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ლათინური ამერიკა-პოპულისტური რეჟიმებიდან ლიბერალური მმართველობებისაკენ - ზურაბ ტატიშვილი
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laTinuri amerika:populisturi reJimebidan
liberaluridemokratiebisaken
zurabtatiSvili
Tbilisi2008
bTkk-s saerTaSoriso politikiskvlevebis seria
wigni gamoica evraziis TanamSromlobis fondis dafinansebiT(granti 08-0004) SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebissaagentos saxsrebis meSveobiT. wignSi gamoTqmulimosazrebebi SeiZleba ar emTxveodes SvedeTis saerTaSorisoganviTarebis saagentosa da evraziis TanamSromlobis fondisSexedulebebs.
© 2008 bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi
ISBN 978-9941-0-0625-8 (yvela wignis)
ISBN 978-9941-0-0802-3 (meSvide wignis)ISSN 1512-4118
“saerTaSoriso politikis
kvlevebis” proeqtis
direqtori:
proeqtis koordinatori:
recenzenti:
kompiuteruli dizaini:
bTkk-s saerTaSoriso
politikis kvlevebis seriis
saredaqcio sabWo:
mamuka komaxia
revaz baxtaZe
iago kaWkaWiSvili
vaxtang elerdaSvili
mamuka komaxia,
revaz baxtaZe,
Tornike TurmaniZe,
gela kvaSilava
winasityvaoba
`bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi~ `saerTaSoriso politikis
kvlevebis~ proeqtis farglebSi agrZelebs bTkk-s saerTaSoriso
politikis kvlevebis seriis gamoqveynebas, romelic axalgazrda
qarTvel mecnierTa naSromebs aerTianebs da saqarTveloSi poli-
tikuri mecnierebebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sewyobas isaxavs
miznad. seriis meSvide wignia `laTinuri amerika: populisturi
reJimebidan liberaluri demokratiebisaken~ _ avtori zurab
tatiSvili.
vimedovnebT, rom bTkk-s saerTaSoriso politikis kvlevebis
seriis meSvide wigni saintereso informacias miawvdis mkiTxvels
laTinur amerikaSi politikuri procesebis ganviTarebaze da masSi
warmodgenili analizi gamosadegi iqneba, rogorc mecnierebisa
da studentebisaTvis, ise politikuri gadawyvetilebis mimRebi
pirebisaTvis saqarTveloSi.
`bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi~ gansakuTrebul madlobas
uxdis `evraziis TanamSromlobis fondsa~ da SvedeTis saerTa-
Soriso ganviTarebis saagentos `saerTaSoriso politikis kv-
levebis~ proeqtis ganxorcielebis mxardaWerisaTvis.
bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi
2008 weli
winaTqma
am wignis idea CemSi gaCnda laTinuri qveynebis Sesaxeb litera-turis gacnobis kvalobaze, rodesac bevri saerTo aRmovaCine amqveynebSi mimdinare socialur, politikur procesebsa dasaqarTvelos bolo periodis istorias Soris. Cemi es pirveladiSexeduleba gacilebiT gaRrmavda Cems megobarTan, malxaz saldaZ-esTan am Temaze mraval saubarSi. aqve minda aRvniSno misi dididamsaxureba am wignis daweris saqmeSi: misi rCevebi, SeniSvnebi dasferos codna didad damexmara am sakiTxis ukeT gacnobaSi. aqvedidi madloba minda gadavuxado Cems megobars baqar berekaSvils,romelmac aseve damexmara wignze muSaobisas, mimiTiTa ra ramoden-ime saintereso masala sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. gansakuTrebulimadloba minda gadavuxado baton iago kaWkaWiSvils, romelmacaseve bevri gaakeTa raTa am ideas wignis saxe mieRo da mkiTxvelam-de mieRwia.
ramodenime Tbili sityva minda vTqva im adamianebis mimarT, vincSesaZlebeli gaxada am wignis gamocema: bTkk - politikis kvlevisjgufis wevrebs: mamuka komaxias da rezo baxtaZes. Tu ara maTikeTilSobiluri wamowyeba da gverdSi dgoma wignis weris Ti-Toeul etapze, am ideis realizeba Zneli, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, iqne-boda.
da bolos madloba minda gadavuxado Cemi ojaxis wevrebs, gan-sakuTrebiT dedas: leila JorJolians, mamas nodar tatiSvilsda Zmas nikoloz tatiSvils, romlebmac yovelgvari piroba Semi-qmnes wignze muSaobis periodSi, riTac fasdaudebeli daxmarebagamiwies.
zurab tatiSvili3 oqtomberi, 2008 weli
s a r C e v i
Sesavali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Tavi pirveli.argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Tavi meore.meqsika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
daskvna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
SesavaliCveni saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba jerac mniSvnelovani trans-
formaciis procesSi imyofeba: politikur sferoSi totalitaru-
li sistemidan demokratiulze, xolo ekonomikis sferoSi uaR-
resad etatisturi modelidan liberalurze gadasvla mimdinar-
eobs. aRniSnuli procesi cnobili problemebis fonze mimdinare-
obs, rac aRrmavebs interess amgvar cvlilebaTa Tu problemaTa
gamocdilebis mqone sxva qveynebis mimarT. Cveni msgavsi trans-
formaciis procesis gamocdileba aqvT laTinuri amerikis rig
qveynebs, ris gamoc maTSi momxdari da mimdinare procesebi, am
fonze warmoqmnili problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebis Zieba,
SeiZleba iyos axlos Cvens realobasTan. amitomac maTi
gamocdileba SeiZleba garkveuli pozitiuri an negatiuri cod-
nis Rirebulebis matarebeli iyos CvenTvis. nebismieri Sedareba
gulisxmobs Sesadarebel obieqtebs Soris garkveul msgavsebas,
rac maTSi mimdinare transformaciis procesebis identobis ganm-
sazRvrel faqtors unda warmoadgendes. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia
is banaluri WeSmariteba, rom bunebaSi ar arsebobs ori absolu-
turad identuri, Tundac saerTo gvarisa Tu saxis umartivesi
elementi, miT umetes msgavsi identoba warmoudgenelia veZeboT
iseTi rTuli sistemebisaTvis, rogoricaa sazogadoebebi, rom-
lebic gansxvavdebian sakuTari religiiT, kulturiT, civili-
zaciisadmi kuTvnilebiT, istoriuli ganviTarebis Tavisebure-
biT da gamocdilebiT, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da socialuri
struqturis TaviseburebebiT, geografiuli masStabiT da sxva...
miuxedavad Sesadarebi obieqtebis aseTi mkveTri sxvaobisa, rode-
sac demokratiul mmarTvelobasa Tu sabazro ekonomikur urT-
ierTobebze gadasvlas exeba saqme, erTmaneTisagan sruliad gan-
sxvavebul erebsac ki saerTo an msgavsi politikuri da social-
8
uri problemebi wamoeWrebaT. swored amitom interesi
saqarTvelosgan geografiulad da kulturulad ase daSorebu-
li qveynebis mimarT, rogorebic meqsika da argentinaa, poli-
tikuri demokratizaciisa da ekonomikuri liberalizaciis maTi
gamocdilebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT savsebiT kanonzomieria.
saqarTvelo iyo ra aneqsirebuli da dapyrobili qveyana jer
ruseTis imperiis mier XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, xolo Semdeg sab-
WoTa imperiis mier XX saukunis ocian wlebSi, misi ganviTarebis
procesebis am periodiseul Taviseburebebs udides wilad gan-
sazRvravda ruseTis societaluri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi,
romelic sruli safuZveliT SegviZlia movaqcioT ganviTarebis
saxelmwifo centristuli matricis kategoriaSi.
ganviTarebis saxelmwifo centristuli matricis cneba so-
cialur mecnierebebSi Semoitana argentinelma mkvlevarma marse-
lo kavarosim, romelic Seecada aexsna laTinuri amerikis qvey-
nebSi dRemde mimdinare rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da dapiri-
spirebebiT aRsavse politikuri demokratizaciisa da
ekonomikuri liberalizaciis procesebi, rogorc Sedegi ganvi-
Tarebis saxelmwifo-centristuli matricis rRvevisa1. zemoT
naTqvamidan gamomdinare, XX-s-is bolos sabWoTa sistemis rRveva
da Semdgom postsabWoTa sivrceSi mimdinare procesebi SesaZle-
belia da sasurvelia ganvixiloT am konceptualur WrilSi, am
sakiTxebis Seswavlisas aseve mniSvnelovania komparativistuli
midgomis gamoyeneba, radganac es saSualebas mogvcems ukeT gavi-
azroT arsebuli situacia da ufro naTlad davinaxoT Cveni qvey-
nis momavali ganviTarebis da am ganviTarebis procesSi
wamozrdili problemebis konturebi.
ZiriTadi cnebis interpretacia
rodesac romelime qveynis societaluri ganviTarebis tipis
klasifikacias vaxdenT da am ukanasknels vaxasiaTebT, rogorc
saxelmwifo centristuls, vgulisxmobT ganviTarebis iseT tips,
sadac saxelmwifo TamaSobs centralur rols sazogadoebaSi
Sesavali
1 Cavarozzi M. Autoritarismo y democracia (1955-1996). La Transicion del Estado al merca-do en la Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1997.
9
arsebuli ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri urTierTobe-
bis formirebaSi, struqturirebaSi, kristalizaciaSi. sxva sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT socialuri struqturis centraluri Semqmneli
faqtori aris ara kerZo Tu jgufur interesze dafuZnebuli
ekonomikuri da socialuri kavSirebi, aramed piriqiT, am uka-
nasknelTa formirebas axdens saxelmwifo, anu saqme gvaqvs sax-
elmwifos rolis etatistur gagebasTan, romelic cdilobs Camo-
ayalibos da gaakontrolos politikuri, ekonomikuri da social-
uri kavSirebi, gaakontrolos am sferoebSi mimdinare procesebi.
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis am modelSi saxelm-
wifo gamodis, rogorc warmmarTveli da erTaderTi Zala, romel-
sac SeuZlia sazogadoebis integracia. saxelmwifo axSobs sazoga-
doebis damoukidebeli ganviTarebis unars da TviTon uwesebs mas
ganviTarebis gezs da mimarTulebas. Zlieri saxelmwifos arsebo-
ba xels uwyobs sazogadoebis socialuri TviTorganizaciis
meqanizmebis sisustes. `saxelmwifosTan aseTi tipis urTierTo-
bebisas sazogadoeba rCeba amorfuli, arastruqturirebuli, ar
SeuZlia adamianebis urTierTdainteresebis institucionaliza-
cia TviTon moaxdinos.~2
saxelmwifo axdens socialuri sivrcis srul an mniSvnelovan
monopolizebas, mis totalur reglamentacias, sazogadoebrivi
resursebis mniSvnelovan mobilizacias da marTvas. yovelive ze-
moT CamoTvlili funqciis efeqturad Sesasruleblad gamoiyene-
ba sxvadasxva meTodebi, maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamosayofia iZu-
lebiTi meqanizmebi, mag: sapolicio kontroli sazogadoebaze da
ideologiuri resursi. saxelmwifo ar aris angariSvaldebuli
sakuTari moqalaqeebis mimarT, aris ara sazogadoebis sxva seg-
mentebis dakveTaTa Semsrulebeli organo, aramed garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT aris organo romelic srulad flobs, akon-
trolebs da warmarTavs socialuri jgufebis aqtivobs garkveu-
li miznebis Sesabamisad. sazogadoeba aRiqmeba, rogorc pasiuri
an mtruli masala xelisuflebaSi myofTa ideeebis da gankargule-
bebis realizebisaTvis. fundamenturi principi, romelic SeiZle-
Sesavali
2 Ãóäêîâ Ë. Ê ïðîáëåìå íåãàòèâíîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè // Ìîíèòîðèíã îáùåñòâåííîãîìíåíèÿ: ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå è ñîöèàëüíûå ïåðåìåíû. 2000. ¹ 5.
10
ba gamoyenebul iqnas wyalgamyofad ganviTarebis tipebis klas-
ifikaciisas, am konteqstSi Semdegnairad SegviZlia Camovayali-
boT: sazogadoeba marTavs sakuTar Tavs da sakuTar ganviTarebas
saxelmwifo institutebis meSveobiT, Tu piriqiT: saxelmwifo mar-
Tavs sazogadoebas, mis ganviTarebas garkveuli Rirebulebis, miz-
nis, realizaciisaTvis an maT gareSec.
Sesavali
Tavi pirveli.argentina
populisturi reJimis Camoyalibeba da funqcionireba
argentinaSi
ganviTarebis saxelmwifo centristuli matricis modelis
Camoyalibeba/damkvidreba argentinaSi meore msoflio omis
Semdeg periodSi iwyeba da ukavSirdeba argentinis preziden-
tis xuan domingo peronis saxels. sanam uSualod argentina-
Si Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifo ekonomikuri sistemis aRweras
SevudgebodeT, mniSvnelovania davaxasiaToT is winapirobe-
bi, rac aRniSnuli modelis damkvidrebas uZRoda win.
am konteqstSi upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia meore msoflio
omis wina periodSi argentinaSi Seqmnili socialur
ekonomikur situacia. mTeli XIX saukunis meore da XX sauku-
nis pirveli naxevari xasiaTdeba argentinis ekonomikis
swrafi, dinamikuri ganviTarebiT.3 1860-1930 wlebSi ganviTare-
ba ZiriTadad exeboda soflis meurneobas, gansakuTrebiT
mesaqonleobas da xorblis warmoebas, romlis produqciis
eqsportireba xdeboda evropul qveynebSi, aseve viTardebo-
da am dargTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri seqtorebi, gan-
sakuTrebiT satransporto infrastruqtura. 1930-1945 wleb-
Si gaaqtiurda qalaqebSi sawarmoo bazis Seqmnis procesic: Tu
1900 wlisaTvis warmoeba mTliani nacionaluri produqtis
3 David Rock. Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact// University of California Press. September, 1995. pp. 56-61.
12
11%-s iZleoda, es maCvenebeli 1940-iani wlebisaTvis TiTq-
mis gauTanabrda soflis meurneobas. Tu sainJinro teqnikuri
personalis e.w. `TeTrsayeloianTa~ xvedriTi wili saukunis
dasawyisSi mosaxleobis 6%-s Seadgenda, 40-ian wlebSi is 21%-
mde gaizarda, riTac qveyanaSi Camoyalibda saSualo klasi. aq
aRsaniSnavia argentinuli ekonomikis erTi Tavisebureba: gan-
sxvavebiT soflis meurneobis seqtorisagan, romelsac adgi-
lobrivi msxvili memamuleebi akontrolebdnen, ekonomikis
danarCen seqtorebSi da gansakuTrebiT warmoebaSi, mniS-
vnelovani iyo ucxouri, ZiriTadad britanuli investicie-
bi.4 maTi gavlenis zrda qveynis ekonomikaSi da aseve am peri-
odisaTvis farTod gavrcelebuli dapirispireba kapitalsa
da daqiravebul Sromas Soris sazogadoebis garkveul feneb-
Si qsenofobiisa da nacionalizmis ideebis gavrcelebisaTvis
noyier niadags qmnida.
1869-1914 periodSi argentinaze modioda msoflioSi yve-
laze didi da xangrZlivvadiani investiciebi evropidan, gan-
sakuTrebiT inglisidan.
1910 wlisaTvis argentina ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis
mixedviT ar CamorCeboda msoflioSi yvelaze dinamikurad
ganviTarebad qveynebs, imave maxasiaTebliT uaxlovdeboda
iaponiasa da aSS-s. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli
30-iani wlebis msoflio ekonomikuri depresiamde argenti-
nis ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi weliwadSi saSualod 4,5%-s
Seadgenda.5
swrafad mzardi ekonomika gzas uxsnida qveyanaSi muSaxe-
lis farTo Semodinebas evropeli emigrantebis saxiT. saxelm-
wifoc, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovnad axalisebda msgavs pro-
4 XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis sawarmoTa 80% ucxouri kapitalis sakuTre-bas warmoadgenda.
5 Alvin Y. So. Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency and World-System Theories // Sage Publications, Inc., March, 1990. pp. 23-31.
Tavi pirveli
13
cesebs: imigraciis xarjze 1850-1880 wlebis periodSi argen-
tinis mosaxleoba 150%-iT gaizarda; 1900 - 1914 wlebSi qvey-
anaSi Cavida TiTqmis 4 milioni emigranti, maTgan 4/5 italie-
li da espaneli iyo. emigrantTa ZiriTadi nawili ekonomikurad
saqmdeboda da saxldeboda did qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT
buenos-airesSi, romelic im periodis msxvili saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis sazRvao porti iyo. 1920 wlisaTvis erT sul mo-
saxleze SemosavliT argentina uswrebda iseT evropul sax-
elmwifoebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: Svecia, safrangeTi.
evropidan Camosul emigrantebs qveyanaSi Tan CahqondaT
am periodis evropaSi farTod gavrcelebuli liberaluri
ideebi. buenos-airesi iqca im periodis erT-erT yvelaze ko-
smopolitur qalaqad. msgavs procesebs xels mniSvnelovnad
uwyobda qveynis xelisufalTa mosaxleobaSi masobrivi ga-
naTlebis sistemis danergvaze mimarTuli politika.6 argen-
tina iyo erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, romelmac 1912 wels mi-
iRo mamakacTaTvis sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis Sesaxeb
kanoni.7
swrafi ekonomikuri winsvla xels uwyobda qveynis kul-
turis ayvavebas. am periodis argentina ara marto regionis,
aramed msoflios erT-erT yvelaze ganviTarebul saxelmwi-
fos warmoadgenda, rac misi mosaxleobis TviTaRqmaze, saer-
TaSoriso konteqstSi, sxva erTa Soris sakuTari adgilis
gaazrebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda.8
1930 wlebis msoflio ekonomikurma depresiam da gan-
6 am TvalsazrisiT gamosayofia qveynis prezidentis: domingo faustiniosarmientos (1868–1874 w.w.) mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, ris gamoc mas argen-tinaSi “prezident-maswavleblad~ moixsenieben.
7 Anthony W. Pereira. Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil,Chile, and Argentina (Pitt Latin American Studies) // University of Pittsburgh Press. October,2005. pp. 57.
8 radganac identobis fenomeni am naSromSi calke aris ganxiluli, aq mxolodimdenad Sevexebi, ramdenadac “peronizmis~ fenomenis ukeT gagebaSi dagvexmare-ba.
argentina
14
sakuTrebiT meore msoflio omma gansakuTrebiT mZime gavle-
na moaxdina argentinis ekonomikaze, ramac, Tavis mxriv, so-
cialur da politikur procesebSi hpova asaxva. 30-iani wleb-
is msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma gamoiwvia fasebis kleba
xorbalze da xorcze - argentinis ZiriTad saeqsporto
saqonelze, radganac samrewvelo saqonelze fasebis kleba
ar iyo aseTive mkveTri, argentina, romelic msgavsi saqon-
lis importiori qveyana iyo, mis ekonomikas rigi sirTuleebi
Seuqmna. pasuxad argentinaSi daiwyo adgilobrivi mrewvelo-
bis farTo ganviTareba, romlis produqciasac importireba-
di saqoneli unda Caenacvlebina.9 am periodidan moyolebu-
li argentinis ekonomika orientacias iRebs Sida bazris moTx-
ovnilebebis srul dakmayofilebaze. gacilebiT seriozuli
ekonomikuri sirTuleebi qveyanaSi meore msoflio omis pe-
riodSi daiwyo: daikarga argentinuli eqsportis iseTi trad-
iciuli bazrebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, safrangeTi da
niderlandebi, mkveTrad gaizarda umuSevroba, gansakuTre-
biT soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebul pirTa Soris, romelTa
didma nawilma qalaqebSi daiwyo migracia. Semcirda realuri
xelfasebi, mkveTrad gauaresda sazogadoebis farTo feneb-
is socialuri mdgomareoba. ekonomikuri krizisebis period-
Si mcirdeboda qveynis politikuri stabilurobac, xdeboda
saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi.10
yovelive zemoT naTqvamma ganapiroba qveynis ganviTareb-
is tempebis mkveTri Semcireba da CamorCenis gaRrmaveba
msoflios mowinave ekonomikebTan SedarebiT, qveyana kargav-
da lideris poziciebs msoflioSi da es ara mxolod qveynis
9 Alvin Y. So. Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency and World-System Theories // Sage Publications, Inc., March, 1990. pp. 45-46.
10 magaliTisaTvis, 1929 wels dawyebuli msoflio ekonomikuri krizisisfonze, 1930 wlis seqtemberSi “nacionalur-demokratiuli~ partiis liderebmasamxedroebisa da “samoqalaqo radikaluri kavSiris~ Sida opoziciis mxardaW-eriT qveyanaSi samxedro gadatrialeba ganaxorcieles.
Tavi pirveli
15
socialur/ekonomikuri sferosaTvis, aramed argentinuli
identobisaTvis mtkivneul dartymas warmoadgenda.
garda aRniSnulisa, gamosayofia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
faqtori, rac win uZRoda populizmis aRzevebas argentina-
Si. argentinul sazogadoebaSi mkveTri iyo mosaxleobis
diferenciacia qonebrivi niSniT: qveynis saukeTeso miwebi
e.w. estansiebs11 ekavaT, romlebic 300-mde ojaxis xelSi iyo
koncentrirebuli. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sawarmoTa didi
nawili ucxouri kapitalis sakuTrebaSi iyo. socio-
ekonomikuri jgufebis interesebi xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi
modiodnen erTmaneTTan da es dapirispireba drodadro
mZafr saxesac iRebda. mkveTr socialur diferenciacias Tan
axlda mosaxleobis farTo masebis gariyuloba sajaro sivr-
cidan. am periodSi arsebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis insti-
tutebi sazogadoebis viwro fenebs aerTianebdnen da Sesa-
bamisad farTo masebis interesebi naklebad poulobdnen
politikur dRis wesrigSi asaxvas. sazogadoebis farTo mase-
bis gariyuloba sazogadoebriv-politikuri sivrcidan
aramdgrads xdida argentinul sazogadoebas.12
peronis mmarTveloba
xuan domingo peroni xelisuflebaSi qveynis daCqarebuli
industrializaciis programiT movida 1946 wels, rac saxelm-
wifos mier ekonomikis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis regulire-
bis gziT unda yofiliyo miRweuli. aRniSnul RonisZiebebs
argentinisaTvis lideris poziciebi unda daebrunebina laT-
inuri amerikis qveynebs Soris. am axal politikas `axali ar-
gentinis~ Seqmnamde unda mieyvana qveyana da xalxi.13
11 msxvili mamulebi.12 David Rock. Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its
Impact // University of California Press. September, 1995. pp. 16-19.13 J. Timmons Roberts. From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development
and Social Change// Wiley-Blackwell. January, 2000. pp. 45-50.
argentina
16
saxelmwifo etatizmi ekonomikis sferoSi Semdegi Tavise-
burebebiT xasiaTdeboda:
saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebda ekonomikur subieqtebs
Soris urTierTobebis mogvarebis sakiTxs. kapitalsa da
daqiravebul Sromas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, savaldeb-
ulod profkavSiris14 formiT unda yofiliyo warmod-
genili, erTmaneTTan saxelmwifos SuamavlobiT da mi-
TiTebiT urTierTobdnen.15
moxda kerZo sakuTrebis nacionalizacia da saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi da kontrolqveS gadasvla ekonomikis rig
seqtorebSi. nacionalizacia Seexo: centraluri banks,
rkinigzas, kavSirgabmulobas, savaWro flots, saqalaqo
transports, wyalomaragebis sistemebs, eleqtrosad-
gurebs, navTobis da gazis mompovebel seqtors.
1947 wlidan saxelmwifo argentinis ekonomikas ganvi-
Tarebis xuTwlian gegmebs uwesebda. gegmis Sesabamisad
saxelmwifos fuliT Sendeboda rigi sawarmoebi,16
izrdeboda farTo moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba.
daCqarebuli industrializaciis misaRwevad peroni da-
Tanxmda qveynis ekonomikaSi dasavluri, maT Soris ZiriTadad
aSS-is investiciebis Semosvlas. amiT uari iTqva peronis mi-
erve miRebul deklaraciiaze `ekonomikuri damoukideblo-
bis Sesaxeb~ da am deklaraciaSi postulirebul `janmrTeli
ekonomikis~ Seqmnis principebze, radganac es ukanaskneli
ucxouri kapitalisagan damoukideblobas moiTxovda. 1953
wels aSS prezidentis duait eizenhaueris Zmis vizitis Sed-
14 argentinuli profkavSirebi “Sromis sayovelTao konfederaciaSi~ iyogaerTianebuli. maTSi gaerTianebuli muSaTa ricxvi am periodSi 350 aTasidan 3milionamde gaizarda.
15 argentinuli reJimi am da rig sxva sferoebSi daCqarebuli modernizaciisevropuli modelebis, gansakuTrebiT italiuri faSizmis gavlenas ganicdida.
16 ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris xvedriTma wilma am periodSi 18% Sead-genda.
Tavi pirveli
17
egad peronma miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifo
uars ambobda adgilobriv mewarmeTa mimarT proteqcionizmze
da ucxoeli investorebisaTvis adgilobrivebTan Tanaswori
pirobebis Seqmnis garantias iRebda.17
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, socialuri sivrce daxuru-
li iyo mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis, rac arastabilurs
xdida mTlianad sistemas. gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad
mosaxleobis didi nawilis, ZiriTadad profkavSirebis saSu-
alebiT sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi inkorporireba moxda.
Tumca, aqve aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom am organizacias
sruliad akontrolebda saxelmwifo, ris gamoc es struqtu-
ra saxelmwifos gagrZelebas ufro warmoadgenda vidre samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis nawils am cnebis viwro gagebiT. sazoga-
doebrivi masebis socialur sivrceSi inkorporirebis idea
perons evropuli faSizmis gavleniT ganuviTarda: `faSizmma
migviyvana sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis Seqmnamde da xalx-
is realur monawileobamde nacionalur cxovrebaSi, romlis-
ganac is yovelTvis mowyvetili iyo.~18
msoflio ekonomikaSi Seqmnili situaciis gavleniT argen-
tinis ekonomikaSi peronis mmarTvelobis pirvel etapze,19
winsvla SeiniSneboda: xelfasebi gaizarda 70%-iT, gadaiWra
umuSevrobis problema. pirvel 5 weliwadSi 19,5-dan 29,5%-
mde gaizarda mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba.
peronis socialur dasayrdens xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde
da mis Semdegac ZiriTadad `dekamisados~-ebi,20 profkav-
SirebSi gaerTianebuli muSebi asrulebdnen. warmoebis da
Sesabamisad qalaqebSi samuSao adgilebis gazrdis perspeq-17 Howard J. Wiarda. Politics and Social Change in Latin America: Still a Distinct Tradition?
// Praeger publishers. October, 2003. pp. 32-36.18 Yo, Juan Domingo Perón. Relato autobiográfico. Barcelona, 1976. P. 27-28.19 es winsvla droebiT movlenas warmoadgenda da ar gaaCnda sistemuri xas-
iaTi, peronis mmarTvelobis bolosken SeimCneoda ekonomikis mkveTri daRmasv-la.
20 upijakoebi.
argentina
18
tiva gansakuTrebiT soflidan qalaqSi migrirebuli mosax-
leobis keTilganwyobas iwvevda. peronis dros moxda ga-
naTlebis, jandacvis, socialuri da sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistemis Camoyalibeba, gaumjobeseba, aseve politikuri
uflebebi mianiWes qalebs 1948 wels.
xelisuflebam gadadga rigi sekularistuli nabijebi, ra-
mac misi eklesiasTan dapirispireba gamoiwvia: 1954 wels sax-
elmwifom nebadarTulad gamoacxada ganqorwineba; aseve
gauqmda saeklesio dResaswaulebis saero aRniSvna da isini
samuSao dReebad gamocxadda. 1955 wels romis papma lev XII
peroni mokveTa eklesiidan, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad gana-
piroba klerikalistulad ganwyobili samxedro elitis gamos-
vla peronis winaaRmdeg da misi gaZeveba qveynidan 1955 wlis
seqtemberSi.
peronis mmarTvelobas meore mxarec hqonda, naklebad
prezentabeluri: is ar iyo demokratiuli, aramed mkveTrad
gamoxatul avtoritarul populistur xasiaTs atarebda. xe-
lisuflebis piramidis saTaveSi idga peroni, qveynis da parti-
is beladi. prezidents konstituciiT hqonda uaRresad didi
uflebebi: gaeuqmebina nebismieri partia Tu organizacia,
Seecvala konstitucia, arCeuli yofiliyo usazRvro raode-
nobiT.21
Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis instruments warmoadgenda
mis mier 1947 wels daarsebuli `peronistuli~22 partia,
romelSic Sedioda profkavSirebic. `peronistuli~ partia
iyo masobrivi moZraoba, romelsac hqonda pretenzia qveynis
mTeli mosaxleobis interesebis artikulaciaze da agrega-
ciaze. misi organizaciis principi iyo uaRresad centrali-
21 David Rock. Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and ItsImpact // University of California Press. September 1995. pp. 65.
22 es partia peronis uwindeli dasayrdenis: “leiboristuli~ partiis safuZ-velze Seiqmna.
Tavi pirveli
19
zebuli, populisturi, liderze Camokidebuli. wevrebs Soris
urTierTobebi agebuli iyo patron-klientur damokidebule-
bebze. partiuli struqturis msgavsi Taviseburebebis gamo
partias axasiaTebda mtruli damokidebuleba politikuri
oponentebisadmi, maTi politikuri sivrcidan gagdebis mis-
wrafeba, ar axasiaTebda kompromisebis da saerTo pozicieb-
is gamonaxvis survili.
peronis dros profkavSirebis uflebebi sagrZnoblad ga-
farTovda, maTi warmomadgenlebi moxvdnen xelisuflebis
sxvadasxva StoSi, miuxedavad amisa da swored amis wyalobiT,
rogorc ukve aRiniSna zemoT, moxda profkavSirebze kontr-
olis daweseba saxelmwifos mier. sazogadoebis farTo maseb-
is socialuri da politikuri cxovrebidan gamoricxva iyo
laTinuri amerikis peronamdeli oligarqiuli respublikeb-
is arastabiluribis umniSvnelovanesi wyaro, risi nivelire-
bac moxda sazogadoebriv politikur sivrceSi saxelmwifos
mxridan srulad gakontrolebuli arxebis saSualebiT maso-
brivi monawileobis institucionalizaciis gziT, riTac am
ukanasknels sruliad dakarguli hqonda spontanuroba da
damoukidebeli moqmedebis unari.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave 1946 wels, aikrZala xelisu-
flebis kritika, mas Ralatis kvalifikacia mieniWa. mediis
Tavisufleba gauqmda: saxelisuflebo berketebis gamoy-
enebiT peroni mepatroneebisagan yidulobda qveyanaSi arse-
bul gazeTebsa da radiosadgurebs, Tavad Seqmna qveyanaSi
pirveli telemauwyebloba, ris Sedegadac prezidenti per-
oni msxvili media sindikatis mepatroned iqca. opozicia ar
akrZalula, Tumca es ukanaskneli ganicdida devnas xelisu-
flebis mxridan. Zalauflebis, resursebisa da zemoqmedebis
berketebis koncentracia erTi politikur subieqtis xelSi
saSualebas aZlevda mas ignorireba gaekeTebina kritiki-
argentina
20
saTvis, rac realobis grZnobis modunebas da masSi zedmet
Tavdajerebas iwvevda. amis Sedegi iyo voluntaristuli,
moufiqrebeli, araprofesionaluri, naCqarevi politikuri
nabijebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.23
saxelmwifos Carevebi ekonomikaSi negatiuri procesebis
mizezs warmoadgenda: saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili sistemis
Taviseburebebma ganapirobes soflis meurneobis dargis stag-
nacia da regresic ki: am dargSi produqciis kleba moxda 30%
_ iT, ris gamoc Semcirda sagareo eqsporti, qveynis savalu-
to rezervebi, importi; mkveTrad gaizarda inflaciis
maCveneblebi, gaCnda umuSevroba. inflaciis zrdas xelisu-
fleba produqciis warmoebis an/da moxmarebis saxelmwifo
regulirebiT, SemcirebiT ebrZoda.
saxelmwifos funqciebis da rolis gazrdam 1946-1955 wleb-
Si gamoiwvia saxelmwifo biurokratiis zrda, 8 Zveli saminis-
tros nacvlad Seiqmna 20, Seiqmna uamravi damatebiTi komi-
teti, komisia, samdivno, romlebic erTmaneTis funqciebis
dublirebas axorcielebdnen, gaizarda korufciis masStabe-
bi.
peronis reJimis samxedro gadatrialeba argentinaSi xan-
grZlivi politikuri arastabilurobis periodis dasawyisis
safuZveli gaxda. 1955 - 1983 wlebis periodSi konstituci-
urad arCeul samive samoqalaqo xelisuflebas ar mieca saSu-
aleba konstituciuri vadis bolomde dasrulebisa, xolo
samxedroTa mmarTvelobis oTxi periodis administraciebs
ar gaaCnda resursi dasaxuli miznebis realizaciisaTvis. ar-
gentinaSi iwyeba samxedro an/da samoqalaqo mmarTvelobebis
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis, krizisis da xelisuflebidan wasv-
lis ciklebi. am ciklebis yoveli axali etapi dakavSirebuli
23 David Held. A Globalizing World?: Culture, Economics, Politics (Understanding SocialChange) // Routledge. October 2000. pp.67-70.
Tavi pirveli
21
iyo politikuri oponentebis mimarT Zaladobis zrdasTan.
rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli populisturi reJimis erT-
erT funqcias warmoadgenda sazogadoebis farTo fenebis or-
ganizeba da inkorporireba sazogadoebriv politikur
sivrceSi, rac sistemis stabilurobis magarantirebeli faq-
tori iyo. samxedro gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi
mosuli Zalebi cdilobdnen swored es jgufebi gaeriyaT sa-
zogadoebriv politikuri sivrcidan,24 rac zemoT miTiTebul
arastabilurobas warmoSobda. aqve aRsaniSnavia is garemoe-
ba, rom peronisSemdgomi periodisaTvis es socialuri Zale-
bi gacilebiT ufro organizebul da mravalricxovan Zalas
warmoadgendnen vidre peronis xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde,25
ris gamoc sistemis stabilurobis problema Tvisobrivad
ufro maRal safaxurze avida.
samxedro gadatrialebis Semdgom Camoyalibebuli situa-
cia zogadad Semdegnairad gamoiyureboda: argentinuli sa-
zogadoeba met-naklebad Tanabari Zalis mqone socialuri
jgufebis dapirispirebis kontinuums warmoadgenda. am
Zalebs SeeZloT mowinaaRmdegis banakis politikuri
proeqtebis blokireba, Tumca amave mizezis gamo Tavad ar
SeeZloT sakuTari politikuri miznebis implimentacia.26 ar-
gentinuli sazogadoebriv politikuri cxovreba CixSi iyo
Sesuli, saidanac gamosavals yvela mxare mowinaaRmdegis
daTrgunvaSi xedavda. xelisuflebaSi mosuli yvela Zala up-
irveles movaleobad sxvadasxva socialuri metoqis moR-
vaweobis dablokvis meqanizmebis SemoRebas miiCnevda. yove-
li axali ciklis dros Zaladobis zrda am logikis gamov-
24 Alison Brysk. The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change, and Democ-ratization // Stanford University Press. May 1994. pp.78-83.
25 ixileT zemoT profkavSirebis raodenobriv organizaciuli gaZlierebisgzebze da statistikaze.
26 Larry Sawers. The Other Argentina: The Interior And National Development // WestviewPress. July 1998. pp. 45-48.
argentina
22
linebas warmoadgenda.
1955 wlis samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg, qveyanaSi Senar-
Cunebuli iqna politikuri mmarTvelobis demokratiuli
meqanizmebi, pirvel rigSi arCevnebi, Tumca properonistul
partiebs an/da kandidatebs aekrZalaT maTSi monawileoba.
socialuri gariyvis msgavsi meqanizmebis SemoReba demokra-
tiuli procedurebis SenarCunebis fonze, saarCevno
konkurenciaSi CarTul politikur Zalebs properonistul
partiebTan TanamSromlobisaken ubiZgebdaT, radganac am
ukanasknelebs mniSvnelovani eleqtoraluri mobilizaciis
resursebi gaaCndaT.27 Tumca yovelive msgavsi SeTanxmeba,
rasac peronistebis gaaqtiureba mohyveboda xolme,
samxedroebis winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. peronistebTan Tan-
amSromlobis motiviT samxedroebma gadadgoma aiZules prez-
ident arturo frondisis, romelic partia `SeurigebelTa
samoqalaqo radikaluri kavSiris~ kandidati iyo da prezi-
dentobis periodSi peronistul ZalebTan TanamSromlobda.28
politikuri arastabiluroba da qaosi gavlenas ekonomikazec
axdenda: pesos kursi mkveTrad davarda, izrdeboda infla-
cia, investiciebi mkveTrad Semcirda,29 gaxSirda dapiri-
spirebebi sxvadasxva dajgufebebs Soris, maT Soris
samxedroebis dajgufebebs Sorisac.
radganac qveyanaSi Seqmnili Cixidan gamosavali ar Canda
da krizisi kidev ufro mwvave formebs iRebda, 1966 wlis iv-
nisSi samxedroebma kvlav CamoaSores xelisuflebas prezi-
dent arturo umberto ilias samoqalaqo administracia da
27 Celia Szusterman. Frondizi and the Politics of Developmentalism in Argentina, 1955-62 // University of Pittsburgh Press. December 1993. pp. 90-110.
28 man argentinis provinciaTa did nawilSi moaxdina properonistuli Zaleb-is legalizacia.
29 cvalebad politikur reJimebs gansxvavebuli midgomebi gaaCndaTekonomikisadmi, ase magaliTad, Tu frondisi ucxouri investiciebis mozidvascdilobda qveynis ekonomikaSi, arturo uembro ilias prezidentobisas moxdainvestorebTan adre dadebuli xelSekrulebebis gauqmeba.
Tavi pirveli
23
qveynis xelisuflebaSi `argentinuli revoluciis~ mosvla
gamoacxades. `argentinuli revoluciam~ Seqmnili Cixidan
gamosavlad demokratiuli institutis gauqmeba miiCnia da
qveyanaSi samxedro avtoritaruli mmarTveloba damyarda:
daTxovnil iqna parlamenti, gauqmda adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobis institutebi, aikrZala politikuri partiebi,
damoukidebloba dakarga sasamarTlo xelisuflebam. Tumca,
Cixuri situacia msgavsi RonisZiebebis Semdegac ar iqna da-
Zleuli: dapirispirebam saxelisuflebo institutebidan, ma-
galiTad, parlamentidan, gadainacvla, erTi mxriv, saxelm-
wifosa da, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo institutebis WrilSi:30
mmarTvelobis avtoritaruli meTodebis winaaRmdeg gamov-
idnen mediis saSualebebi, eklesia, gaificnen profkavSire-
bi, daiwyo studenturi mRelvareba. qveyanaSi Camoyalibda
partizanuli jgufebi.31 samxedro mmarTveloba iZulebuli
gaxda daeniSna arCevnebi da xelisufleba am gziT gadaeca
samoqalaqo mmarTvelobaSi. 1973 wels Catarebuli arCevneb-
is Semdeg xelisuflebaSi dabrundnen properonistuli Zale-
bi, male qveynis prezidentad Tavad peroni iqna arCeuli. 1976
wels kvlav, rigiT meoTxed, samxedro elitam kvlav CamoaSo-
ra xelisuflebas samoqalaqo mmarTveloba da diqtatura
daamyara. `nacionaluri reorganizaciis procesi~32 imeoreb-
da `argentinuli revoluciis~ meTodebs, Tumca misgan gansx-
vavebiT daiwyo da farTo masStabebi SeiZina represiebma. `bin-
Zuri omis~33 dros 10 000 aTasamde argentineli iqna ganadgure-
buli, 30 000-mde iqna gatacebuli da nawamebi. reJimis msxver-
pls warmoadgendnen politikuri oponentebi, studentebi,30 Javier Auyero. Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina: The Gray Zone of State Power
// Cambridge University Press. April 2007.pp. 69-74.31 e. w. “montoneros~, romlebsac peronistulad ganwyobili jgufebi warmoad-
gendnen da memarcxened ganwyobili Zalebis:”xalxis revoluciuri armia~.32 ase uwodebdnen sakuTar moRvaweobas xelisuflebaSi mosuli samxedroebi.33 "binZuri omi~ saxelmwifos mxridan politikuri oponentebis mimarT arain-
stitucionalizirebuli Zaladobis gamoyenebas aRniSnavda.
argentina
24
inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, profkavSiris wevrebi.34 xe-
lisuflebis mxridan iZulebis msgavsi meTodebis gamoyeneb-
is miuxedavad samxedro xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda 1983
wlis bolosaTvis daeniSna arCevnebi da xelisufleba kvlav
samoqalaqo administraciisaTvis gadaebarebina.
demokratizacia da argentinuli politikis normal-
izacia: ekonomikuri stabiluroba da Ria demokratiuli
politikis gamowvevebi
1976-1983 wlebSi argentinaSi ierarqizebuli samxedro re-
Jimi marTavda, ramac demokratiaze gadasvlis process
garkveuli specifika SesZina. argentinis momavali ganviTare-
bis da sasurveli politikuri wesrigis damkvidrebis Sesaxeb
diskursebi didwilad gansazRvra im faqtma, rom am qveyanaSi
32-jer meti adamiani gaqra - vidre urugvaiSi da 300-jer meti
vidre - braziliaSi. samxedro xelisufleba argentinaSi ufro
avtoritarul situacias qmnida, vidre institucionalize-
bul reJims, mocemuli iyo avtoritaruli instituciuri mow-
yoba, magram mas mTlianad aklda sazogadoebis mxridan Sesa-
bamisi ideologiuri mxardaWera. Tavad samxedro-politikuri
elita totalitarizmis zRvarze idga, rac maT Soris gaba-
tonebul diskursSic gamoixateboda:
`movklavT Cvens mowinaaRmdegeebs, maT Tanamzrax-
velebs, maT mimarT simpaTiiT ganwyobilebs, da maTac
vinc indiferentuli darCeba" (generali iberiko sen
Jani).35
`davxocavT 50 000 adamians, vinc gvewinaaRmdegeba, 25
an 20 000 adamians, vinc maT TanagrZnobas ucxadebs, da34 Paul H. Lewis. Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina // Praeger Publishers.
October 2001. pp. 57.35Paul H. Lewis. Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina // Praeger Publishers.
October 2001. pp. 97.
Tavi pirveli
25
5000-sac SecdomiT movklavT" (generali luCiano men-
dudesi).36
am periodis argentinuli reJimi sufTa samxedroc ar iyo,
ufro saqme gvaqvs samxedro-biurokratiul sistemasTan,
romelSic samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisufleba Tanaarse-
bobda samxedro komponentis prevalirebiT. am Tanaarseboba-
Si samxedroebi xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modiodnen saxelm-
wifo aparatis samoqalaqo CinovnikebTan, rac imis Sedegi iyo,
rom samxedroebs arc ucdiaT Tavisi batonoba institucio-
nalizebuli yofiliyo konstituciis gadakeTebis, loialuri
partiebis Seqmnis, arCevnebis gayalbebis an kontrolireba-
di, marTvadi demokratizaciis saSualebiT. samxedroebs ar
hqondaT xangrZlivvadiani strategiuli gegmebi xelisufleb-
is SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebiT. maTi politikaSi Careva
yovelTvis spontanur pasuxs warmoadgenda politikur
sistemaSi iseTi Zalebis mosvlaze, romlebic maTTvis miuRe-
beli iyvnen. general galtieris SeWra malvinis (folklen-
dis) kunZulebze aseve imaze metyvelebs, Tu ramdenad spon-
tanurad moqmedebdnen samxedroebi Zalauflebis Senar-
Cunebisa da pirovnuli liderobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.37
malvinis omis wagebam da samxedro reJimis diskreditaciam
samxedroebis mmarTvelobas wertili dausva. samxedro eli-
tam scada garkveuli safasuris moTxovna wasvlis sanacv-
lod, magram Tavad am elitis SigniT arsebulma winaaRmde-
gobebma, dezintegrirebulobam da generalitetis prestiJis
Selaxvam saSualeba ar misca samxedro manqanas Tavisi pirobe-
bi Camoeyalibebina. realurad Seiqmna situacia, rodesac
samxedroebs naCqarevad mouwiaT xelisuflebis daTmoba da
ver moaswres saTavisod sasargeblo politikuri cvlilebi-
argentina
36 Ibid. pp. 99.37 Paul H. Lewis. Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina // Praeger Publishers.
October 2001. pp. 46.
26
sTvis safuZvlis Semzadeba.38 yovelive es imiT iyo ganpirobe-
buli rom samxedro xunta ubralod daiSala. movlenebi Sem-
degnairad ganviTarda: 1982 wlis 14 ivniss generalma le-
opoldo galtierim mTavarsardlis da xuntis meTauris pos-
ti datova; misma memkvidrem generalma kristino nikolaid-
esma xuntis sxva wevrebTan (samxedro flotis admirali
xorxe anaia da aviaciis sardali orlando agosti) SeTanxmeb-
is gareSe prezidentad gadamdgari generali reinaldo bin-
ione daasaxela (1982 wlis 1 ivliss). binionem arCevnebi dani-
Sna, romelic 1983 wlis oqtomberSi Catarda. arCevnebmade
samxedroebma mTeli im dokumentaciis ganadgureba daiwyes,
rac maT sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg binZur omSi amx-
eldaT. miuxedavad amisa, xelisuflebaSi samoqalaqoebis mos-
vla TavisTavad daayenebda maTi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs.39
malvinis kampaniis Cavardnam (kviprosze berZnebis fiaskos
msgavsad) argentineli samxedroebi Sida dapirispirebis zR-
varze miiyvana, ramac isini xelisuflebidan wasvlaze aiZu-
la. argentineli eqspertis felipe agueros demokratiaze
tranzitis tipologiis mixedviT, samxedroebs Zalaufleba
pirdapir xelidan gamoecalaT da ar momxdara winaswari SeT-
anxmeba samoqalaqo xelisuflebasTan, ar momxdara garkveu-
li paqtis gaformeba, rac samxedroebs garantiebs miscemdaT
momaval politikur sistemaSi da rac, Tavis mxriv,
samxedroebsa da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas Soris konfliqts
daastabilirebda. msgavsi SeTanxmebis ar arsebobam gavlena
moaxdina SemdgomSi argentinuli demokratiis konsolida-
ciaze.40
38 Javier Auyero. Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina: The Gray Zone of State Power// Cambridge University Press. April 2007. pp. 98-110.
39 Edgardo R. Catterberg. Argentina Confronts Politics: Political Culture and Public Opinionin the Transition to Democracy // L. Rienner Publishers. January 1991. pp. 72-77.
40 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 43-52.
Tavi pirveli
27
argentinis demokratiuli tranziti saomari marcxis Sed-
egad daiwyo da amiT, rogorc aRvniSneT, didad hgavs saberZ-
neTSi ganviTarebuli politikuri cvlilebebis process. mi-
uxedvad am zedapiruli msgavsebisa, am or SemTxvevas Soris
siRrmiseuli gansxvavebebic arsebobs. argentinaSi sa-
berZneTisgan gansxvavebiT samxedro reJimi ierarqizebuli
iyo, rac imas niSnavs rom faqtobrivad argentinuli samxedro
manqana ar daSlila, ramac qveynis demokratiuli konsoli-
daciis gzaze SemdgomSi axali sirTuleebi warmoqmna.
omSi marcxma, samxedro elitaSi uTanxmoebebma samxedro
reJimi Searyia, magram maT mainc SeZles xelisuflebaSi
Tvrameti Tvis ganmavlobaSi darCena. reJimis sicocxlisuna-
rianobis ase gaxangrZliveba da misi Semdgomi bedi xuT faq-
torze iyo damokidebuli:
1. is rom samxedro reJimma mSvidobianad dauTmo samo-
qalaqo xelisuflebas politikuri sivrce da arCevneb-
is Catarebis pirobebi Seqmna, metyvelebs imaze, rom
samxedroebs revoluciuri scenariT movlenebis ganvi-
Tarebis eSinodaT, aman, Tavis mxriv, saSualeba misca
maT, dro moegoT da xelisufleba droebiT SeenarCune-
binaT;
2. marTalia, 18 TviT xelisufleba kidev SeinarCunes, ma-
gram samxedro marcxis Semdeg reJimSi imdenad didi
uTanxmoebebi dagrovda, rom Sida samxedro konfliq-
tis albaTobac gaizarda, ramac saSualeba misca argen-
tinaSi moqmed politikur Zalebs, uari eTqvaT
samxedroebTan paqtis dadebaze (samjer iyo msgavsi
SeTavazeba da samivejer partiebma uari Tqves SeTanxme-
baze);
3. samoqalaqo politikur ZalebTan saerTo enis ver
gamonaxvam ganapiroba SemdgomSi samxedroebis dapatim-
argentina
28
rebebi da maT mimarT dawyebuli sasamarTlo procesebi
(samxedroebma araviTari garantiebi ar miiRes, demokra-
tiaze gadasvla maTi kontrolisgan Tavisufali iyo);
4. argentinis moqalaqeebis mimarT samxedroebis mier ganx-
orcielebulma Zaladobam da samarcxvinod wagebulma
saomarma kampaniam Zirs dasca samxedroebis prestiJi
da isini politikuri mokavSireebis saxiT arcerTi poli-
tikuri ZalisTvis misaRebi ar iyvnen, amasTan Tavad sa-
zogadoebaSi ndoba mxolod arCeviTi politikuri Zaleb-
is sasargeblod Camoyalibda;
5. swored imis gamo, rom samxedro reJimi marTalia daemxo,
magram ar moxda samxedro manqanis daSla, moxda is rom,
Tuki saberZneTSi samxedroebze gamarTulma sasamarT-
lo procesebma demokratiis konsolidacias Seuwyves
xeli, argentinaSi piriqiT, Zala SenarCunebulma
samxedro aparatma demokratizaciis dawyebidan mokle
xanSi lamis demokratia Seiwira (1987 wlis aprilsa da
1990 wlis ianvars Soris periodSi argentinaSi oTxi
samxedro ajanyeba moewyo, ramac maSindeli preziden-
ti raul alfonsini aiZula samxedroebis mimarT
garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo).
rac Seexeba Tavad 1983 wels arCeuli samoqalaqo xelisu-
flebis politikas, prezidentma raul alfonsinma (poli-
tikuri partia radikaluri samoqalaqo kavSiridan) gamoacxa-
da, rom axali xelisuflebis muSaobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
argentinul sazogadoebaSi dagrovili socialuri proble-
mebis gadaWra iqneboda.41 imis gamo, rom alfonsinis partias
ar hyavda umravlesoba parlamentis arc qveda da arc zeda
palatebSi, misTvis rTuli iyo dasaxuli miznebis Tanmim-
devruli ganxorcieleba. ufro did problemas is warmoad-41 Jonathan Barton. The State of Democracy in Latin America: Post-Transitional Conflicts in
Argentina and Chile // Routledge. January 2005. pp. 89-100.
Tavi pirveli
29
genda, rom alfonsins ar SeeZlo farTo sazogadoebrivi mx-
ardaWeris mobilizebac, argentinaSi Zlieri peronistuli
profkavSirebi misi ekonomikuri da socialuri programebis
winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen, rac mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mowyo-
bil 13 farTo masStabian gaficvaSic gamoixata. am winaaRmde-
gobis Sedegi is iyo, rom alfonsinis mTavrobam uari Tqva sta-
bilizaciis gegmis ganxorcielebaze (PLAN AUSTR). 1987 wlis
oqtomberSi radikalurma samoqalaqo kavSirma saparlamento
arCevnebi waago, rac axal gamowvevebs umzadebda demokra-
tizaciis gzaze Semdgar argentinul sazogadoebas, mxardaW-
era ekonomikuri liberalizaciis mowinaaRmdege populis-
turma peronistulma partiebma miiRes, amasTan izrdeboda
samxedroebis mxridan revanSis safrTxec, saboloo jamSi ki
eWvs qveS dgeboda saxelmwifos demokratiuli ganviTarebis
perspeqtiva. 1988 wlis ivnisSi mZafri ekonomikuri krizisis
da samxedroebis ajanyebebis fonze (saSualo rangis oficre-
bis moZraoba CARAPINTADAS - saxemoxatulebi) argentinuli
sazogadoebis mxolod 12% uWerda mxars mTavrobas, xolo
49% morigi samxedro gadatrialebis molodinSi iyo.42 am vi-
TarebaSi vadis amowurvamde eqvsi TviT adre raul alfonsi-
ni gadadga.
argentinis prezidentis savarZelSi raul alfonsini kar-
los menemma (samarTlianobis partia - peronistebi) Secvala.
misi administraciis pirobebSi argentinaSi demokratiis kon-
solidaciis gzaze ori cvlileba gamoikveTa:
1. 1987 wels dawyebuli samxedroebis ajanyebebi, romleb-
sac mTeli samxedro organizacia uTanagrZnobda, vi-
naidan alfonsinis dros dawyebuli sasamarTlo pro-
cesebi saerTod samxedro korporaciis prestiJs uqm-
nida safrTxes, nel-nela Cacxra. am gamosvlebs aSkarad
argentina
42 Edgardo R. Catterberg. Argentina Confronts Politics: Political Culture and Public Opinionin the Transition to Democracy // L. Rienner Publishers. January 1991. pp. 68-75.
30
politikuri xasiaTi hqondaT, romelSic samxedro
nomenklaturis piradi politikuri interesebic ikveT-
eboda. samxedro gamosvlebis Cacxroba menemma imiT
moaxerxa, rom 1989 wlis aprilSi sajarod bodiSi moixa-
da `ciliswamebebisa" da alfonsinis droindeli Seiar-
aRebuli winaaRmdegobisTvis, man aseve miuteva Zveli
xuntebis rig dapatimrebul wevr generlebs da aRiara,
rom isini iZulebuli iyvnen samoqalaqo uflebebi sax-
elmwifo interesebis gamo daerRviaT. amgvarma daT-
mobam saSualeba misca qveynis samoqalaqo xelisufle-
bas konsensusi mieRwia samxedro elitebTan, da ofi-
cialurad gaecxadebina, rom amieridan prezidenti da
samxedro generaliteti erTad dadgebodnen
`demokratiisa da samxedro disciplinis" dasacavad.
amgvarma paradoqsulma erTobam karlos menems saSu-
aleba misca Tavisi politikuri poziciebi gaemyarebina
da politikaSi samxedroebis Careva gaeneitralebina
(rac alfonsinis mTavrobisTvis SeuZlebeli iyo Tavisi
principuli poziciis gamo).
2. Seicvala aseve moqalaqeebis mxridan ekonomikis aRq-
mac, ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mimarT damokidebule-
bebis mTavari RerZi legitimurobis politikur
ekonomikas gulisxmobda. avtoritaruli reJimebis ume-
tesobas mudam hqondaT problema Zalaufleba Seenar-
CunebinaT ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, rogorc
wesi sami warumatebeli wlis Semdeg ekonomikuri kriz-
isi aucileblad politikurSi gadaizrdeboda. amis
mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom avtoritaruli reJime-
bis mxridan mmarTvelobis pretenzia ekonomikur seq-
torSi efeqtianobis pretenziis pirdapir proporciu-
li iyo, da ara legitimurobisa. amisgan gansxvavebiT, le-
Tavi pirveli
31
gitimurobis safuZvelze mmarTvelobis pretenziis
mqone demokratiul reJimebs warumatebeli ekonomikis
pirobebSi, sazogadoebis mxridan politikuri izolaci-
isTvis Tavis daRwevis ori TavdacviTi meqanizmi gaaC-
niaT. esenia, demokratiuli legitimurobis safuZvelze
sazogadoebis mier sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis gacno-
biereba (rom Tavad airCia warumatebeli xelisufleba)
da demokratiuli sistemis farglebSi alternatiuli
politikuri da ekonomikuri proeqtebisTvis mxaris
daWeris SesaZlebloba (martivad rom vTqvaT Semdeg
arCevnebze sxva mTavrobis arCeva). 1988 wlis noemberSi
argentinelebis 70% Tvlida rom ekonomikuri situa-
cia mkveTrad gauaresda bolo xuTi wlis manZilze, mi-
uxedavad amisa, 74% mainc Tvlida rom demokratia
samxedro diqtaturaze ukeTesia, da mxolod 15%-s mi-
aCnda rom situacia ukeTesobisken Seicvleboda
samxedroebis dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi (SedarebisTvis
imave periodSi, am poziciaze braziliaSi sazogadoebis
40% iyo). ekonomikuri situacia am gamokiTxvebis
Catarebis Semdeg eqvs TveSi kidev ufro gauaresda da
arc misi gamosworebis imedebi iyo, magram miuxedvad
amisa saparlamento arCevnebze menemis partiam xmebis
49% miiRo, xolo ekonomikis mimarT optimisturad gan-
wyobilTa raodenobam 32%-dan 72%-mde imata.43
imis wyalobiT, rom menemi peronistuli Zalebidan iyo mo-
suli mas peronistuli profkavSirebis mxridan loialoba ga-
rantirebuli hqonda. misi mmarTvelobis pirvel sam wels
profkavSirebis mier organizebuli arcerTi gaficva ar yofi-
la, miuxedavad amisa rom menemis neoliberaluri ekonomikuri
kursi udavod aRizianebdaT. menemma udavod moigo per-43 Edgardo R. Catterberg. Argentina Confronts Politics: Political Culture and Public Opinion
in the Transition to Democracy // L. Rienner Publishers. January 1991. pp. 33-38.
argentina
32
onistebis mxardaWeriT, aseve adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso
kapitalis mxardaWeriT. garda am mxardaWerisa, iyo gamarTle-
bac: alfonsins prezidentoba savalo krizisis pirobebSi, misi
pikis dros mouwia da argentinuli ekonomika kreditebis gas-
tumrebas undeboda, menems ki Tavisi administraciis perio-
di am krizisis bolos mouwia, amave dros gaumarTla imiTac,
rom am dros saerTaSoriso kapitalis sainvesticio masa im-
denad didi iyo, rom swori ekonomikuri politikis fonze qvey-
anaSi finansuri dabandebebi problematuri ar iyo.
muSaTa profkavSirebze kontrolis mopoveba da maTi mx-
ardaWeris mobilizeba menemma imiT SesZlo, rom lazaro
kardenasis (meqsika) da Jitulio vargasis (brazilia) msgavsad
oficialurad aRiara isini da maTi liderebi, da es aRiareba
momgebian politikur kapitaldabandebad iqca aliansebisa da
kavSirebis SekvrisTvis. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac profkav-
Sirebi arRvevdnen pirobebs da gaficvebs awyobdnen, xelisu-
flebisgan mxardaWerasac kargavdnen da aralegaluradac
cxaddebodnen. menemi ufro Sors wavida vidre kardenasi da
vargasi, TviT peronsac ki azrad ar mosvlia gaekeTebina is,
rac man gaakeTa profkavSirebis damoukideblobis SezRud-
visTvis. menemma profkavSirebis uzarmazari socialuri fon-
debi xelisuflebis kontrols dauqvemdebara.
miuxedavad imisa, rom menemi ar wawydomia gansakuTrebul
winaaRmdegobas profkavSirebis mxridan, gansakuTrebuli
ekonomikuri warmatebebisTvisac ar miuRwevia. 1990-iani wleb-
is dasawyisSi, rodesac ekonomikis ministrad argentinuli
ekonomikuri `saswaulis" Semoqmedi domingo kavalo dainiS-
na, argentinuli peso hiperinflacias ganicdida. kavalom
ekonomikis stabilizacia pesos kursis stabilizaciiTdaiw-
yo (pesos kursi pirdapir aSS dolaris kurss mieba, riTac ar-
gentinam realurad damoukidebeli emisiis politikaze uari
Tavi pirveli
33
Tqva da pesos simyare bazarze moZravi dolaris odenobaze
iyo mibmuli). pesos stabilizaciam sazogadoebriv ganwyobe-
bzec hpova asaxva, Tuki 1991 wlis martSi sazogadoebis 16%
uWerda mxars mTavrobis ekonomikur politikas, 1991 wlis
dekemberSi es raodenoba 68%-mde gaizarda. 1992 wlis Sua
xanebSi sazogadoebaSi ukve Camoyalibda ganwyoba, rom argen-
tinaSi manamde moqmedi dabal efeqturi da aralegitimuri
mTavrobebis Semdeg funqcioba daiwyo sistemam, romelsac
zomieri efeqtianoba da legitimurobac gaaCnda.44
argentinis demokratiuli politikuri ganviTarebisTvis
kritikuli, gamocdis momenti 1999 wlis oqtomberSi idga,
rodesac morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebs unda
gaerkviaT wavidodnen Tu ara xelisuflebidan peronistebi
(karlos menemi - samarTlianobis partia JUSTICIALISTAS - aTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi 1989-1999 w.w. iyo argentinis prezidenti)
mSvidobianad arCevnebis saSualebiT. peronistebs memarcx-
ene-centristuli da memarjvene-centristuli Zalebis poli-
tikuri aliansi `samuSao adgilebisTvis, samarTlianobisa da
ganaTlebisaTvis" daupirispirda, romelic radikaluri samo-
qalaqo kavSirisa (UNION CIVICA RADICAL memarjvene-cen-
tristebi) da qveyanaSi solidarobis frontisgan (FRENTE POR
UN PAIS SOLIDARIO - FREPASO, memarcxene-centristebi) Sedge-
boda, da romlis kandidatic fernando de la rua iyo. per-
onistebis kandidats eduardo dualdes, menemis adminis-
traciis erT-erTi gamoCenili ministri domingo kavaloc (mo-
qmedeba respublikisTvis - ACCION POR LA REPUBLICA) daupir-
ispirda, romelic jer kidev 1996 wels amovarda peronistu-
li mTavrobidan korufciaSi braldebebisa da socialurad
mtkivneuli ekonomikuri politikis gatarebisTvis. 1999 wlis
24 oqtombris arCevnebis Sedegad sam ZiriTad kandidats44 Judith A. Teichman. The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina,
and Mexico // The University of North Carolina Press. December 2000. pp. 68-72.
argentina
34
Soris xmebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda:
1. fernando de la rua - 49%;
2. eduardo dualde - 38%;
3. domingo kavalo - 10%.45
de la ruas prezidentad arCevas argentinisTvis manamdel
istoriasTan SedarebiT uprecendento xasiaTi hqonda, pirv-
el rigSi imis gamo rom pirvelad moxda rom sazogadoebam ga-
dairCia peronistebi, da isini xelisuflebidan mSvidobianad
wavidnen, meorec imis gamo, rom memarcxeneebma da memarjve-
neebma saerTo politikuri programa SeimuSaves da koalici-
uri mTavroba Camoayalibes. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom
Tuki karlos menemi xelisuflebaSi raul alfonsinis waru-
matebeli mTavrobis dacemis da mZvinvare ekonomikuri kriz-
isis talRaze `mxsnelis" SaravandiT Semkobili movida, de la
ruas aranairi qarizma ar hqonda da xelisuflebaSi momxdari
cvlilebebi stabilurobis fonze, gansakuTrebuli situacie-
bis ar arsebobis, instituciuri procedurebis dacviT mox-
da, rac argentinul sazogadoebaSi momxdar mniSvnelovan
politikur cvlilebebze miuTiTebs. argentinuli sazoga-
doeba 1999 wlisTvis mowyda Tavis mtkivneul istoriul
gamocdilebas da demokratizaciis dawyebidan eqvsi wlis
Tavze TiTqos gavida problematuri sazogadoebebis wridan
(ekvadori, peru, bolivia, venesuela) da institucionalize-
buli demokratiis mqone qveynebis rigSi dadga (Cile,
urugvai).
maS, rogori iyo demokratiis konsolidaciis gza argentin-
aSi? 1990-ian wlebSi argentinulma demokratiam konsolidaci-
is urTierTsawinaaRmdego etapebi gaiara. erTi mxriv, Zalau-
flebis gafarToebisken menemis swrafvam, rac yovelTvis
tipiuri iyo peronistebisTvis, daasusta warmomadgenlobi-45 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:
Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 43.
Tavi pirveli
35
Ti institutebi da daarRvia horizontaluri angariSvalde-
bulebebis sistema. magaliTad, 1990 wels prezidentis de-
kretebma lamis Caanacvles umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadaw-
yvetilebebi, rodesac maTi gverdis avliT samxedroebis mi-
marT devna Sewyda, 1994 wels radikalur samoqalaqo kavSir-
Tan bundovani da gaumWvirvale SeTanxmebebiT, e.w. PACT DI
OLIVOS, ganxorcielda sakonstitucio reforma, romelmac
marTalia Sekveca saprezidento vada eqvsi wlidan xuTamde,
magram saSualeba misca moqmed prezidents xelaxla eyara
kenWi Semdgom arCevnebze (zedized orjer arCevis saSuale-
bas manamde moqmedi konstitucia ar iZleoda), riTac menemma
Zalauflebis saTaveSi Tavisi yofna gaixangrZliva. am da sxva
mizezebis (socialuri sakiTxebis ignorireba, mzardi koruf-
cia da braldebebi piradad menemis mimarT, maT Soris bralde-
bebi iranTan saeWvo kavSirebSi)46 gamo argentinul demokra-
tias delegatiurs, qaoturs, permanentulad arakonsoli-
drebuls uwodebdnen.47
meore mxriv, 1990-ian wlebSi demokratia raRac Tval-
sazrisiT siRrmiseuladac ganviTarda, magaliTad arCevneb-
is gamWvirvaloba oponentebis mxridan gansakuTrebul kri-
tikas ar imsaxurebda, samoqalaqo da adamianis uflebebis
darRvevebis arsebobis miuxedavad ar SeimCneoda faqtebis
tendenciebad gadaqcevis safrTxe, Jurnalistebze zewolis
miuxedavad sityvis Tavisufleba ase Tu ise mainc mocemuli
iyo. saxelmwifos mxridan am sakiTxebSi Carevas demokratiu-
lad organizebuli, aqtiuri samoqalaqo seqtori zRudavda.48
46 siriuli, Sesabamisad muslimuri warmoSobis menemis mimarT eWvi gamoiTqva1992 wels buenos-airesSi israelis saelCos afeTqebis da 1994 wlis ebraulisaTvistomos afeTqebis gamoZiebis arasworad warmarTvaSi da Ziebis procesSiCarevis mxriv iranuli da hesbolas kvalis dafarvis mizniT.
47 Larry Sawers. The Other Argentina: The Interior And National Development // WestviewPress. July 1998. pp. 156-160.
48 Edgardo R. Catterberg. Argentina Confronts Politics: Political Culture and Public Opinionin the Transition to Democracy // L. Rienner Publishers. January 1991. pp. 99-110.
argentina
36
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aralegitimuri Zaladobis mimarT
mgrZnobiare da Seurigebeli gaxda, magaliTad - 1994 wels bue-
nos-airesis ebraul saTvistomoze teroristul Tavdasxmas,
rasac 86 adamiani Seewira, da 1997 wels fotograf-reportior
xuan kabesas mkvlelobas sazogadoebis mxridan mZlavri
saprotesto gamosvlebi mohyva.
aseve progresi iqna miRweuli samxedro-samoqalaqo urT-
ierTobebSi, Tavdacvis uwyeba mTlianad samoqalaqo kon-
trols daeqvemdebara (gansxvavebiT Cilesgan, ekvadorisgan
da perusgan) da samxedroebs aekrZalaT politikaSi monawi-
leoba. Sedegi iyo is, rom Seicvala Tavad samxedroebis kul-
turac, magaliTad generalma martin balsam aRiara
samxedroebis braleuloba `binZur omSi" da sajarod bodiSi
mouxada argentinul sazogadoebas.49 1990 wels samxedroTa
ajanyebebis dasrulebis Semdeg menemma Seamcira Tavdacvis
biujeti, armiis raodenoba mesamedamde daiyvana da Tav-
dacvis saministros qonebis nawilis privatizacia moaxdina.
zemoT naxsenebi sakonstitucio reforma, garda imisa rom
xdeboda piradad menemisTvis sasargeblo cvlilebebi, da mas
saSualeba eZleoda eqvsi wlis nacvlad aTi weli emarTa qvey-
ana, aseve iTvaliswinebda senatorebis, gubernatorebis, qala-
qis merebis pirdapir arCevas. sakonstitucio reformam aseve
daawesa ombudsmenis instituti (CONTROLADURIA) da gaauq-
ma debulebebi, romlebic religiur niadagze politikaSi
monawileobas zRudavdnen (magaliTad, manam, imisTvis rom mo-
qalaqes argentinis prezidentad eyara kenWi, konstitucia
iTxovda, rom igi aucileblad kaTolike unda yofiliyo).50
da bolos, horizontaluri angariSvaldebulebebis siste-
mis TvalsazrisiT, menemis administraciis pirobebSi aseve
49 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 201.
50 Ibid. pp. 232.
Tavi pirveli
37
imedis momcemi tendenciebi SeiniSneboda. Tavad menemi aq-
tiurad TanamSromlobda aramarto Tavis JUSTICIALISTAS par-
tiasTan, aramed opoziciur CR-Tanac (UNION CIVICO RADICAL).
Tavisi neoliberaluri ekonomikuri politikis gatarebi-
sTvis mas aseve sWirdeboda farTo aliansi ara marto qveynis
sakanonmdeblo organoSi, aramed regionebSi (gubernator-
ebTan, municipalitetebTan da merebTan, gansakuTrebiT didi
uenos-airesis olqSi, sadac memarcxeneebi - FREPASO, iyo pop-
ularuli da warmodgenili xelisuflebaSi) da profkavSirebs
(raul alfonsinis mTavrobis warumateblobebi didwilad
maTi wyalobiT moxda) Soris. aliansebis politikis warmoeba
neoliberaluri reformebis gaxorcielebis fonze gvaiZu-
lebs, vaRiaroT, rom miuxedavad garkveuli gadaxrebisa pi-
radi ekonomikuri interesebis mimarTulebiT, menemis
mTavrobis politikam sazogadoebis demokratiuli mowyobis
ZiriTadi principebi ar daazarala (gansxvavebiT Cilesgan da
meqsikisgan).51
horizontaluri angariSvaldebulebebis TvalsazrisiT
miRweuli progresi ubralod karlos menemis administraci-
is keTili nebiT ar aixsneba da amis mizezebi Tavad argentinu-
li politikuri speqtris specifikaSia saZiebeli. jer kidev
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tavi iCina tendenciam, romelic
hipermaJoritarianobis saxeliTaa cnobili.52 Tavad argenti-
nis ganviTarebis am etapze am movlenas negatiuri efeqti
meti hqonda, vidre -pozitiuri, igi politikis destabili-
zaciis potencialis Semcveli iyo. am da aseve ekonomikuri
problemebis, upirveles yovlisa hiperinflaciis fonze me-
nems Zalauflebis gamyarebisTvis brZola mouxda. argenti-
51 Judith A. Teichman. The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina,and Mexico // The University of North Carolina Press. December 2000. pp. 176-186.
52 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 87.
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38
nelebi miesalmebodnen `Zlieri xelis" politikas
ekonomikur problemebTan brZolaSi, Sesabamisad menemisa da
kavalos ekonomikuri politikis mimarT ekonomikur elitasa
da sazogadoebis umravleobaSi, rogorc garduvals ise aRiq-
vamdnen, swored amitom egueboda sazogadoeba menemis mis-
wrafebas Zalauflebis koncentraciisken. zemoaRniSnuli
PACTO DI OLIVOS aseve am logikaSi jdeba, UCR-s sxva gza ar
hqonda Tu, ara dahyoloda prezidentis SemoTavazebebs, sxva
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebrivi simpaTiebis fonze sakuTar dis-
kreditacias moaxdenda. UCR-is Semguebeli pozicia imiTac
iyo ganpirobebuli rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini TavianT sapa-
rlamento xmebs menemis proeqtebs ar miscemdnen, maSin prez-
identis administracia plebiscitiT da sazogadoebrivi mx-
ardaWeriT gaitanda Tavisas.53
ekonomikurma krizisma opozicia daasusta da daqsaqsa, yve-
laze gavleniani opoziciuri partia UCR diskreditebuli iyo
alfonsinis mTavrobis warumateblobiTa da SemdgomSi cal-
saxa poziciis arqoniT, maT mimarT sazogadoebrivi mxadaW-
era 52%-dan (1983 wels) 17%-mde daeca (1995 wels). arCevneb-
Si partiebis mimarT mxardaWera wlidan wlamde Semdegi di-
53 Ibid. pp. 280-283.
Tavi pirveli
39
namikiT gamoixateboda:
aRniSnul sqemaze54 mocemuli maCveneblebi opoziciur
politikur spetrSi arsebul eleqtoraluri mxadaWeris
fragmentulobaze da memarjvene Zalebis etapobriv dasus-
tebaze miuTiTebs. dedaqalaqsa da didi buenos-airesis olq-
Si memarcxene ganwyobebis zrda iyo mocemuli, TandaTan pop-
ularuli xdeboda FREPASO, magram UCR sazogadoebriv mx-
ardaWeras sul ufro da ufro kargavda. regionebi metwilad
provinciebis warmomadgenel memarjvene maJoritarebs
uWerdnen mxars, romlebic peronistebTan aliansSi moiazre-
bodnen. marTalia, argentinuli saSualo klasi antiperonis-
tulad iyo ganwyobili, magram maTi xmebi saerTo
ideologiuri mimarTulebis sxvadasxva partias Soris gaifan-
ta. opozicia gaxleCili iyo da menemisTvis alternativas ver
qmnida.
karlos menemma 1995 wlis saprezidento arCevnebze per-
onistuli partiis (JUSTICIALISTAS) mxardamWerTa ori didi
segmenti gamoavlina:
1. e.w. `menemistebi" (eleqtoratis 10-15%), romlebic
damoukidebel, konservatiul saSualo da maRal saSu-
alo klass warmoadgendnen, da romlebic ekonomikuri
krizisis gamo `Zlieri xelis" politikas uWerdnen mx-
ars;
2. da peronistebis tradiciuli eleqtorati (amomrCev-
lebis 30-35%), romelic muSebisgan, dabali da dabali
saSualo klasisgan Sedgeboda.55
erTad orive es segmenti fragmentirebuli opoziciis da
misi daqsaqsuli mxardamWerebis fonze did eleqtoralur
54 Anthony W. Pereira. Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil,Chile, and Argentina (Pitt Latin American Studies) // University of Pittsburgh Press. October2005. pp. 215.
55 Ibid. pp. 218.
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40
koalicias qmnidnen, ramac peronistebis dauZlevelobis miTi
Seqmna da ramac 1999 wlis oqtombris arCevnebis uprecenden-
toba ganapiroba.
hipermaJoritarulobis tendenciis negatiuri efeqtebis
gamo warmoebulma peronistebis xelSi Zalauflebis koncen-
traciis politikam bevri damkvirvebeli argentinuli poli-
tikis `meqsikanizaciaze" aalaparaka. Tuki meqsikuri dominan-
tur partiuli sistema ar tovebda sivrces demokratiuli
ZalTa balansisTvis, argentinaSi, romelsac susti respub-
likuri institutebi da konfliqturi politikis tradicie-
bi gaaCnda, erTi partiis, miTumetes peronistuli Zalis
sasargeblod politikur simpatiaTa aseTi balansi Zalau-
flebis miTvisebis SesaZleblobas zrdida. marTlac menemma
isargebla opoziciis uZlurebiT da ar moerida uxeSi wese-
biT mmarTvelobas, Tumca mainc mouwia politikuri speqtris
dacalkevebul centrebTan TanamSromloba, riTac daadastu-
ra, rom axali peronistuli hegemoniis safrTxe fuWi gangaSi
iyo da meqsikanizaciis perspeqtiva ganuxorcielebel sa-
frTxes warmoadgenda. karlos menemma daicva (metnaklebad)
sazogadoebriv-politikuri sivrcis demokratiuli mowyobis
principebi, ar daarRvia horizontaluri angariSvaldebule-
bebis sistema da aliansebis politikis warmoebiT safuZveli
daudo postkrizisul politikaze gadasvlas.56
`menemizmisa" da hipermaJoritarulobis gamomwvevi mize-
zebi karlos menemis administraciis meore periodSi ukve am-
oiwurnen. am periodis ganmavlobaSi politikuri ganviTareb-
is ori gza gamoikveTa:
1. e.w. postkrizisul politikaze gadasvla, rac imaSi gam-
oixta, rom Tuki 1983-1993 wlebSi sazogadoeba
56 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 305.
Tavi pirveli
41
ekonomikuri krizisis fonze yuradRebas ar uTmobda
menemis mmarTvelobis stils, hiperinflaciis daZle-
vis Semdeg SiSi ekonomikuri problemebis mimarT gaqra
da xelisuflebis muSaoba politikuri ganxilvis aqtu-
aluri Tema gaxda. politikur dRis wesrigSi dadga ko-
rufciis, politikuri da ekonomikuri konkurenciis,
samomxmareblo uflebebis sakiTxebi. imis gamo rom men-
emis mTavroba efeqtianad ver reagirebda postkrizisu-
li periodis problemebze, gansakuTrebiT korufciaze
(Tavad iyo dakavSirebuli korufciasTan), misi imiji da
prestiJi TandaTanobiT dakninda;
2. ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevam saSualeba misca opoz-
iciur speqtrs aRorZinebuliyo da saerTo xedvebis ir-
gvliv gaerTianebuliyo. UCR-ma da FREPASO-m, romlebic
SesaZlo Zalauflebis mpyrobelebad ar aRiqmebodnen
adre da Sua 1990-ianebSi, 1994 wels mniSvnelovani cv-
lileba ganaxorcieles:
a. maT moaxerxes `axali ekonomikuri modelis" Zir-
iTad principebze SeTanxmeba, romlebic akmay-
ofilebda, rogorc memarjvenebis ise memarcxe-
neebis moTxovnebs, ar akritikebdnen xelisufle-
bas ekonomikis liberalizaciis politikis gamo,
magram mwvaved akritikebdnen SromiTi uflebeb-
is da socialuri uzrunvelyofis ignorirebas.
miuxedavad memarjvene liberaluri ekonomikuri
politikis erTxmad gamarTlebisa 1995 wlis
arCevnebze CR mainc gamovida domingo kavalos
konvertabelurobis gegmis (pesos kursis gan-
sazRvra brunvaSi myofi aSS dolaris odenobiT,
da realurad pesos kursis mibma ucxour
valutaze) winaaRmdeg;
argentina
42
b. 1997 wels UCR-ma da FREPASO-m Camoayalibes alian-
si ramac maT saSualeba miscaT fragmentirebuli
eleqtorati gaeerTianebinaT da arCevnebze per-
onistebis hegemoniisa da ualternativobisaTvis
safrTxe SeeqmnaT. msgavsi gaerTianebiT per-
onistebs dabali saSualo (muSebi) da maRali sa-
Sualo klasis xmebis dakargvis perspeqtiva gauCn-
daT, rac eqspertebis daTvliT maTi eleqtorat-
is 40-45%-s Seadgenda.57
am cvlilebebs isic daerTo Tan, rom ekonomikis stabili-
zaciis Semdeg ekonomika aRar asocirdeboda menemis sax-
elTan. 1997 wlis sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegad ar-
gentinelebis 95% Tvlida, rom ekonomikuri situacia aRar
gauaresdeboda da igi ar iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu vin iqne-
boda xelisuflebaSi. imave wlis sazogadoebrivi azris gamo-
kiTxvebis Sedegad argentineli biznesmenebis 72% Tvlida,
rom ekonomikuri situacia ar Seicvleboda Tu xelisufleb-
is saTaveSi aliansi `samuSao adgilebisTvis, samarTlianobisa
da ganaTlebisaTvis" movidoda. sazogadoebriv azrSi momx-
darma am Zvrebma partiul sistemaSic moaxdina cvlilebebi,
ukve aliansis Seqmnidan eqvs TveSi 1997 wlis saparlamento
arCevnebze UCR-sa da FREPASO-s gaerTianebam xmebis 46% mi-
iRo, xolo peronistulma JUSTICIALISTAS 36%.58
1997 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi postkrizisuli poli-
tikis dadgomis mauwyebeli gaxda. 1998 wels menemi axali
saprezidento arCevnebisTvis mzadebas Seudga, mas mesamed-
ac undoda kenWi eyara prezidentad, magram saparlamento
arCevnebis gamocdilebam peronistebs ukarnaxa, rom es wamge-
57 J. Timmons Roberts. From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Developmentand Social Change // Wiley-Blackwell. January 2000. pp. 167-181.
58 Howard J. Wiarda. Politics and Social Change in Latin America: Still a Distinct Tradition?// Praeger publishers. October 2003. pp. 85-92.
Tavi pirveli
43
biani nabiji aRmoCndeboda. sakuTarma partiam menems uari
uTxra prezidentobis kandidatad nominaciaze, da mis magi-
er eduardo dualde iqna dasaxelebuli. Tavad menems ar sur-
da partiisTvis msgavsi `Ralatis" ufleba mieca, ris gamoc
dualdes saprezidento kampania Sidapartiuli dapiri-
spirebebis fonze mimdinareobda da realurad peronistuli
Zalebis gaxleCvaze miuTiTebda, rac Tavis mxriv sazogadoe-
bas ufro unificirebuli aliansis `samuSao adgilebisTvis,
samarTlianobisa da ganaTlebisaTvis" sasargeblod ganawyob-
da. aliansis kandidatma de la ruam peronistebi aramarto
saprezidento arCevnebze daamarcxa, misma partiam CR-ma men-
dozasa da entre riosSi gubernatoris arCevnebic moigo,
Tumca qveynis masStabiT gubernatorebis 2/3 mainc per-
onistebi iyvnen (maT Soris peronistebis kontrols qveS aR-
moCndnen yvelaze didi Statebis didi buenos-airesis, kor-
dobas da santa fes gubernatoris postebi). peronistebma
aseve kontroli SeinarCunes senatze da umaRlesi sasamarT-
los mosamarTleebis umetesobac menemis momxreebi iyvnen.59
am garemoebebma safuZveli daudes hegemonuri politikis
dasasruls da konsensusze orientirebuli politikuri kom-
promisebis politikas. Tumca am mxrivac bevri faruli
winaaRmdegoba iyo Cadebuli antiperonistuli aliansis
mTavrobisTvis, rac 2001-2003 wlebis ekonomikurma krizisma
gamoavlina.
postkrizisuli politikis xangrZlivobam fernando de la
ruas saprezidento vadis bolomdec ki ver gastana. 2001 wlis
dekemberSi domingo kavalos konvertabelurobis gegmis Sede-
gi (erTi peso udris erT aSS dolars) is iyo, rom ekonomikuri
krizisis fonze rac dolaris gadinebas mohyva, peso Tvalis
daxamxamebaSi gaufasurda. am movlenebis Sedegad argentin-59 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:
Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp 247.
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44
as gaRatakebuli sazogadoebis mxridan spontanuri da qao-
turi protestis talRam gadauara, rac male ZaladobaSic ga-
daizarda. 19-20 dekembers qveyanaSi Seqmnilma daZabulobam
piks miaRwia,60 prezidentma de la ruam peronistebs, rom-
lebic Statebis umetesobas akontrolebdnen da sakanonmde-
blo organoSic solidurad iyvnen warmodgenilni, krizisu-
li koaliciuri mTavrobis Seqmna SesTavaza, razec uari mi-
iRo. ukontrolobis da qveynis sruli kolafsis Tavidan ac-
ilebis mizniT (qveynis masStabiT ukve 26 adamiani iyo daRu-
puli) de la rua da misi mTavroba gadadga, xelisufleba isev
peronistebs daubrundaT.61 am movlenebma kidev erTxel
gamowvevis winaSe daayenes argentinuli demokratia, misi si-
cocxlisunarianoba damokidebuli aRmoCnda ara demokrati-
uli TamaSis wesebis universalurobaze, aramed mTavrobis
ekonomikur efeqtianobaze.62
2003 wlis saprezidento arCevnebze STambeWdavi Sedegi
aCvenes: 1999 wlis arCevnebisas 3 nawilad dayofili peronis-
tuli partiis samma kandidatma pirveli sami adgilis aReba
SeZles. arCevnebis Sedegad qveynis saTaveSi nestor kirSneri
movida. is Tavis politikaSi peronizmis safuZvlebs daubrun-
da: kirSneris mTavrobam uaryo neoliberaluri modeli da
mkveTrad gaaZliera saxelmwifos maregulirebeli roli so-
60 John Jordan. Que Se Vayan Todos: Argentina’s Popular Rebellion - An Eyewitness AccountOf The Financial Meltdown And Ongoing Grassroots Rebellion // Routledge. March 2003. pp.43.
61 2001 wlis dekembridan 2003 wlis maisamde, politikuri da ekonomikuri kriz-isis ganmavlobaSi argentinam oTxi peronisti prezidenti (federiko ramon pu-erta, adolfo rodriges saa, eduardo oskar kamano, eduardo alberto dual-de) Seicvala. 2003 wlidan ekonomikis stabilizaciasTan erTad argentinulipolitika isev dastabilurda, Tumca antiperonistebs arCevnebi ar mougiaT daargentinas dResac peronisti prezidenti hyavs (2003-2007 wlebSi prezidentinestor karlos kirSneri iyo, 2007 wlidan ki prezidenti misi meuRle kristinakirSneria).
62 Anthony W. Pereira. Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil,Chile, and Argentina (Pitt Latin American Studies) // University of Pittsburgh Press. October2005. pp. 172-178.
Tavi pirveli
45
cialur da ekonomikur procesebSi. saxelmwifos CareviT
Seiqmna 3 milionze meti samuSao adgili, umuSevroba Semcir-
da 2002 wels 24%-dan 2006 wlisaTvis 10%-mde. 50%-iT gaizar-
da xelfasebi, saSualo xelfasma 260 aSS dolari Seadgina.
imave periodSi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebi argenti-
nelebis ricxvi 54,7% dan 31,4% Semcirda. 2003 wels argenti-
nis mTliani Sida produqtis zrdam 8,8%, 2004 - 9,0%, 2005 -
9,2%, 2006 - 8,5%, Seadgina, mTlianad am 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi
mTliani Sida produqti 53%, xolo sawarmoo produqciis moc-
uloba - 56%-iT gaizarda. aseTi ekonomikuri zrda qveyanaSi
1919 wlidan ar dafiqsirebula. yvelaferi amis Sedegad mniS-
vnelovnad Semcirda qveynis sagareo valebi, gaizarda
savaluto rezervebi, biujeti sruldeba mdgradi profic-
itiT, gadasaxadebis akrefva samjer gaizarda. am ekonomikuri
zrdis fonze kirSneris reitingi mosaxleobaSi stabilurad
70% doneze narCundeboda.63 2007 wlis saprezidento
arCevnebSi man sakuTaris nacvlad meuRlis: kristina
fernandes de kirSneris kandidatura wamoayena, romelmac
damajereblad gaimarjva am arCevnebSi da argentinis prezi-
denti gaxda.
koleqtiuri identobebis konstruirebis problema ar-
gentinaSi
sociasluri Zalebis orientaciebi, interesebi, Rirebule-
bebi, ar arseboben vakuumSi, aramed yalibdebian istoriulad
gansazRvrul saxelmwifo sistemis konteqstSi. yovel poli-
tikur sistemas aqvs sakuTari kanonebi, ar SeiZleba maTi re-
ducireba sistemaSi moqmedi socialuri Zalebis urT-
ierTqmedebaze. Tumca politikuri sistemis da misi trans-
formaciis ganxilva calmxrivi da naklebad gasagebi iqneba im63 Jonathan Barton. The State of Democracy in Latin America: Post-Transitional Conflicts in
Argentina and Chile // Routledge. January 2005. pp. 84-101.
argentina
46
sazogadoebis Taviseburebebis gagebis gareSe, im garemos gage-
bis gareSe, romelSic mas uxdeba funqcionireba. argentinu-
li sazogadoebis ukeT gasagebad misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
koleqtiuri identobis raobis, misi transformaciebis da
politikur sistemasTan urTierTkavSiris ganxilvaa mniS-
vnelovani.
koleqtiuri identobebi, rogorc socialuri sazRvrebis
moniSvnis da socialur jgufebs Soris msgavsebaTa da gansx-
vavebaTa aRniSvnis modelebi, aRiqmebodnen rogorc social-
ur-struqturuli procesebis Tanmxlebi efeqti. am proces-
ebSi gansakuTrebiT moiazrebodnen ZalauflebiT da
ekonomikur urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi,
romlebic laTinur amerikaSi modernizaciis gavleniT mim-
dinareobdnen.
laTinur amerikaSi koleqtiuri identobebis Camoyalibeba
gansxvavebulia evropuli modelebisgan. am TvalsazrisiT
identobebis Camoyalibeba sam sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi unda
ganvixiloT:
1. identobebi jer kidev damoukidebeli saxlemwifoebis
Camoyalibebamde ikveTeba;
2. koleqtiuri identobebis Camoyalibeba xdeboda trad-
iciulad da aseve modernizaciis gavleniT, rac iden-
tobis mravalmxriv gagebebs sTavazobda am sazogadoe-
bebs (anu erTi mxriv aqcenti keTdeba istoriul ganvi-
Tarebis gzaze, meore mxriv ki saerTaSoriso garemos
gavlenaze);
3. da yvelaze mTavari, es iyo dominaciis, Zalauflebi-
sTvis brZolis da konkurenciis, kompromisisa da kon-
sensusis formirebis procesSi instituciuri proces-
ebis centraluroba, rac uaRresad did gavlenas axden-
da sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Camoyalibebaze.
Tavi pirveli
47
laTinur amerikaSi sazogadoebrivi sivrcis struqturire-
ba da koleqtiuri identobebis Camoyalibebis procesi urT-
ierTganmsazRvrel da urTierTdakavSirebul fenomenebs
warmoadgenen da socialur-politikur procesebSi monawile-
obis, liderobis, CarTulobisa da gariyvis meqanizmebSi da
formebSi gamoixateba.
identobis konstruirebis sxvadasxva formebis (Temi, eT-
nikuroba, socialuri klasebi, erebi, regionuli da re-
ligiuri jgufebi da a.S.) da moqmedebaTa konteqstualuri
rukebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT laTinuri amerikis sxva-
dasxva sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi ikveTeba, ma-
galiTad, heterogenulobis da homogenurobis TvalsazrisiT.
es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia gavlenis, simdidris ganaw-
ilebis, zomis da saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis partikularu-
li istoriebis kuTxiT. aseT SemTxvevebSi erTianobis uzrun-
velyofisTvis socialur jgufebze saxelmwifos mier ganx-
orcielebuli iZulebis da zewolis sxvadasxva masStabebze
gviwevs saubari. am SemTxvevebSi Tavs iCens sxvadasxva koleq-
tiuri identobis mqone socialuri jgufebis brZola da
winaaRmdegoba saxelmwifosTan.
konkretuli identobebis mqone politikur erTobebSi
wevroba aSkarad dakavSirebulia im kulturul da
ideologiur programebTan, romlebic gansazRvraven sazoga-
doebriv sivrceSi CarTulobas da individebs, jgufebsa da
institutebs Soris interaqcias. am programebis safuZvelze
xdeba, rogorc gare, ise Sida `ucxoebis" gansazRvra da rom-
lebic mravalferovnebas qmnian, rogorc istoriuli, ise
geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, da romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ukav-
Sirdebian eTnikur da demografiul formatSi sxvaobasac. am
urTierTkavSirebis safuZvelze ikveTeba koleqtiuri iden-
tobebis kriteriumebi da aqedan gamomdinare sazogadoebriv-
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48
piolitikur procesebSi monawileobis formebi, romlebsac
ama Tu im identobis matarebeli elitebi gamoxataven.64 gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelobas es im sazogadoebebSi iZenda, sadac
sxvadasxva socialuri jgufi, Tavisi gavlenisa da Zalis Se-
sabamisad (socio-ekonomikuri da kulturuli statusis
mixedviT) sajaro-politikuri sivrcis gansazRvras an gada-
azrebas cdilobda, rac, Tavis mxriv, politikuri brZolisa
da daZabulobis Sesabamisi xarisxiT xasiaTdeboda. aqedan
gamomdinare, es jgufebi erTobas qmnidnen saxelmwifosTan
TanamSromlobiTi Tu konfliqturi urTierTqmedebis pro-
cesSi, romelic `mimarTuli iyo zogadad privatizebuli, ma-
gram mainc sajaro sivrcis marTvis Sesaxeb debatebze, imis
Taobaze Tu rogor unda momxdariyo marTvis moqnili wesebis
SemuSaveba" (habermasi)65. Sesabamisad socialurma jgufebma
aqtiuri roli iTamaSes sakuTaro interesebis win wamosawe-
vad, TavianTi urTierTqmedebiT Camoayalibes koleqtiuri
xedva da sazogadoebis SigniT interaqciis zogadi wesebi.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare laTinuri amerikis sazogadoe-
bebSi koleqtiuri identobebis Camoyalibebis gare gavlenis
faqtorebTan mimarTebis kuTxiT sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
ikveTeba:
1. ra kavSirebi ikveTeba am sazogadoebebsa da gare cen-
trebs Soris, globaluri identobebis fokusebs Soris
(religiuri, kulturuli, ideologiuri, an maTi kombi-
nacia), an piriqiT Tu aris maT Soris winaaRmdegoba, anu
Tu aris sazogadoebis Sida kompoziciasa da gare Car-
Coebs Soris konfliqti.66
64 Will Fowler and Peter Lambert. Political Violence and the Construction of National Identityin Latin America // Routledge. November 2006. pp. 49-54.
65 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 47.
66 J. Timmons Roberts. From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Developmentand Social Change // Wiley-Blackwell. January 2000. pp. 230-234.
Tavi pirveli
49
2. ra winaaRmdegobebi ikveTeba dasavlur tendenciebTan
msgavsebebsa da laTinur amerikul sazogadoebebSi mim-
dinare socio-politikur dinamikas Soris, rac kultu-
ruli Camoyalibebis xangrZliv cvlilebebSi gamoixate-
ba.67
3. ra saxis gamyofebi arsebobs formalur organizaciul
principebsa da institutebis moqmedebis araformalur
qmedebebs Soris, politikis SemuSavebasa da gatarebas
Soris, aseve sazogadoebriv sivrceSi politikuri mod-
elebis ritorikul proeqciasa da sazogadoebriv cx-
ovrebaSi politikis realur praqtikas Soris.68
istoriuli perspeqtiviT Tu SevxedavT, laTinuri amerikis
gadasavlurebis tendencia XIX saukuneSi liberalizmis gama-
rjvebas ukavSirdeba. liberalizmis Semosvla mimarTuli iyo
kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg da tradiciuli identobe-
bis da socialuri organizaciis tradiciuli principebis
Secvlas isaxavda miznad. liberalizmi ganixileboda, rogorc
`civilizaciis" dapirispireba `barbarosobasTan". liberal-
izmis talRam moitana evropuli institutebis damkvidreba,
Tumca ver moaxerxa sazogadoebis Rrma transformacia, mox-
da saxelmwifo aparatis partikularizacia da gaaRrmava poli-
tikuri konfliqtebi axal da Zvel socio-politikur klasebs
Soris. damkvidrda formaluri Tanasworoba, magram Zalau-
flebis SesanarCuneblad xdeboda Zaladobis gamoyenebac,
arCevnebis gayalbebac, mosyidva, patronaJi, klientelis-
turi manipulaciebi. gaumWvirvale meTodebiT Zalauflebi-
sTvis brZola liberaluri, dasavluri institutebis Sinaar-
sis Secvlas da demokratiuli ideebis diskreditacias iwvev-
67 Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez. The Making of New Social Movements in LatinAmerica: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy // Routledge. July 1992. pp. 53-62.
68 James F. Petras. The New Development Politics: The Age of Empire Building and NewSocial Movements // Cambridge university press. November 2003. pp. 187-190.
argentina
50
da. XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi erT-erTi yvelaze
radikaluri mcdeloba daSlili sazogadoebriv-politikuri
sivrcis gadaazrebisa iyo populizmi, romlis warmatebuli
ganxorcieleba meqsikasa da argentinaSi moxda. populizmi sa-
zogadoebriv-piolitikur sivrceSi masobrivi inkorporire-
bis modeli iyo, romlis farglebSic saSualo da dabali so-
cialuri klasebis politikur sivrceSi saxelmwifos mier mar-
Tvadma CarTvam sajaro-politikur sivrceze kontroli
moitana, rac sazogadoebis TviTmobilizebis dakninebaSi,
korporatistul warmomadgenlobasa da Zveli socialuri
struqturebis mimarT ZaladobaSi (represiebi) gamoixata.69
populizmis damkvidreba, iseve rogorc misi Sekveca uci-
loblad gulisxmobda cvalebad Zvel da axal socialur stru-
qturebs Soris dapirispirebas da Zaladobas. Tavad Zalado-
ba erT-erT faqtors warmoadgens laTinur amerikul sazoga-
doebebSi koleqtiuri identobebis CamoyalibebisTvis.70 Se-
sabamisad, Rirebulia yuradReba mivaqcioT imasac Tu ra gav-
lena hqonda adamiansi uflebebis darRvevebs koleqtiur
cnobierebaze da saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaze.
adamianis uflebebis masobrivi darRvevebis Sedegi is iyo,
rom:
1. Seicvala instituciuri da legaluri procedurebi;
2. Seicvala politikuri monawileobis xasiaTi da avtono-
miuri organizaciisa da mobilobis unari SeizRuda;
3. SeizRuda pluralizmi, moxda sazogadoebis depoliti-
zacia da sajaro sivrceze korporatistul-biurokra-
tiuli kontroli dawesda;
4. saxelmwifom daamkvidra ucilobeli `WeSmaritebebis"
sistema, romelic sazogadoebis mxridan kritikas da re-69 J. Timmons Roberts. From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development
and Social Change // Wiley-Blackwell. January 2000. pp. 34-38.70 Will Fowler and Peter Lambert. Political Violence and the Construction of National Identity
in Latin America // Routledge. November 2006. pp. 276-279.
Tavi pirveli
51
fleqsias ar eqvemdebareboda.
am viTarebaSi politikuri liderobis mTavari amocana sta-
bilurobis SenarCuneba iyo. amasTan saubari iyo garkveuli
doziT demokratiulobis SenarCunebazec, romelic gansx-
vavdeboda demokratiis im SesaZlo `CarCoebisgan" rac av-
toritarul-biurokratiuli wnexis gareSe SeiZleba arsebu-
liyo. Sedegad politikurma erTobebma miiRes saxelmwifos-
gan alternatiuli sazogadeobrivi sivrceebi, romlebSic
xdeboda koleqtiuri TviTgarkveva da arsebul wesrigTan
konfrontacia, rac axali politikuri identobebis Camoyal-
ibebas uwyobda xels.71 swored am sivrceebis generireba gax-
da mogvianebiT demokratizaciis da axali politikuri wes-
rigis damkvidrebis safuZveli, romlis farglebSic sazoga-
doebriv-politikuri sivrcis axalma gaazrebam Semdegi mima-
rTulebebiT miiRo gaSla:
1. demokratiis konstituciuri principebis gadafor-
mateba;
2. monawileobis da politikuri da socialuri sikeTeebis
ganawilebis axali formebis damkvidreba;
3. instituciuri moqnilobis damkvidreba;
4. moqalaqeobis gadaazreba.72
am tendenciebs, gansakuTrebiT argentinaSi, xSirad ukav-
Sireben im debatebis RerZs rac germaniaSi iyo meore msof-
lio omis Semdeg mesame raixis istoriuli Sefasebebisas. Tum-
ca aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Tuki germaniaSi am Se-
fasebebSi sazogadoebrivi konsensusi iyo uzrunvelyofili,
laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, konkretulad argentinaSi, sa-
zogadoebrivi azri dRemde gayofilia, rac sazogadoebrivi
sivrcis disagregacias iwvevs.
71 Ibid. pp. 306-310.72 Will Fowler and Peter Lambert. Political Violence and the Construction of National Identity
in Latin America // Routledge. November 2006. pp. 298-303.
argentina
52
rodesac saubroben adamanis uflebaTa darRvevebis gav-
lenaze koleqtiur identobaze, zogi inteleqtuali miu-
TiTebs, rom sakmarisi araa 1970-80-iani wlebiT Semovifar-
gloT da Zaladobis istoria da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze
misi gavlena jer kidev evropuli kolonizaciiT, damoukide-
blobisTvis omebiTa da samoqalaqo omebiT unda daviwyoT. am
mosazrebas imiT amyareben, rom Zaladoba da represiebi ar
iyo ucxo laTinuri amerikis sazogadoebebisaTvis da XX
saukunis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Zvel mod-
elebTan dabrunebaze gviwevs saubari (represiebi, masebis
demobilizacia, individualuri cxovrebis destruqcia, mo-
nisturi idealebi da a.S.).
`es maSin mogvivida, rodesac Cven rogorc eri davibadeT.
argentina mkvlelobebis saga da Zveli gakveTilebidan Cven
veraferi SeviswavleT. masmediis pirobebSic ki cotam Tu icis
1921 wlis patagoniis ajanyebis Sesaxeb, an mkvlelobebze
TreliuSi da erisaSi (1973 wels), plaza de maios dabombvaze
(1955 wels)". (fernandes meixide).73
istoriuli memkvidreobis da koleqtiuri identobis kon-
frontacia mtkivneulia da maTi gadaazreba rTulia. Tulio
halperin dongi wers:
`axla rodesac tiraniis bolo dekada warsuls bardeba rTu-
lia imaze saubari axerxeben Tu ara argentinelebi am rTul
memkvidreobas Tavi gaarTvan... saWiroa bazisuri daskvnebis
gakeTeba romlebic saSualebas mogvcemen xangrZlivvadian
istoriul perspeqtivaSi SevxedoT Cvens qveyanas da teror-
is es ukanaskneli epizodi argentinis istoriaSi ramenairad
CavsvaT, rom moxdes qveynis iseTi saxis damkvidreba, romel-
ic daefuZneba argentinelebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis in-
Tavi pirveli
73 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 102.
74 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 104.
53
stinqtur Tanxmobas".74
argentinaSi ramdenime istoriuli xedva kristalizirde-
ba sxvadasxva politikuri ideologiis CarCoebSi: konserva-
tiuli liberalizmi da revizionistuli nacionalizmi, memar-
jvene da memarcxene peronistebi, social-demokratebi
radikalur samoqalaqo kavSirTan erTobaSi, da memarcxene
radikalebis mTeli seria.75 mTeli es politikuri ideologie-
bi mxars uWerdnen `revoluciuri" Tu `kontrrevoluciuri"
Zaladobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebas. erTi mxriv, iyo swrafva
socialuri organizmis radikaluri cvlilebebisken, rac Zal-
adobas gulisxmobda, meore mxriv, ki iyo sapasuxo Zaladoba
imaTi mxridan, romlebic `wesrigs amkvidrebdnen" da `binZur
oms" eweodnen sazogadoebaSi `ganTesili destruqciuli, Zir-
gamomTxreli elementebis" winaaRmdeg.
samxedro mmarTvelobebisa da reJimebis pirobebSi argen-
tineli da sxva laTinur amerikeli inteleqtualebisTvis
daiwyo TviTrefleqsiisa da istoriuli gadaazrebis perio-
di, romelSic yalibdeboda sakuTari qveynis axali xedvis
narativebi. es istoriuli gadaazrebis procesi ZiriTadad
ganviTarda im sakiTxebis irgvliv, Tu romeli sazogadoebrivi
seqtorebi iyvnen damnaSaveni an romelT miuZRodaT wvlili
samxedro reJimebis Camoyalibebasa da adamianis uflebebis
masobriv darRvevebSi. argentinaSi Ciles msgavsad ganviTar-
da narativi MEA CULPA76, romelic introspeqtul stilSi
aRZravda individualur da jgufur sinanuls piradi da
koleqtiuri istoriis mimarT, Tumca Cilesgan gansxvavebiT
argentinaSi msgavsi ganwyobebi umeteswilad konsensusis sa-
gani ar gamxdara.77 argentineli inteleqtualebis naSromeb-
argentina
75 Will Fowler and Peter Lambert. Political Violence and the Construction of National Identityin Latin America // Routledge. November 2006. pp. 235-237.
76 "Cemi bralia”.77 Jonathan Barton. The State of Democracy in Latin America: Post-Transitional Conflicts in
Argentina and Chile // Routledge. January 2005. pp 79-86.
54
Si Cndeba dualizmi, erTi mxriv, ikveTeba saxelmwifo, romel-
ic Trgunavs Tavis moqalaqeebs, da, meore mxriv, am represie-
bis msxverplni, romlebic saxelmwifos ebrZodnen. individ-
ualur doneze inteleqtualebi axerxebdnen saxelmwifo
dogmebis eWv qveS dayenebas, magram koleqtiur doneze iden-
tobebis proeqcia sxvagvarad xdeboda. sazogadoebaSi saxelm-
wifosgan gaucxoebas sakuTari identobis politikur wesrig-
Tan, kerZod demokratiasTan Sefardebis saxe hqonda. sazoga-
doeba eWv qveS ayenebda demokratiuli politikuri wesrigis
Sesabamisobas argentinis nacionalur saxesTan (rasac isto-
riuli gamocdilebis prizmaSi aRiqvamdnen) da sazogadoebis
farTo wreebSi, gansakuTrebiT dabal socialur klasebSi Cn-
deboda samxedro diqtaturamdeli populizmis mimarT nos-
talgiuri ganwyoba. 2002 welsac ki rodesac argentinaSi
ekonomikuri krizisi mZvinvarebda sazogadoeba jer kidev
svamda kiTxvas iyo Tu ara demokratia da sabazro ekonomika
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis is sistemebi, rac adekvaturi
iqneboda argentinuli sazogadoebisTvis.
garda koleqtiuri identobebis konstruirebis faqtore-
bisa, zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erovnul identurobasTan
dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove tendencia socialuri konstru-
qciis Sedegia da ara imanenturi faseulobebis sistema,
romelic argentinaSi udavod dasavluria.78 aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare upriania yuradReba mieqces imas Tu ras niSnavs
sakuTriv argentinuli sazogadoebriv organizmSi aRqmuli
Sida `sxva", `ucxo" da ra roli aqvs mas zogad erovnuli poli-
tikuri identobis formirebaSi, da aseve rogor vlindeba igi
saxelmwifos instituciur dizainSi da moqmedebaSi (sazoga-
doebriv-politikur sivrceSi socialuri jgufebis monawi-
leobisa da CarTulobis TvalsazrisiT).
Tavi pirveli
78 David Held. A Globalizing World?: Culture, Economics, Politics (Understanding SocialChange) // Routledge. October 2000. pp. 72-77.
55
am ukanaskneli sazomis mixedviT koleqtiuri identobebi
eqskluziis mixedviT sxvaoben:
1. zogi sazogadoebrivi jgufi mkacrad integrirebuli da
inkorporirebulia sazogadoebriv sivrceSi, zogi nak-
lebad;
2. sxvadasxva socialuri elitebi da organizaciuli
qselebi ibrZodnen alternatiuli identobebis damkvi-
dreba-institucionalizaciisTvis;
3. yvela es viwro koleqtiuri identoba ganisazRvreba
TavisTvis gare met-naklebi politikuri gavlenis mqone
jgufebTan urTierTobaSi, romelTa egzistenciuri
statusi memarjvene da memarcxene Teoriebis RerZeb-
is irgvliv qmedebebSi yalibdeba.79
aqedan gamomdinare argentinaSi zogaderovnuli poli-
tikuri identobis Camoyalibebas Tu revizias demokrati-
zaciis dawyebisas ori winapiroba hqonda gasarkvevi:
1. politikuri poziciebis sxvaobebi qmnian Tu ara erTian
sistemas, da es sistema moicavs Tu ara paradigmebs, rom-
lebic sxvadasxva socialur jgufs Soris poziciur sx-
vaobas raime sayovelTaod gaziarebul gamarTlebas
aZlevs;
2. hqondaT Tu ara am hegemonur paradigmebs im donis sta-
biluroba da moqniloba, rom Seqmniliyo koleqtiuri
rwmena maT efeqtianobaSi.80
am winapirobebis garkveva mniSvnelovani iyo argentinaSi
im TvalsazrisiTac, rom daZleuliyo arsebul koleqtiur
gamocdilebebsa da argentinuli saxelmwifos normatiul
gagebas Soris naprali.
argentinis politikuri ganviTarebis gzaze koleqtiuri
argentina
79 Ibid. pp. 89-93.80 Ibid. pp. 107-110.
56
identobebis ori tipi inkluziuri da segmentaruli Camoy-
alibda.81 inkluziuri identoba gulisxmobs saxelmwifo or-
ganizmis mier sazogadoebis jgufebis maqsimalur mocvas. amis
Sedegi imaSi gamoixateba, rom yalibdeba erovnuli idento-
ba, romelic moicavs yvelas, an gamoricxavs saerTo erovnu-
li organizmidan garkveul jgufebs eTnikuri an religiuri
niSniT. segmentaruli identoba ki gulisxmobs sazogadoe-
briv-politikur sivrceSi CarTul qvejgufebs (eTnikuri,
ideologiuri, religiuri niSniT) romlebic gavlenisa da
CarTulobis sxvadasxva xarisxs gulisxmobs, da amcirebs sta-
tusur Tanasworobas.
urTierTqmedebiTi atributebis TvalsazrisiT argentinis
sazogadoebis politikur identobaSi ori elementi gamoiyo-
fa:
1. atributebi, romlebic jgufebs SigniT urTierTobebs
miewerebaT (identobebis primordialuri, samoqalaqo,
religiur-sakraluri niSnebis mixedviT);
2. atributebi, romlebic koleqtiur jgufebs erT-
maneTisgan hyofs da romlebic Sinagani maxasiaTebleb-
is mkveTr gamoyofas emsaxurebian.
saerTo erovnuli politikuri identobis Camoyalibebisas
dgeba sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad iwyoba igi gansxvavebebze, rom-
lebic eris farglebSi erTze meti jgufis gagebas gulisx-
moben (rogorc Sida ise gare `ucxoebi/sxvebi"). istoriuli
ganviTarebis konteqstSi SeiZleba `ucxos" farglebi waiSa-
los, magram man seriozuli xangrZlivi anabeWdi datovos kul-
turasa da instituciebze. argentinis SemTxvevaSi msgavsi
procesebi XX saukunis dasawyisidan Sua xanebamde italiel
migrantebze aisaxa (Tu primordialuri TvalsazrisiT ganvix-
ilavT), da samxedro diqtaturebis da demokratizaciis pe-81 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping Public
Spheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 67-83.
Tavi pirveli
57
riodSi peronistebis saxiT gamoixata (Tu ideologiuri
sazRvrebis mixedviT ganvsazRvravT). orive SemTxvevaSi sax-
eze gvaqvs argentinuli sazogadoebisTvis am Sida `ucxoeb-
is" Semdegi dinamika - gariyuloba, absorbacia, identobis re-
konstruireba Tu revizia (rac sazogadoebriv-politikur
sivrceSi sxvadasxva sakiTxze sxvadsxvagvarad vlindeboda).
`ucxo" ganisazRvreba ori kriteriumis, gare da Sida urTierT-
mimarTebebis (pozitiuri da negatiuri) mixedviT.
am urTierTqmedebiTi atributebidan gamomdinare saer-
To erovnul politikur identobaSi sami komponenti gamoiy-
ofa:
1. `ucxos/sxvis" umTavresi atributebis maxasiaTeblebi;
2. subieqturi koleqtiurobis definiciis ganmsazRvre-
li CarCoebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
`ucxoebis" Sesaxeb rwmena-warmodgenebs da codnas em-
yarebian, da ris safuZvelzec jgufebs Soris statu-
suri ierarqia iqmneba;
3. instituciuri dizainisTvis anu erovnuli obieqtebi-
sTvis programuli Sedegebis Zieba, rac Tavad eris sxva
erebisgan gansxvavebulobis gacnobierebidan gamom-
dinareobs.82
mas Semdeg rac identobis es CarCoebi ganisazRvreba maTi
socialur cxovrebaSi gamocda reviziebisa da cvlilebebis
Sedegad xdeba. argentinaSi ideologiebisa da sazogadoe-
brivi moZraobebis gamocdileba uCvenebs, rom isini uaryofi-
82 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 120-127.
argentina
58
Ti gamocdilebis dagrovebis gamo sustdebian, magram ar qre-
bian. rogorc wesi dasustebis Semdeg identobis ukiduresi
dacemis Sedegi misi axal paradigmad transformaciaa, romel-
ic saSualebas aZlevs identobas da mis safuZvelze Sekrul
jgufebs realobasTan da misgan gamomdinare saerTo erovnul
interesebTan kavSiri ar dakargon. amis kargi magaliTi per-
onistuli politikuri speqtris transformacia, rac imaSi
gamoixata Tu rogor moaxerxa populisturi ideologiis gar-
egani atributebis SenarCunebiT am Zalam qveyanaSi Tavisi
ideologiisTvis ucxo neoliberaluri ekonomikuri re-
formebis gatareba.
koleqtiuri identobebi XX saukunis argentinaSi, cv-
lilebebis dinamika
saerTo erovnuli politikuri identobebis CarCoebi
radikalurad icvlebodnen argentinaSi XX saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi. sxvasxva dros argentineli inteleqtualebi qveynis
identobis sam CarCos gamoyofdnen:83
1. axali qveyana;
2. periferia;
3. aRmocenebadi bazari.
Tu zemoT mocemul urTierTqmedebiTi atributebis sqe-
mas mivusadagebT gare `ucxoebTan" mimarTebaSi identobis
pirveli da mesame tipebi asociatiuri iyvnen, xolo meore tipi
konfliqturi iyo. Sida `ucxoebs" rac Seexeba XIX saukunis
meore naxevridan, didi depresiis da meore msoflio omis
ganmavlobaSi argentineli inteleqtualebis mier Camoyali-
bebuli identobis CarCoebi maT saerTo sazogadoebriv-poli-
tikuri sivrcidan gariyvas uqvemdebarebda (indielebi, kre-
olebi, evropidan Camosuli Raribi emigrantebi). gare `ucx-83 James F. Petras. The New Development Politics: The Age of Empire Building and New
Social Movements // Cambridge university press. November 2003. pp. 28-36.
Tavi pirveli
59
oebs" Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovan urTierTqmedebiT centre-
bad espaneTi, safrangeTi da britaneTi iTvlebodnen, amaT-
gan ranJireba Semdegi saxiT xdeboda: espaneTi CamorCenili
da dasacini iyo, xolo britaneTi da safrangeTi cxovrebis
stilisa da Zlierebis mixedviT misabaZad aRiqmebodnen.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi argentinul identobaze did
gavlenas Tavdapirvelad ver axdenda, isini argentinelebi-
sTvis sakuTari Tavis mimarT periferiul qveynad aRiqmebod-
nen, Tumca swored aSS Tavisi miRwevebiT da msoflio poli-
tikaSi moZlierebiT (demokratiis, ekonomikuri ayvavebis sim-
bolod aRiqmebodnen) gaxdnen argentinisTvis `axali qveynis"
identobis Camoyalibebis wamxaliseblebi, swored amitom
bevri ram gansakuTrebiT liberalizmis gavrceleba aSS-sgan
mibaZvis Rirsad iTvleboda. miuxedavad amisa, amerikulWi
kultura mainc negatiurad aRiqmeboda, ikveTeboda aSS-Tan
Semdegi saxis dapirispireba - isini ukeTesi arian materi-
aluri sikeTeebis warmoebaSi, Cven maTze maRlebi varT
sulieri kulturis TvalsazrisiT. am TvalsazrisiT `axali
qveynis" identobis CasaxvasTan erTad aSS ganixileboda,
rogorc konkurenti da ara rogorc mteri. samxreT amerikis
sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi ufro hegemonuri miswrafebebi
gamoikveTa, mezobeli qveynebi CamorCenil da ukulturo sa-
zogadoebebad aRiqmebodnen. Sida `ucxoebTan" mimarTebaSi
ikveTeboda elituri demokratiis tendencia, rac poli-
tikuri sistemis farTo monawileobisgan daxurulobas
gulisxmobda. gansakuTrebiT problemuri am mxriv social-
isturi da radikaluri politikuri ideologiuri speqtris
adaptacia iyo.
1930-iani wlebidan msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis fonze
argentinaSi saerTo erovnuli politikuri identobis Car-
Coebi isev icvleba da yalibdeba e.w. periferiuli, damokide-
argentina
60
buli qveynis identoba, rac pirveli tipis identobis sruli
antinomia iyo. argentinelebis xedviT, maTi qveyana aRar war-
moadgenda msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis e.w. `maRali
klubis" nawils. am identobis CarCoebi principulad gansx-
vavdeboda wina tipisgan gare da Sida `ucxoebis" mimarT urT-
ierTqmedebiTi koordinatebis konstruqciis TvalsazrisiT.
Sida `ucxoebis" mimarT identoba gaixsna da maT mimarT ink-
luzia politikur sistemaSi maT CarTulobaSic gamoixata,
maSin rodesac gare `ucxoebis" mimarT identoba agresiuli
da konfliqturi gaxda. meore msoflio omis Semdgom peri-
odSi Sida `ucxoebi" integrirdnen saxelmwifos korporat-
istuli meqanizmebis saSualebiT (profkavSirebi, socialuri
ganviTarebis fondebi, saxelmwifos kontrols qveS myofi sa-
zogadoebrivi organizaciebi) da aseT mdgomareobaSi iyvnen
1990 wlamde. gare ̀ ucxoebTan" mimarTebaSi periferiuli iden-
tobis CarCoebi fokusirebuli iyvnen damoukideblobis da
Sida stabilurobis SenarCunebaze. dasavleTi yovelive amis
mowinaaRmdeged aRiqmeboda,84 magaliTad britaneTi, romel-
sac malvinis/folklendis kunZulebi epyra; aSS, romlebic
msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi dominirebdnen da cxovrebis
im xarisxs uCvenebdnen, rac argentinam didi xnis win dakar-
ga; espaneTi da Sesabamisad evropa, romlebisganac argentina
didi xania Tavs mitovebulad grZnobda. amasTan identobis
es CarCo aseve oponirebda komunizmTan, rogorc gare mter-
Tan, romelic erovnul identobas da xsnis argentinul gzas
emuqreboda (yovel SemTxvevaSi es ganwyobebi memarjveneeb-
is da samxedroebis dominirebis pirobebSi prevalirebdnen,
peronisti populistebi komunisturi qveynebis gamocdile-
bas ufro saWiro gakveTilad miiCnevdnen). identobis am Car-
CoSi ufro meti simpaTiebi, gare `ucxoebze" rodesac84 Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez. The Making of New Social Movements in Latin
America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy // Routledge. July 1992. pp. 121-127.
Tavi pirveli
61
vsaubrobT, faSizmis mxares ixreboda. es tendencia meore
msoflio omis da misi Semdgomi periodis nacionalizmsa da
peronizmis adreul stadiaze SeimCneoda, peronizmSi aseve
inkorporirebuli iyo marqsizmis garkveuli elementebi. me-
ore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTis gamarjvebam periferi-
ul identobas antiliberaluri elferic SesZina. argentinis
ekonomikuri da politikuri daqveiTebis fonze dasavleTi
imperialistur Zalad aRiqmeboda, romelic sabazro
ekonomikisa da saerTaSoriso finansuri organizaciebis sa-
SualebiT argentinis damoukideblobas ebrZoda. dasavleTis
es imiji memarjvene-nacionalistebis wreebSi batonobda,
romlebic argentinis ekonomikaSi britanul kompaniebTan
konkurenciis pirobebSi sazogadoebaSi antibritanul ganwy-
obebs aRvivebdnen. memarcxene wreebSi dasavleTs igive imi-
ji hqonda, Tumca borotebis saxed amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi iTvlebodnen.
periferiuli identobis am CarCoSi gare `ucxos" konspira-
tiuli gansazRvreba aqvs, rac marto ideologiur sivrceSi
ar damkvidrebula da romelmac socialur mecnierebebSic
hpova asaxva. gamoCnda e.w. CEPAL (ECLA) DOCTRINE85, damokide-
bulebis Teoria, romlebic popularuli iyo argentinis poli-
tikur da ekonomikur wreebSi 1960-1970-ian wlebSi, da rom-
lis prizmaSic argentinelebi aRiqvamdnen msoflios da sak-
uTar Tavs msoflio wesrigSi. instituciuri TvalsazrisiT
periferiuli identobis CarCoebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri sax-
elmwifo, regulirebadi ekonomika, kontroli sazogadoebriv
sivrceze, Zalovani struqturebis gaZliereba gare da Sida
`usafrTxoebis" dasacavad.
avtoritarul-biurokratiuli sistemis damxobasTan er-
Tad argentinaSi kvlav iwyeba identobis CarCoebis cvlile-
85 laTinuri amerikis ekonomikuri sabWos doqtrina.
argentina
62
ba, Zlierdebian gare `ucxoebTan" asociatiuri urTierTmi-
marTebiTi bmebi. axali identobis Camoyalibebis saerTa-
Soriso konteqsti Semdegi iyo: komunizmi evropaSi kraxs gan-
icdida, sabazro ekonomika farTovdeboda, uaxloesi me-
zoblebi da konkurentebi - brazilia da Cile `axal indus-
triul qveynebad", `axal demokratiebad" yalibdebodnen.
Sida konteqsti ki argentinaSi mobilizaciur-diriJistuli
saxelmwifos kolafsSi gamoixateboda. Sesabamisad axali ar-
gentinuli identoba msoflioSi momxdari cvlilebebis da
regionSi mimdinare procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Camoy-
alibebuliyo da ramac `axali bazris", `aRmocenebadi bazris"
identobis CarCoebSi moiyara Tavi.86
axali identobis CarCoebis farglebSi qveyana aRar aRiq-
vams Tavs msxverplad, satelitad, saerTaSoriso politikuri
da ekonomikuri sistemis periferiad, piriqiT daiwyo ar-
gentinuli sazogadoebis integrireba msoflios politikur
da ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. Sida `ucxoebis" mimarT am
identobis CarCoebi inkluziuradaa ganwyobili. rac mas wina
identobis paradigmisgan ganasxvavebs isaa, rom inkluziuro-
ba liberalizmis safuZvelze gaigeba da ekonomikur, kultu-
rul, socialur da politikur Tavisuflebebs aRiarebs, ma-
Sin rodesac wina identobis paradigma saxelmwifos korpo-
ratistuli meqanizmebis saSualebiT kooptacias gulisxmob-
da.
instituciur WrilSi axali politikuri identobis ga-
momJRavneba radikalur ekonomikur liberalizaciasa da
politikuri sistemis demokratizaciaSi gamoixata. insti-
tuciuri cvlilebebis saSualebiT xdeba sazogadoebriv
sivrceSi saxelmwifos Carevis Zalis reducireba, rac per-
86 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 231-234.
Tavi pirveli
63
iferiuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli proteqciul-reg-
ulatoruli instituciebis srul antipods qmnis.87
is rac `aRmocenebadi bazris" identobis paradigmas `axali
qveynis" paradigmisgan ganasxvavebs isaa, rom Sida `ucxoebis"
CarTulobas urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, dabali
fenebi CarTulni arian qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi, aqvT
politikuri uflebebi, magram radikaluri privatizaciis,
ekonomikis deregulaciis da SromiTi urTierTobebis lib-
eralizaciis saSualebiT isini marginalizirebuli arian
ekonomikuri cxovrebidan.88 am problemas CarTulobis wamax-
alisebeli socialuri politikis paketi daZlevda, Tumca am
mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos warumateblobas axali idento-
bis CarCoebis delegitimaciac SeuZlia.
socialur ganzomilebaSi am axal paradigmas sayovelTaoo-
bis da konsesualobis xasiaTic gaaCnia. igi cirkulirebs eli-
taSi, mTlianad msWvalavs sazogadoebis dabal fenebsac da
alRobs sazogadoebriv fragmentacias, romelic damaxasiaTe-
beli iyo `periferiuli" identobisTvis. axali identobis kon-
sensualobas isic usvams xazs, rom memarcxeneebic ki, rom-
lebic akritikeben neoliberalizms da velur kapitalizms,
Tavis ritorikas ar afuZneben identobis alternatiul Car-
Coebze, memarcxeneebi xazs usvamen, rom liberalizaciis mi-
marT ufro metad reformistebi arian, vidre neoliberalebi
da amas imiT amtkiceben, rom isini `emxrobian adamianuri sax-
is mqone kapitalizms".89
marTalia periferiuli identoba warsuls Cabarda, da
koleqtiur qvecnobierSi daileqa, axali paradigmis waru-
mateblobis SemTxvevaSi gamoricxuli araa misi zogierTi
elementi isev sicocxlisunariani aRmoCndes.87 Judith A. Teichman. The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina,and Mexico // The University of North Carolina Press. December 2000. pp. 176-180.
88 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 189-200.
89 Ibid. pp. 208.
argentina
Tavi meore.meqsika
populisturi reJimis Camoyalibeba da funqcionireba
meqsikaSi
meqsikis ganviTareba, XX saukunis 30 iani wlebidan moyole-
buli dRevandelobamde, ori ZiriTadi maxasiaTebliT laTi-
nuri amerikis sxva qveynebis ganviTarebidan mkveTrad gansx-
vavdeba, es Taviseburebebi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
1. meqsikis ganviTareba am periodis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod
stabilur process warmoadgens da misTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli ar aris mkveTri socialur politikuri ryevebi.
rac samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi formalurad
demokratiul politikuri sistemis pirobebSi xor-
cieldeboda. meqsikaSi erTi partia dominirebda da
flobda kontrols saxelmwifoze.90
2. saxelmwifo centristuli matricis demontaJi qveya-
naSi umtkivneulod, yovelgvari kataklizmebis gareSe
ganxorcielda. meqsikis politikuri sistema sakmaod
moqnili aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom demokratizaciis pro-
cesi Signidan daewyo da sistemas kraxi ar ganecada.91
imisaTvis rom ukeT gavigoT raSi mdgomareobs meqsikis
90 Howard Handelman. Mexican Politics: The Dynamics of Change // Wadsworth Publishing.November 1996). pp. 78-83.
91 Maria Lorena Cook, Kevin J. Middlebrook. The Politics of Economic Restructuring: State-Society Relations and Regime Change in Mexico. University of California, San Diego. October1994. pp. 27-35.
65
politikuri demokratizaciis formulis arsi, upriania zeda-
pirulad mainc warmovidginoT Tu ra tipis politikuri siste-
ma Camoyalibda am qveyanaSi XX saukunis dasawyisis revoluci-
is Sedegad, sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTo-
bebis ra meqanizmebi arsebobda, da ra cvlilebebs ganicdida
yovelive es droTa ganmavlobaSi gare Tu Sida faqtorebis
zemoqmedebiT.
1910-1917 wlebidan dawyebuli 1928-1929 wlebis CaTvliT
meqsika mwvave socialuri brZolis adgili gaxda, rac ubral-
od ZalauflebisaTvis am saxelmwifosaTvis manam Cveul brZo-
las ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed sazogadoebaSi momxdar siR-
rmiseul cvlilebebs asaxavda da axali tipis saxelmwifos
dafuZnebis mizniT warimarTeboda. erTi mxriv 1910 wels noem-
berSi dawyebuli revolucia mimarTuli iyo porfirio dia-
sis92 diqtaturis winaaRmdeg93 da 1857 wlis konstituciis
demokratiuli principebis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad, Tumca
revoluciis ZiriTad mxardamWer socialur Zalas soflis
glexoba warmoadgenda, romelsac sakuTari socialuri moTx-
ovnebi gaaCndaT. isini msxvili miwaTmflobelebis, latifun-
distebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen da qonebis gadanawilebiT
`socialuri samarTlianobis~ damkvidrebas moiTxovdnen.94
1911 wels diasis gadagdebis da zomieri liberalis fransis-
ko indalesio maderos prezidentad arCevis Semdeg, revolu-
ciur banakSi ganxeTqileba daiwyo: memarcxeneebi liberalebs
92 porfirio diasi meqsikis prezidenti da diqtatori 1876-1911 ww.1880-1884 ww. qveyanas diasis marioneti prezidenti manuel gonsalesi marTav-
da. rogorc Cans gonsalesis Semdeg diasi aRar endoboda simbolur prezident-ebsac ki, da 1911 wlamde Tavad marTavda qveyanas. diasis epoqa porfiriatos sax-eliT Sevida meqsikis istoriaSi.
93 ajanyebis oficialur mizezad diasis mier 1910 wlis saprezidentoarCevnebis gayalbeba iqca.
94 latifundietebis mier diasis dros "dausaxlebeli adgilebis kolonizaci-is~ Sesaxeb kanonis gamoyenebiT xSiri iyo glexebisaTvis miwebis warTmevis faqte-bi, ZiriTadad es meqsikel indielebs exeboda.
meqsika
66
daupirispirdnen, riTac revoluciis meore etapi daiwyo. me-
marcxene mimarTulebam saboloo jamSi gamarjveba moipova,
revoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibda populisturi reJimi,
romelmac ekonomikis gasaxelmwifoebrioba SeZlo.
revoluciis dasasruls miRebul iqna 1917 wlis konstitu-
cia, romelic meqsikis revoluciis samarTlebriv ganzomile-
baSi gadatanis mcdelobas warmoadgenda, Tumca amavdrou-
lad 1857 wlis konstituciis mier aRiarebul bevr politikur
da samarTlebriv uflebebs utovebda moqalaqeebs, riTac
liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebisa da principebis
matarebelic iyo. konstitucia ramodenime ZiriTad prin-
cipze iyo agebuli:
1. konstituciis 27-e muxlis Tanaxmad qveynis mTel mi-
waze da wyalze sakuTrebis ufleba saxelmwifos ekuTvn-
oda, romelsac SeeZlo es ukanaskneli gadaeca kerZo
sakuTrebaSi mxolod meqsikis moqalaqeze, an sxva qvey-
nis moqalaqeze, Tu isini sakuTrebis sakiTxebSi Tavs
aRiarebdnen meqsikis moqalaqeebad.95 es debuleba pa-
suxobda im istoriul gamocdilebas, roca aSS ereoda
meqsikis saSinao saqmeebSi sakuTari moqalaqeebis sic-
ocxlisa da sakuTrebis dasacavad. aseve izRudeboda
is sferoebi, romlebis privatizebac nebadarTuli xde-
boda, magaliTad ikrZaleboda navTobis sabadoebis ker-
Zo sakuTrebaSi gadacema.96
2. konstitucia iTvaliswinebda agraruli reformis ga-
tarebas `socialuri samarTlianobis~ principebis
mixedviT: saxelmwifo qonebis ufro samarTlianad ga-
nawilebis mizniT unda momxdariyo latifundiebis daS-95 Ruth Berins Collier. The Contradictory Alliance: State-Labor Relations and Regime Change
in Mexico // University of California, Berkeley International and Area Studies. September 1992.pp. 43-45.
96 Courtney Jung. The Moral Force of Indigenous Politics: Critical Liberalism and theZapatistas // Cambridge University Press. June 2009. pp. 34-41.
Tavi meore
67
la mcire nawilebad da soflis mciremiwian mosaxleoba-
ze gadanawileba. unda Seqmniliyo axali soflis Teme-
bi: `exidosebi~ - romlebsac unda daxmareboda saxelm-
wifo. ukanonod gamocxadda diasis dros ganxorciele-
buli indielTa miwebis konfiskaciebi.97
3. konstitucia daqiravebuli Sromis uflebebsac icav-
da: akanonebda profkavSirebs, aZlevda maT gaficvis
uflebas, awesebda 8 saaTian samuSao dRiur normas,
qalebs da bavSvebs gansakuTrebul pirobebs uqmnida.98
4. meqsikis konstitucias mkveTrad gamoxatuli anti-
klerikaluri xasiaTi gaaCnda: religiur organizacie-
bs ar hqondaT uZravi qonebis SeZenis da flobis,
skolebis marTvis ufleba. aikrZala bermonazonTa or-
denebi, religiuri msaxureba nebadarTulia mxolod
eklesiebSi, romlebic saxelmwifos sakuTrebad gamocx-
adda. sasuliero pirebs akrZaluli aqvT arCevnebSi
monawileoba da sajarod politikuri poziciis dafiq-
sireba.99
saxelmwifos mier sekularizaciis principebis gatareba ek-
lesiis winaaRmdegobas iwvevda. es ukanaskneli Zalian gavle-
nian organizacias warmoadgenda: mosaxleobis udidesi naw-
ili kaTolike iyo. eklesia flobda miwebis did farTobebs,
skolebs, saavadmyofoebs. 1920-iani wlebi religiur niadag-
ze aRmocenebuli sisxliani samoqalaqo dapirispirebiT aRin-
iSna. sekularizebul erovnul mTavrobas orTodoqsuli ka-
Tolikuri moZraoba e.w. Cristeros100 daupirispirda. am re-97 Ruth Berins Collier. The Contradictory Alliance: State-Labor Relations and Regime Change
in Mexico // University of California, Berkeley International and Area Studies. September 1992.pp. 46.
98 Kevin J. Middlebrook. Dilemmas of Political Change in Mexico // Institute of LatinAmerican Studies. May 2004. pp. 56-58.
99 jvris mtvirTvelebi.100 1926-1929 ww. ajanyebebi moxda zakatekasSi, miCuakanSi, kolimasa da guanax-
uatoSi.
meqsika
68
ligiuri moZraobis, romelmac qveynis ramdenime regioni
moicva.101 saxelmwifosa da kaTolikur eklesias Soris urT-
ierTobebis daTbobis mauwyebeli prezident manuel avila
kamaCos (1940-1946 w.w.) periodi gaxda, romelmac Tavisi prez-
identoba Semrigebluri lozungiT Soy Creyente102 warmarTa da
kaTolikur eklesiasTan saxelmwifos dapirispireba daasru-
la, Tumca amiT ar momxdara eklesiis politikur sistemaSi
inkorporireba.
revoluciis Semdgomi meqsikis politikuri sistemis Camoy-
alibebaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRviT prezidentebs plutar-
qo elias kaless (1924-1928 w.w.) da lazaro kardenass (1934-
1940 w.w.). pirvelis mmarTvelobis periodSi moxda erovnuli
revoluciuri partiis (Partido Nacional Revolucionario - PNR) Camoy-
alibeba, romlis reformirebac moaxdina meorem da Camoay-
aliba meqsikuri revoluciis partia (Partido de la Revolucion Mex-
icana - PRM), da romelsac centristi kamaCos mmarTvelobis
dros daerqva instituciuri revoluciuri partia (Partido Rev-
olucionario Institucional - PRI)103. am partiis da misi pirveli
liderebis roli meqsikuri politikis CamoyalibebaSi udavod
didia.
rogorc partiis saxelidan Cans is Tavis Tavs ganixilavda,
warmoaCenda, rogorc kvlav mimdinare, Tumca ukve ara quCeb-
Si, aramed saxelmwifo institutebSi da maTi meSveobiT, rev-
oluciis gamoxatulebad. partia, Tavisi organizaciuli stru-
qturiT cdilobda sazogadoebis farTo fenebis inkorpor-
irebas politikur sivrceSi. Seqmnili iyo sami seqtori:
agraruli, muSaTa da saxalxo, rasac am socialur fenaTa in-
tegrireba, warmoCena unda ganexorcielebisa socialur101 morwmune var.102 Howard Handelman. Mexican Politics: The Dynamics of Change // Wadsworth Publishing.
November 1996). pp. 23-25.103 Kenneth F. Greene. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in Comparative
Perspective // Cambridge University Press. September 2007. pp. 34.
Tavi meore
69
sivrceSi.104 partia moicavda sxvadasxva ideologiuri speq-
tris jgufebs, ukiduresi memarjvene nacional-etatiste-
bidan dawyebuli, memarcxeneebiT damTavrebuli, egueboda
Tavis rigebSi disidentebis yofnas, da araTu egueboda miza-
nmimarTuladac ki rTavda maT Tavis rigebSi. PRI-m aseve SeZ-
lo Tavis instituciur garemoSi Seeqmna muSaTa da glexTa
profesiuli kavSirebi da amiT sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris
mobilizeba moexdina.105
revoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli reJimi imTaviTve ink-
luziuri iyo ara mxolod farTo socialuri fenebis mimarT,
masSi moxda diasis diqtaturis droindeli, romlis dros ar-
sebuli saxelmwifo sistemis winaaRmdegac daiwyo revolu-
ciac, elitebis inkorporirebac. amis naTeli maCvenebeli isic
iyo, rom 1946 wlamde meqsikis prezidentebi diasis droin-
deli generlebi iyvnen. qveynis axal politikur elitas, misi
am Taviseburebis gamo, familia revolucionario106 ewoda. PRI-s ms-
gavsma populisturma politikam politikuri sistemis mima-
rT sazogadoebis farTo wreebis ndoba gazarda, ramac poli-
tikuri da ekonomikuri stabiluroba moutana meqsikas.
revoluciurma mTavrobebma prioritadad daisaxes qveynis
daCqarebuli industrializacia; gatarda sazogadoebis maqsi-
malurad farTo speqtris momcveli wvrili kerZo sakuTreb-
is wamaxalisebeli ekonomikuri reformebi; Seiqmna masobrivi
saganmanaTleblo sistema, risi Sedegic ukve 1960-ian wlebSi
dawyebiTi ganaTlebis 100%-iani xelmisawvdomoba iyo, xolo
saSualo ganaTleba sazogadoebis 66%-s hqonda miRebuli.
mzrunveli politikuri reJimis Camoyalibeba TavisTavad
104 Ruth Berins Collier. The Contradictory Alliance: State-Labor Relations and Regime Changein Mexico // University of California, Berkeley International and Area Studies. September 1992.pp. 55.
105 revoluciuri ojaxi.106 Daniel C. Levy and Kathleen Bruhn. Mexico: The Struggle for Democratic Development /
/ University of California Press. January 2006. pp. 65-67.
meqsika
70
rodi gulisxmobda demokratiuli TamaSis wesebis universa-
lurobas.107 am Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxda swored,
rom liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis dakninebiT da
politikaSi Zalauflebis erTi centris CamoyalibebiT,
romelsac instituciuri revoluciuri partia da misi
liderebi qmnidnen. agraruli ekonomikuri reformebi msxvil
mesakuTreTa uflebebis darRvevebis xarjze moxda, xolo in-
dustrializacia da meqsikis wvril mesakuTreTa subsid-
ialuri klasis Camoyalibeba ucxouri kapitalis Seviwroebi-
sa da qveynis bunebrivi resursebis nacionalizaciis saSu-
alebiT mobilizebuli finansuri resursebiT gaxda SesaZle-
beli. swored aseTi maxasiaTeblebis gamo im periodis meqsi-
kas sul ufro xSirad amsgavsebdnen sabWoTa kavSirs da gan-
sakuTrebiT kritikulad ganwyobili vaSingtoneli politi-
kosebi am qveyanas `sabWoTa meqsikas", xolo kalesis
mTavrobas `bolSevikur reJims" eZaxdnen. msgavsi Sedarebe-
bi, ra Tqma unda, gadaWarbebulia, vinaidan swored am period-
Si xdeba opoziciuri konservatiul-kaTolikuri politikuri
partiis erovnuli qmedebis partiis (Partido Accion Nacional - PAN)
Camoyalibeba, romelic SezRuduli konkurenciis pirobeb-
Si, magram mainc axerxebda sxvadasxva dros metnaklebad
winaaRmdegoba gaewia mmarTveli partiisTvis108 da 2000 wels
gaxda is Zala, romelmac daasrula PRI-s samocdaaTwliani
monopolia meqsikis politikur sivrceze.
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg da mmarTvelo-
bis demokratiuli principebis damkvidrebis moTxovnebi rev-
oluciisSemdgom meqsikur sazogadoebaSi pirvelad XX sauku-
nis 70 wlebSi gaisma. am konteqstSi gamosayofia 1968 wlis mov-
107 David A. Shirk. Mexico’s New Politics: The PAN And Democratic Change // L. RiennerPublishers. January 2005. pp. 41-42.
108 Kevin J. Middlebrook. Dilemmas of Political Change in Mexico // Institute of LatinAmerican Studies. May 2004. pp. 24-26.
Tavi meore
71
lenebi, rodesac saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi protestis
winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebac mouxda demokratizaciis moTx-
ovniT gamosuli studentebis dasaSlelad, rac pirveli ms-
gavsi moTxovna iyo revoluciis Semdgom meqsikaSi. am movle-
nam, saxelmwifosadmi sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebis cvlileba
gamoiwvia, ramac cxadyo, rom meqsikaSi represiuli manqanis
amuSaveba araTu aZlierebda saxelmwifos, romelsac jer
kidev revoluciuri legitimuroba gaaCnda, aramed asusteb-
da mas.
miuxedavad am mZlavri socialuri moZraobisa, romelmac
metnaklebad Searyia meqsikis dominantur partiuli poli-
tikuri sistemis legitimuroba, saxelmwifos jer kidev See-
Zlo uzrunveleyo stabiluroba gadamanawilebel-diriJis-
tuli socialur-ekonomikuri politikis saSualebiT,109 ris
saSualebasac mas ekonomikur resursebze, da upirveles yov-
lisa navTobze kontroli aZlevda. socialuri programebis
saSualebiT xelisufleba Seecada moexdina sazogadoebaSi
sistemis legitimurobis gancdis SenarCuneba. magram ukve
1970-ian wlebSi ekonomikaSi warmoqmnilma problemebma
meqsikis xelisufleba dilemis winaSe daayena, an uari eTqva
gadamanawilebel ekonomikur modelze da Seemcirebina so-
cialuri servisebi, an gaeZlierebina etatizacia. prezident-
ma xoze lopes portiliom (1976-1982 w.w.) miuxedavad imisa rom
importCanacvlebis Zveli ekonomikuri politika efeqtiani
aRar iyo da samrewvelo saqonelze moxmarebis zrdam, maT
Soris msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis, qveyana importze
damokidebuli gaxada, rac cxadia saxelmwifo xarjebs zrdi-
da, arCevani meore variantis sasargeblod gaakeTa. Zlierde-
ba ekonomikaSi Careva, izrdeba navTobis mopovebidan miRe-
buli Semosavlebi da amis xarjze xdeba saxelmwifos social-109 Kenneth F. Greene. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in Comparative
Perspective // Cambridge University Press. September 2007. pp. 47-48.
meqsika
72
uri valdebulebebis zrda. yovelive amis paralelurad
izrdeba zewola memarcxene opoziciur politikur speqtrze,
romelic mzardi etatizaciis fonze warmoqmnil masStabur
korufcias da saxelmwifo aparatze aRmocenebul da ga-
Zlierebul klanur qselebs akritikebdnen. oponentebisad-
mi saxelmwifos represiuli midgomis msxverpli maT Soris
meqsikis komunisturi partia aRmoCnda, romelsac qveyanaSi
moRvaweobis xangrZlivi istoria da sazogadoebis modernul
nawilSi mxardaWera gaaCnda, da romlis saqmianobac garkveu-
li periodiT mTeli qveynis masStabiT aikrZala.
1982 wels msoflio bazarze dawyebuli navTobze fasebis
vardnas ar Seelo gavlena ar moexdina meqsikis ekonomikur
da politikur cxovrebaze. meqsikis xelisufleba iZulebu-
li gaxda saxelmwifo defolti gamoecxadebina saxelmwifo
valebis mimarT. instituciur revoluciuri partiis reJimis
sami sayrdeni miTi: marTvadi ekonomikis efeqtianobis, sa-
zogadoebaze kontrolisa da politikuri stabilurobis
uzrunvelyofis unaris Sesaxeb Seirya. saxelmwfos mouwia
Seemcirebina socialur mimarTulebebze gaweuli xarjebis
odenoba da nel-nela gamoeTavisuflebina ekonomikis sxva-
dasxva dargi Tavisi kontrolisagan. am cvlilebebis Sedegi
iyo TviTgadarCenas mindobili sakmaod farTo sazogadoe-
brivi segmentis Camoyalibeba, mzardi kriminalizacia, gan-
sakuTrebiT mexikos aglomeraciaSi, da Sesabamisad poli-
tikuri sistemis mimarT ndobis Semcireba, ramac TavisTavad
xeli gauxsna opoziciur partiebs farTo sazogadoebrivi mx-
ardaWeris mobilizebisTvis daewyoT brZola.110 liberal-
izaciis tendenciis gamarjvebam instituciur revoluciur
partiaSi Tavad es Zalac daazarala, socialur valdebule-
bebze nawilobriv uaris Tqmam gazarda Sida partiuli uTanx-110 Daniel C. Levy and Kathleen Bruhn. Mexico: The Struggle for Democratic Development /
/ University of California Press. January 2006. pp. 89-93.
Tavi meore
73
moeba da partiis erT-erTi lideris kuautemok kardenasis,
lazaro kardenasis Svilis, irgvliv dajgufebuli memarcxe-
neebis wyroma gamoiwvia. es jgufi PRI-s SigniT demokratiuli
mimarTulebis anu Corriente emokratica-s saxeliT iyo cno-
bili da ekonomikis liberalizacias akritikebda. mogvianebiT,
1988 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis kuautemok kardena-
sma gadawyvita instituciur revoluciuri partiis, anu sak-
uTari partiis, kandidatis sawinaaRmdegod mieRo monawile-
oba. igi Tavis momxreebTan erTad gamoeyo partias da erovnu-
li demokratiuli fronti (Frente Democratico Nacional - FDN) Camo-
ayaliba. mogvianebiT am gaerTianebam demokratiuli rev-
oluciis partiis (Partido de la Revolucion Demokratika - PRD) saxe-
li miiRo.111
amgvarad ekonomikurma krizisma da mis kvaldakval sazoga-
doebaSi dawyebulma socialurma cvlilebebma erTi mxriv Sea-
sustes dominantur partiuli saxelwifos unari Zvel reJim-
Si ganegrZo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im sferos kon-
troli, da maT Soris monopolia SeenarCunebina politikur
sivrceSi da meore mxriv, biZgi misca politikur demokrati-
zacias, riTac gza gauxsna reJimis Zvel da axlad aRmoceneb-
ul oponentebs realuri alternativebi SeeTavazebinaT
meqsikis sazogadoebisaTvis.
1988 wlis saprezidento arCevnebs meqsikis politikis
eqspertebi gansakuTrebuli molodiniT da sifrTxiliTac
elodnen. xoze portilios memkvidre prezidentis migel de
la madridis (1982-1988 w.w.) periodSi, miuxedavad wina-
saarCevnod inicirebuli ekonomikuri solidarobis paqtisa
(1987 w.) instituciur revoluciuri partiis mimarT sazoga-
doebrivi mxardaWera Sesustda: ver moxerxda ekonomikis da-
stabilureba, 1987 wels inflaciam uprecendento zRvars,111 Matthew C. Gutmann. The Romance of Democracy: Compliant Defiance in Contemporary
Mexico // University of California Press. October 2002. pp. 73-77.
meqsika
74
159%-s miaRwia. saxelmwifos socialuri mastabilerebelis
rolis dakninebam avtomaturad partiis mimarT damokide-
bulebazec imoqmeda, rac partiasa da saxelmwifos Soris ze-
moT aRniSnuli erTobis kvalobaze bunebrivic iyo. finansur-
ekonomikuri krizisis da saxelmwifos mxridan socialuri ga-
rantiebis Semcirebam sazogadoebis did nawilSi Seqmna ganw-
yoba imisa, rom PRI-m revoluciur idealebs da mis monapovrebs
uRalata, daiviwya konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli social-
uri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis cneba da amiT cxadia
meti gasaqani misca politikuri speqtris memarcxene popu-
listur frTas. aseT viTarebaSi Tavisi memarjvene konserva-
tiuli ritorikiT cxadia ver gauwevda did konkurencias
mmarTvel partias, romelic sazogadoebas jer kidev hpird-
eboda Zveli, Cveuli stabilurobis dabrunebas, amitom bune-
brivia PRI-s realur konkurentad 1988 wlis arCevnebze kuau-
temok kardenasi da misi jgufi gamodiodnen.112 miuxedavad
ZalTa aseTi ganlagebisa, saprezidento arCevnebSi PRI-s kan-
didatma karlos salinas de gortarim (1988-1994 ww.) gaimarj-
va. miuxedavad amisa, eqspertebi PRI-s momavals optimistur-
ad ver uyurebdnen. upirveles yovlisa meqsikelebi eWvis
TvaliT uyurebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebis samarTlianobas.
aseve sicxade aklda salinasis momaval ekonomikur politi-
kas, moeqceoda igi memarcxeneebis gavlenis qveS da SeaCerebda
ekonomikur liberalizacias, Tu moaxdenda ekonomikuri se-
qtoris srul gaTavisuflebas saxelmwifo kontrolisgan da
Seegueboda reJimis Tanmimdevrul delegitimacias. amgvar-
ad PRI-s winaSe erTgvari avbediTi samkuTxedi gamoikveTa:
mzardi ekonomikuri stagnacia, sazogadoebis farTo feneb-
is socialuri daucveloba da gardauvali politikuri
112 Ibid. pp. 80.
Tavi meore
75
kraxi.113
miuxedavad aseTi molodinebisa, salnasis administraciam
mocemul viTarebas met-naklebi warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. man
SeZlo gverdi aeqcia qaoturi regulirebis gzisTvis da moax-
dina sistemis `gadawyoba" axali realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
riTac SemdgomSi kidev erTi vadiT gauxangrZliva PRI-s Za-
lauflebaSi yofna. prezident salinasis programam meqsika
ar miiyvana demokratiamde dominanti partiiT Tu mis gareSe,
situacia ufro iqeT viTardeboda, rom moxda partiis gamijv-
na sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis sferoebidan. magal-
iTad mkveTrad SeizRuda PRI-sTan arsebuli profkavSirebis
Carevis SesaZlebloba ekonomikaSi, aseve moxda kerZo seqtor-
Si saxelmwifo regulaciis SezRudva. rTulia visaubroT
srulfasovan ekonomikur liberalizaciaze, albaT ufro up-
riani iqneba es procesi kontrolirebad liberalizaciad
SevafasoT.114
cvlilebebi aseve moxda politikur sistemaSic. poli-
tikurma reJimma moaxdina Tavisi funqciobis garkveuli as-
peqtebis revizia, upirveles yovlisa moxda prezidentis
rolis nawilobrivi gadaazreba, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom mx-
ardaWeris mobilizebis partiuli korporatistuli
meqanizmebi daTmobil iqna, riTac meti gasaqani mieca
demokratizacias da politikur liberalizacias, rogorc
Tavad PRI-Si, ise zogadad politikur speqtrSi. muSaTa da
glexTa mxardaWeris mobilizebis partiuli korporatistu-
li meqanizmebis daTmobiT sxva partiebi mmarTvel partia-
sTan Tanabar konkurentul pirobebSi Cadgnen. aseTi cvlile-
bebis ganxorcieleba logikuria reJimis dasrulebiT unda
113 Kevin J. Middlebrook. Dilemmas of Political Change in Mexico // Institute of LatinAmerican Studies. May 2004. pp. 110.
114 David Held. A Globalizing World?: Culture, Economics, Politics (Understanding SocialChange) // Routledge. October 2000. pp. 65-67.
meqsika
76
dagvirgvinebuliyo, magram meqsikaSi am etapze ase ar moxda.
albaT es situacia aseve xazs usvams meqsikis politikuri
sistemis da meqsikis sazogadoebis politikuri kulturis
kidev erT unikalurobas, romelic imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva
laTinur amerikuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac msgavsi
daTmobebi mmarTveli reJimis sisusted da marcxad aRiqme-
ba, meqsikaSi politikuri kapitalis dagrovebis da sazoga-
doebrivi ndobis aRdgenis safuZveli aRmoCnda,115 ramac PRI-
s 1994 wels saSualeba misca Tavisi kandidati momdevno eqvsi
wliT isev gaeyvana arCevnebis gziT.
salinasis administraciis periodSi dawyebuli kontro-
lirebadi ekonomikuri liberalizaciis procesi, manam
gamokveTili socialur sferoSi saxelmwifo regulaciis min-
imizaciis tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT, meqsikas sakmaod mZ-
ime socialur fasad daujda. socialuri diferenciaciis pro-
cesma Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo da sazogadoebis vertikalur
struqturaSi momxdari cvlilebebis garda geografiuli
gamoxatulebac hpova. Tavisufali bazris principebze age-
bulma ekonomikurma urTierTobebma qveynis zogierTi Stati
rTul viTarebaSi Caayena, manam arsebulma saxelmwifo dir-
iJistuli ekonomikuri infrastruqturis rigma segmentebma,
gansakuTrebiT agrarulma, Tavisi adgili ver hpoves axal vi-
TarebaSi, risi Sedegic siRatake da ukiduresi socialuri
daucveloba gaxda.116 msgavsi problemebis magaliTi meqsikis
samxreTSi mdebare Capasis Statia, romelic ZiriTadad maias
tomebis indielebiTaa dasaxlebuli da sadac salinasis mom-
devno prezidentis ernesto zedilios (1994-2000 w.w.) saprez-
idento vadis dasawyisi mZlavr antisamTavrobo gamosvlebs
115 Vicky Randall. Political Change and Underdevelopment: A Critical Introduction to ThirdWorld Politics // Duke University Press. December 1998. pp. 37-45.
116 Courtney Jung. The Moral Force of Indigenous Politics: Critical Liberalism and theZapatistas // Cambridge University Press. June 2009. pp. 112-115.
Tavi meore
77
daemTxva. karlos salinasis prezidentobis bolos Crdilo
amerikul savaWro SeTanxmebaSi (North American Free Trade Agree-
ment - NAFTA) meqsikis gawevrianeba, rac TavisTavad vaWrobis
da kapitalis Tavisufal brunvas gulisxmobda, cxads xdida
Capaseli indielebisTvis, rom isini agrarul seqtorSi Tavi-
anTi TviTkmari meurneobebiT konkurencias ver gauwevdnen
investiciebiT gamarTul modernizebul msxvil meurneobebs.
yovelive amas ki win uZRoda cvlilebebi meqsikis konstitu-
ciaSi, romelic indielTa miwebis privatizacias da gayidvas
krZalavda, magram 1993 wels salinasis administraciam am mux-
lebis gauqmeba iTxova, rac cxadia RI-T dakompleqtebulma
kongresma daakmayofila kidec. yovelive es daucvelobis
grZnobas uzrdida Capasis mcxovreblebs da gamomdinare
iqedan, rom instituciuri gzebiT sawadels ver miaRwies, 1994
wlis dasawyiss SeiaraRebuli amboxi daiwyes.117 miuxedavad
imisa, rom meqsikis federaluri mTavroba dRemde irwmuneba
CapasSi mSvidobis damyarebis Sesaxeb (sadac armiis 60 000-iani
kontingentia ganTavsebuli), Statis teritoriaze yovelw-
liurad asobiT mkvlelobis da gatacebis faqti fiqsirdeba.
Capasis ajanyebis garda, salinasis Semdegma prezidentma
ernesto zediliom (1994-2000 w.w.) Tavisi vada sxva tipis prob-
lemebiTac daiwyo. ekonomikuri liberalizaciis dasawyisi,
maSin rodesac ekonomikaze kontrolis da socialuri regu-
lirebis saxelmwifo manqana rogorc aseTi daSlili ar iyo,
safuZveli gaxda saxelmwifo aparatsa da PRI-s partiul stru-
qturebSi korufciuli qselebis gaZlierebisTvis. marTalia
saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtors Soris gamijvna jer kidev
1985 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT migel de la madri-
dis mmarTvelobis dros moxda (1982-1988 w.w.), magram ekonomi-
kaSi Carevis Zveli meqanizmebi jer kidev ZalaSi rCeboda, gar-117 Matthew C. Gutmann. The Romance of Democracy: Compliant Defiance in Contemporary
Mexico // University of California Press. October 2002. pp. 65-67.
meqsika
78
da amisa sakmaod didi iyo saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
sawarmoo saSualebebis potenciali, romlis kapitalizacia
ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis da privatizaciis gziT sak-
maod did mogebas moutanda saxelmwifos an masTan Sezrdil
patron-klientur qselebs. salinasis drois PRI-s Sida ZalTa
dajgufebebis urTierTSejaxebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi
swored konfliqturi ekonomikuri interesebi da aqedan ga-
momdinare simdidris gadanawilebis survili iyo, rac sazoga-
doebaSi partiis imijs mkveTrad negatiurs xdida.118 amgvari
klanuri urTierTdapirispirebebis logikur gamoxatulebad
miiCnia meqsikurma sazogadoebam 1994 wlis saprezidento
arCevnebSi PRI-s Tavdapirveli kandidatis luis donaldo
kolosios mkvleloba saarCevno kampaniis dros tixuanaSi.
kolosios mowodeba xelisuflebisadmi yuradReba mieqcia
samarTlianobisadmi xalxis wyurvilisaTvis, Tanapartieleb-
is mier gagebul iqna, rogorc gafrTxileba da muqara. moklu-
li kandidatis swrafi Canacvlebac misi winasaarCevno Stabis
meTauriT ernesto zedilioTi, aseve aRqmul iqna sazogadoe-
bis nawilis mier, rogorc SeTqmulebis nawili. aseT viTare-
baSi zedilios prezidentoba, miT umetes 1994 wlis dekember-
Si pesos devalvaciis fonze, risi gadalaxvac amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis ormocdaaT miliard dolariani kredi-
tis saSualebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli, logikurs xdida RI-s
samocdaaTwliani mmarTvelobis dasasruls. mTelma rigma
warumateblobebma ekonomikaSi, kerZod salinasisgan memkvi-
dreobiT miRebuli problemebis gadauWrelobam (maT Soris
Tavad dekembris krizisi, romelic salinasis administraci-
is araswori da danaSaulebrivi fiskaluri politikis Sedegi
iyo), politikuri mkvlelobebis gauxsnelobam da sazogadod
cnobili korumpirebuli Cinovnikebis dausjelobam aramar-
Tavi meore
118 Kenneth F. Greene. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in ComparativePerspective // Cambridge University Press. September 2007. pp. 79-86.
79
to zedilios, aramed PRI-s Seuryies avtoriteti. sazogadoe-
baSi momxdarma cvlilebebma, kerZod saxelmwifos Carevis-
gan damoukidebeli cxovrebis reJimma, SesaZlebeli gaxada
Zalauflebis mSvidobiani gadacema sxva politikuri Zali-
saTvis, romelsac 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi PRI-s
istoriis ganmavlobaSi misi tradiciuli oponenti partiis
PAN-is kandidati visente foqsi (2000-2006 ww.) warmoadgenda.
2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi PAN-is gamarjveba 1980-
ian wlebSi dawyebuli politikuri sistemis transformaciis
logikuri dasasruli iyo119. ra Tqma unda xelisuflebaSi erTi
partiis meoreTi Canacvleba Zveli reJimis da masTan asocir-
ebuli problemebis srul gaqrobas ar niSnavs da demokrati-
uli transformaciis procesi, romelSic samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis roli manamdelTan SedarebiT didia, dRemde gr-
Zeldeba. amis dadastureba 2006 wlis saprezidento arCevneb-
is Semdeg momxdari gamosvlebi iyo mexikoSi, atenkoSi, ensi-
nassa da sxva qalaqebSi (gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT oaxakas
Stati gamoirCeoda), romlebzec socialuri samarTlianobis,
farTo TviTmmarTvelobis da korufciasTan brZolis moTx-
ovnebi iqna wamoyenebuli.120
meqsika
119 Courtney Jung. The Moral Force of Indigenous Politics: Critical Liberalism and theZapatistas // Cambridge University Press. June 2009. pp. 203-212.
120 populisturi reJimebi xelisuflebis sxvadasxva StoSi farTo warmomad-genlobas aZlevdnen am fenebis warmomadgenlebs, aseve mniSvnelovnad aum-jobesebdnen maT socialur da materialur mdgomareobasac.
80
daskvna
populizmi laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, rogorc ganviTarebissaxelmwifo centristuli matricis forma, iyo sazogadoebisfarTo fenebis socialur sivrceSi kontrolirebadi inkorpor-irebis gza. regionis qveynebisadmi damaxasiaTebeli es tendenciagarkveuli socialuri mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi populisturi reJimebis damkvi-drebamde, da nawilobriv dResac, didi masStabebi hqonda sazoga-doebis farTo fenebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikurikavSirebidan da sferoebidan gariyvas, rac, Tavis mxriv naklebadwarmoCenils xdida samoqalaqo sivrceSi maT interesebs da didgavlenas axdenda sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebis ganawilebis arse-bul modelebze Tu principebze. laTinuri amerikis qveynebsdResac mowinave poziciebi ukaviaT mosaxleobis socialurekonomikuri diferenciaciis masStabebis mixedviT. magaliTi-saTvis 1995 wlis monacemebiT, meqsikis mosaxleobis 20%-ze modio-da mTliani Semosavlebis 58,2%. msgavsi situacia, socialuradaramomgebian mdgomareobaSi myof jgufebSi bunebrivad iwvevdaantagonizms priviligirebul mdgomareobaSi myof jgufebisad-mi, aseve saxelmwifos mimarTac, romlis resursebis gamoyenebi-samdi miRwevadoba am ukanasknel socialur jgufebSi gacilebiTmaRali iyo. aq aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom XX saukunis laTi-nuri amerika aseve gamoirCeoda da dResac gamoirCeva dasavlurisamyaros qveynebisagan im didi sxvaobiT, rac arsebobs saxelm-wifo institutebis formalur organizaciul funqcionalurprincipebsa da amave institutebis realuri funqcionirebis ar-sebul praqtikebs Soris. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT gamokveTiliiyo laTinuri amerikis qveynebis regionebSi, sadac realur Za-lauflebas flobdnen adgilobrivi msxvili memamuleebi da isini
81
am Zalauflebas sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad iyenebdnen. Za-lauflebis gamoyenebis formaluri, reglamentirebuli princi-pebi, romelTa aRsrulebazec pasuxismgebloba pirovnulad xSir-ad isev maT ekisrebodaT ugulebelyofili rCeboda.
farTo socialuri jgufebis CaurTveloba socialur sivrce-Si da maTi interesebis ugulebelyofa, am ukanasknelT antisiste-mur elementad aqcevda, rac Tavis mxriv aramdgrads xdida poli-tikur sistemas. Sinagani arastabiluroba sistemas mowyvladsxdida sxvadasxva sagareo Tu saSinao faqtorebis gavlenisadmida populistur ritorikas da mmarTvelobis formebs farToduxsnida gzas.
populisturma reJimebma moaxerxes farTo socialuri fenebisorganizeba sxvadasxva asociaciebis formaSi da am saxiT inkor-porireba socialur sivrceSi. es situacia mniSvnelovnad cvli-da maT adgils da rols sazogadoebriv politikur sivrceSi,aseve, Sesabamisad resursebis gadanawilebis sistemaSic,121 TumcamaT ar hqondaT politikur procesebze gavlenis araviTari un-ari da saxelmwifos mxridan sruli kontrolis qveS eqceodnen.meore mxriv, maTi daxmarebiT da politikaSi `CarTviT~ SesaZle-beli xdeboda saxelmwifos ganTavisufleba msxvili miwaTmflo-belebis gavlenisagan, rac tradiciulad damaxasiaTebeli iyo amregionisaTvis. msgavs situaciaSi, saxelmwifo, rogorc institu-ti axerxebda gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moepovebina sazogadoe-baze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifo centristuli matr-icis Camoyalibebis piroba sazogadoebis segmentebs Soris mkveTridapirispireba iyo, saxelmwifos gaZlierebac am dapirispirebisregulirebas isaxavda miznad.
saxelmwifos gabatoneba sazogadoebaze, bunebrivad iwvevdasaxelmwifos zrdas da socialuri sivrcis Seviwroebas, gaqrobas.populisturi reJimebis qveynebSi, yvela ekonomikuri, socialurida politikuri regulirebis meqanizmi, koncentrirebuli iyosaxelmwifos xelSi. saxelmwifos funqciebis zrda, iwvevda sax-elmwifo biurokratiis zrdas, rac mouqnels xdida am ukanasknels.sazogadoebrivi kontrolis ararseboba ki xels uwyobda ko-
daskvna
121 populisturi reJimebi xelisuflebis sxvadasxva StoSi farTo warmomad-genlobas aZlevdnen am fenebis warmomadgenlebs, aseve mniSvnelovnad aum-jobesebdnen maT socialur da materialur mdgomareobasac
82
rufciis zrdas saxelmwifo moxeleebs Soris. orive erTad uZlursxdida saxelmwifos gadaeWra qveynis winaSe mdgari socialuri,ekonomikuri Tu politikuri problemebi, ris gamoc xelisufle-ba kargavda legitimurobas mosaxleobaSi. saxelmwifos mxridanekonomikuri procesebis regulireba, rac socialuri Tanasworo-bis miRwevas isaxavda miznad, araefeqturs xdida ekonomikurisubieqtebis funqcionirebas. erTaderTi resursi, riTac msgavspopulistur reJimebs SeeZloT legitimurobis SenarCuneba mo-saxleobis farTo fenebSi, es iyo qveynis saeqsporto potenciali:argentinis SemTxvevaSi xorbali da xorci, meqsikis SemTxvevaSinavTobi. Tumca msoflio bazrebze am produqciaze fasebis vard-nis pirobebSi reJimebi legitimurobis kriziss ganicdidnen da/an imsxvreodnen, rogorc magaliTad moxda argentinaSi 1956 wels,an ekonomikis liberalur reformirebas, xandaxan politikurdemokratizaciasTan wyvilSi, iwyebdnen, rogorc es moxda magal-iTad igive argentinaSi da meqsikaSi 80-ian 90-ian wlebSi.
liberaluri-demokratiisaken mimavali gza, romelsac metnak-lebi TanmimdevrobiT misdevdnen krizisSi myofi saxelmwifos xe-lmZRvanelebi, aRmoCnda seriozuli socialuri da politikuriproblemebiT aRsavse gza, romlis bolomde warmatebuli gavlacyovelTvis SesaZlebeli ar SeiZleba iyos. am problemebis mizeziisaa, rom liberaluri reformebi, rac kapitalis da saqonlisbrunvis Riaobasac gulisxmobs, garda dadebiTi rigi Sedegebisa,mZimed urtyams ekonomikis rig, arakonkurentunarian, ararenta-belur dargebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv sazogadoebis farTo mase-bis saarsebo saSualebas warmoadgens. msgavsi dargebi, populis-turi reJimebis dros saxelmwifo dotaciebiT, proteqcionistu-li politikiT da sxva saSualebebiT narCundeboda, mas Semdeg racsaxelmwifo uars ambobs socialur sikeTeTa gadamanawilebel,socialuri samarTlianobis damkvidrebis ideaze, sazogadoebises fenebi rCebian saarsebo saSualebebis gareSe da/an ajanyebasiwyeben xelisuflebis politikis winaaRmdeg, rogorc es moxdaCiapasis StatSi 1995 wels, an arCevnebiT xelisuflebaSi moyavTpopulisturi politikis gatarebis momxre, rogorc es moxda ar-gentinaSi, sadac 2003 da 2007 wlebSi nestor da kristina kirS-nerebma gaimarjves.
daskvna
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Summary
Latin America: From Populist Regimes TowardsLiberal Democracies
By Zurab Tatishvili
This paper considers trends of interrelationship between the state andsociety in the two Latin American countries: Argentina and Mexico. Thechanging mode of these relations in regard to democratization and global-ization are the key issues of the analysis.
State played immense role in structuring economic, social and politicalrelations in these nations for several decades. This role especially increasedthrough import-reducing industrialization and speedy industrialization inthe Latin America. This kind of commanding role of the state is explainedthrough the “state-centered matrix" approach. Beginning from the 1970sthe state role began to decrease in the Latin American nations and from1980s processes known as democratization started in Argentina and Mexi-co. The state-centered matrix gradually decayed allowing new social forcesto enter the economic and political proscenium.
New elites or modernized leading social forces fostered the nations tofollow radical economic and political reforms causing changes in identities,in understanding of statehood and democracy. They also deepened socialcleavages. In this regard situations in Argentina and Mexico are ratherdifferent from each other, but specific features of the process and its resultscan be better understood in comparative perspective which is the main goalof this paper.
bTkk-s saerTaSorisopolitikis kvlevebis seria
buferuli saxelmwifoebiTornike TurmaniZe, 2006.
rusuli sagareo politikuriazrovneba postsabWoTa periodSierekle uruSaZe, 2006.
gadawyvetilebis miReba sust saxelmwifoSirevaz baxtaZe, 2007.
ZalTa wonasworoba Tu safrTxis wonasworoba?aliansebi samxreT kavkasiaSi.giorgi gvalia, 2008.
putinis sagareo politika.ioseb toroSeliZe, 2008
postsabWoTa sazogadoeba da xelisufleba ruseTSi.malxaz saldaZe, 2008