137 14.1.2. ? ................................................. 137

14.2. SuperShell .......................................................................................................... 139 14.2.1. ................................................................................................. 139 14.2.2. 80286+ ................................................... 140

14.3. () .................................................................................. 142 14.3.1. ........................................................................... 142 14.3.2. Draw_frame ............................................................................................... 143

? ................................................................. 144 14.4. ............................................................................................................................. 145 14.5. ............................................................................................................... 145

15. .................................................................. 148

15.1. ................................................................................................................................. 148 15.1.1. ....................................................... 150 15.1.2. .............................. 151

.................................................................................................................... 151 ..................................................................................................................... 151

15.2. ret retf .......................................................................................................... 152 15.2.1. ret ................................................................................................................. 152 15.2.2. retf................................................................................................................ 153

15.3. . iret ............................................ 155 15.4. ............................................................................................................................. 157 15.5. ..................................................................................... 159

15.5.1. or ................................................................................................................. 159 15.5.2. and ............................................................................................................... 160 15.5.3. xor ................................................................................................................ 161

15.6. .................................................................... 162 15.6.1. 05h ...................................................................................... 162 15.6.2. 09h ...................................................................................... 162 15.6.3. 1Ch ..................................................................................... 163

15.7. ................................................................................................................................ 164

16. ............................................................................ 165

16.1. ....................................................................................................... 165 16.1.1. 03h .......................................................................................................... 165

VI

16.2. ............................................................................... 170 16.2.1. ................................................................................... 170

16.3. ............................................................................................................................. 172

17. ................................................................................... 174

17.1. .................................................. 174 17.2. ................................................................................................................................... 176

17.2.1. "-" .................................................................................. 180 17.2.2. "-" ...................................................................... 181

18. ........................................................ 183

18.1. .......................................................................... 183 18.2. 17 .............................................................................................................. 184 18.3. Super Shell ......................................................................................................... 185

18.3.1. .................................................................... 185 18.3.2. ..................................................................................... 192 18.3.3. .......................................... 192 18.3.4. Copy_scr / Restore_scr (display.asm) ...................................................... 193 18.3.5. scas .............................................................................................................. 194 18.3.6. ................................................................. 196 18.3.7. ...................... 198

18.4. ................................................................................................................................ 199

19. ........................................................................... 200

19.1. .............................................................................................................................. 200 19.2. ? ........................................................................... 204

20. ..................................................................................... 205

20.1. ................................................................................................................................... 206 20.1.1. ret, call jmp ....................................................................................... 206 20.1.2. ......................................................................................................... 207 20.1.3. ...................................................................................... 210

20.2. ................................................................................................................................ 211

21. .................................................................... 213

21.1. SuperShell .......................................................................................................... 213 21.1.1. .......................................................................................................................... 213 21.1.2. ...................................................................................................................... 214

............................................................................................................... 214 ............................................................................................................... 215

21.1.3. test................................................................................................................ 215 21.2. DOS ..................................................................................... 219

21.2.1. .................................................................................................. 219 21.2.2. .................................................................. 222

22. ................................................................................... 223

23. PSP DTA. ( DOS) ................... 225

23.1. ............................................................................................ 226 23.2. ( MS-DOS) ............................................................... 227 23.3. ............................................................................................................ 231

23.3.1. ............................................................................... 232

VII

23.3.2. ................................................................................... 233 23.3.3. " " ............................................................. 235

23.4. ...................................................... 237

24. ........................................................................................ 238

24.1. 80386/80486. ......................... 238 24.1.1. 16- 32- ................................................................................... 240 24.1.2. use16/use32 ................................................................................................ 241 24.1.3. ........................................... 241

24.2. . ................................................................................... 242 24.3. ................................................................................................................................ 247

25. ......................................................................................... 248

25.1. ......................................................................................... 248 25.2. ................................................................................ 249 25.3. ....................................................... 254 25.4. ..................................................... 255 25.5. ............................................................................................................................. 256

25.5.1. .............................................................. 256

26. ............................................................................................ 258

26.1. IBM- ......................................... 258 26.2. ....................................................................................................... 259 26.3. ............................................................................................................................. 260

26.3.1. ....................... 261 26.3.2. ........................................................ 262

27. ............................................................................. 264

27.1. ............................................................................................. 264 27.1.1. 21h .......................................................................................... 264 27.1.2. ? ....................................................... 267 27.1.3. , ........................................................... 268

27.2. ............................................................................................................................. 269

28. ................................................. 271

28.1. ............................................................... 271 28.2. ........................................................................ 273 28.3. ......................................................................................... 274 28.4. .................................................................. 276 28.5. ............................................................................... 276

29. ................................................................................. 278

29.1. .............................................................. 278 29.1.1. ....................................................... 279

? ....................................................... 279 4 ? ......................... 280 bx (3)?...................................................................... 280

29.1.2. PSP ................................................................................... 280 29.1.3. EPB .......................................................................................................... 281

( DOS) ................. 282 DOS? ............................................................ 283 ........................................................................... 283 FCB .................................................................................. 284

VIII

29.1.4. ................................................................................................ 284 29.1.5. ....................................................................................................... 285

29.2. " " ........................................................................................... 286

30. .......................................................................... 288

30.1. (XMS) . .............................................................. 288 30.2. XMSmem.asm. XMS- ......................................... 289

30.2.1. XMS- ..................................................................................... 289

30.3. XMSblock.asm. .......................................................................................................... 291

30.3.1. ................................................................................. 293 30.3.2. XMS- ...................................................... 293

30.4. XMScopy.asm. ......................................................................................................... 294

31. ............................................. 296

31.1. Super Shell ......................................................................................................... 296 31.1.1. ........................................................... 297 31.1.2. ................................................................................................ 298

31.2. ............................................................................ 299 31.2.1. ................... 299 31.2.2. - ..... 300

32. ............................................................. 302

32.1. ? ................................................................................................... 302 32.1.1. ............................................................................. 302 32.1.2. .................................................................................................... 303 32.1.3. (FAT) .......................................................................... 304

32.2. ................................................................................... 305 32.3. ............................................................................................... 306

32.3.1. FAT, FAT32 .......................................... 306

............................................................................................................... 307

1. ( ) .................................................................................................... 309

1.1. MASM 6.106.13 .............................................................................................. 309 1.2. .............................................................................................................. 309 1.3. ....................................................................................................................... 310

1.3.1. Microsoft (MASM) ............ 311

2. .......................... 312

3. .......................................................................... 313

3.1. ASCII ................................................................................................ 313 3.2. ASCII ................................................................................................ 320 3.3. - ..................................................................................................... 322

4. - ........................................................................ 324

............................................................................................................ 325

, . , -

, ,

. , -

, , -

. , -

: , ,

.

"? ! ". ,

18 000 , -

. -

, (

). -

MS-DOS Windows.

, -

. , -

, .

.

, , ,

.

,

, , , .

, ,

, , , .

:

I , -

( ), II -

Windows; III

/ ;

,

;

2

, ;

;

, 10,

:

;

;

( Norton Commander, FAR Manager . .) -

XMS-;

(, -

).

, ,

. -, , -

-

, . -

, .

- ,

http://www.Kalashnikoff.ru (

).

.

.

(-), .

.

,

, , , -

, , -.

, !

, . -

II III.

! ,

, ( -

, , , .).

, , , -

, -

http://RFpro.ru.

,

.

3

1. ( MS-DOS)

-

( Windows)?

-, -

. .

, .

-, WinAPI, ,

MS-DOS. WinAPI

, Win-

dows. , -

WinAPI.

-, , COM-, -

MS-DOS Windows, .

2. -

?

Microsoft

, -

. , , MS-DOS 3.30, -

, , , -

,

, .

Windows 95/98/2000/XP/Vista ,

, -

MS-DOS, DOS-, -

"" , , ,

, , , DOS4GW.

, -

(Windows Explorer), . , Norton

Commander, Far Manager,

, .

Microsoft (Windows)

MS-DOS: | | cmd | .

,

, COM- MS-DOS.

Microsoft IBM- :

Windows 2000 Pro Server;

Windows XP Home Edition Pro;

Windows Vista/Server 2008/7.

4

! , Windows. . ? : !

3. , , ?

, , , , Akelpad, - (, Far Manager). , , . . - . Far Manager (). , , , , .

, . MASM.EXE (ML.EXE) Microsoft, TASM.EXE Borland, FASM . Windows MASM32. http://Kalashnikoff.ru. , - , . MASM 6.11 Macro Assembler

Microsoft 6.11 I

MASM32 II, . - , - 2 http://RFpro.ru.

(AFD, SoftIce, CodeView). . AFD CodeView SoftIce .

, , , . IDA, .

, : http://www.Kalashnikoff.ru.

4. ?

.

, .

().

().

1. , , , . , - , , , -

5

, . , Basic, Pascal, C - , . , .

, - MS-DOS, . . - ( | | cmd). - Far Manager, Windows Commander, Total Commander . .

5. ?

.

Intel 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486.

16- 32- .

.

.

(XMS-).

.

CGA, EGA, VGA ().

.

BIOS () MS-DOS.

, .

.

.

MS-DOS Windows.

, . . - .

6. , ?

, , http://RFpro.ru. , :

;

;

, - .

http://RFpro.ru !

1 - , "Hello, world!".

!

1

1.1.

- . . - . , , - , .

, , - , 10 . :

1 10 = 10

10 10 = 100

100 10 = 1000

. . 0 9, . . (-

, ). , ,

"". "" , . . - . 0 9 , , : A, B, C, D, E, F. F, , - 15 (. 1.1).

1.1.

0 0 26 1A

1 1 27 1B

2 2 28 1C

3 3 29 1D

4 4 30 1E

... ... ... ...

8 8 158 9E

I. : 10

1.1 ()

9 9 159 9F

10 A 160 A0

11 B 161 A1

12 C 162 A2

13 D ... ...

14 E 254 FE

15 F 255 FF

16 10 256 100

17 11 257 101

... ... ... ...

, - , 16 ( 1.1).

1.1

1 16 = 10

10 16 = 100

100 16 = 1000

. .

1.1 ? : 10, 12, 45, 64, 12, 8, 19? , . , - , - h H ( . hexadecimal ), hex. , , . 0 9 , , 5 5h, . , 1 ( 1.2 1.3).

1.2.

1 16 = 10h

10h x 16 = 100h

100h x 16 = 1000h

1. 11

1.3.

1h x 10h = 10h

10h x 10h = 100h

100h x 10h = 1000h

-

.

, , -

.

, .

10 ( 0 9) 6 (A, B, C, D,

E, F). -

, 16 . -

, . . -

.

,

. ,

,

. , 1.1.

1.1. ,

...

(01) mov ah,9

(02) mov al,8

...

(15) mov dl,5Ah

...

, ,

! -

, :

(01) -, (15) -.

, -, , -

, -

. ,

.

. -

. : mov ah,9

MOV AH,9

I. : 12

. , , -, . , - .

1.2.

, (\001\prog01.asm) ( 1.2).

1.2.

(01) CSEG segment

(02) org 100h

(03)

(04) Begin:

(05)

(06) mov ah,9

(07) mov dx,offset Message

(08) int 21h

(09)

(10) int 20h

(11)

(12) Message db 'Hello, world!$'

(13) CSEG ends

(14) end Begin

: -

, !

- ( -

\001\prog01.asm, 001 , prog01.asm

DOS-).

, !

1.2, -

. .

, .

. , (01), (02) (13) .

(03), (05), (09) (11) .

. -

.

. (04) -

. , .

(14) end Begin (Begin ; end ). -

. Begin

1. 13

. , Start. ,

End Start (14).

(06)(08) "Hello, world!". ( - ).

- . , , - :

A = 5

B = 8

C = A + B

A, B C ( ), - . = 5 : " 5".

- - mov ( . move ""). (06) - : " ah 9" ( , ah - 9). , . (07) dx ( "Hello, world!$"). , (08) MS-DOS, . - , .

1.3.

MS-DOS ( MS-DOS), -. ( 1.3).

, . MASM/TASM -. :

;

mov ah,9 ;

, - .

1.3. ()

A=5 ; A 5

B=8 ; B 8

Addition

; 13

A=10 ; ,

I. : 14

B=25

Addition

; 35

;

...

Addition

C = A + B

; ,

() Addition,

, A B. -

.

, , ,

, , , .

,

.

(08) (. 1.2)

( ), .

, , , . .

. ( ,

) . (08) : "

" (int . interrupt ).

, 21 h. , , -

(33 ). ,

int 21h int 33. . -

,

.

(10) , , 20h.

- . -

( DOS).

20h , (, -

). , Norton Commander DOS Navigator. -

exit .

(12) . (message -

) . (, mess

string .). (07),

dx .

1. 15

, Mess2. , (09), : ...

(09) mov ah,9

(10) mov dx,offset Mess2

(11) int 21h

(12) int 20h

(13) Message db 'Hello, world!$'

(14) Mess2 db ' !$'

(15) CSEG ends

(16) end Begin

, , . Message Mess2 $.

. , 21h , - $. , , "" -, .

. 1. -, COM-, EXE! COM-, (MASM/TASM) - . COM- Macro Assembler - 6.11 . 1.1. 2, - .

(AFD, CodeView), ( !) . , - .

. 1.1. Prog01.com

I. : 16

. 1.2. AFD Pro

. 1.2 , AFD Pro. , -, , . - .

1.4.

. , . , 34 , .

, , , , . , , . , , , . , - , .

, , , , 10 "", FOR, NEXT, PRINT ., . - , - - . . - , , . . , , . , , . . , " ".

* * * 2

.

2

2.1. 808680186

, ,

- . 808680186

14 . 1 : ah dx. . 2.1, 2.3

2.4 , ip , -

.

2.1.1.

( ). : ,

. . 2.1 32- ,

0 4 294 967 295 (0FFFFFFFFh). -

. 16-, 0

65 535 0h FFFFh , .

8- : ah, al, bh, bl, ch,

cl, dh, dl. 255 (FFh).

( ) 16- .

2.1.

EAX EBX

ax bx cx dx

ah al bh bl ch cl dh dl

mov, -

. , , al 35h, -

:

mov al,35h

I. : 18

ax 346Ah, : mov ax,346Ah

, , . , - :

mov ah,123h FFh

mov bx,12345h FFFFh

mov dl,100h FFh

, (12h), (5h), : 0C5h. , - , -, . .

, mov ax,1234h. ah 12h, al 34h. ah, al, bh, bl, ch, cl, dh dl (Low) (High) 16- (. 2.2).

2.2.

mov ax,1234h

mov bx,5678h

mov cx,9ABCh

mov dx,0DEF0h

ax = 1234h, ah = 12h, al = 34h

bx = 5678h, bh = 56h, bl = 78h

cx = 9ABCh, ch = 9Ah, cl = 0BCh

dx = 0DEF0h, dh = 0DEh, dl = 0F0h

2.1.2. -

si ( ) di ( ) - . bp sp (. 2.3). .

2.3. -

si Di bp sp

2.1.3.

(. 2.4) (, ). - , .

2.4.

CS DS ES SS

2. 19

2.2.

: add, sub, inc, dec.

2.2.1. add

add . 2.5. -

.

.

, () ,

. , -

, .

2.5. add

add , Addition 8086

8086, -

, , (80286, 80386,

80486, Pentium . .).

add ( 2.1).

2.1. add

mov al,10 ; al 10

add al,15 ;al = 25; al , 15

mov ax,25000 ; ax 25000

add ax,10000 ;ax = 35000; ax , 10000

mov cx,200 ; cx 200

mov bx,760 ; bx 760

add cx,bx ;cx = 960, bx = 760 (bx ); cx ,

;bx

2.2.2. sub

sub (. 2.6, 2.2).

2.6. sub

sub , Subtraction 8086

I. : 20

2.2. sub

mov al,10

sub al,7 ;al = 3; al , 7

mov ax,25000

sub ax,10000 ;ax = 15000; ax , 10000

mov cx,100

mov bx,15

sub cx,bx

, . , 0 65 535. . -, 100 , , - 100 . , :

...

mov ax,2700

mov bx,15000

add ax,bx

...

ax 17 700,

bx 15 000. add ax,bx

80486. , 486 DX2-66 0 0FFFFh 66 (!) !

2.2.3. inc

inc . 2.7.

2.7. inc

inc Increment 8086

inc (

). : add , 1

( 80486)

( 2.3).

2. 21

2.3. inc

mov al,15

inc al ; al = 16 ( add al,1)

mov dh,39h

inc dh ;dh = 3Ah ( add dh,1)

mov cl,4Fh

inc cl ;cl = 50h ( add cl,1)

2.2.4. dec

dec . 2.8.

2.8. dec

dec Decrement 8086

dec ( 2.4). : sub , 1

2.4. dec

mov al,15

dec al ; al = 14

mov dh,3Ah

dec dh ;dh = 39h

mov cl,50h

dec cl ;cl = 4Fh

2.3.

, - , . DOS.

BIOS () 16h, , 20h, 21h . IO.SYS/MSDOS.SYS MS-DOS.

, - 10h 16h. :

mov ah,10h ; ah

int 16h ; 16h BIOS ()

I. : 22

, ax , .

(\002\prog02.asm) , PAUSE BAT- (- 2.5).

2.5.

(01) CSEG segment

(02) org 100h

(03) Start:

(04)

(05) mov ah,9

(06) mov dx,offset String

(07) int 21h

(08)

(09) mov ah,10h

(10) int 16h

(11)

(12) int 20h

(13)

(14) String db ' ...$'

(15) CSEG ends

(16) end Start

(01), (02) (15) . (05)(07), , . ( (09), (10)) - . , (12) .

inc, dec, add sub. - ( ) . , : ...

mov ah,0Fh

inc ah

int 16h

...

.

* * *

3 , . .

3

- . -, . , - . , . , . - ! . - , , . 4, .

, . : CodeView (CV.EXE) AFD Pro (AFD.EXE). , prog03.asm. , prog03.com. , - CodeView/AFD, MS-DOS :

CV.EXE prog03.com

:

AFD.EXE prog03.com

, !

3.1. .

, . , - , , ""? ( ). , , ( ). .

, :

0000 ( ),

0001,

0010 (. . , 1).

I. : 24

: 0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

1001

. . "" "" . , -

, 0 1, . . - ("0" "1" ). , , , , : 0001 ; 0010 ; 0100 ; 1000 . . . 0 9, ( ; : - 1010, 1011, ..., 1111).

. - (, , , .) - . "" 256 ( 0 255) . , (09), (az, AZ), (, ) . (. 3). (255) 8 . 8 . , 1 (. 3.1).

3.1. "Z"

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

"" "" "" "" -.

. , , "", - . , 1 . , . "" 4Dh , , 1001101 -

. , "" 4 4 8 = 32 . , () , "" "".

3. 25

" , (, -, ), "-"?" . , , - ( ) (), . , , , - .

b. , - , . : 10 , 10h , 10b . , , . : ...

mov ax,20

mov bh,10100b

mov cl,14h

...

ax, bh cl , - , . ( bh).

, . - ( ) : 10101110 10010010 01111010 11100101 (, ; ). - . , . . . , . , . . - , "". , - , ! - .

3.1.1.

, , .

, 20. : 10100b.

, , 4 0. :

10100b = 24 + 0 + 2

2 + 0 + 0 = 16 + 8 = 20

10100b = 1 16 + 0 8 + 1 4 + 0 2 + 0 1 = 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 = 20.

3.1.2.

, : 20/2 = 10, 0; 10/2 = 5, 0;

I. : 26

5/2 = 2, 1; 2/2 = 1, 0; 1/2 = 0, 1. : 10100b = 20.

3.1.3.

-

, 16:

8Ah = 8 16 + 10 (0Ah) = 138.

, -

. , -

Windows. DOS

Navigator. ,

, , , .

!

3.2.

: " ".

, "" "" -

, ... . , -

.

, -

3.1 ( "_" ).

3.1

0000: _

0010: _

0020:

0030:

"" "" ; "" ,

"" . . , -

. . ""

: 0000:0003, . . 0000, 0003.

"" , , -

. "" : 0010:0005, . .

, : 0010 , 0005 .

"" , 0020 -

. , "" 0020:0001, . . 0020,

0001.

3. 27

, , , , - : . - : cs, ds, ss, es (. . 2.1.3), ( ):

cs (code segment - );

ds (data segment );

ss (stack segment );

es , - (, ).

es:di "" "" 3.1. ( 3.2).

3.2

...

(1) mov ax,0020

(2) mov es,ax

(3) mov di,2

...

es 20, di - () "" "". , ...

, ( ) - . (1) - ax, (2) 20 ax es.

mov ds,15 ;!

mov ss,34h ;!

, . COM ( , , ). . , , COM , 5674h, :

cs = 5674h

ds = 5674h

ss = 5674h

es = 5674h

: cs = ds = ss = es = 5674h. COM 100h. ,

, org 100h,

I. : 28

100h , ( , ). , , - , . cs:ip .

3.2.1.

, , (- 3.1).

3.1.

(01) CSEG segment

(02) org 100h

(03) _start:

(04) mov ah,9

(05) mov dx,offset String

(06) int 21h

(07) int 20h

(08) String db 'Test message$'

(09) CSEG ends

(10) end _start

, (01) (09) : CSEG ( ) segment ( , ,

CSEG );

CSEG ends (END Segment ) .

(02) , , 100h. COM.

3.1 AFD Pro. , 1DF1h (. 3.1). (04) :

1DF1h:0100h (. . cs = 1DF1h, ip = 0100h)

cs ip! . AFD

, CodeView , , ; - + +. , - (. 3.2): ax = 0900h (, ah = 09h, al = 0, . . mov ah,9

9 ah, al. al , , 15h, ax 0915h);

ip = 102h (. . ). - , mov ah,9 2 : 102h 100h = 2.

3. 29

. 3.1. 3.1 AFD Pro

. 3.2. mov ah,9

( /) dx ip. dx "Test message$" , . . 109h, ip 105h ( ). -, mov dx,offset String 3 (105h 102h = 3) (. 3.3).

, :

mov dx,offset String

:

mov dx,109 ;109 , CodeView

; 'h' . .

I. : 30

. 3.3. mov dx,0109

? , , -- (MASM/TASM) offset String String ( ). , , :

mov dx,109h

. . , (07), 3.1:

...

(07) int 20h

(08) int 20h

(09) String db 'Test message$'

(10) CSEG ends

(11) end _start

int 20h (, , (07)). . . - CodeView, , . . - , , . , -, 0A09h. , dx. , dx - 109h, . , .

, CodeView.

Memory () CodeView ( AFD ) - (. 3.2 . 3.4).

3. 31

3.2. CodeView

1 2 3 4

0A09 : 0000 CD 20 FF 9F 00 9A F0 FE = .

:

1 (0A09) , (

);

2 (0000) ( -

(:));

3 (CD 20 FF ... F0 FE) ,

, 0A09:0000;

4 (= .) ASCII ( ), -

.

. 3.4. , , 3.1 CodeView

2 () ,

dx (5). 4 Test

message$, 3 Test message$

... dx (. 3.5)! ,

() !

, dx CSEG ( (01) (09) -

3.1). : int 21h. -

DOS 9 (mov ah,9) dx (mov dx,offset String).

, ah -

. ( -

I. : 32

), ,

.

. 3.5. Test message$

3.3.

09h 21h , dx. . 3.3. .

,

, . 3.1.

3.3. 09h 21h

ah = 09h

dx = ASCII- , $

3.3.1. ASCII?

, , ASCII-, ASCII-. ASCII- 0 255 DOS, - , , . ( ASCII- . 3).

3. 33

.

- , . -

, . , -

.

3.4.

(\003\prog03.asm) ,

( 3.2).

3.2.

(01) CSEG segment

(02) org 100h

(03) _beg:

(04) mov ax,0B800h

(05) mov es,ax

(06) mov di,0

(07)

(08) mov ah,31

(09) mov al,1

(10) mov es:[di],ax

(11)

(12) mov ah,10h

(13) int 16h

(14)

(15) int 20h

(16)

(17) CSEG ends

(18) end _beg

. .

(. 3.6),

.

, . . . (04)

(05) es 0B800h,

( !). (06)

di . 0B800h. (08)

(09) ah (31 -

) al ASCII- (01 "").

(10) 0B800:0000h ( -

) ASCII- (31 01 -

I. : 34

). mov (10). -

[ ] , ,

, ( , -

, 0B800:0000h).

. 3.6. Prog03.com

. (04) (05). es, , -, ds . - . .

. - . (10) 35 . , Pentium 100 20 (!) - !

3.5.

! I .

, . :

;

;

Intel 8086/8088/80186;

;

:

org ;

mov ();

add ;

sub ;

inc ;

int ;

3. 35

09h 21h ( -

);

10h 16h ( ).

, ,

. 75% ,

, , , . , -

, , -

. ,

I. - , , ,

. !

,

II " ".

!

4

4.1.

3.1. - -:

(01) ...

(02) mov ah,9

(03) mov dx,offset My_string

(04) int 21h

(05) ...

(06) My_string db '!$'

(07) ...

(03) dx .

: mov dx,offset My_string. , mov

. :

mov cx,125

(03) offset.

? : mov dx,My_string?

4.1.2.

"offset" .

(MASM/TASM) (03), -

offset My_string () . -

mov dx,My_string ( mov dx,word ptr My_string,

), dx (),

( ""). , dx 16- -

, . , ,

. : mov dl,My_string ( -

mov dl,byte ptr My_string). , dl

"", . . dl 8- .

mov dl,byte ptr My_string mov dx,word ptr My_string. Byte , word ( ).

II. 40

. , 8- (dl), byte. 16- (dx) word. -, .

, -

. .

"!$" ds () dx ().

ds? ,

COM- ( ), -

, ,

( ds). ds

( ). COM ,

, . COM-

64 (65 536 ). , "" ,

, 64 .

. -

Norton Commander (

III).

36 . ,

Norton Commander ( Norton Commander

).

Volcov Commander .

Norton Commander, 64 000 (

Norton). Volcov Commander "" ,

. Volcov , Norton.

.

21h ds . , : ...

mov dx,offset My_string

mov ax,10h

mov ds,ax

mov ah,9

int 21h

...

My_string db 'Hello!$'

...

, "Hello!", - "-

", dx () , -

- ds (. 4.1).

, 09h 21h , -

ds:dx. . 4.1 ,

ds 10. ,

Memory1 , 0A09:010Ch,

4. 41

Hello!, .

, . -

21h ds 10. ,

, ds:dx

0010:010Ch, .

. 4.1.

,

, , ( ),

-

ds: ...

mov ax,cs

mov ds,ax

...

. 4.1 .

4.1. 09h 21h

AH = 09h

DS:DX = ASCII- , $

, -

.

II. 42

4.2.

? , . , , 09h 21h ( 4.1).

4.1.

...

mov ah,9

mov dx,offset Str

int 21h

mov ah,9

mov dx,offset Str

int 21h

mov ah,9

mov dx,offset Str

int 21h

...

3 Str. , . ... loop (. 4.2).

4.2. loop

loop loop 8086

cx (). 4.2 , ( 4.1).

4.2.

...

(01) mov cx,3

(02) Label_1:

(03) mov ah,9

(04) mov dx,offset Str

(05) int 21h

(06) loop Label_1

...

4. 43

(01) cx , 3 0. (02) ( . Label ). ( (03)(05)) .

(06) loop cx , , Label_1 (02). . (07), cx . 4.1. (02)(06) .

4.2.1.

, , ,

, . . (03)

(05), loop. , . .

09 21h . 4.3 -

4.2.

4.3.

...

(01) mov ah,9


(03) mov cx,3

(04) Label_1:

(05) int 21h

(06) loop Label_1

...

, -

. , ,

.

, .

. 4.2 , -

4.3.

, , Label_1, . 4.1,

, , loop, -

int 21h. , . -

, -

.

,

. , 10h -

16h, ax , -

, 4.3.

II. 44

. 4.2.

4.3.

- , . - loop, , cx . cx - , - , . . .

, , - . .

. 4.3 , .

4.3. jmp

jmp Jump ( )

8086

jmp ( 4.4).

4.4.

...

(01) mov ah,9


4. 45

(03) int 21h

(04) jmp Label_2

(05)

(06) add cx,12

(07) dec cx

(08) Label_2:

(09) int 20h

...

(05)(07) . - , jmp (08), .

4.3.1.

dec , -, loop. 4.5 , 4.2, - ( ).

4.5.

...

(01) mov cx,3

(02) Label_1:

(03) mov ah,9


(05) int 21h

(06) dec cx

(07) jnz Label_1

...

(07). . , , (, ). , - . , , . .

4.4.

3, "" ( 4.6, \004\prog04.asm).

II. 46

4.6.

(01) CSEG segment

(02) org 100h

(03) Begin:

(04) mov ax,0B800h

(05) mov es,ax

(06) mov di,0

(07) mov al,1

(08) mov ah,31

(09) mov cx,2000

(10)

(11) Next_face:

(12) mov es:[di],ax

(13) add di,2

(14) loop Next_face

(15)

(16) mov ah,10h

(17) int 16h

(18) int 20h

(19) CSEG ends

(20) end Begin

, , . , .

4.4.1.

(01) (10) (15) (20) . -. (11) , "" , (14) "". , (10)(14), . - 2000 , cx 2000 ( (08)).

(12) 0B800:DI , ax ( + ). , . di 2, .

2? , 2 : . al, ah, (12), di (-) 2. di . cx 1 . , , (14).

. , -

, . , . . - , .

5

5.1.

, , TASM, -

. TASM :

Near jump or call to different CS

2

assume cs:CSEG, TASM -

.

?

, assume , -

cs CSEG. .

MASM . assume -

, MASM

.

TASM. , :

loop Label_1

jmp Label_2

call Procedure

"", , -

.

, COM-,

( CSEG). ,

, DSEG, (link.exe), COM-

( COM-!), . ,

:

assume cs:CSEG, ds:CSEG, es:CSEG, ss:CSEG

"" , cs, ds, es, ss

CSEG. , -

, , ,

. .

II. 48

5.2.

-

.

I.

.

, , -

" ...", ,

: " !", ,

, .

? 09h 21h

10h 16h ( 5.1).

5.1.

...

(01) mov ah,9


(03) int 21h

(04) mov ah,10h

(05) int 16h

(06) mov ah,9


(08) int 21h

(09) mov ah,10h

(10) int 16h

(11) int 20h

...

(12) Mess1 db ' ...$'

(13) Mess2 db ' !$'

...

, , . , , - . -, .

(01)(03) (06)(08) . , -

dx . 16h

(04), (05) (09), (10) . ,

.

5. 49

, , , call (. 5.1) ( 5.2).

5.1. call

call Call 8086

5.2. call

...


(02) call Out_string

(03) call Wait_key


(05) call Out_string

(06) call Wait_key

(07) int 20h

...

(08) Out_string proc

(09) mov ah,9

(10) int 21h

(11) ret

(12) Out_string endp

(13) Wait_key proc

(14) mov ah,10h

(15) int 16h

(16) ret

(17) Wait_key endp

...

(18) Mess1 db ' ...$'

(19) Mess2 db ' !$'

...

, . - ( ) -. .

II. 50

, ? , . .

(01) dx Mess1. (02) -, Out_string.

? () ( (03)) Out_string ( (08)). dx , . . Mess1 (. 5.1).

(09), (10) 09h 21h . (11) , (03) (ret . return ). , (. 5.2)!

. 5.1.

. 5.2. 0114h

5. 51

, , : " ( , -) , , - ?" , . , . . .

, (stack). . 6 , , ss:sp, .

, ( (03)) . , :

Out_string proc

...

Out_string endp

: Out_string ;

proc (procedure) ;

endp (end procedure) .

, . - . , , ""! .

5.3.

4, - (\005\prog05.asm). 5.3.

5.3.

(01) CSEG segment

(02) assume CS:CSEG, DS:CSEG, ES:CSEG, SS:CSEG

(03) org 100h

(04) Start:

(05) mov ax,0B800h

(06) mov es,ax

(07) mov al,1

(08) mov ah,31

(09) mov cx,254

(10) Next_screen:

(11) mov di,0

II. 52

(12) call Out_chars

(13) inc al

(14) loop Next_screen

(15) mov ah,10h

(16) int 16h

(17) int 20h

(18) Out_chars proc

(19) mov dx,cx

(20) mov cx,2000

(21) Next_face:

(22) mov es:[di],ax

(23) add di,2

(24) loop Next_face

(25) mov cx,dx

(26) ret

(27) Out_chars endp

(28) CSEG ends

(29) end Start

(01)(08), (15)(17) (28), (29) . .

(09) cx 254, , - . (10) (14) "" "" . di , - ( (11)). (12) , , al ( "" 01). ! - 01. di 2001, - .

, al. al 02 "", ( (13)). 1 02 ( (14)). . 254 .

. (19) - cx ( dx), . . . (21) (24) "" "" , 2000 ( -

5. 53

80 25). (20) cx. - cx ( (25)) (26).

, : .

254 , 2000 . : 2000 254 = 508 000. -, , , - . - . , .

- . AFD.

5.4. AFD

AFD, , : 32- ;

808680186 , 8087;

PE NE (Windows).

: ;

, , .;

.

DOS , . -

AFD http://www.Kalashnikoff.ru, - 64 .

, , , !

6

6.1.

(, stack) () .

, . , "" :

0000

0001

0002

...

FFFE

FFFF

. , , , jmp, call . . . 0FFFFh, () 0000h. - - call, call -. , , .

ss:sp. , , -, - COM- sp 0FFFEh, ss, , - CSEG (, , cs, ds, es).

. - . 6.1 .

6.1.

CSEG segment


org 100h

begin:

call Our_proc

6. 55

int 20h

Our_proc proc

ret

Our_proc endp

CSEG ends

end Begin

ss:sp. sp=0FFFEh, . . (. 6.1).

. 6.1.

. CodeView , AFD . sp ! 2. int 20h. , - call Our_proc, . 103 (. 6.2).

/. sp . 2, 0FFFEh. ret "" - 0103h . call int 20h. -, . 0FFFEh 0FFFEh (. 6.3).

-. , .

II. 56

. 6.2.

. 6.3. .

, , (. 6.1 6.2).

6.1. push

push Push 8086

6.2. pop

pop Pop 8086

6. 57

, . , , . ( 6.2).

6.2.

...

(01) mov ax,345h

(02) push ax

(03) mov ah,10h

(04) int 16h

(05) pop ax

...

ax 345h (01), (02), (03), (04). 10h 16h ax -, . . ax , . , (05), - 345h ax. ax 345h, , , . - . , : ax, bx, cx: ...

push ax

push bx

push cx

...

, : ...

pop cx

pop bx

pop ax

...

, , . : ...

mov ax,1234h

mov bx,5678h

push ax

push bx

pop ax

pop bx

...

II. 58

. 6.4.

ax 5678h, bx 1234h (. 6.4). -

( 6.3).

6.3.

...

call Our_proc

int 20h

...

Our_proc proc

mov ax,15

push ax

mov ah,9

mov dx,offset Str

int 21h

ret

Our_proc endp

...

, "" ax - Our_proc. , ret, , 15 , 15. 15 . , , "" (. . 6.5 6.6).

6. 59

. 6.5.

. 6.6.

( ) ss:sp (- : ). , , , ss sp , . cli sti (. 6.3 6.4).

6.3. cli

cli Clear interrupt -

8086

II. 60

6.4. sti

sti Restore interrupt 8086

, "" ! - . cli sti. .

? , . . - . - , .

. , - 18,2 . - -! , , , .

, , , ? - , . - , , , , (, , / /). , , - , -, " " , - . . - , , - : ...

(01) mov ax,100h

(02) mov ss,ax

(03) mov sp,200h

...

, , - (02). ss 100h, sp 200h. , , , , , , sp=0FFFEh. , ss=100h, sp=0FFFEh. . . - ss=100h, sp=200h! , - . , 0100h:0FFFEh ( ). ? , , "".

: ss:sp, -

cli, , ,

6. 61

sti. (Pentium) -, . . . , , "";

ss:sp . , ;

, . , COM- , ss , , sp = 0FFFEh. 100h (org 100h). . , , 2000h , sp 2200h. 100h ( ) (. . 100h (org 100h), 2000h 100h). , , - . (, 100h ), . !

6.4 .

6.4.

...

cli

mov ax,0B900h

mov ss,ax

mov sp,100h

sti

...

, , : " ss:sp?" ,

, , ( , ), , .

6.2.

6.2.1. nop

, (. 6.5).

6.5. nop

Nop No operand 8086

II. 62

, , 1 . - , "" , -. , , - , , , . "" , .

Hacker's View, : http://www.Kalashnikoff.ru. : 90h.

, (Volcov Commander, Hacker's View), , , : 90h

90h

0CDh

20h

6.2.2.

( 6.5). - (\006\prog06.asm).

6.5.

(01) CSEG segment

(02) assume cs:CSEG, es:CSEG, ds:CSEG, ss:CSEG

(03) org 100h

(04) Begin:

(05) mov sp,offset Lab_1

(06) mov ax,9090h

(07) push ax

(08) int 20h

(09) Lab_1:

(10) mov ah,9

(11) mov dx,offset Mess

(12) int 21h

(13) int 20h

(14) Mess db ' - ! $'

(15) CSEG ends

(16) end Begin

6. 63

, " ". , - - sp, . (09)(12) . ! . , CodeView, TurboDebuger, AFD - "": , " ", - int 20h (. 6.7). DOS, - , . . , (. 6.8)! " " . !

? : (. . , ).

" " . ?

?

?

. . - , -. ! , ! !

. 6.7.

. 6.8.

7

7.1. 6

. , 7.1 .

7.1. 6

...

(01) mov sp,offset Lab_1

(02) mov ax,9090h

(03) push ax

(04) int 20h

(05) Lab_1:

(06) mov ah,9

(07) mov dx,offset Mess

(08) int 21h

(09) int 20h

...

- ?

6, nop 90h.

(02). ax 90h (

nop). sp Lab_1 (01).

, , , Lab_1. ,

! MASM/TASM, ,

(05), () ( 109h).

(01) , sp,

, . , 109h

mov ah,09, . . Lab_1 .

! (03) "" 90h, . . - nop. ? , , "" .

7. 65

sp , , - . 7.1. int 20h 2 . Hacker's View. int 20h 0CDh, 20h. , "" COM- . , (, Volcov Commander), CD 20. COM (, prog.com). 2 . - COM-.

. 7.1. AFD Pro

, int 20h 2 . push ax (03) 90h, nop. sp int 20h, - nop. ! int 20h ( ) nop, ! -. . 7.1 .

, - " ".

. , CodeView, AFD, Turbo Debugger -

. : . , , , ( ss:sp), . - -. , , . , , ! ,

II. 66

, , , , . , , , . . . , " ", - , .

7.2.

10h 16h, . -, .

ax. ? cmp (. 7.1 7.2).

7.1. cmp

cmp , Compare 8086

7.2. cmp

...

(01) mov ah,10h

(02) int 16h

(03) cmp al,'Y'

(04) jz Yes_key

...

(05) Yes_key:

...

(02) , - - . 10h ax , . (03) , . : cmp al,'Y'

ASCII- . - . MASM/TASM . - , , cmp al,'Y'

cmp al,59h

7. 67

! , cmp al,59h. .

, , , , ( 7.3).

7.3.

...

mov al,'2'

mov dh,'d'

...

al 32h, dh 64h. ! (04) Yes_key (05), -

. jz ( . jump if zero , -) , .

. - , , .

, - ( 7.4 7.5).

7.4.

...

mov ax,15

cmp ax,15

jz Our_lab

mov ah,3

Our_lab:

...

7.4 , - Our_lab. mov ah,3 .

7.5.

...

mov ax,15

cmp ax,16

jz Our_lab

mov ah,3

Our_lab:

...

II. 68

7.5 Our_lab, . . cmp ax,16 . mov ah,3 , , , .

, , - -

. , . -

, . ,

! 7.6 .

7.6.

...

Next_key:

mov ah,10h

int 16h

cmp al,''

jz F_pressed

cmp al,''

jz F_pressed

jmp Next_key

F_pressed:

mov ah,9

mov dx,offset Mess

int 21h

int 20h

Mess db ' !!!$'

...

, jz je ( . jump if equal ,

) .

7.6 , 7.7.

7.7. je jz

...

int 16h

cmp al,''

je F_pressed

...

je - jz. ,

.

je jz !

7. 69

7.3.

jmp ( ) -

.

. , : goto.

goto 20 20

je jz . -

, - -

. , : cmp

al,''. :

if Key = "" then goto 20

, - -. , -

, .

( ), ,

, . , -

(, , ,

, .), . ,

-

. "".

?

7.4. ASCII

ASCII.

ASCII? , ,

10h 16h, ax.

- al:

cmp al,'Y'

, (.../A...Z), (0,..., 9)

, , , . -

, , :

cmp al,'F1'

, 'F1' 2 ,

al 1 .

ASCII. ,

, al 0, ah .

. 7.2 ASCII-

.

II. 70

7.2. ASCII

ASCII

, ..., 3Bh, ..., 44h

+, ..., + 68h, ..., 71h

+, ..., + 54h, ..., 5Dh

+, ..., + 5Eh, ..., 67h

, 3Bh, 3Ch, 3Dh . .

7.8 , - + ( , , ).

7.8. ASCII

...

(01) No_ext:

(02) mov ah,10h

(03) int 16h

(04) cmp al,0

(05) jnz No_ext

(06) cmp ah,57h

(07) je Shift_f4

(08) jmp No_ext

(09) Shift_f4:

...

, , + . . al 0, ah . (04)(07) -. (05) No_ext, , (: , , , . .). "" - . (06) , +. +, , -, Shift_f4 (09) ( Shift_f4, -, -). - , , - No_ext (08).

7. 71

, , - +.

. 7.3 , -, . . 10h 16h al.

7.3.

0Dh (13)

1Bh (27)

() 20h (32)

09h (9)

.

. ASCII 3.

7.5.

(\007\prog07.asm), - 8. - ( 7.9).

7.9.

CSEG segment


org 100h

Begin:

call Wait_key

cmp al,27

je Quit_prog

cmp al,0

je Begin

call Out_char

jmp Begin

Quit_prog:

mov al,32

II. 72

call Out_char

int 20h

; === ===

; --- Wait_key ---

Wait_key proc

mov ah,10h

int 16h

ret

Wait_key endp

; --- Out_char ---

Out_char proc

push cx

push ax

push es

push ax

mov ax,0B800h

mov es,ax

mov di,0

mov cx,2000

pop ax

mov ah,31

Next_sym:

mov es:[di],ax

inc di

inc di

loop Next_sym

pop es

pop ax

pop cx

ret

Out_char endp

CSEG ends

end Begin

, ! - , . (

7. 73

-) -

http://www.Kalashnikoff.ru. ,

http://RFpro.ru.

, , . ? , ? , ! , ! , ? . : , , ( 50

200 320 ++); ; , .

: ; () , ; - .

, (-, , .), - . , , , , . : . - Windows. , Windows. Win32 - . DOS - , Windows - . : , , , , , , - , , - ? , .

, , - , - .

, -, . . .

, , . , , . - .

, - . , .

-.

8

8.1.

, 7 . , , -. - -, . : 20h 32, ;

100h 256, ;

1Bh 27, ;

21h 33, MS-DOS

. . ( 8.1).

8.1. 7

...

(01) call Wait_key ; ...

(02) cmp al,27 ; ?

; Quit_prog (quit , prog (program) )

(03) je Quit_prog

(04) cmp al,0 ; ? (- . .)

(05) je Begin ; ...

;

(06) call Out_char

(07) jmp Begin ; ...

;,

(08) Quit_prog:

(09) mov al,32 ; al

; al ( ).

; "" Out_char,

; .

8. 75

; .

(10) call Out_char

(11) int 20h ; DOS...

(12) ...

(13) ; --- Out_char --- ; ()

(14) Out_char proc ;

; , ...

(15) push cx

(16) push ax

(17) push es ;

(18) push ax ; ax, . . ...

(19) mov ax,0B800h ; es

(20) mov es,ax

(21) mov di,0 ;di

; 2000 (80 * 25 )

(22) mov cx,2000

(23) pop ax ; (. 18)...

(24) mov ah,31 ;

; , 2000 (

; 22)

(25) Next_sym:

; ( 31)

(26) mov es:[di],ax

; 2 ( , )

(27) inc di

(28) inc di

(29) loop Next_sym ;

;

(30) pop es

(31) pop ax

(32) pop cx

(33) ret ;

(34) Out_char endp

...

II. 76

(12) -. , : ;

ASCII (, ), - ;

ASCII (, . .) - ;

(27 1Bh), (mov al,32) .

8.2.

MS-DOS .

, . 3Dh 21h (. 8.1).

8.1. 3Dh 21h

ah = 3Dh

al = (00 , 01 , 02 , )

ds:dx = ASCII-

ax =

jc

, al , . . , : ;

;

.

, (al=02) , - . / - - , . , " " ("read-only") (al=2) / (al=02), . 8.2 command.com -/.

8.2. /

...

mov ax,3D02h

mov dx,offset File_name

8. 77

int 21h

...

File_name db 'command.com',0

...

, ax : 3Dh 02h. , - : ...

mov ah,3Dh

mov al,02h

...

File_name db 'command.com',0 , . , - : ...

mov ax,3D02h


File_name db 'command.com',0

int 21h

...

, mov dx,offset File_name File_name db 'command.com' . , - , . 'command.com' , . , - , (. 8.1). mov dx,0106h (mov dx,offset File_name) File_name "command.com". dx , aprl, insw . ., , , "" .

, " " . , . , - , .

. , :

File_name db 'C:\ASSM\command.com',0

, - . , - . . :

My_file db 'a:myfile.doc',0

II. 78

. 8.1.

myfile.doc,

A: .

, . : ...

mov ax,3D00h

mov dx,offset Just_file

int 21h

...

Just_file db 'file',0

...

, file (. -

) . 3Dh -

( ).

- , (

).

jc ( .

jump if carry , ) jnc ( . jump if not

carry , ): ...

int 21h

jc Error

Ok:

...

Error:

...

8. 79

: ...

int 21h

jnc Ok

Error:

...

Ok:

...

, Ok () Error () - . je jne, , jc jnc .

21h , , , . : . ;

- . - ();

. FILES=XX config.sys, XX 99. MS-DOS ;

" " / . , -/.

8.3 , , .

8.3.

...

mov ax,3D00h


int 21h

jc Bad_file

mov dx,offset Mess1

Quit_prog:

mov ah,9

int 21h

int 20h

Bad_file:

mov dx,offset Mess2

II. 80

jmp Quit_prog

...

File_name db 'c:\assm\masm\binr\ml.exe',0

Mess1 db ' !$'

Mess2 db ' !$'

...

. 8.2.

ax - . , , - , . . 3Dh , ax! . 8.2.

( -), 3Eh 21h (. 8.2).

8.2. 3Eh 21h

ah = 3Eh

bx =

, , . , -. , .

8. 81

! , -, - , , (. . , -, ). , , Handle: ...

mov ah,3Eh

mov bx,Handle

int 21h ;

...

mov bx,Handle. Handle , . , , Handle. :

Handle dw 0

. - . 8.4 , , , .

8.4.

...

mov ax,3D00h


int 21h

jc Error

mov Handle,ax

; ...

mov ah,3Eh

mov bx, Handle

int 21h

;

Error:

int 20h

...

Handle dw 0

...

3Fh, 40h. bx Handle,

II. 82

cx , ds:dx /. 40h - . 8.3.

8.3.

, . , 1: () .

, 8.5 ( 65 000 (0FDE8h) ) , , (\008\prog08.asm).

8.5.

CSEG segment


org 100h

;

Begin: mov ax,3D00h


int 21h

jc Error_file

mov Handle,ax

mov bx,ax

mov ah,3Fh

mov cx,0FDE8h

mov dx,offset Buffer

int 21h

mov ah,3Eh

mov bx,Handle

int 21h

mov dx,offset Mess_ok

Out_prog:

mov ah,9

int 21h

int 20h

Error_file:

mov dx,offset Mess_error

8. 83

jmp Out_prog

;=== ===

Handle dw 0

Mess_ok db ' ! !$'

Mess_error db ' '

; :

File_name db 'c:\msdos.sys',0,'!$'

Buffer equ $

CSEG ends

end Begin

. , , , . () , - ds:dx.

9

9.1.

9.1 8 .

9.1. 8

...

; CSEG .

(01) Begin: mov ax,3D00h ;

; , ( ).

(02) mov dx,offset File_name ;ds:dx

(03) int 21h ;

(04) jc Error_file

; ( , ,

; ), Error_file

; Handle.

; , bx ,

; , ax.

; ( , ax) ,

; (). ax, .

; mov bx,Handle .

(05) mov Handle,ax ; Handle

(06) mov bx,ax

(07) mov ah,3Fh ; 3Fh

(08) mov cx,0FDE8h ; 0FDE8h = 65000

;ds:dx

(09) mov dx,offset Buffer

(10) int 21h ; . ...

(11) mov ah,3Eh ;

9. 85

; bx. . . bx ,

; (Handle)

(12) mov bx,Handle

(13) int 21h ;

; dx , .

(14) mov dx,offset Mess_ok

(15)Out_prog: mov ah,9 ; 09h

(16) int 21h ;

(17) int 20h ;

; dx , ...

(18)Error_file: mov dx,offset Mess_error

;... Out_prog ( , ?)

(19) jmp Out_prog

;=== ===

(20) Handle dw 0 ; 2

(21) Mess_ok db ' ! !$'

; (22)(23)

(22) Mess_error db ' () '

(23) File_name db 'c:\msdos.sys',0,'!$'

(24) Buffer equ $

...

$, (24).

, -

( 9.2).

9.2. $

(01) CSEG segment

(02) assume cs:CSEG

(03) org 100h

(04) Begin:

(05) My_lab equ $

(06) My_lab2 equ $+2

(07) mov bx,offset My_lab

II. 86

(08) mov dx,offset My_lab2

(09) int 20h

(10) CSEG ends

(11) end Begin

(5) (6) ( ). - , My_lab 100h (org 100h), - My_lab2 102h. . 9.1 , $.

. 9.1. $

8 Buffer . -, mov dx,offset Buffer dx CSEG. . - .

(22) , -. $, . , 09h 21h , - . (23), , $. , (22) , (23).

(22) Mess_error db ' () '

(23) File_name db 'c:\msdos.sys',0,'!$'

, 09h (. 9.2):

() c:\msdos.sys !

9. 87

. 9.2.

'0' c:\msdos.sys . '0' (23)? ds:dx

. '0'. , , , . - c:\msdos.sys!$ !

, . :

Mess_error db ' () c:\msdos.sys!$'

File_name db 'c:\msdos.sys',0

, .

9.2.

. 9.3 - (\009\Prog09.asm).

9.3. ,

CSEG segment


org 100h

; -------------- -------------

Begin:


call Open_file

jc Error_file

II. 88

; -------------- -----------

mov bx,ax

mov ah,3Fh

mov cx,offset Finish-100h

mov dx,offset Begin

int 21h

; ------------- ----------------

call Close_file

; ------------ --------------

mov ah,9


int 21h

ret

; ---------- -----------------

Error_file:

mov ah,2

mov dl,7

int 21h

ret

;

; --- ---

Open_file proc

cmp Handle,0FFFFh

jne Quit_open

mov ax,3D00h

int 21h

mov Handle,ax

ret

Quit_open:

stc

ret

Handle dw 0FFFFh

Open_file endp

; --- ---

Close_file proc

mov ah,3Eh

9. 89

mov bx,Handle

int 21h

ret

Close_file endp

;

File_name db 'Prog09.com',0

Mess_ok db ' !', 0Ah, 0Dh, '$'

Finish equ $

CSEG ends

end Begin

!

Prog09.asm!

. . , .

10.

I I I

, ,

10

.

10.1.

9 ( ) . Prog09.asm. , - , . . - , - , . ( 10.1).

10.1. Prog09.asm 9

; ,

;

CSEG segment

assume CS:CSEG, DS:CSEG, ES:CSEG, SS:CSEG

org 100h

Begin:

; (. ).


call Open_file ; Prog09.com

jc Error_file ; Error_file

mov bx,ax ;

;

mov ah,3Fh

; ( ) cx...

mov cx,offset Finish-100h

mov dx,offset Begin ; ,

int 21h ; Begin.

call Close_file ;

III. , , 94

;

mov ah,9


int 21h

ret

; (File_name db 'Prog09.com',0),

;

Error_file:

mov ah,2

mov dl,7

int 21h

ret

;

;

Open_file proc

cmp Handle,0FFFFh ;,

jne Quit_open ;

mov ax,3D00h

int 21h

mov Handle,ax

ret

Quit_open:

stc ; 1,

ret ; ( jc)

Handle dw 0FFFFh

Open_file endp

;

Close_file proc

mov ah,3Eh

mov bx,Handle

int 21h

ret

Close_file endp

File_name db 'prog09.com',0

;0Ah,0Dh

10. . 95

Mess_ok db ' !',0Ah,0Dh,'$'

Finish equ $ ; ()

CSEG ends

end Begin

. 10.1 CodeView , - . - ds:dx, 3Fh, .

. 10.1.

ret : ...

mov ah,9


int 21h

ret ; ret ?

...

. , , cs:0000h int 20h, (. 10.2 10.3).

ret , . . . , - ret , . . - ss:sp, .

III. , , 96

. 10.2. ret

. 10.3. int 20h DOS

, , , COM- - , . . sp=0FFFEh. - " call" sp 2, . . 0FFFCh. , - . : - DOS . , DOS ret COM- , sp=0FFFEh, - 2 0000h (. . int 20h) , .

10. . 97

10.2.

, , Pascal, , Visual

Basic . -

, , .

. -

. , -

"" .

. . " ", ,

( -

, -).

,

.

?

, , - , , - .

: X Y. , Y ? - " ", - - ? X, . ! , Y, ( - ; , . .).

, . , , - . ? Yandex., - , . . - .

, -

.

, , Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

. ,

, . "" -

, .

, (DrWeb, NOD32, Norton Antivirus, -

.). ,

. , , ,

, . -

(!) , .

III. , , 98

10.2.1.

?

, - . , , - . , , . - .

?

, , -/, , . - 500600 . , 100150 , , 1,53 - .

?

, . , 0,51 FDISK, . . , (FAT File Allocation Table), ! - .

?

, COM- (- ).

?

, .

?

, COM-, ( 10.2).

10.2.

CSEG segment


org 100h

Start:

... ; .

CSEG ends

end Start

10. . 99

COM-, . EXE-, .

.

10.3.

, . - . , .

!

, , API-. , , FAR Manager. , DOS Navigator.

() , . , Norton Guide, - , , - . , - ( DOS ).

, -, , . ( ).

10.3.1.

(), - (, print_string), . 256 . - BIOS () . , 16h: ...

mov ah,10h

int 16h

...

(MS-DOS): ...

mov ah,9

mov dx,offset String

int 21h

...

, , , 21h , . , - 09h 21h: ...

mov ah,9

III. , , 100

mov dx

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