....

: : ..: 37015

- 2013

i

ii

............................................................................................................................ ii .................................................................................................................... iv ....................................................................................................................... viSummary ............................................................................................................................... vii ................................................................................................................................. 11o .................................................................................. 1

1.1 ............................................................................................... 11.2 .............................................................................. 1

1.2.1 1- ......................................................................................................... 11.2.2 2- ........................................................................................................ 21.2.3 3- ...................................................................................................... 21.2.4 4- ....................................................................................................... 3

1.3 .......................................................................... 41.4 ............................................. 4

1.4.1 .................................................................................................. 41.4.2 ............................................................................. 51.4.3 .................................................................................................. 51.4.4 ................................................................................ 51.4.5 .................................................................................................................................... 61.4.6 pH ...................................................................................................................................... 61.4.7 ..................................................................................................................... 61.4.8 ................................................................................................ 71.4.9 // ............................................................................. 71.4.10 ................................................................ 71.4.11 ............................................................................................................................ 71.4.12 .......................................................................... 8

1.5 ............................................................................... 81.6 .......... 9

1.6.1 ................................................................................................................101.6.2 .................................................................................................................10

2o .................. 112.1 .. .................................................................. 112.2 .. ..................................................................................... 122.3 ................................................................................ 142.4 .......................................................................... 14

2.4.1 ........................................................................................................................142.4.2 .....................................................................................................152.4.3 .........................................................................................152.4.4 ................................................................................................................172.4.5 - ..............................................................................................................172.4.6 ..........................................................................................................18

2.4.6.1 ......................................................................................192.4.6.2 .....................................................................................192.4.6.3 ........................................................202.4.6.4 ............20

3o .......................................... 213.1 ........................................................................................ 213.2 .............................................................. 23

iii

3.3 .................... 263.4 .............................................................................................................. 283.5 ............................................................................................................. 303.6 1 ............................................................................................... 32

3.6.1 .................................................................................323.6.2 ......................................................................................................343.6.3 ..........................................................................................................353.6.4 ..............................363.6.5 .................................................................................................393.6.6 ......................................................................................................403.6.7 .....................................................................41

3.7 2 ............................................................................................... 413.8 .................................................................. 42

3.8.1 , ....................................................423.9 ............................................................................................ 44

3.9.1 ......................................................453.9.2 .....................................................................................46

3.10 ...................................................................................................... 473.11 ............................................................................................. 48

3.11.1 ................................................................................483.11.2 .........................................................................513.11.3 .............................................................................................................51

3.12 .................................................................................................... 523.12.1 ...................................................................................................................523.12.2 ..................................................................................................................553.12.3 .................................................................................................................55

4o 564.1 - .............................. 57

4.1.1 - .................................................................................................604.1.2 ..................................................................614.1.3 ........................................................................................63

4.2 .................................................. 664.3 . .................. 68

4.3.1 ...............................................................................684.3.2 .....................................................................................................69

4.4 ............................................................................................... 694.4.1 .............................................................................................704.4.2 .....................................................................................................704.4.3 ..................................................................................................................704.4.4 .........................................................................................714.4.5 ..........................................................................................71

4.5 ............................................................................................. 715o .............................. 74

5.1 .................................................................................................. 745.2 .................................................................................................. 755.3 ......................................................................................................... 765.4 ................................................................................................................. 77

6o ............................................................................... 78 ......................................................................................................................... 79

iv

1.1. .................................. 4 1.2. ...................................................................................... 5 1.3. , . .......... 6 1.4. ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.5. ................. 8 2.1. ......................................................................... 11 2.2. ..................................................... 17 2.3. .................................................................................................. 19 3.1. ................................................. 22 3.2. ............ 23 3.3. . ...................... 24 3.4. . .................................................... 24 3.5. ........................................................... 27 3.6. ........................................................... 28 3.7. . ..................................................................................... 29 3.8. ........................................................................ 29 3.9. Vogelsang .......................................................... 31 3.10. Vogelsang ........................................................................ 31 3.11. .................................... 33 3.12. .................................................... 34 3.13. ........................................................... 35 3.14. . 35 3.15. ................ 36 3.16. ...................................................................................... 37 3.17. . ............................ 37 3.18. .................................................... 39 3.19. .................................... 40 3.20. ....................................................................................................................... 41 3.21. ................................................................ 46 3.22. [27] ................................................................................ 47 3.23. 25 C. ................................................................................. 49 3.24. ..................... 50 4.1. ..................................................................... 58 4.2. .................................................................... 59 4.4. - ........................................................................ 60 4.5. BOSCH . 61 4.6. n=1500/ ............................................................................................................................ 62 4.7. ............................................................. 63 4.8. .................................................................................... 64 4.9. ................................ 65

v

4.10. ....................................................................................................... 68 4.11. ................................................................... 72 4.12. ...................... 72 4.13. ....................................................... 73

vi

1.1. ........................................................ 9 2.1. 27 - (Faostat, 2003) ....................................................................................... 13 3.1. [16] ................................................................................................. 26 3.2. (INSTITUTE FOR ENERGETIC UND UMWELT GmbH, 2005) ............................................................................................................................ 49 4.1. TEDOM ........................................................ 67 4.2. SCHMITT ENERTEC ................................. 67 5.1. Zorg Biogas .................... 75

vii

SUMMARY

The purpose of this work was to study the operation of a cogeneration unit fuelled by biogas which is produced by the wastes of a piggery with 2000 pigs and residues from a maize cultivation of 200 acres. The plant produces electricity and heat of 113 kW maximum power. The electricity supplied to the electrical network and the thermal energy used to heat various installations. This work concerns mainly biogas, how it is produced and exploited. Also, it is referred briefly the history of the production and use of biogas in various countries around the world. Furthermore, in this work is referred and described of the individual parts and components of a typical biogas plant. Finally analyze the costs and revenue generated from a typical biogas plant. Keywords: biogas plant, use of biogas, production of biogas, cogeneration, district heating, biofuels

1

2000 200 . 113 kW. .

, . .

. . : , , , , , ,

1:

1

1 O

1.1

[1]. 6 KWh/ [2]. : 50-75%, 25-50%, 0-10%, 0-1%, 0-3% . [1]. (CH) .

1.2 .

: , , ( ). .

C1e) V C1 C2 , , t . 1.2.1 1- , , . . , . .

1:

2

1.2.2 2- . , , . . : ) : clostridium ) ) Clostridium botulinum , , 1.2.3 3- , . . G f = + 76.11 kJ/ G f Gibbs , . . . . - . . . , , .

1:

3

, , . , . 30% , 5-6% . , . , . 1.2.4 4- . . . CO : CO , HCOO , CO : CH OH, CH NH , (CH) NH + , (CH ) NH + ,CH SH, (CH)S : CH COO . C H N . . . , . . . , . CH COOH CH +CO G=31 kJ/kmol CO+4BADH/HCH+2HO+ANAD G=136 kJ/kmol 27-30% 70% .

1:

4

Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobacterium hngenii Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum .[3]

1.1. 1.3 - . , . . . . . 1.2 1.4 , .

1.4.1 - - .

1:

5

. . .

1.2.

1.4.2 , 16 . - 10-15 . 10-15 10-15 . 1.4.3 . . , , , . 1.4.4 . . ,

1:

6

. 1.3 .

1.3. , . 1.4.5 ,

1.4.6 pH

pH 6,5-7,5. pH . pH .

1.4.7 . . 50-60 C 30-40 C. 2 C.

1:

7

1.4.

1.4.8 . -300 -330 mV. 0mV . , , , , . 1.4.9 // / 16:1-25:1, . /// = 500-1000:15-20:5:3 . / . / . . 1.4.10 . . 1.4.11 - .

1:

8

. : - . - ( .) - 1.4.12 . . . 1.5 .

1.5.

1.5 . . . [14]

(%)

(%) (m3 /kg)

97-98 95 0,5

1:

9

55-75 90-95 _ _ 0,3-0,7

58-88 90-97 0,4-0,8 60-79 76-90 0,6-0,7

14 90-93 0,5 82-85 78-80 0,4-0,8

77-88 80-95 0,9 75 79 0,8-1

80 80 0,6-0,8 60-80 94-97 0,6-0,7 14 89-94 0,2-0,5 14 72 0,4-1

50-75 70-95 0,55-0,62 (

) 82-94 85-96 0,3-0,9 92-94 83-90 0,9

92-98 65-85 0,42 -33 85-95 0,3-0,7 12 96 0,7

-35 96-98 0,8-1,2 0,1 99,9 1,2

89-94 68-85 0,1-0,8 90-97 77-85 0,3-0,8

18 0,43 0,2-0,3 92-97 70-80 0,25-0,5 88-95 80 0,2-0,3 70-90 80 0,35-0,6

, 85 80 0,4-0,68 88-92 90 0,35-0,8

75-80 90 0,8-0,95

20 0,6

1.1.

1.6

.

1:

10

1.6.1 :

- - - - - - , -

- . - (

) -

- - - ,

,

1.6.2 :

- .

- - -

-

-

-

: 2:

11

2 O

2.1 .. 50. . . 70 30 . . 1,2% . [1], [4], [5] , . . , . [6] 2.1

2.1.

: 2:

12

, . 2003, 147 BTU ...., 0,6% . . 2008 , Science and Children, 100 , . , 99 4% .

2.2 .. . . . , . . 2010 5,900 2,291 MW. 300-500 10 . 2020 20% . . [1], [7], [8] 60 , , . 5 2010, . 30.000 , , 200 . 294 2008. 260 kW . (, , ) , . ( ) ,

: 2:

13

. 2008 17.000 . 38 2008 25% 60% 40% . , , . 120, .

2.1. 27 - (Faostat, 2003)

: 2:

14

2.3 . .... . . , () , (MW) , 86 MW, . ( 33 MW 2 MW ), - ( 16 MW), (15 W), (10 MW) (10MW). , , , , 50 MW, 170,000 MWh 195,000 MWh. 34,000 10,000 . , , . . , , , , . . , , , . [19] 2.4 . .

2.4.1 . . , , . .

: 2:

15

, 1000 ppm. , . . . 150C . . () . . 0,8 2,5 kPa. . 80 90%. , 100 65%. 10 kWh/ , 100 650 kWh. 80% , 520 kWh .

2.4.2 . . : . . . . . . .

2.4.3 . (compression engines) (spark ignition engines). .

: 2:

16

. . , . 10 20% . . , 0 85% , . 10 15% . -. 15 20% - . . , . . 60% 20%, 10% 5% . . 1000 ppm. . . . 29% 31% . (USEPA) 18 25%, . , 19,7%. . , . , . . 125C. 65%. . , CO Nx.

: 2:

17

2.4.4 . : , . . . . . (.. ). , 800 kW. .

2.2. 2.4.5 - . . . . - . . 96,000 . . 585 kPa . - . . 7% .

: 2:

18

. , . , . . - . , - . 24 8,000 . , . 25% 30%. . . . 230 315C, , . 45%. . Nx 9 ppm 2.4.6 . . : * . . . * . . * . . . . 0,5-1 ppm . . . 1 3,5 kPa .

: 2:

19

, . . . 60 db 9 . . Nx Sx. . . [9]

2.3. 2.4.6.1 . . . 2.4.6.2 1992. 150 220C. 36% 40%. , , . .

: 2:

20

2.4.6.3 . 90C. 10 kW. . 2.4.6.4 . 600 - 700 C, 650 - 1000 C. , . 250 kW 3 MW. 5kW MW. 60%.

: 3:

21

3 O

3.1 , (, .) . () . . . , , . . . . , . . . 3.1 .

: 3:

22

3.1.

1) 2) ( ) 3) 4) 5) ,

6) 7) (

) 8)

( ) 9)

: 3:

23

10) 11)

( ) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17)

3.2 . . . 3.2 3.3 .

3.2.

: 3:

24

3.3. .

3.4. .

, , , . . 7,1 [10]. 2000 2000 7,1 lt = 14200 lt , 14,2 . ,

: 3:

25

, . . , . , , , , , ( ) . , , (Fixed Solids, FS) (Volatile Solids, VS), (Total Solids, TS). (FS) . (VS) , . , , , , . : Na+, Ca+, Mg+, Cl-, SO -, CO. , . , . 3.1 . . . , . . . PVC 15-20 cm . 5 25 , . 2kW.

: 3:

26

2.1.

[16]

5h2kW=10kWh [17]

3.3 . 1,2-1,5 [11]. 200 240 300 . . 4

: 3:

27

. 4-5 , 300 5 / = 1500 4 m =1500 /4 m= 375 . . . . 3.5 3.6.

3.5.

: 3:

28

3.6. . 1,5 tn. . . .

3.4 10 m . , . . , 150 . 3.7 . . .

: 3:

29

3.7. . 3.8

3.8.

: 3:

30

.. 150 kg 5 . 5kW 5 h 5kW = 25kWh

3.5 . . . . 90% (, ) . 90%. 60 80% , , 20%. 90%. 93% 14.2 tn 0,93=13,2 tn 20% 1,5 tn 0,2= 0,3 tn 1,2 tn 13,2+0,3=13,5 tn 1+1,2=2,2 tn 100% ,,,100%= 86% . 90% : = 9 2,29=19,8

: 3:

31

6,5 , , 90%. : - - - 3.9

3.9. Vogelsang

3.10. Vogelsang

: 3:

32

(QuickMIx Vogelsang) , , . . 1.5 -4 kW , 5h 4 kW = 20 kWh ()

3.6 1 . , , .

3.6.1 . . , . , . 14-15 tn , 1,5 tn 6,5 tn . 22,5 tn , . 40 100 . , . 80% . , 3.11, . .

: 3:

33

80 , 2 40 .

3.11. 22,5 m/ 40 = 900 m 900 m, +10% 1000 m . , . 5 , . V=rh V , =3,1415 ,r h r= =

.=8 m

5 m 16 m

: 3:

34

3.6.2 : . .

3.12.

. . , . . . [12].

: 3:

35

3.6.3

3.13.

3.14. PELD. PVC (, , ). .

: 3:

36

3.6.4 , , . . , . 2C. , 30-40C, 35C . . (CHP). . 3.15.

3.15. . 0,032-0,035 W(m*K) 0-30 C [13]. . UV. 34,5 C . 35,5 C .

: 3:

37

. 35 C. , . , .

3.16.

3.17. .

SU = 4.2 kJ/kg C . 15 C. 35 C SU = 20 C ( BR ) i = 4000 W/m C ( BR ) a = 400 W/m C k

: 3:

38

= 1/ (( 1/ ( 1/ 4000 + 0.1 / 0.033 + 1/ 400) = 0.33 W/m C 0,1 m. 0 C, : = = 35 C 0 C= 35 C ( ) = 70 C = 60 C , = - = 10 C , , 1m/s. , ( = ( = 400 W/m kH = 1/(1(( + () = 1/(1/400 + 1/400) = 200 W/m C = ( + )/2 - = 30 C : = = 22.5 Mg/d 4.2kJ/kg C 20K = 21.8 kW = / 4 + = 3,14 (16m)/4 + 3,14 16m 5m = 450 m : = = 0.33 W/m C 450 m 35 C = 5.2 kW = + = 5.2 kW + 21.8 kW = 27 kW

: 3:

39

= / ( ) = 27 kW / (4.2 kJ/kg C 1000kg/m 10 C ) = 6.42 m/h

= 4/=

.// 4/ = 0.047m 0.05m

= /( ) = 27 kW/ ( 200 W/m C 30 C 0.05m) = 28 m 28 m , 10 .

3.6.5 , . , , . . ,

3.18.

. , .

: 3:

40

3.19. 7 7 5 . 24 , 1,5 kW. 11 , : 11h 1.5 kW = 16.5 kWh

3.6.6 . .

: 3:

41

3.20.

, . . . .

3.6.7 . . . . 3.7 2

: 3:

42

. . , . .

3.8 . , . . , ,

3.8.1 , . , 20% . . , . , , . V= L Td d . 6 Td 180 L . L , 2 , 180 - L . L .

: 3:

43

1,5 20% . : 1,5 0,8 = 1.2 tn 91% 9% (, .) [18] 1,2 0,91 = 1,092 1,1 tn 1,2 0,09 = 0,108 0,1 tn

1,5 0,2 = 0.3 tn 14,5 90% 96% , 93% 14,5 0,07 = 1,015 tn 75% 25% (, .) [18] 1,015 0,75 = 0,76125 0,75 tn 1,015 0,25 = 0,25375 0,25 tn 14,5 0,93 = 13,485 tn 0,75 + 1,1 = 1,85 tn 80% : 1,85 0,2 = 0,37 tn : 0,1 + 0,25 = 0,35 tn , 19,8 , , , .

: 3:

44

: 19,8 tn + 0,37 tn + 0,35 tn = 20,52 tn 20,5 tn : L = 20,5 m/ V = L Td = 20,5 m/ 180 = 3690 m 10% , : V 1,1 = 3690 1,1 = 4059 m V= r h V V=4059 m =3,14159 r h , h= 5m

r = =

. = 16. 07 m 16 m 5 32 .

3.9 . , .

: 3:

45

3.9.1 , . . 3-4 . ( ). 1,5 tn 0,6 m/kg 14,2 tn 0,3 m/kg 0,8 m/kg , , 0,55 m/kg . () 1,2 tn 1,015 tn. , : (1200 kg 0,6 m/kg)+(1015 kg 0,55 m/kg) =720 m + 558 m= 1278 m 1280 m 1280 m , : 1280 m/24 =53,3 m/ 4 : 53,3 m/ 4 = 213,3 m , , . 20% 80% . . : 1 213,33 m0,4= 85,33 m 2 213,33 m0,4= 85,33 m 213,33 m0,2= 42,6 m

: 3:

46

3.9.2 . 3.21 .

3.21. (2 , ) . . . . . . . . . . , . .

: 3:

47

. 3 8 % .

3.10 . . , , , . . . : - - - pH - - -

3.22. [27]

: 3:

48

. . :

- - - - - - -

3.11 , , , . , . , , :

. . . . . . . . , . . . . . .

3.11.1 , . o . , . 3.2 3.23

: 3:

49

, . , : 60 Vol.%, 38 Vol.% 2 Vol.%.

2.1. (INSTITUTE FOR ENERGETIC UND UMWELT GmbH, 2005)

, 1999/92/EC, . 0 , (, ), . . 1 , (, ), .

3.23. 25 C.

: 3:

50

3.24. 2 , (, ), , , . , , , , . 12 , 1600 2

: 3:

51

3.11.2 , , . (H2S) - , .

2.3, (INSTITUTE FOR ENERGETIC UND UMWELT GmbH, 2005)

(.. , .) . , 1,2 kg Nm, . , (D = 1,85 kg/m) , (D = 0,72 kg/m), . , . , (.. , .) .

3.11.3 , . , . (.. , ) (.. ). , , . . , (.. ,

: 3:

52

, ). [20], [21].

3.12 3.12.1 :

)

1) , , , . :

) / , :

i) , ii) , iii) .

) . , / , 1. , / , 3 / .

2) . .

)

3) :

) 2, 1 2,

: 3:

53

) , , ) 3.

, 1 , 4 2 ) , , .

4) 3 , . 5) , . . 6) , , . , . 7) . . 8) . . 9) . 10) .

)

11) 3 / :

) / : 12 mm

: 3:

54

) / : 70o C ) / : 60 .

12) 6 2 ) 1774/2002/ , , . , , . , , , :

) , ) .

)

13) :

Salmonella : 25g : n=5, c=0, m=0, M=0 Enterobacteriaceae : n=5, c=2, m=10, M=300 1g : n = , m= . m, M= . , c= m . m.

: 3:

55

3.12.2 1) 1774/2002/, :

) : - , , - . ) . 1774/2002/.

2) 1 , , .

3.12.3 .

: 4:

56

4 O

. . , . , . . . . , . , . ( ) . , . . (.. , , ) . ( ), 88%, . ,

: 4:

57

, . . . . , , . , . , . , , . , , , , . . , , . . : - . . - . - . - , , , .

4.1 - - , . - .

: 4:

58

, . . . , . .

4.1. . ( ). . . 10% 20% . 20%, 10% . 20% . 2% 10%. , .

: 4:

59

20% , .

4.2.

1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ,12 , 13 4.3.

: 4:

60

4.1.1 - . . - : - . - . - .

4.4. - 4.4 . . . - . . . . 1 1,5 - . 1 4 -

: 4:

61

. 1-1,5 1-4.

4.1.2 . , , . . , , , . , . . . . 24 24, .

1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . 4.5. BOSCH

: 4:

62

4.6. n=1500/ ) a ( ), b ( ), c . ) . ) . . . . . 1 1,2-1,3 . , .

: 4:

63

. , . 4.6 . [15].

4.1.3 25% 35% , . 85% . 88%.

4.7. 85%, . . 180 C, . , .

: 4:

64

: - 35% 80 C - 35% 50 C - 15% 200 C . . : Q =m cp D t (kJ/s) Q kJ/s m kg/s cp kJ/kg K D t = t2 - t1

4.8. 4.8 .

: 4:

65

4.9. 1) , , , , . 2) . 3) . 4) . 5) . 6) . 7) . . 8) . 9) . 10) , . 11) . 12) . 13) . 14) . . 15) . 16) . 17) . 18) . 19) . 20) . 21) , , . 22) , , , .

: 4:

66

23) . 24) . . 25) . 26) . 27) . 28) . 29) .

4.2 ( CHP) . . . 53 m 23 m . 6 kWh/m. 10 kWh/kg. 15% 20% , 2% . 10% . 1,11 kg/m, : 53 m 1,11 kg/m = 58,83 kg/h 23 m 1,11 kg/m = 25,53 kg/h 10% : 58,83 kg/h 0.1 = 5.883 kg/h 25,53 kg/h 0,1 = 2,553 kg/h : 53 m 6 kWh/m + 10 kWh/kg 5.883 kg = 376,83 kW 23 m 6 kWh/m + 10 kWh/kg 2,553 kg = 163,53 kW 30% 50% ( 40% 30%).

: 4:

67

: : 376,83 kW 0,3 = 113 kW : 376,83 kW 0,5 = 188,41 kW : : 163,53 kW 0,3 = 49 kW : 163,53 kW 0,5 = 81,765 kW 30% 147 kW. 4.1 4.2 CHP

- (kW)

- (kW)

(%)

- (%)

- (%)

-

(Nm/h)

Cento T80 77 121 33,3 52,6 85,9 35,5 Cento T100 95 143 34,4 52 86,4 42,5 Cento T120 125 178 35,8 51,1 86,9 53,7 Cento T160 165 213 37,8 49 86,8 67,1 Cento T180 177 226 38 48,6 86,8 71,7 Cento T160

CON 165 196 37,8 45 82,9 67,1 Cento T180

CON 177 208 38 44,7 82,7 71,7

2.1. TEDOM

CHP

(kW) (%)

(kW)

(kW) FMB-125-BSM/KSM 101 33,8 164 299 FMB-200-BSM/KSM 160 37,9 223 422 FMB-230-BSM/KSM 185 39,9 215 464 FMB-255-BSM/KSM 200 36,4 273 549 FMB-285-BSM/KSM 233 38,1 262 612 FMB-320-BSM/KSM 260 40,8 289 637 FMB-375-BSM/KSM 300 36,9 439 813 FMB-430-BSM/KSM 350 38,9 371 900 FMB-500-BSM/KSM 400 40,2 456 995

2.2. SCHMITT ENERTEC

: 4:

68

; 33,8%-35,8% 50%-54% . .

4.3 . . , .. 99% - 100% . . . . . . . 4.3.1 35 C 40 gr [23]. 100% . 60% . .

4.10. : (1) (2) , (3) (4) (5) (6)

: 4:

69

, . . ( 35 C). . . .

4.3.2 . 500 700 ppm, 6800 ppm [23]. . . . . . . . . Thiobacillus Sulfolobus. 35 C, . 4-6% . 85% . [24]

4.4 , 400 V 50 Hz (60 z ). , .

: 4:

70

4.4.1 , . . . 4.4.2 , . . 95 - 105% . : : +/- : +/- 0,5 : +/- 10 , . 0 10V. PLC , . 4.4.3 . : 80% : 110% : 49 : 51 . , . ( 150 500 ms) . . . 10, 100 ms .

: 4:

71

4.4.4 1,5 4 . . . , . 4.4.5 . cos , , 0,9 0,8 . cos . . . 75% .

4.5 187 kW 81 kW ( ). . kW 54 kW, . . . . . , , . . , .

: 4:

72

, . . . 0,6 1,6 MPa

4.11.

4.12. . . . .

: 4:

73

4.13.

: 5:

74

5 O

. , . :

- - - (, ) -

:

- - -

( ) . , , .

5.1 250 400 /m . . . (CHP) 500 /kW ( ). 2000 147 kW. 800.000 .

: 5:

75

73.500 . , . 873.500 . zorg biogas

(/)

()

() *

() **

()

()

20 45000 21000 470000 340000 876000 40 51000 22000 780000 490000 134300060 57000 23000 1090000 640000 181000080 63000 24000 1400000 790000 2277000

100 69000 25000 1710000 940000 2744000120 75000 26000 2020000 1090000 3211000

2.1. Zorg Biogas

* , ** [28]

5.2 , . . : W= 10 kWh : W= 25 kWh : W= 20 kWh : W= 16,5 kWh 8 = 132 kWh W : W = W + W + W + W = 10 kWh + 25 kWh + 20 kWh + 132 kWh = 185 kWh Qv = 27 kW = 24 27 648 kWh , 1,3 . 4,2 , d : d = 24h 4.2 l 1.3 /l = 131.6

: 5:

76

.

5.3 . 113 kW 49 kW : W = = 81 kW : 81 kW 24h = 1944 kWh . 1944 kWh 185 kWh = 1759 kWh 0,23 kWh 0,2 kWh [29], : 0,23 1759 kWh = 404,5 . 188,41 kW 81,765 kW. : ,. = 135 kW : 135 kW 24h = 3240 kWh 648 kWh . : 3240 kWh - 648 kWh = 2592 kWh

: 5:

77

0,05 kWh, : 0.05 2592 kWh = 129.5 , . 1000 [30]

5.4 365 , : 365 (404,5 + 129.5 ) = 194.946,5 873.500 , : 873.500 / 194.946,5 = 4,5 4,5 .

: 6:

78

6 O

. , . . . , , 4 5 . . 5,000 . 1800 MWh 140 , 200 180,000 .

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Angelika Steinhauser . 93-100 (4) http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/web/guest/country/voice/tags/china/biogas (5) http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/china-biogas.html (6) http://drsamadsmicrobiologytutorial.blogspot.com/2011/08/development-of-biogas-in-

india.html (7) http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/07/biogas-flows-

through-germanys-grid-big-time-53075 (8) http://spin-project.eu/downloads/0_Background_paper_biogas_Germany_en.pdf (9) Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of

Livestock Manure - Literature Review . 11-16 (10) SWINE MANURE SYSTEMS . 3 (11)

(12) Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources Edited byDieter Deublein

and Angelika Steinhauser . 203 (13) http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/literature-

document:/Brand+Styrodur+C-Brochure--Thermal+Insulation+of+Biogas+Plants-English.pdf

(14) Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources Edited byDieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser . 58-62

(15) Engines for Biogas (1988) (GTZ-Gate) 26-63 (16) Vergos

8-11 (17) http://www.arven.it/prodotti/prodotti.php?id=42 (18) Biogas plants in animal husbandry (1989) (GTZ-Gate) . 23 (19) http://www.e-

konitsa.gr/index.php/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1/1347-%CE%9F%CE%B9-%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82-%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82-%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD-%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF21.html

(20) Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources 161 175 (21) 111- 113 (22) http://www.2g-cenergy.com/biogas.html

(23) Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure - Literature Review . 10

(24) Purification of biogas (1985) (GTZ-Gate) (25) Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources 363 365 (26) Economy of biogas plants for the year 2007 (27) Biogas handbook 92-93 (28) http://zorg-biogas.com/upload/pdf/price/en/zorg-biogas-ag-price_eng.pdf (29) http://www.epsilon-econ.gr/el-

GR/%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1 (30) Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources 417

- 2013