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Home|Literary Movements |Timeline |American Authors|American Literature Sites|Bibliographies|Site UpdatesThesis Statements and Topic SentencesThesis StatementsA thesis statement defines the scope and purpose of the paper. It needs to meet three criteria:

1. It must bearguablerather than a statement of fact. It should also say something original about the topic.

Bad thesis: Lily Bart experiences the constraints of many social conventions inThe House of Mirth. [Of course she does. What does she do with these social conventions, and how does she respond to them? What's your argument about this idea?]

Better thesis: Lily Bart seeks to escape from the social conventions of her class inThe House of Mirth, but her competing desires for a place in Selden's "republic of the spirit" and in the social world of New York cause her to gamble away her chances for a place in either world. [You could then mention the specific scenes that you will discuss.]

2. It must belimitedenough so that the paper develops in some depth.

Bad thesis: Lily Bart and Clare Kendry are alike in some ways, but different in many others. [What ways?]

Better thesis: Lily Bart and Clare Kendry share a desire to "pass" in their respective social worlds, but their need to take risks and to reject those worlds leads to their destruction.

3. It must beunifiedso that the paper does not stray from the topic.

Bad thesis: Lily Bart gambles with her future, and Lawrence Selden is only a spectator rather than a hero ofThe House of Mirth. [Note: This is really the beginning of two different thesis statements.]

Better thesis: InThe House of Mirth,Lawrence Selden is a spectator who prefers to watch and judge Lily than to help her. By failing to assist her on three separate occasions, he is revealed as less a hero of the novel than as the man responsible for Lily's downfall. [Note: Sometimes thesis statements are more than one sentence long.]

4. Statements such as "In this essay I will discuss " or "I will compare two stories in this paper" or "I was interested in Marji's relationship with God, so I thought I would talk about it in this essay" are not thesis statements and are unnecessary, since mentioning the stories in the introduction already tells the reader this.

Topic Sentences

Good topic sentences can improve an essay's readability and organization. They usually meet the following criteria:

1.First sentence.A topic sentence is usually the first sentence of the paragraph, not the last sentence of the previous paragraph.

2.Link to thesis. Topic sentences use keywords or phrases from the thesis to indicate which part of the thesis will be discussed.

3.Introduce the subject of the paragraph.They tell the reader what concept will be discussed and provide an introduction to the paragraph.

4.Link to the previous paragraph.They link the subject of the present paragraph to that of the previous paragraph.

5.Indicate the progression of the essay.Topic sentences may also signal to the reader where the essay has been and where it is headed through signposting words such as "first," "second," or "finally."

Good topic sentences typically DON'T begin with the following.

1. A quotation from a critic or from the piece of fiction you're discussing. The topic sentence should relate to your points and tell the reader what the subject of the paragraph will be. Beginning the paragraph with someone else's words doesn't allow you to provide this information for the reader.

2. A piece of information that tells the reader something more about the plot of the story. When you're writing about a piece of literature, it's easy to fall into the habit of telling the plot of the story and then adding a sentence of analysis, but such an approach leaves the reader wondering what the point of the paragraph is supposed to be; it also doesn't leave you sufficient room to analyze the story fully. These "narrative" topic sentences don't provide enough information about your analysis and the points you're making.Weak "narrative" topic sentence: Lily Bart next travels to Bellomont, where she meets Lawrence Selden again.

Stronger "topic-based" topic sentence: A second example of Lily's gambling on her marriage chances occurs at Bellomont, where she ignores Percy Gryce in favor of Selden. [Note that this tells your reader that it's the second paragraph in a series of paragraph relating to the thesis, which in this case would be a thesis related to Lily's gambling on her marriage chances.]3. A sentence that explains your response or reaction to the work, or that describes why you're talking about a particular part of it, rather than why the paragraph is important to your analysis.Weak "reaction" topic sentence: I felt that Lily should have known that Bertha Dorset was her enemy.

Stronger "topic-based" topic sentence: Bertha Dorset is first established as Lily's antagonist in the train scene, when she interrupts Lily's conversation with Percy Gryce and reveals that Lily smokes.

Writing Paragraphs

A paragraph is composed of a group of sentences expressing one central idea. A paragraph is complete in itself and also a subdivision or part of something larger such as a composition.

The Topic Sentence: The topic sentence is one sentence that introduces the topic of your paragraph.

Topic sentences often act like tiny thesis statements.A topic sentence makes a claim of some sort.The topic sentence must be the unifying force in the paragraph.When the topic sentence makes a claim, the paragraph that follows must expand, describe, or prove it in some way.Topic sentences make a point and give reasons or examples to support it.A paragraph is unified when every sentence develops the point made in the topic sentence. It must have a single focus and it must contain no irrelevant facts. Every sentence must contribute to the paragraph by explaining, exemplifying, or expanding the topic sentence.

In order to determine whether a paragraph is well developed or not, ask yourself: "What main point am I trying to convey here?" (topic sentence) and then "Does every sentence clearly relate to this idea?"

Starting a new paragraph is a signal to your reader that you are beginning a new thought or taking up a new point.

Development of the paragraph: The sentences that follow the topic sentence of your paragraph will develop the central idea of your topic. It is important to remember that each sentence must deal only with your topic and not stray off into other topics.

The Concluding Sentence: The last sentence of your paragraph is important and it often restates the idea expressed in the topic sentence.

Paragraph Structure: Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structure--introduction, body, and conclusion, whether they are narrating, describing, comparing, contrasting, or analyzing information. Each part of the paragraph plays an important role in communicating meaning to the reader.

o Introduction: the first section of a paragraph; includes the topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or provide a transition.o Body: follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other information.o Conclusion: the final section; summarizes the connections between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph's controlling idea.

Coherence: Each sentence should relate clearly to the topic sentence or controlling idea. Also, each sentence should flow smoothly into the next without obvious shifts or jumps. A coherent paragraph also highlights the ties between old information and new information to make the structure of ideas or arguments clear to the reader.

(Along with the smooth flow of sentences, a paragraph's coherence may also be related to its length. If you have written a very long paragraph, one that fills a double-spaced typed page, for example, you should check it carefully to see if it should start a new paragraph where the original paragraph wanders from its controlling idea. On the other hand, if a paragraph is very short, you may need to develop its controlling idea more thoroughly, or combine it with another paragraph.)

Other techniques to establish coherence in paragraphs :

Repeat key words or phrases. Particularly in paragraphs in which you define or identify an important idea or theory, be consistent in how you refer to it. This consistency and repetition will bind the paragraph together and help your reader understand your definition or description.Create parallel structures. Parallel structures are created by constructing two or more phrases or sentences that have the same grammatical structure and use the same parts of speech. By creating parallel structures you make your sentences clearer and easier to read. In addition, repeating a pattern in a series of consecutive sentences helps your reader see the connections between ideas.Use transition words or phrases between sentences and between paragraphs. Transitional expressions emphasize the relationships between ideas, so they help readers follow your train of thought or see connections that they might otherwise miss or misunderstand.SOME USEFUL TRANSITIONS(modified from Diana Hacker, A Writer's Reference)

To show addition: again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second, etc.), further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, moreover, next, too

To give examples: for example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate

To compare: also, in the same manner, likewise, similarly

To contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, yet

To summarize or conclude: all in all, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to sum up

To show time: after, afterward, as, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, during, earlier, finally, formerly, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly, subsequently, then, thereafter, until, when, while

To show place or direction: above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, farther on, here, nearby, opposite, to the left (north, etc.)

To indicate logical relationship: accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if, otherwise, since, so, then, therefore, thus

These are GUIDELINES, not rules. As you become more experienced writers, youll learn when its important to follow the guidelines when you should stray from them.

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Monday, 8 September 2014

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