, 2014

kvleva momzadda tolerantobis da mravalferovnebis institutis (TDI) mier aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis (EWMI) programis saqarTveloSi sajaro politikis, advokatirebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTareba (G-PAC) farglebSi.

kvlevis Catareba SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis gulisxmieri mxardaWeris Sedegad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) dafinansebiT.

kvlevis Sinaarsze mTlianad pasuxismgebelia tolerantobis da mravalferovnebis instituti (TDI). is SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes USAID-is, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis an EWMI-is Sexedulebebs.

mkvlevarTa jgufi: samarTlebrivi analizi ekaterine lomTaTiZe mediis monitoringi maia wiklauri

eqsperti: beqa mindiaSvili

proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: ekaterine WiTanava

redaqtori: lia SarvaSiZe

Targmani: ekaterine lomTaTiZe sofio tyemalaZe

dizaini: natalia Rlontiyda: paul klee, cecxli savse mTvaris dros, 1933

tolerantobis da mravalferovnebis instituti (TDI)

tiraJi: 400

beWdva: Sps universali

ISBN: 978-9941-0-6951-2

akrZalulia aq moyvanili masalebis gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba komerciuli mizniT, tolerantobis da mravalferovnebis institutis (TDI) werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

sekularobisa da diskriminaciis Sesaxeb ........................................... 5kvlevis mizani ................................................................................................... 6kvlevis meTodologia .................................................................................. 7

1. sekularizmi da rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis 1. sekularizmi da rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba saqarTveloSiTavisufleba saqarTveloSi ...................................................................... 11

1.1. konstituciuri debulebebi da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dominanturi mdgomareoba ..................................................... 121.2. religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagento ................................. 142. preferenciuli mopyroba saqarTvelos avtokefaluri 2. preferenciuli mopyroba saqarTvelos avtokefaluri samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarTsamociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT .......................... 182.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis analizi da instituciuri uzrunvelyofa .................................................................................................. 19

2.2. samxedro valdebuleba ....................................................................... 242.3. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi .................................................................... 252.4. sabWoTa kavSiris dros miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba da sakulto nagebobebis dabruneba .......................... 30

2.5. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis privilegiebi sajaro ganaTlebis sferoSi ..................................................................... 33

2.6. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizeba ................................................... 36

3. sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidreoba religiur 3. sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidreoba religiur organizaciebTan dakavSirebiTorganizaciebTan dakavSirebiT ................................................................ 39

3.1. sabWoTa kavSiris dros miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba ......................................................................................... 39

3.2. sabWoTa kavSiris dros CamorTmeuli qonebis restitucia ....................................................................................... 41

3.2.1. sinagogis saqme .................................................................................. 43

3.2.2. laTin kaTolikeTa eklesiis saqme ........................................ 45

4. religiuri Seuwynareblobis motiviT Cadenili 4. religiuri Seuwynareblobis motiviT Cadenili samarTaldarRvevebi da marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebasamarTaldarRvevebi da marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba ............ 50

4.1. iehovas mowmeTa qristianuli organizaciis mier aRricxuli samarTaldarRvevebi da maTi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi .................................................................. 51

4.2. muslimTa Temis winaaRmdeg 2012-2013 wels Cadenili samarTaldarRvevebi .................................................. 57

4.3. devnis dawyebisa da msjavrdadebis statistikis analizi saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da mTavari prokuraturis informaciis safuZvelze ........................................... 62

4.4. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis analizi ................................... 66

5. sakulto nagebobebis mSeneblobis nebarTva5. sakulto nagebobebis mSeneblobis nebarTva .............................. 695.1. iehovas mowmeTa qristianuli organizacia: Terjolis SemTxveva ..................................................................................... 705.2. meSvide dRis qristian-adventistTa organizaciis mier nagebobis mSenebloba manglisSi .................... 72

5.3. laTin kaTolikeTa eklesia rusTavSi ........................................ 73

5.4. iehovas mowmeTa qristianuli organizaciis samefo darbazebis mSenebloba xaSursa da suramSi ..................... 74

6. religiuri institutebis avtonomiis sakiTxi6. religiuri institutebis avtonomiis sakiTxi .......................... 76

6.1. saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelos Seqmna da marTva .............................................................................................. 77

7. rekomendaciebi xelisuflebisadmi7. rekomendaciebi xelisuflebisadmi .................................................. 78

1. religiis Temaze sajaro gancxadebebis mimoxilvareligiis Temaze sajaro gancxadebebis mimoxilva ................. 81

1.1. 17 maisis movlenebi............................................................................... 82

1.2. sofel samTawyaroSi mimdinare movlenebi .............................. 87

1.3. minareTis demontaJi sofel WelaSi ............................................ 90

1.4. incidenti xanuqas dResaswaulze ................................................ 94

1.5. TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsis miReba ............................................ 95

1.6. patriarqis 2014 wlis saSobao epistole ..............................100

1.7. mTavrobis iniciativa oTxi konfesiis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebiT ...............................................................102

1.8. antidiskriminaciuli kanonproeqtis ganxilva .................103daskvna ................................................................................................................113

5Seuwynarebloba qarTveli sazogadoebis fundamenturi prob-lemaa. is aris indikatori imisa, Tu ramdenad axerxeben an ver axerxeben saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi Tanamedrove sazoga-doebad Camoyalibebas. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba adamianis in-dividualuri Tavisuflebis princips efuZneba, nebismier ada-mians unda hqondes sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvis da sakuTari pirovnebis ganviTarebis saSualeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba swored aseTi, Tavisufali adamianebis erTobliobaa.

Seuwynareblobas, erTi mxriv, arqauli, premodernuli cno-biereba kvebavs, romelic nebismier gansxvavebul adamianSi ucxosa da mters xedavs, meore mxriv ki totalitaruli memkvidreoba, romelic sazogadoebas uniformulad, erTsa-xovanad warmoidgenda. umravlesoba, romelic yovelTvis marTali swored imitom iyo, rom umravlesoba iyo, dawese-buli normidan nebismier gadaxvevas pirdapir Tu iribad da-naSaulad acxadebda. saqarTveloSi Seuwynarebloba Zalado-bis, Cagvris da aqedan gamomdinare konfliqtebis uSualo wyaroa.

tolerantobis principi adamianebis Tanasworobaa. is ar au-qmebs gansxvavebebs adamianebs Soris, aramed am gansxvavebas legitimurad aRiarebs. saqarTvelos konstitucia am mxriv sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze winaa. is aRiarebs adamianebis Ta-nasworobis universalur principebs, romlebic saqarTveloSi irRveva sakanonmdeblo doneze, yoveldRiur praqtikasa da sa-jaro diskursSi.

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winamdebare kvleva Seuwynareblobis ramdenime mniSvnelovan sakiTxs eZRvneba. pirveli nawili ikvlevs, ramdenad aris saqar-Tvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia sxva aRmsareblobebTan Se-darebiT upirates mdgomareobaSi Cayenebuli da iZleva rekomen-daciebs, rogor SeiZleba aRmovfxvraT saqarTvelos aramarTl-madidebel moqalaqeTa uflebebis aqedan gamomdinare Selaxva. es sakiTxi mniSvnelovania ara marto sazogadoebrivi, aramed saxel-mwifo TvalsazrisiTac. Tanamedrove saxelmwifo, sxvaTa Soris, rwmenis da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis princips efuZneba da Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos mkacrad mijnavs eklesiisagan. bolo wlebSi vxedavT, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sekularul sa-fuZvlebs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mzardi gavlenis fonze saxelmwifos iseTi mniSvnelovani sferoebis klerikalizaciiT eqmneba safrTxe, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ganaTleba, Tavdacva, sajaro administracia.

kvlevis meore nawili, romelic sajaro diskursis jer mxolod zedapirs exeba, ikvlevs politikosTa da sajaro pirTa ritori-kas. miuxedavad imisa, rom politikosebi, sasuliero pirebi, mo-qalaqeebi, eTnikuri, religiuri an seqsualuri Tanasworobis konstituciur principebs aRiareben, isini garkveul daTqmebs akeTeben, romlebic sabolood am principebis nivelirebas ax-dens da pirdapir Tu iribad Zaladobis legitimacias iZleva.

zaal andronikaSvili

saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia,1 iseve rogorc qvemdgomi kanonmdebloba,2 erTmniSvnelovnad aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRm-sareblobis Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas ganurCevlad re-ligiisa.

1 saqarTvelos konstitucia, 24 agvisto, 1995, muxli 9, punqti 1, muxli 14, muxli 19, punqti 1.2 magaliTisTvis ix. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, 22 ivlisi, 1999, muxli 53, nawili 31; saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, 12 dekemberi, 2010, muxli 2, nawili 3,4; saqarTvelos kanoni diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, 2 maisi, 2014.

7miuxedavad imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo CarCo unda uzrunvel-yofdes sxvadasxva religiisadmi Tanaswor mopyrobasa da seku-larul sivrces mTeli sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovani gada-wyvetilebebis misaRebad, bolo dros Catarebuli kvlevebi da ganviTarebuli movlenebi adasturebs saqarTvelos avtoke-faluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gavlenis radikalur zrdas mosaxleobaze, rac misdami preferenciul mopyrobas ga-napirobebs religiuri gaerTianebebis funqcionirebis yvela sferoSi.

meore mxriv, arcTu iSviaTia sxva religiebis an umciresobebi-sadmi marTlmadidebeli umravlesobis Seuwynareblobis aqte-bi, rac umeteswilad efeqturi reagirebis gareSe rCeba.3

religiuri diskriminaciisa da konstituciuri sekular-izmis winamdebare kvleva miznad isaxavs: sakanonmdeblo Car-Cos, Seuwynareblobis niadagze Cadenil samarTaldarRveve-bze saxelmwifos reagirebis, religiur umravlesobasa da umciresobebTan xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stosa da struq-turebis damokidebulebis, politikosebis, saxelmwifo da sajaro moxeleebis religiis konteqstSi gamovlenili poziciebis kritikul analizs; am kuTxiT arsebuli xarve-zebisa da naklovanebebis identificirebasa da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis SemuSavebas, rac xels Seuwyobs religiis safuZvelze diskriminaciis aRmofxvras da ufro myar garan-tiebs Seqmnis saqarTvelos sekularuli ganviTarebisTvis.

kvlevis farglebSi religiuri niSniT diskriminaciis gamom-wvevi qcevis modelebis identificirebisa da maTze saTanado reagirebis meqanizmebis SemuSavebisTvis Caiwera da damuSav-da interviuebi religiuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebTan. kvlevis avtorebma gaaanalizes sakanonmdeblo aqtebi; gamoiT-xoves sajaro informacia sasamarTloebidan, Sinagan saqmeTa

3 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis angariSi saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, 2013, gv. 293-317.

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saministrodan, mTavari prokuraturidan, saqarTvelos mTav-robidan da sxva Sesabamisi uwyebebidan. amasTan, gaanalizda politikosebis, saxelmwifo da sajaro moxeleebis gancxadebe-bi, romlebic mediaSi gamoqveynda.

kvlevis pirveli nawilisTvis Catarda interviuebi religi-uri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebTan: evangelur-protes-tantuli eklesiis xuces Smagi WankvetaZesTan, saqarTvelos saxarebis rwmenis eklesiis warmomadgenel lela xoneli-ZesTan, qarTvel muslimTa kavSiris Tavmjdomaris moadgile tariel nakaiZesTan, saqarTveloSi kaTolike eklesiis (amier-kavkasiis laTinuri wesis kaTolikeTa samociqulo adminis-tracia) mRvdel akaki WeliZesTan, meSvide dRis qristian-ad-ventistTa organizaciis sasuliero pirebTan, boris Waraia-sa da aleqsandre SvarcTan, iehovas mowmeebis qristianuli organizaciis warmomadgenel iurist manuCar cimintiasa da asiriul-qaldeuri kaTolike eklesiis moZRvarTan, beniamin beTiadegarTan.

am interviuebze dayrdnobiT da religiuri umciresobebis mier mowodebuli masalebis (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebe-bi, administraciuli warmoebis dokumentebi, sajaro mox-eleebTan mimowera, a.S.) safuZvelze kanonmdeblobis is sferoebi gamovlinda, romlebic, savaraudod, uSvebs sajaro moxelTa mier TviTneburi da diskriminaciuli gadawyvetile-bebis miRebas da ar uzrunvelyofs religiuri umciresobebis jerovan dacvas Zaladobis an uTanasworo mopyrobisgan.

Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis Semdgomi analizisTvis sajaro in-formaciis moTxovna gaegzavnaT saqarTvelos yvela saerTo sasamarTlos, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, mTavar prokura-turas, saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da ssip saxelmwifo qonebis erovnul saagentos, agreTve, 70-mde sajaro skolas saqarT-veloSi, religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentosa da sxva organoebs.

mopovebuli informacia saSualebas iZleva, gamovyoT saqarT-velos kanonmdeblobisa da saxelmwifo praqtikis is sferoe-

9bi, sadac religiuri umciresobebi dausabuTebel dabrkole-bebs awydebian, rasac isini gansxvavebul da diskriminaciul mopyrobad aRiqvamen. amgvaria:

sabWoTa kavSiris dros miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis wesi;

saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis sferoSi religiuri gaerTianebebis diskriminacia;

sabWoTa kavSiris dros CamorTmeul sadavo eklesiebze sakuTrebis uflebis dadgena;

religiuri SeuwynareblobiT motivirebul danaSaulebze samarTlebrivi devnis dabali maCvenebeli da efeqturi reagirebis nakleboba;

mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacemasTan dakavSirebuli warmoeba;

marTlmadidebluri religiis indoqtrinacia sajaro skolebSi;

Careva religiuri institutebis avtonomiaSi; sagadasaxado da sabaJo kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili

privilegiebi.

Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi kvleva warmodgenilia aRniSnul sakiTxebze kanonmdeblobisa da masTan dakavSirebuli praq-tikis analizis saxiT, rac efeqturi rekomendaciebis SemuSave-bis saSualebas iZleva identificirebuli sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis aRmosafxvrelad, religiuri niSniT diskriminaci-asTan brZolisa da sekularizmis principis ganmtkicebis Tval-sazrisiT.

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kvlevis meore, mediis nawilSi mimoxilulia 2013-sa da 2014 wlis pirvel naxevarSi politikosebisa da xelisuflebis war-momadgenelTa mier religiuri niSniT neitralurobis dar-Rvevisa da Seuwynarebeli ritori kis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi.

kvlevis obieqtebi iyvnen xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi: prezidenti, premier-ministri, ministrebi, ministris moadg-ileebi, departamentebis xelmZRvanelebi; adgilobrivi xeli-suflebisa da TviTmmarTvelobis wevrebi; parlamentarebi; sxva sajaro uwyebebis gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi pirebi, sa-parlamento da arasaparlamento opoziciis warmomadgenlebi.

kvlevis farglebSi gaanalizda politikosTa sajaro gancxa-debebi im mediasaSualebebSi, romlebic fokusirebulia reli-giuri sakiTxebis, siZulvilis enisa da diskriminaciis prob-lematur aspeqtebze. esenia: veb-gamocemebi netgazeTi da tabula. aseve monitoringi ganxorcielda saerTo-erovnuli dafarvis mqone arxis, rusTavi 2-is toqSouebSi: arCevan-sa da poziciaSi gakeTebul gancxadebebze. amasTan, mkvle-varebma Seiswavles gazeT asaval-dasavalSi gamoqveynebuli masalebi, radgan am gamocemas umciresobebisadmi aSkarad Seu-wynarebeli da diskriminaciuli saredaqcio politika aqvs, garda amisa, monitoringSi SemTxveviTi SerCevis wesiT moxvda is mediac, sadac sajaro pirebis rezonansuli gancxadebebi gamoqveynda.

monitoringis periodSi sul mimovixileT veb-gverdebze tabula da netgazeTi gamoqveynebuli 160 statia, 10 masala gazeT asaval-dasavlidan da telekompania rusTavi 2-is 7 gadacema.

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1. sekularizmi da rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba saqarTveloSi

sekularizmis idea gulisxmobs gansazRvruli tipisa da in-tensivobis instituciur gamijvnas saxelmwifosa da religias Soris da saero sajaro sivrcis uzrunvelyofas religiis pri-vatizebis gziT.4 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikidan erTmniSvnelovnad gamomdinareobs moTxovna, rom saxelmwifo iyos neitraluri religiebTan mimarTebaSi:

regulaciis uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas am sferoSi da sxvadasxva religiebTan, denominaciebTan da sarwmunoebebTan urTierTobisas saxelmwifos aqvs valdebuleba iyos neitralurineitraluri da miukerZoebelimiukerZoebeli... rac SeuTavsebelia saxelmwifos mier religiuri rwmenis legitimurobis SefasebasTan... xelisuflebis organoebis roli... imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom dapirispireba aRmofxvran pluralizmis ganadgurebis gziT, aramed maTi rolia, uzrunvelyon Semwynarebloba... saxelmwifos amgvari roli xels uwyobs sajaro wesrigs, religiur harmonias da Semwynareblobas demokratiul sazogadoebaSi... da nakleb warmosadgenia, rom aman daamciros im eklesiis an rwmenis roli, romelTanac konkretuli qveynis mosaxleoba istoriulad da kulturulad asocirdeboda...5

qvemoT gaanalizebuli iqneba saqarTvelos konstituciis rele vanturi debulebebi, romlebic gansazRvraven saxelm-wifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis models saqarTveloSi da amasTan, adgenen rwmenis Tavisuflebis garantiebs. agreTve, gaanalizebuli iqneba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesi-

4 R. Palomino, Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 4 Contemp. Readings L. & Soc. Just 208 2012, gv. 208, 2011.5 iehovas mowmeTa gldanis kongregaciis 97 wevri da oTxi sxva piri saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, ganacxadi no. 71156/01, 2007 wlis 3 maisi, par. 131-132.

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is dominanturi mdgomareoba da privilegiebi sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan mimarTebiT da religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentos Seqmna da misi perspeqtivebi arsebul viTarebaSi.

1.1. konstituciuri debulebebi da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dominanturi mdgomareoba

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli acxadebs:

1. saxelmwifo acxadebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis srul Tavisuflebas. amasTan erTad, aRiarebs saqarTvelos samoci-qulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTre-bul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi da mis damoukideblobas saxelmwifosagan.

2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis urTierToba gan-isazRvreba konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT. konstituciuri Se-Tanxmeba srulad unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarT-lis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs, kerZod, adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa sferoSi.6

amdenad, saqarTvelos konstitucia, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis srul Tavisuflebas da amasTan, adamianis uflebebisTvis primatis miniWebis Semdeg xazs us-vams saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadide-beli eklesiis [SemdegSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia] gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi. am tipis midgoma saqarTvelos aqcevs saxelmwifosa da eklesi-is urTierTobis modelSi, romelsac waxalisebuli eklesiis modeli ewodeba.7

6 saqarTvelos konstitucia, 24 agvisto, 1995 weli, muxli 9.7 qoul durhemis ganmartebiT: waxalisebuli eklesia sargeblobs aRiarebiT, magram qveynis konstitucia adgens, rom yvela jgufi Tanasworia. zogjer mxardaWera SedarebiT uvnebelia da Semoifargleba mxolod da mxolod imis aRiarebiT, rom konkretulma religiurma tradiciam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qveynis istoriasa da kulturaSi. sxva SemTxvevebSi, mxardaWera funqcionirebs rogorc organizaciisTvis miniWebuli prerogativebis SenarCunebis cudad SeniRbuli meTodi, Tumca, formalurad ufro liberaluri reJimis saxes inarCunebs. amdenad, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis

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TumcaRa, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebuli rolis aRiarebasTan erTad, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli or mniSvnelovan daTqmas Seicavs: erTi mxriv, is upirvelesad rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis srul Tavisuflebas acxadebs da amiT gansazRvravs konteqsts, romliTac aRiarebulia marTl-madidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebuli roli. rwmenisa da aRm-sareblobis Tavisufleba damatebiT ganmtkicebulia saqarTve-los konstituciis me-19 muxlSic. meore mxriv ki, is miuTiTebs eklesiis damoukideblobaze saxelmwifosgan, rac saxelmwifo-sa da eklesiis gancalkevebis, damoukidebel subieqtebad ga-mocxadebisa da maTi Sesabamisi sferoebis gamijvnis garantiaa da warmoadgens kidec sekularobis arss.

saxelmwifosgan eklesiis damoukideblobaze yuradRebis ga-maxvilebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifosTan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mWidro kavSiris istoriis gaT-valiswinebiT. saqmeSi kedrofi da sxvebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wminda nikolozis kaTe-dralis winaaRmdeg, amerikis uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ganviTareba isto-riulad caris Zalauflebis gafarToebis proporciuli iyo, radgan eklesia sajaro samsaxuris mzard nawils warmoad-genda.8 es dakvirveba, romelic miuTiTebs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis msaxurebis sajaro samsaxurTan asocirebaze, simar-Tles warmoadgens saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan dakavSirebiTac, gansakuTrebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom es ukanaskneli 1811 wlidan ruseTis marTlmadidebeli ekle-siis nawili gaxda. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma eklesiam avtokefaluri statusis dabruneba mxolod 1917 wels SeZlo.

dResdReobiT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis priv-ilegirebis umniSvnelovanesi gamoxatuleba da safuZvelia konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saxelmwifosa da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sapatriarqos Soris, romliTac sapatriarqom miiRo

modelebis wrfeze, romlis erT boloSi saxelmwifo religiis modelia, meoreSi ki saxelmwifosa da eklesiis mkacri gamijvnis modeli, saqarTvelo ufro axlos dgas saxelmwifo eklesiis modelTan. ix. W. Cole Durham, Perspecti ves on Religious Liberty: A Comparati ve Framework, krebulSi Religious Human Rights in Global Perspecti ve, J.D. van der Vyver and J. Witt e, Jr. (eds.), 1996 Kluwer Law Internati onal, gv. 1-44.8 KEDROFF v. ST. NICHOLAS CATHEDRAL, 344 U.S. 94 (1952) 344 U.S. 94.

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avtonomiisa da samarTlebrivi da qonebrivi problemebis gadawyvetis garantiebi, rac qvemoT iqneba detalurad ganxi-luli.

samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvra, sagadasaxado SeRavaTe-bi, sabWoTa kavSiris dros miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba, sakulto nagebobebis sakuTrebis sakiTxebi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani iyo sxva religiuri organizaciebisTvisac, Tumca, maTi problemebis mosagvareblad zomebis miReba zog SemTxvevaSi konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebidan TiTqmis aTi wlis Semdeg moxda (mag. religiuri organizaciebis sta-tusis Taobaze), zog SemTxvevaSi ki, sakiTxi jerac gadasawyve-tia (mag. sabWoTa kavSiris mier CamorTmeuli sakulto nage-bobebis sakiTxi).

saqarTveloSi Catarebuli kvlevebi adasturebs marTlmadide-beli eklesiis mimarT mosaxleobis ndobisa da mxardaWeris maRal maCvenebels.9 aRniSnuli, erTi mxriv, ganapirobebs domi-nanturi religiisadmi xelisuflebis mkafio keTilganwyoba-sa da mis privilegirebas rogorc sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTulobis, ise sazogadoebrivi resursebiT uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT; meore mxriv ki, adgili aqvs marTlmadidebeli umravlesobis mxridan ukiduresi Seuwynareblobis aqtebs sxva religiebis an umciresobebis mimarT, rac xSirad samarTaldam-cavi organoebis efeqturi reagirebis gareSe rCeba.10

1.2. religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagento

religiur gaerTianebebTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo ba-zis uzrunvelyofisa da maTTvis aqtualuri sxva sakiTxebis mogvarebis mandatiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2013 wlis 29

9 ix. mag. 2013 wlis kavkasiis barometris monacemebi: gamokiTxulTa 72% srulad endoba marTlmadidebel eklesias (xelmisawvdomia: htt p://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013ge/TRUGOCH/ ), xolo gamokiTxulTa 8% Tavs marTlmadidebel religias ganakuTvnebs. (htt p://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013ge/RELGION/ ).10 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis angariSi saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gv. 293-317.

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noembers N305 dadgenilebis Tanaxmad Seqmna religiur gaer-TianebebTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli sakiTxebis Semswavle-li uwyebaTaSorisi komisia.11 komisiis Tavmjdomared dainiS-na saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministri reintegraciis sakiTx-ebSi paata zaqareiSvili. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen mxolod saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebi da arc erTi reli-giuri organizaciis warmomadgeneli. komisiis debulebis Ta-naxmad, mis ZiriTad amocanebs warmoadgenda religiur-sakul-to nagebobebis mSeneblobis maregulirebeli da religiur gaerTianebebTan dakavSirebuli sxva kanonmdeblobis analizi da SemuSaveba, aRniSnuli gaerTianebebis sakuTrebis Seswav-la da a.S.

tolerantobisa da mravalferovnebis institutma (TDI) komi-siis saqmianobis Sesaxeb informacia gamoiTxova Serigebisa da samoqalaqo Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi saqarTvelos saxel-mwifo ministris aparatidan.12 rogorc mowodebuli infor-maciiT13 irkveva, komisiam 2013 wlis 29 noembridan 2014 wlis 10 Tebervlamde Caatara 5 sxdoma da SeimuSava saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sabWoTa totalita-ruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaure-basTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis damtkicebis Taobaze saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadge-nilebis proeqti da agreTve sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentos Seqmnisa da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mTavrobis dad-genilebis proeqti. pirveli saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo 2014 wlis 27 ianvars,14 meore ki 2014 wlis 19 Tebervals.15

11 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba no. 305, religiur gaerTianebebTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli sakiTxebis Semswavleli uwyebaTaSorisi komisiis Seqmnisa da misi debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb, 2013 wlis 29 noemberi.12 iqve, debulebis muxli 2.13 Serigebisa da samoqalaqo Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministris aparatis werili no. 153-g, 20.02.2014.14 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba no. 117, saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis damtkicebis Taobaze, 2014 wlis 27 ianvari.15 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba no. 177, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentos Seqmnisa da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb, 2014 wlis 19 Tebervali.

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religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentos Seqmnis Semdeg, komisiam 2014 wlis 30 ivniss arseboba Sewyvita.16

debulebis Tanaxmad, religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagento (SemdegSi saagento) warmoadgens mTavrobisa da premier-minis-tris sakonsultacio organos religiis sferoSi da mis ufle-bamosilebebs ganekuTvneba: religiis sferoSi arsebuli mdgo-mareobis gaanalizeba, samarTlebrivi aqtebis proeqtebisa da rekomendaciebis momzadeba, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gansaz-Rvruli miznebis SesrulebisTvis rekomendaciebis momzadeba, agreTve, sakulto nagebobebis mSeneblobasa da religiis sfero-Si ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaciebis momzadeba, re-ligiur gaerTianebebs Soris konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi Suamavlis rolis Sesruleba, tolerantuli garemos mxardaWera da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis mizniT damatebiT arsebobs 2012 wels Seqmnili samTavrobo komisia, romlis Semadgenloba da fun-qciebi Semdeg TavSi iqneba ganxiluli. aRniSnuli komisia jer gauqmebulad ar gamocxadebula da konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan mimarTebiT adgili aqvs uflebamosilebebis dublirebas saagen-tosa da komisias Soris.

2014 wlis 24 ivnisis saagentos werilSi17 miTiTebulia, rom am etapze strategiul samoqmedo gegmas da calkeul proeqtebs amzadeben da jerjerobiT saagentos arc erTi rekomendacia ar gaucia mis kompetencias mikuTvnebul sakiTxebze.

2014 wlis TebervalSi Catarebul interviuebSi religiuri gaerTianebebis warmomadgenlebi miuTiTebdnen, rom religi-uri sakiTxebisTvis saagentos Seqmna sabWoTa kavSiris dros arsebuli religiur saqmeTa sabWos istoriul asociacias iwvevda. religiur saqmeTa sabWo 1965 wels Seiqmna ruse-Tis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakiTxTa sabWosa da reli-giuri kultebis sakiTxTa sabWos gaerTianebis gziT: sabWos Camoyali beba ganixileboda... rogorc sarwmunoebis mimarT

16 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba no. 423, religiur gaerTianebebTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli sakiTxebis Semswavleli uwyebaTaSorisi komisiis Seqmnisa da misi debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 29 noembris no. 305 dadgenilebis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis Taobaze, 2014 wlis 30 ivnisi.17 ssip religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentos werili no. 1/129, 24.06.2014.

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saxelmwifo politikis gadasvla religiebis mdgomareobisa da religiuri organizaciebis saqmianobis zedamxedvelobidan maT kontrolze.18

religiis sakiTxebis organosTan dakavSirebuli mZime isto-riuli gamocdilebis garda, am organos mimarT undoblobas iwvevs isic, rom mTavrobas saxalxo damcvelTan arsebul reli-giaTa sabWosTan an Sesabamis arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan raime konsultacia ar gauvlia.19 rac mTavaria, Seqmnili orga-no ar aris dafuZnebuli warmomadgenlobaze, rac religiuri gaerTianebebis avtonomiaSi saxelmwifos TviTneburi Carevis riskebs warmoSobs, naTqvamia saxalxo damcvelTan arse-bul religiaTa sabWosa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis er-Tobliv gancxadebaSi.20

aRsaniSnavia, rom evropuli komisia rasizmisa da Seuwynare-blobis winaaRmdeg rekomendacias uwevs saxelmwifoebs, raTa Seqmnan rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis sakiTxebze specialize-buli organo. TumcaRa, saqarTvelos Sesaxeb evropuli komisi-is 2010 wlis moxsenebis Tanaxmad, komi sia rekomendacias uwev-da mxolod rasizmTan brZolis specializebuli organos Seqm-nas da xazs usvamda saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli religiaTa sabWoebisa da tolerantobis centris miRwevebs religiuri Sem-wynareblobis xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiT: 2005 wels saxalxo damcvelTan daarsda eTnikuri umciresobebisa da religiaTa sabWoebi, romlebic asruleben mniSvnelovan sakonsultacio funqcias... saxalxo damcvelTan muSaobs agreTve toleranto-bis centri, romelic axorcielebs situaciis monitorings da pasuxobs eTnikuri, religiuri da sxva umciresobebis mimarT gamovlenil Seuwynareblobis faqtebTan dakavSirebul prob-lemebs... rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi saxalxo damcvelis sakvanZo rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas kvlavac ganagrZos am institutis mxardaWera. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos

18 .. , : , .19 saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli religiaTa sabWosa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis erToblivi gancxadeba religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentosTan dakavSirebiT, xelmisawvdomia: htt p://www.tolerantoba.ge/index.php?news_id=600.20 iqve.

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xelisuflebas, ganagrZos dialogi religiur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebTan, kerZod, saxalxo damcvelTan arsebul re-ligiaTa sabWosTan TanamSromlobis farglebSi.21

saagentosTan dakavSirebiT problemuria is, rom misi man-dati gamWvirvale ar aris. gaugebaria misi rekomendaciebis samarTlebrivi da politikuri mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac rekomendaciis adresati iqneba ara mTavroba, romelic misi damfuZnebeli organoa, aramed adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi an sxva organoebi; gaugeba ria, agreTve, rogor SemuSavdeba rekomendaciebi, ramdenad samar-Tliani da inkluziuri iqneba procedurebi dainteresebuli mxareebis azris mosmenisa da gaTvaliswinebis TvalsazrisiT, rodis Seasrulebs Suamavlis rols gaerTianebebs Soris kon-fliqtisas saagento roca mxareebi miiwveven Tu rodesac TviTon gadawyvets, aseve ramdenad savaldebulo da SemboWavi iqneba religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis saagentos miTiTebebi da moTxovnebi.

am droisTvis, rodesac saagentos arc erTi rekomendacia ar arsebobs, ar iqneba marTebuli daskvnis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu rogor gamoiyenebs saagentos Tavmjdomare zaza vaSaymaZe misTvis miniWebul uflebamosilebas. Tumca, Tavad is faqti, rom organos mandatis farglebi bundovania da ar aris gam-Wvirvale im qveyanaSi, romelsac religiuri umciresobebis devnis istoria aqvs, SeSfoTebis safuZvels iZleva.

2. preferenciuli mopyroba saqarTvelos avtokefaluri samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiisadmi

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dominanturi mdgomareobis mniS-vnelovani gamovlinebaa ara mxolod saxelmwifos mier calke instituciuri struqturis Seqmna misi problemebis mosagvare-

21 evropuli komisia rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg, moxseneba saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (monitoringis meoTxe cikli), 28 aprili, 2010, gv. 21, 22, 37.

19

blad, aramed konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT miniWebuli araerTi sxva privilegia, romlebiTac saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia eqskluziurad sargeblobs: calkeuli sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze arsebul marTl-madideblur taZrebze, monastrebze, maT nangrevebsa da miwis nakveTebze da saeklesio saganZurze sakuTrebis uflebis aRi-areba, didi saeklesio dResaswaulebis dasvenebis dReebad gamocxadeba. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze saxelm-wifom aiRo agreTve valdebuleba, aenazRaurebina XIX-XX sauku-neebSi, gansakuTrebiT 1921-1990 wlebSi, miyenebuli qonebrivi ziani, Seeqmna moZRvris instituti sajariso formirebebsa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi da erToblivi saganmanaT-leblo programebi ganexorcielebina marTlmadidebel ekle-siasTan. am sferoebSi preferenciuli mopyrobis arsi qvemoT detalurad iqneba ganxiluli.

2.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis analizi da instituciuri uzrunvelyofa

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris gaformda 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvra saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis statusi is istoriulad Camo-yalibebul sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirad gamocxadda. religiuri gaerTianebisTvis, maT Soris dominanturi re-ligiuri gaerTianebisTvis, samarTlebrivi statusis miniWe-ba rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare erT-erTi mniSvnelovani garantiaa religiuri gaerTianebis avtonomiurobisTvis. TumcaRa, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebisas es warmoadgenda marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT preferenciuli mopyrobis aSkara magaliTs da udides upi-ratesobas aniWebda mas, radgan sxva religiur gaerTianebebs araTu sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirad, aramed saerTod,

20

iuridiul pirad registracia ar SeeZloT, Tu religiuri miznebis deklarirebas moaxdendnen.

2005 wlamde, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1509-e mux-lis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, sajaro miznebis misaRwevad kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnili arasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciebi (politikuri partiebi, religiuri gaerTiane-bebi da sxv.) sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebad iTvle-bodnen. am muxlis safuZvelze religiur gaerTianebebs ar SeeZloT kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebad (im dros mo-qmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, kavSirebad an fondebad) registracia. Tumca, problema is iyo, rom maT arc sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirad registracia SeeZloT, radgan saxelmwifom Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba ar miiRo, romliTac religiuri organizaciebis registraciis wesi da statusi ganisazRvreboda.

swored amgvarad ganmarta saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarT-lom samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxlebi: vidre kanoniT ar gansazRvrula religiuri organizaciebis, rogorc saja-ro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis Seqmnis, organizaciisa da saqmianobis wesi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1509-e muxlis pirveli nawi lis e qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebis gamoyeneba.22 am safuZvliT 2001 wels gauqmda iehovas mowmeTa gaerTianebis registracia kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirad. samoqalaqo kodeqsis amgvari ganmarteba religiuri gaerTiane-bebs saxelmwifos mier Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis miRebamde iuridiuli piris statusis mopovebis SesaZleblobas arTme-vda.

regulireba Seicvala 2005 wels, rodesac religiurma gaer-Tianebebma miiRes kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis for-miT (kavSirebisa da fondebis, SemdgomSi arakomerciuli iu-ridiuli pirebis formiT) registraciis ufleba. sabolood, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT Seqmnili privilegirebuli mdgo-mareoba aRmoifxvra 2011 wlis 5 ivliss saqarTvelos samo-

22 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis ganCineba 3k/599, 22 Tebervali 2001 weli.

21

qalaqo kodeqsSi cvlilebis Setanis gziT kodeqss daemata 15091 muxli, romlis pirveli nawili acxadebs: religiuri gaerTianebebi SeiZleba daregistrirdnen sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebad. Sesabamisad, sxva religiur gaerTiane-bebsac miecaT SesaZlebloba, samarTlebrivi statusis Tval-sazrisiT gaTanasworebodnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiTve (muxli 11) iqna gaTvalis-winebuli, rom unda Seqmniliyo sabWoTa kavSiris dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebis sakiTxebze paritetuli komisia. marTlac, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris .1 brZanebulebiT23 ganisazRvra saqarTve-los saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxme-biT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof komisiaTa Semadgenlobebi. brZanebuleba iTvaliswinebda xuTi komisiis Seqmnas: 1. jvrisweris saxelmwifo aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT; 2. samxedro-sajariso formirebebsa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi moZRvris (kapelanis) institutis SeqmnasTan dakav-SirebiT; 3. saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi marTlmadide-beli sarwmunoebis swavlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; 4. kul-turuli memkvidreobis sferoSi samarTlebrivi da qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebiT; 5. saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis periodSi ekle-siisTvis miyenebuli materialuri zianis nawilobrivi kompen-saciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am brZanebulebis mixedviT, TiToeul komisias or TveSi unda waredgina prezidentisTvis Sesabami-si komisiis debuleba, amgvari debulebebi ar momzadebula. tolerantobisa da mravalferovnebis institutma (TDI) saqar-Tvelos prezidentis administraciasa da saqarTvelos mTav-robas aRniSnuli komisiebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad mimarTa. saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis pasuxis Tanaxmad, am komisiaTa sxdomis oqmebi saqarTvelos

23 saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba no. 1, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof komisiaTa Seqmnis Sesaxeb, 2003 wlis 7 ianvari.

22

prezidentis administraciaSi daculi ar aris.24 saqarTvelos mTavrobam aRniSnuli komisiebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb infor-maciis gamosaTxovad tolerantobisa da mravalferovnebis in-stitutis werili raime dasabuTebis gareSe gadaugzavna ssip saxelmwifo qonebis erovnul saagentos, romlis oficialu-ri pasuxis Tanaxmad, maT ar gaaCniaT informacia komisiebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb.25 aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom maRali albaTobiT, komisiebs ar dauwyiaT saqmianoba da amiT aris ganpirobebuli informaciis ararseboba Sesabamis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi.

prezidentis no. 1 brZanebuleba gauqmda 2012 wlis 21 Teberv-lis no. 125 prezidentis brZanebulebiT. sanacvlod, saqarTve-los mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis no. 63 dadgenilebiT Seiqmna saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samoci-qulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konsti-tuciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ganmxil-veli samTavrobo komisia, ganisazRvra misi samuSao jgufebis Semadgenloba da debuleba. dadgenilebaSi bolo cvlileba Se-vida 2013 wlis 21 maiss. 2014 wlis 5 ivlisis mdgomareobiT, am dadgenilebis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, arsebobs 8 samuSao jgufi: 1. qonebrivi sakiTxebis ganmxilveli da eklesiis ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi bazis Semqmneli; 2. XIX da XX ss-Si (saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvis peri-odSi) eklesiisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis damdgeni; 3. saxelm-wifo muzeumebSi daculi saeklesio saganZurisa da istoriuli mniSvnelobis taZrebis movla-patronobis reJimis damdgeni; 4. kanoniT dadgenili wesiT jvrisweris aRiarebis ganmsaz-Rvreli; 5. samxedro-sajariso formirebebSi, sapatimroebsa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi moZRvris institutis ganmsazRvreli; 6. ganaTlebis sferoSi urTierTTanamSromlo-bis ganmsazRvreli; 7. sazRvargareTis qveynebSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos samarTlebrivi statusisa da iq arsebuli qar-Tuli eklesia-monastrebis movla-patronobisa da sakuTrebis ganmsazRvreli; 8. religiuri daniSnulebis nagebobaTa warmo-mavlobis damdgeni.

24 saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis werili no. 3493 tolerantobisa da mravalferovnebis instituts, 28.04.2014.25 ssip saxelmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagentos werili no. 14/10899, 26 marti, 2014.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom religiuri daniSnulebis nagebobaTa warmo-mavlobis sakiTxi uSualod exeba saqarTveloSi arsebuli sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis, gansakuTrebiT somexTa marTlma-didebeli samociqulo wminda eklesiisa da laTin kaTolikeTa eklesiis interesebs. Tumca, am jgufis, iseve rogorc yvela sxva jgufisa, wevrebi arian mxolod saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTma gadawyvetilebebma sxva religiebis sakuTrebis sakiTxi SeiZleba gadawyvitos maTi monawileobis gareSe.

rogorc Cans, am samuSao jgufebis arseboba isev nominaluria da sakiTxebis Seswavlisa da Sesabamisi winadadebebis momza-debisTvis muSaoba ar mimdinareobs. komisiisa da misi samuSao jgufebis Sesaxeb informaciis gamoTxovis Semdeg, saxelmwifo qonebis erovnulma saagentom tolerantobisa da mraval-ferovnebis instituts (TDI) moawoda konstituciuri SeTanx-mebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo komisiis mxolod erTi sxdomis oqmi, romelic 2012 wlis 29 marts Catarda.26 sxdomis oqmiT irkveva, rom komisia SeTanxm-da, intensiurad emuSava samuSao jgufebSi, kerZod, qonebrivi sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samuSao jgufi unda Sekrebiliyo saorientaciod 2 kviraSi erTxel, danarCeni jgufebi ki TveSi erTxel. saagentom sxva informaciis mowodeba ver SeZlo, rac isev saSualebas iZleva, davaskvnaT, rom zemoxsenebuli komisi-is saqmianobis Sesaxeb sxva informacia sajaro dawesebulebebSi daculi ar aris.

rogorc wina TavSi, religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentoze msjelobisas, aRvniSneT, mis erT-erT uflebamosilebas war-moadgens rekomendaciebis momzadeba konstituciuri SeTanxme-biT gansazRvruli miznebisa da amocanebis Sesasruleblad. aR-niSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT samTavrobo komisiasa da saagentos kompetenciebs Soris arsebobs dublireba.

26 saxelmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagentos werili no. 14/15481, 01/maisi/2014.

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2.2. samxedro valdebuleba

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasulie-ro piri, rac terminTa ganmartebiT niSnavs marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi kanonikuri wesiT xeldasxmul pirs, Tavisufldeba samxedro valdebulebisgan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sasuliero pirebis gaTavisuflebas saer-To araferi aqvs keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobasTan, radgan marTlmadidebel eklesias samxedro valdebulebis moxdis sawi naaRmdego raime doqtrina ar gaaCnia; religia arc ekle-siis mimdevrebs da arc sasuliero pirebs am safuZvliT samxe-dro samsaxurze uaris Tqmas ar sTxovs.

samxedro valdebulebisa da samxedro samsaxuris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 30-e muxlis Tanaxmad, samxedro samsaxur-Si gawveva gadauvaddebaT mRvdelmsaxurebs da maT, vinc sasu-liero saswavlebelSi swavloben. samxedro-sarezervo samsax-uris Sesaxeb kanonis me-8 muxlis pirveli punqtis l qvepun-qtis Tanaxmad, sasuliero pirebi Tavisufldebian sarezer-vo samsaxuris gavlisgan. rogorc uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebiT ikveTeba, sasuliero pirSi moiazreba ara mxolod saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis, aramed sxva religiebis, magaliTad, iehovas mowmeTa mRvdelmsaxuric. Tum-ca, isev uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaze dayrdnobiT SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom sxvadasxva formaluri mizezis gamo (mag. drou-lad gamoucxadebloba gamwvev komisiaSi) sasuliero pirebsac SeiZleboda dahkisrebodaT administraciul samarTaldarRve-vaTa kodeqsis 1973 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgebloba sarezervo samsaxurSi gamoucxadeblobis gamo.27

religiis mimdevrebi, romlebsac keTilsindisieri winaaRmde-goba aqvT samxedro valdebulebis moxdis mimarT, araTu ar Tavisufldebodnen samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuris Ses-rulebisgan, aramed 2011 wlamde alternatiuli samsaxuris samxedro-sarezervo samsaxuris moTxovnis SesaZleblobac ar hqondaT. 2006 wlis samxedro-sarezervo samsaxuris Sesaxeb 27 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetileba bs-1599-1575(k-11), 9 Tebervali, 2012.

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saqarTvelos kanoni iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos yvela moqa-laqis valdebulebas, gaevloT samxedro-sarezervo samsaxuri da ar uSvebda gamonakliss im pirebisTvis, visac keTilsindis-ieri winaaRmdegoba hqonda rezervis mimarT.28 sarezervo sam-saxurze uaris Tqma, Tundac keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegobis safuZvelze, administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 1973 muxlis Tanaxmad (samxedro-sarezervo samsaxurSi gamoucxa-debloba samxedro-sarezervo samsaxurisTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT), samarTaldarRvevas warmoadgenda da 500-lariani jarimis an administraciuli patimrobis safuZveli SeiZlebo-da gamxdariyo. es norma rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufle-basTan Seusabamobis safuZvelze saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2011 wlis 22 dekembers arakonstituciurad cno.29 am gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg miRebuli uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi adasturebs, rom qvemdgom sa-samarTloebs damkvidrebuli hqondaT praqtika, romlis mixed-viTac keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba ar iTvleboda sarezer-vo samsaxurisgan gaTavisuflebis samarTlebriv safuZvlad.30

2.3. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, eklesiis mier warmoebuli saRvTismsaxuro produqcia misi damza-deba, Semotana, miwodeba da Semowiruloba, aseve araekono-mikuri mizniT arsebuli qoneba da miwa gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadebisgan.

amdenad, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis araekonomikuri mizniT arsebuli qoneba da miwa, Semowiruloba da saRvTismsaxuro produqciis warmoeba da miwodeba ar SeiZleba daibegros. religiuri organizaciis, maT Soris dominanturi religi-

28 saqarTvelos kanoni samxedro-sarezervo samsaxuris Sesaxeb, 2006 wlis 27 dekemberi, muxli 2, punqti 2.29 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg, 1/1/477, 2011 wlis 22 dekemberi.30 ix. mag. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetileba bs-1599-1575(k-11), 9 Tebervali, 2012; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetileba bs-477-471(2k-12), 20 seqtemberi, 2012.

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uri organizaciis, gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisufleba TavisTavad ar qmnis problemas sekularobis TvalsazrisiT. kiTxva imaSi mdgomareobs, sargebloben Tu ara imave sagadasaxado SeRa-vaTebiT is religiuri organizaciebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi religiur saqmianobas ewevian.

ganvixiloT saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis31 Sesabamisi muxlebi. sagadasaxado kodeqsis me-9 muxli adgens, rom re-ligiuri saqmianoba ar warmoadgens ekonomikur saqmianobas. amasTan, religiuri organizaciebis sawarmoTa saqmianobac, rac dakavSirebulia religiuri literaturis an sagnebis war-moebasTan an realizaciasTan, agreTve warmoadgens religiur saqmianobas.32 es ganmarteba exeba TavisTavad yvela religi-ur organizacias da ara mxolod marTlmadidebel eklesias. ramdenadac religiuri organizaciebi ar ewevian ekonomikur saqmianobas, isini ar warmoadgenen sawarmos sagadasaxado ko-deqsis gagebiT.33

aRniSnuli gamijvna religiur da ekonomikur saqmianobas Soris aTavisuflebs registrirebul religiur organizaciebs moge-bis gadasaxadisgan. sagadasaxado kodeqsis 96-e muxlis mixedviT, mogebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi arian mxolod sawarmoebi da ara organizaciebi. Sesabamisad, religiur organizacias moge-bis gadasaxadi ver daekisreba im nawilSi, sadac ekonomikuri saqmianoba dakavSirebulia religiuri daniSnulebis sagnebisa da religiuri literaturis warmoebasTan, realizaciasa da am saqmianobiT miRebuli Semosavlis gamoyenebasTan. rogorc aRvniSneT, me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, es yvelaferi religiur da Sesabamisad, araekonomikur saqmianobad kvalificirdeba saga-dasaxado kodeqsis miznebisTvis.

miuxedavad, imisa, rom normis rogorc teqstobrivi, ise mizno-brivi analiziT cxadia, rom religiuri organizacia ar aris sawarmo da ver daibegreba mogebis gadasaxadiT, gaurkvevelia 99-e muxlis Sinaarsi, romelic CamoTvlis, Tu ra Tavisufl-deba mogebis gadasaxadisgan. gaTavisuflebulTa Soris moxse-

31 saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, 3591II s, 2010 wlis 17 seqtemberi. 32 iqve, muxli 11, nawili 2.33 iqve, muxli 21.

27

niebulia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier religiuri dani-SnulebiT gamoyenebuli jvrebis, sanTlebis, xatebis, wignebisa da kalendrebis realizaciiT miRebuli mogeba. imis gaTval-iswinebiT, rom religiuri organizaciis mier religiuri dani-Snulebis produqciis realizaciiT miRebuli mogeba isedac Tavisufldeba me-11 muxlis (religiuri saqmianoba) da 96-e muxlis safuZvelze, gaurkvevelia, ratom iyo saWiro sapatri-arqosTan mimarTebiT amis gameoreba. aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios bundovaneba da kiTxvebi, Tumca, religiuri organizaciebisa da sawarmoebis mkacri gamijvnis pirobebSi, erTmniSvnelovania, rom kodeqsi ar utovebs sagadasaxado organizaciebs sivrces religiuri saqmianobis dasabegrad.

mogebis gadasaxadisgan gansxvavebuli situaciaa dRg-sTan da-kavSirebiT. sagadasaxado kodeqsis 168-e muxlSi pirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom CaTvlis uflebis gareSe dRg-isgan gaTavi-suflebulia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier jvris, sanTlis, xatis, wignis, kalendrisa da sxva saRvTismsaxuro sagnebis miwodeba, romlebic gamoiyeneba mxolod religiuri mizniT (nawili 1, v qvepunqti) da CaTvlis uflebis gareSe dRg-is-gan gaTavisuflebulia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos dakveTiT taZrebisa da eklesiebis mSenebloba, restavracia da moxatva (nawili 2, b qvepunqti). amdenad, dRg-iT dabegvris nawilSi aSkaraa preferencirebuli mopyroba sapatriarqos, anu saqa-rTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT, radgan misi da-kveTiT sxva subieqtebis mier ganxorcielebuli operaciac ki Tavisufldeba dRg-sgan. es TavisTavad mniSvnelovan finansur upiratesobas aniWebs sapatriarqos yvela sxva religiur or-ganizaciasTan SedarebiT.

qonebis gadasaxadTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxli Seicavs daTqmas, rom qonebis gadasaxa-disagan gaTavisuflebulia organizaciis qoneba, agreTve, or-ganizaciaze lizingiT gacemuli qoneba, garda miwisa da or-ganizaciis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis gamoyenebuli qonebisa. radgan 30-e muxlis pirveli punqtis a qvepunqtis Tanaxmad organizacia moicavs religiur organizaciasac, unda vivaraudoT, rom yvela religiuri organizacia Tavisufldeba

28

qonebis gadasaxadisgan, garda miwisa da lizingiT gacemuli qonebisa.

rac Seexeba miwis gadasaxads, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado ko-deqsi ar iTvaliswinebs dabegvris gansxvavebul reJims da arc aTavisuflebs religiur organizaciebs misgan. dRg-is SemTxvevisgan gansxvavebiT, sagadasaxado kodeqsi ar Seicavs gamonakliss saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvisac. Tumca, aq saqmeSi erTveba konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rome-lic am sakiTxze calsaxa debulebas Seicavs: eklesiis... miwa gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadebisgan. Sesabamisad, marTalia, sagadasaxado kodeqsi ar aTavisuflebs marTlmadidebel ekle-sias, magram es uzrunvelyofilia zemdgomi, normatiuli Zalis mqone aqtiT konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT da miwis gadasaxa-dTan dakavSirebiTac marTlmadidebeli eklesia sargeblobs mniSvnelovani finansuri upiratesobiT sxva religiuri orga-nizaciebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic miwis gadasaxads ixdian.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlSi laparakia agreTve marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis gakeTebuli Semowirulo-bis gaTavisuflebaze gadasaxadisgan. am nawilSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da sxva religiuri organizaciebi Tanaswor mopyrobas eqvemdebarebian, radgan sagadasaxado ko-deqsis 99-e muxlis pirveli nawilis b qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, Semowiruloba (anu usasyidlod miRebuli saqoneli, momsax-ureba da fuladi saxsrebi) gaTavisuflebulia mogebis ga-dasaxadisgan.

amdenad, sagadasaxado kodeqsisa da konstituciuri SeTanx-mebis analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba oTx sferoSi (Semowirulobebi, miwa, qoneba, saRvTismsaxuro produqcia) marTlmadidebel eklesias gadasaxadebisgan aTavisuflebs. aqedan mogebis gadasaxadsa da SemowirulobebTan dakavSirebiT yvela religiuri organi-zacia Tanabar mdgomareobaSia saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kod-eqsis Sesabamisi debulebebis wyalobiT. qonebis gadasaxadisgan marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavisufldeba srulad, xolo sxva religiuri organizaciebi ixdian gadasaxads qonebis mxolod

29

konkretul saxesTan dakavSirebiT (mag. lizingiT gacemuli qoneba). rac Seexeba miwis gadasaxadsa da saRvTismsaxuro pro-duqciis miwodebis an dakveTis dabegvras dRgiT, am sferoSi marTlmadidebeli eklesia erTmniSvnelovnad privilegirebu-lia da sargeblobs finansuri SeRavaTiT, razec ar miuwvdebaT xeli sxva religiur organizaciebs, rac udavod uTanasworo mopyrobis magaliTia.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia uTanasworo mopyro-biT sargeblobs agreTve sabaJo kontrolis sferoSi. saqarT-velos sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da gafor-mebis Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze saqarTvelos finansTa ministris brZanebis 90-e muxlis Tanaxmad, oqros si-aSi Seyvanis pirobebis dakmayofilebis gareSe, xelisuflebis umaRles organoebTan erTad oqros siis monawilea saqarTve-los sapatriarqoc (muxli 90, punqti 2, z qvepunqti).34 saqarT-velos sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, oqros siis monawiles saSualeba aqvs saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis Se-motanis an gatanisas isargeblos gamartivebuli procedure-biT da gadasaxadebi gadaixados gansxvavebul vadebSi.

imavdroulad, religiurma organizaciebma tolerantobisa da mravalferovnebis instituts (TDI) miawodes informacia im biurokratiuli sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, rac xvdebaT reli-giuri literaturisa da religiuri daniSnulebis saqonlis saqarTveloSi Semotanisas. evangelurprotestantuli ekle-siis pastorma Smagi WankvetaZem aRniSna, rom maT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZles saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili wignebis sawyobebSi ganTavseba im mizeziT, rom sabaJo kontrolis or-ganoebi ver axerxebdnen gamomgzavni piris identifikacias. agreTve, sistemuri problema aqvs somxur kaTolikur eklesia-sac saqar TveloSi. rogorc aRniSnuli eklesiis arqiepiskopo-si rafael minasiani aRniSnavs reintegraciis sakiTxebSi saqa-rTvelos saxelmwifo ministrTan gagzavnil werilSi: somxuri kaTolikuri eklesia yovel wels awydeba erTsa da imave prob-lemas. saqme is aris, rom Cveni saeklesio kalendrebi ibeWdeba

34 saqarTvelos finansTa ministris brZaneba 290 saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da gaformebis Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze, 2012 wlis 26 ivlisi.

30

somxeTSi da gviCndeba problema kalendrebis saqarTveloSi Semotanis dros. sazRvarze ar atareben araviTar literatu-ras arc kalendrebs, arc wignebs, albaT, imis SiSiT, rom aris separatistuli literatura...35 am biurokratiuli sirTulee-bisgan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia dazRveulia ara mxolod Sesabamisi sajaro moxeleebis keTilganwyobis gamo am eklesiis mimarT, aramed normatiulad ganmtkicebuli statusis wyalobiTac is oqros siis monawilea da samarT-lebrivad miuwvdeba xeli gamartivebul procedurebze.

2.4. sabWoTa kavSiris dros miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba da sakulto nagebobebis dabruneba

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTve-lom aRiara XIX-XX saukuneebSi eklesiisaTvis materialuri da moraluri zianis miyenebis faqti da materialuri zianis nawi-lobrivi kompensaciis valdebuleba ikisra. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis Semdeg, 2002 wlidan, saxelmwifo yovel-wliurad afinansebs saqarTvelos sapatriarqos. arasamTavro-bo organizaciis saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelos kvlevis Tanaxmad, 2002-2013 wlebSi finansTa saministros mier saqarTvelos sapatriarqosaTvis gamoyofilma pirdapirma da-finansebam 160 672 200 lari Seadgina.36 amasTan, saxelmwifo biujetSi sapatriarqosTvis gamoyofili daxmarebis odenoba, ZiriTadad, zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba (2011-2012 wlebis gamonaklisis garda). damatebiT, tolerantobisa da mraval-ferovnebis institutis kvlevam cxadyo, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi yovelwliurad da sakmaod mniSvnelovani odenobis TanxiT finansdebian agreTve municipaluri biujetebidanac.37 aRniSnuli Tanxis mizno-briobasTan dakavSirebiT raime samarTlebrivi wyaro ar ar-

35 aRmosavleT evropis somex kaTolikeTa ordinari, arqiepiskopos rafael minasianis werili saqarTvelos reintegraciis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministrs paata zaqareiSvils, r. 03.13, 24.12.2013.36 saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelo, mokle mimoxilva saqarTvelos sapatriarqos dafinansebis Sesaxeb, 4 ivlisi, 2013.37 tolerantobisa da mravalferovnebis instituti, saxelmwifo dafinanseba marTlmadidebluri rwmenis ganmtkicebisTvis, 18 Tebervali, 2014.

31

sebobs. arsad aRiniSneba, es Tanxa konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebis Sesrulebis saxiT ericxeba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias Tu misi anaz-Raurebis valdebulebis Sesruleba gadaido da mTeli es wlebi gaurkveveli daniSnulebisTvis xarjavs saxelmwifo sabiujeto Tanxis mniSvnelovan odenobas.

rac Seexeba sabWoTa kavSiris dros miyenebuli zianis meore nawils, CamorTmeuli eklesiebis, miwebisa da moZravi qonebis saxiT, amasTan dakavSirebiTac konstituciuri SeTanxmeba mniS-vnelovan garantias Seicavs: saxelmwifo eklesiis sakuTrebad cnobs saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze arsebul marTlmadide-blur taZrebs, monastrebs (moqmeds da aramoqmeds), maT nan-grevebs, agreTve, miwis nakveTebs, romlebzec isinia ganlage-buli.

Tumca, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis miRebamde gacilebiT adre, 1990 wlis 12 aprils, saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi re-spublikis ministrTa sabWom miiRo dadgenileba N183, romlis me3 punqtis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos yvela sakulto nageboba, uZrav-moZrav qonebasTan erTad, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad gamocxadda.38

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia aqtiurad iyenebs orive aqts rogorc misTvis CamorTmeuli sakulto nagebobebi-sa da maTTan dakavSirebuli qonebis dasabruneblad, ise sxva religiuri organizaciebis sakulto nagebobebze sakuTrebis uflebis registrirebisTvis, rogorc es Semdeg TavSi iqneba naCvenebi.

ilustrirebisTvis SegviZlia ganvixiloT anCisxatis eklesi-is ezoSi arsebul SenobasTan dakavSirebuli dava. TbilisSi arsebul anCisxatis eklesiaSi 1988 wlidan ganaxlda RvTism-saxureba, magram eklesiis ezo (miwa) da ezoSi mdebare saxli rCeboda istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa dacvis sazogadoebis balansze 1981 wlis Tbilisis saxalxo deputatTa saqalaqo

38 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palata, gadawyvetileba no. bs-470-408-k-04, 10 noemberi, 2004.

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sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis gadawyvetilebiT. 1990 wels ssr ministrTa sabWos N183 dadgenilebiT yvela marTlmadide-beli eklesia da maTi uZrav-moZravi qoneba sapatriarqos sa-kuTrebad gamocxadda. 2001 wels ki sazogadoebis samarTalmem-kvidre fondma Senoba Tavis sakuTrebad daaregistrira. sa-patriarqo moiTxovda miwis nakveTsa da Senoba-nagebobaze fondis sakuTrebis baTilad cnobas, radgan amtkicebda, rom sakuTrebis aRiareba kanonis darRveviT moxda. kerZod, fonds ar gaaCnda miwaTsargeblobis damadasturebeli sabuTi, rac aucilebeli iyo sakuTrebis uflebis registraciisTvis. meore mxriv, fondi miuTiTebda, rom sadavo Senoba-nageboba ar war-moadgenda sakulto nagebobas da ar unda mikuTvneboda N183 dadgenilebis safuZvelze sapatriarqos.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Senoba 1981 wlidan kulturisa da Zegl-Ta dacvis sazogadoebis balansze iyo, rogorc saapelacio, ise sakasacio sasamarTlom39 motivacia daafuZnes ssr ministrTa sabWos 1986 wlis 14 noembris dadgenilebaze, romlis Tanaxmad-ac sadavo nageboba saepiskoposo saxli anCisxatis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda. argumentad moyvanil iqna isic, rom 1981 wels arsebuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Senobis gadacema balansze masze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis safuZvels ar warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, fondis sakuTrebis registracia gauqmda da sapatriarqos moTxovna dakmayofilda.

aRniSnuli saqme cxadyofs, ramdenad privilegirebulia sapa-triarqo Tavisi sakuTrebis uflebis aRdgenis TvalsazrisiT, ara mxolod uSualod sakulto nagebobebze, aramed mimdebare Senobebzec, Tu raimenairad dadgindeba am Senobebis kavSiri sakulto nagebobasTan, Tundac es ukanaskneli sxva organizaci-is sakuTreba iyos. rogorc Semdgom TavSi vnaxavT, sxva reli-giuri organizaciebis mier sakulto nagebobaze mesakuTreobis aRsadgenad istoriuli warmoSobis mtkiceba ar aris sakmarisi. gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba saqme, Tu sadavo nageboba ukve sapa-triarqos sakuTrebad aris registrirebuli, rogorc es Cans kaTolikeebis eklesiis saqmeSi.

39 iqve.

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2.5. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis privilegiebi sajaro ganaTlebis sferoSi

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-5 muxlis safuZvelze marTl-madidebelma eklesiam mniSvnelovani privilegiebi miiRo sa-jaro ganaTlebis sferoSi: marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis nebayoflobiTi swavleba saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, eklesiis saswavlo dawesebulebebis ganaTlebis damadasture-beli dokumentebis, samecniero xarisxebisa da wodebebis aR-iareba, erToblivi programebis ganxorcieleba da eklesiis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis xelSewyoba.

aRniSnuli garantiebi asaxulia zogadi ganaTlebis Sesax-eb saqarTvelos kanonSi40 da umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi41. zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanoni aRiarebs rwmenis Tavisuflebas, magram, imavdroulad, me-18 muxlis me-4 punqti uSvebs sajaro skolis moswavleebis mier saskolo droisgan Tavisufal dros religiis nebayoflobiT Seswavlas an religiuri ritualis Catarebas. me-18 muxlSi aSkarad igulisxmeba daSveba, rom religiuri rituali an religiis Seswavla moxdeba isev skolis teritoriaze, sxvag-varad am daTqmas azri ar eqneboda, radgan skolis gareT sko-lis moswavleebs isedac aqvT ufleba, monawileoba miiRon maTTvis sasurvel religiur msaxurebaSi. es debuleba kon-stituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesrulebi-sTvis qmnis sivrces da sajaro skolaSi marTlmadidebluri religiis swavlebis saSualebas iZleva. marTalia, marTlma-didebeli eklesia arsad aris dakonkretebuli, magram maswav-lebelTa da moswavleTa umravlesobis aRmsareblobis gaT-valiswinebiT TavisTavad cxadia, rom nebayoflobiT mxolod am religiis Seswavla moxdeba.

meSvide dRis qristian-adventistTa eklesiis warmomadgenleb-ma interviuSi aRniSnes, rom marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis swavleba oficialurad nebayoflobiTia, magram cxrilSi es ga-kveTilebi sxva gakveTilebs Soris aris moqceuli da sxva aRm-

40 saqarTvelos kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, 1330-Is, 2005 wlis 8 aprili.41 saqarTvelos kanoni `umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, 688-rs, 2004 wlis 21 dekemberi.

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sareblobis moswavleebic iZulebulni xdebian, daeswron am gakveTilebs. sxva aRmsareblobis moswavlis daswreba marTl-madidebluri sarwmunoebis swavlebaze iwvevs imas, rom erTi mxriv, es swavleba aRar gamodis nebayoflobiTi, meore mxriv ki es moswavleebi, bunebrivia, ver erTvebian religiur aq-tivobebSi da Sesabamisad, xdeba maTi segregacia danarCeni klasisgan.

tolerantobisa da mravalferovnebis institutma (TDI) saqar-Tvelos 74 sajaro skolas mimarTa religiis swavlebis mo-delis gasarkvevad; skolebs vTxoveT agreTve religiis ga-kveTilebis cxrilis warmodgenac. miRebuli pasuxebis umrav-lesoba uaryofda skolaSi nebayoflobiT religiis Seswavlas, Sesabamisad, ver moxerxda saswavlo cxrilis miReba, romel-ic daadasturebda an uaryofda religiis swavlebis Sesaxeb informacias. Tumca, gamokiTxuli sajaro skolebis nawilma aRiara, rom skolaSi ganTavsebulia religiuri simboloe-bi an samlocveloebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom araakademiuri miznebisTvis religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba akrZalu-lia zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-18 muxlis me-3 punqtiT. skolis direqtorebis mtkicebiT, es xdeba moswav-leTa da mSobelTa surviliT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, gamofe-nili religiuri simboloebi aris mxolod marTlmadidebeli eklesiis religiuri simboloebi, xatebi da samlocveloebi, anu kanoni eqskluziurad erTi religiis waxalisebisTvis ir-Rveva, rac ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros reagire-bis gareSe rCeba.

marTlmadidebeli eklesia calsaxa upiratesobiT sarge-blobs umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSic. umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-9 muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad, marTl-madidebluri saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba SeiZleba arsebobdes saqarTvelos sapatri-arqos struqturuli erTeulis an calke kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris saxiT. damatebiT, kanonis 311 muxlis Ta-naxmad, marTlmadideblur saRvTismetyvelo umaRles sagan-manaTleblo dawesebulebas afuZnebs, mis wesdebas amtkicebs da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulisagan gansxvavebul struqtura-

35

sa da marTvis organoebs gansazRvravs, agreTve, akademiuri xarisxis miniWebis wess adgens sruliad saqarTvelos kaTo-likos-patriarqi. marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis Semdgomi privilegirebisT-vis 894 muxlis Tanaxmad, es dawesebulebebi 2015 wlis 1-el ianvramde iTvlebian avtorizebulad da mxolod amis Semdeg moeTxovebaT avtorizaciis gavla saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-biT dadgenili wesiT, rac rTuli procesia da qveyanaSi ar-sebuli yvela sxva sajaro da kerZo saganmanaTleblo dawese-bulebisTvis savaldebuloa.

kanonis doneze ganmtkicebul privilegiebsa da uTanasworo mopyrobas emateba sajaro skolebis maswavlebelTa damoki-debulebac,42 romelic orientirebulia marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis prozelitizmisken, miuxedavad imisa, rom es akrZalulia zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kano-nis me-18 muxliT. religiuri umciresobebis iehovas mowmeTa qristianuli organizaciis, meSvide dRis qristian-adventist-Ta eklesiis, laTin kaTolikeTa eklesiis, qarTvel muslimTa kavSiris warmomadgenlebi interviuebSi miuTiTebdnen mas-wavlebelTa mier gakveTilebze agresiuli prozelitizmis, gansxvavebuli sarwmunoebis moswavleebis gakicxvisa da maTze zewolis faqtebze.

am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mZime darRvevas hqonda adgili simon sxirtlaZis saxelobis onis sajaro skolaSi, sadac biologi-is maswavlebelma mSobelTan SeuTanxmeblad da arasrulwlo-vanze xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis Semdeg 13 wlis n. g. monaTla marTlmadidebluri wesiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom moswavlis ojaxis wevrebis iehovas mowme qristianebi iyvnen da cnobi-li iyo, rom ojaxi marTlmadidebluri naTlobis winaaRmde-gi iqneboda. am faqtma arasrulwlovans mZime fsiqologiuri stresi mia yena, TumcaRa, skolis maswavlebels pasuxismge-bloba daekisra mxolod skolis Sinaganawesis darRvevisTvis skolidan moswavlis TviTneburi gaTavisuflebisTvis; di-reqtoris gadawyvetilebiT religiuri niSniT diskriminaci-

42 ix. adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitoringis centris kvleva religia sajaro skolebSi, 2014, gv. 11

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isa da indoqtrinaciis gamo maswavlebels raime pasuxismge-bloba ar dakisrebia.43

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros debulebis Tanaxmad, Sida auditis departamentis uSualo pa-suxismgeblobaa saministros struqturuli qvedanayofebis, maT Soris sajaro skolebis saqmianobis saqarTvelos kanon-mdeblobasTan Sesabamisobis Sefaseba/monitoringi.44 rodesac zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni ase aSkarad irRveva, mxolod formaluri axsna-ganmartebiT Semofargvla da samarTaldarRvevis Sinaganawesis darRvevad dakvalifi-cireba erTmniSvnelovnad niSnavs, rom Sida auditis departa-menti Tavis movaleobas ar asrulebs.

aRniSnuli SemTxveva miuTiTebs, rom Sida auditis departa-menti ar asrulebs misi mandatiT gaTvaliswinebul ufleba-mosilebebs da ar uzrunvelyofs moswavleebis kanoniT garan-tirebul uflebas, daculni iyvnen indoqtrinaciisa da pro-zelitizmisgan.

2.6. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizacia

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis kidev erTi sivrce, sadac saqar-Tvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia sargeblobs calsaxa upi-ratesobiT sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris formiT reg-istrirebul sxva religiur organizaciebTan SedarebiT, aris saxelmwifo qonebis privatizacia. saxelmwifo qonebis Sesa-xeb saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo qonebis SemZeni SeiZleba iyos fizikuri piri an kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri da saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT pirdapiri miyidvisas aseve saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri

43 saqarTvelos ganaTlebis da mecnierebis saministros Sida auditis departamentis ufrosis movaleobis Semsruleblis, giorgi qoCiSvilis werili saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis aparatis marTlmsajulebis departamentis ufross, irakli mJavanaZes, no. 07219/26267, 24/07/2012.44 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba no. 37 saqarTvelos ganaTlebis da mecnierebis saministros debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb, 2004 wlis 21 maisi, muxli 41, punqti 3, qvepunqti g.

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marTlmadidebeli eklesia.45 aRniSnuli praqtikulad niSnavs imas, rom sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris formiT regis-trirebul arc erT sxva religiur organizacias ar SeuZlia pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT saxelmwifo qonebis SemZeni iyos, garda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa, romlisTvi-sac specialuri gamonaklisia daSvebuli. damatebiTi garantiis saxiT amave muxlSi xazgasmulia, rom marTlmadidebel ekle-sias aqvs ufleba, usasyidlod moaxdinos saxelmwifo sakuTre-baSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo miwis privatizeba.46 igive garantia gvxvdeba kanonis me-11 muxlSic, romelic damatebiT saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad acxadebs mis sargeblobaSi arsebul sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwas.

tolerantobisa da mravalferovnebis institutis (TDI) mier qonebis marTvis erovnuli saagentodan gamoTxovili infor-macia cxadyofs, ra aqtiurad iyeneben zemoaRniSnul sakanon-mdeblo privilegiebs saxelmwifo qonebis praqtikulad usas-yidlod, erT larad marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebaSi gadasacemad.

mowodebuli informacia adasturebs, rom 2011 wels prezident-ma gamosca 6 gankarguleba marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT qonebis gadacemis Sesaxeb da sul mas gadaeca daaxloebiT 12 ha (120 511, 5 kvm) saxelmwifo sa-kuTrebaSi arsebuli miwa, maTze arsebuli Senoba-nagebobebis farTis gareSe; 2012 wels gamoica kidev 15 msgavsi Sinaarsis gankarguleba da sapatriarqos sakuTrebaSi gadaeca daaxloe-biT 29 ha miwa (299553,8 kvm), isev maTze ganlagebuli Senobanagebobebis farTis gareSe; 2013 wels gamoica mxolod 3 gan-karguleba da sapatriarqom sakuTrebaSi miiRo daaxloebiT 0.6 ha (6207 kvm) miwa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionSi, xolo 2014 wels am gankargulebebis odenoba isev gaizarda gamoica 8 gankarguleba da manqanebTan, avtobusebTan, Senoba-nagebobebsa da sxva inventarTan erTad sapatriarqom miiRo sakuTrebaSi daaxloebiT 12 ha (120 633 kvm) miwa.

45 saqarTvelos kanoni saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb, 3512rs, 2010 wlis 21 ivlisi, muxli 2, punqti 1.46 iqve, muxlis 2, punqti 2.

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maSin, rodesac yovelwliurad saqarTvelos yvela regionSi yovelgvari dasabuTebis, saprivatizacio pirobebis dadgenisa da sasyidlis gareSe sapatriarqos didi Rirebulebis saxel-mwifo qoneba gadaecema, sxva religiuri organizaciebi ver axerxeben saxelmwifosgan sakuTrebaSi miiRon miwis mcire na-kveTebi maTze ganlagebuli SenobebiT, romlebic wlebis gan-mavlobaSi am religiuri organizaciebis sargeblobaSia da maTi sakulto nagebobebis funqcias asrulebs.

magaliTad, evangelur-protestantulma eklesiam mimarTa ekonomikisa da ganviTarebis saagentos mis sargeblobaSi ar-sebuli miwis nakveTisa da masze ganTavsebuli saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli Senobis privatizebis TxovniT, razec 2014 wlis ianvarSi ssip saxelmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagen-tosgan uari miiRo. uaris safuZvels warmoadgenda zemoxsen-ebuli saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis pirveli punqti, romlis Tanaxmadac, sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT saxelmwifo qoneba ver gadaecema. saxelmwifo qonebis erovnulma saagentom mniS-vnelovnad ar CaTvala is, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris formiT regis-trirebul religiur organizaciebze sajaro samarTlis iu-ridiuli piris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni ar vrceldeba da Tavisi arsiTa da samarTlebrivi reJimis TvalsazrisiT aseTi religiuri organizaciebi kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirTan gaTanabrebuli pirebi arian.

saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli 576 kvm miwis nakveTis privatizeba surs saqarTvelos saxarebis rwmenis eklesia-sac quTaisSi, radgan is am nakveTiT 1998 wlidan sargeblobs da aqve atarebs RvTismsaxurebas. maTac mimarTes privatize-bis TxovniT ekonomikisa da ganviTarebis saministros, Tumca, maRali albaTobiT maTi samarTlebrivi statusis gamo isinic ver SeZleben am qonebis sakuTrebad registrirebas.

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3. sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidreoba religiur organizaciebTan dakavSirebiT

3.1. sabWoTa kavSiris dros miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba

saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2014 wlis 27 ianvris dadgenilebis Ta-naxmad, miiRo gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sapatriarqos garda, damatebiT oTxi religiuri jgu-fisTvis aenazRaurebina sabWoTa periodSi miyenebuli materi-aluri da moraluri ziani. ziani nawilobriv aunazRaurdebaT 2014 wlis 27 ianvramde sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris samarTlebrivi formiT registrirebul islamuri, iudeuri, romaul-kaTolikuri da somxuri samociqulo aRmsareblobis mqone religiur gaerTianebebs. Tumca, gaurkvevelia, ra kri-teriumis gamoyenebiT an ra istoriul monacemebze dayrdno-biT SeirCa mxolod es oTxi konfesia maSin, roca sabWoTa ka-vSirSi analogiurad idevnebodnen sxva religiuri jgufebic (iezidebi, luTerelebi, kriSnaitebi da sxv.). dazaralebulTa-gan mxolod oTxi konfesiis SerCeva diskriminaciuli mopyro-bis kidev erTi magaliTia.

sazogadod, samarTlebrivad zianis anazRaureba emsaxure-ba konkretuli pirisTvis samarTlebrivad daculi inter-esis Selaxvis gamosworebas. amisTvis, saWiroa ganisazRvros konkretuli istoriuli movleniT an movlenebiT dazarale-buli piri an pirebi, qmedebebi, romlebmac uSualod gamoi-wvies ziani da bolos, dadgindes zianis odenoba. mTavrobis gansaxilveli dadgenileba arc erT am elements ar Seicavs. mTavroba ar dainteresebula imis garkveviT, kerZod, ro-mel religiur gaerTianebebs miadgaT ziani sabWoTa reJimis dros da TviTneburad SearCia oTxi religiuri aRmsarebloba anu dazaralebul pirTa wre ganisazRvra istoriuli kri-teriumebis gverdis avliT. aseve, ganmartebidan gamomdinare, gaurkvevelia gamowveuli zianis odenobac: ucnobia... zianis zusti odenoba da amdenad, zianis anazRaureba ganxorcieldeba simbolurad saxelmwifo biujetidan Tanxis yovelwliurad gamoyofis gziT. amasTan, Tu erTi religiuri aRmsarebloba warmodgenilia ramdenime sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris

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mier, maT moeTxovebaT erT iuridiul pirad gaerTianeba, sa-koordinacio sabWos Seqmna, an erT-erTi gaerTianebis sasarge-blod anazRaurebis uflebis daTmoba, imisTvis, rom religiur gaerTianebaze Tanxis gacema moxdes.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom adgili aqvs ara sabWoTa kavSiris mier mi-yenebuli zianis anazRaurebas, aramed gaurkveveli da gaumWvir-vale procesis Sedegad SerCeuli religiuri gaerTianebebis dafinansebis gegmas, rac, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos uSualod am religiuri gaerTianebebis dafinansebis mo-tiviT, meore mxriv ki, miznad isaxavdes saqarTvelos sapatri-arqosTvis wlebis ganmavlobaSi miniWebuli sabiujeto saxsre-bis Semdgom legitimacias imis warmoCinebiT, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis garda sxva religiuri gaerTiane-bebic sargebloben sajaro resursebiT. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom maRali albaTobiT zianis anazRaurebis dadge-nileba mimarTulia ara uTanasworo mopyrobis aRmofxvrisken, aramed arsebuli uTanasworo mopyrobis SenarCunebisken da, imavdroulad, qmnis uTanasworobis axal talRas CamoTvlil oTx aRmsareblobasa da sabWoTa kavSiris dros dazaralebul sxva religiur gaerTianebebs Soris, romlebic amis miuxedavad daxmarebas ver miiReben.

2014 wlis 13 marts saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo N437 gan-karguleba saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTiane-bebisTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli gankargulebis mixedviT, anaz-Raurebis mizniT 2014 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobis sarezervo fondidan gamosayofi Tanxa ganisazRvra 3 500 000 (sami milion xuTasi aTasi) laris odenobiT. aRniSnuli Tanxis ganawilebis pirobebis gansazRvra, iseve rogorc anazRaureba, daevala ssip religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentos. am mimarTulebiT sxva nabijebi jerjerobiT ar gadadgmula.

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3.2. sabWoTa kavSiris dros CamorTmeuli qonebis restitucia

20 welze metia, rac religiuri gaerTianebebi, somexTa samoci-qulo eklesiis eparqia saqarTveloSi, kaTolike eklesia, evan-gelur-luTeruli eklesia, muslimTa Temi da iudauri Temis warmomadgenlebi sabWoTa reJimis dros CamorTmeuli qonebis restitucias sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver axerxeben.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, sapatriarqom sargeblobisa da sakuTrebis uflebiT marTlmadidebluri taZrebi daibru-na, Tumca sapatriarqosTvis gadacemul qristianul sakulto nagebobebs Soris, marTlmadideblurTan erTad, is eklesiebic aRmoCnda, romlebic istoriulad sxva religiur gaerTiane-bebs ekuTvnoda. amasTanave, daubrunebeli darCa sabWoTa pe-riodSi CamorTmeuli is religiuri daniSnulebis nagebobebi, romlebic sapatriarqos interess ar warmoadgenda, saxelm-wifo an kerZo mflobelobaSi iricxeboda da sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebiT funqcionirebda (mag. Teatri, sportuli darba-zi, biblioTeka da a.S.).

amJamad, somexTa samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesia saxelmwifosgan eqvsi taZris dabrunebas iTxovs. maTgan xuTi TbilisSi da erTi axalcixis municipalitetSi mdebareobs. restituciis gaWianurebis gamo, somxuri taZrebi, romlebic saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebs warmoadgens, droTa ganmavlobaSi, mniSvnelovnad ziandeba an/da ingreva. zog SemTxvevaSi ki, maTi iersaxe mizanmimarTulad icvleba da maxinjdeba. kaTolike eklesia ver ibrunebs quTaisis, goris, baTumis, ivlitasa (axalcixis municipaliteti) da udes (adige-nis municipaliteti) eklesiebs. evangelur-luTeruli eklesia iTxovs sofel asureTis moqmedi sakulto nagebobisa da bol-nisSi eklesiis Senobis dabrunebas, romelSic amJamad sportu-li darbazia ganTavsebuli.

religiuri umciresobebisTvis aRniSnuli sakulto nage-bobebis restituciis problema mougvarebelia, radgan maTze sakuTrebis pretenzias saqarTvelos sapatriarqo acxadebs, an

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saxelmwifom es taZrebi marTlmadidebel eklesias sakuTrebis uflebiT ukve gadasca.

saqarTveloSi ufunqcio meCeTebisa da sinagogebis sakuTrebis uflebiT dabrunebis sakiTxi problemuria muslimuri da iu-dauri TemebisTvisac.

religiurma umciresobebma istoriuli samarTlianobis aR-dgenisa da Senobebis kanonieri mesakuTrisTvis dabrunebis mizniT sasamarTlos or SemTxvevaSi mimarTes. qvemoT, aR-niSnul saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis analizia war-modgenili.

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3.2.1. sinagogis saqme

religiuri organizaciebisTvis sabWoTa kavSiris dros Camor-Tmeuli qonebis dabrunebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ebraelTa sinagogis saqmeze, romelic 2001 wlis 10 aprils iqna miRebu-li.47

saqme exeboda TbilisSi arsebul Senobas, romelic Tbilisis ebraelTa religiuri sazogadoebis mtkicebiT warmoadgenda ebraelTa Temis samlocvelos da romelic maT CamoarTves ga-suli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi. saqarTvelos premier-ministris 1994 wlis gankargulebis Tanaxmad, adgilobriv organoebs unda uzrunveleyoT sxva kulturul-istoriul obieqtebTan erTad, ebraelTa salocavebis dabruneba kanonieri mflobelebisT-vis. Sesabamisad, qalaq Tbilisis municipalitetis kabinetis 1995 wlis 22 ivnisis dadgenilebiT, TbilisSi, aTonelis q. 10-Si mdebare Senoba sakuTrebis uflebiT gadaeca ebraelTa religiur sazogadoebas. Tumca, 1988 wlidan Senoba flobi-sa da sargeblobis uflebiT gadacemuli hqonda saxelmwifos axalgazrdul dramatul Teatr-studia m.T.-s, romelmac, Ta-vis mxriv, saijaro xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Senoba gadasca j.b.-is saxelobis Tbilisis ... instituts. Teatr-studiam da institutma jer saarbitraJo, xolo am ukanasknelis gauqme-bis Semdeg, saerTo sasamarTloebSi daiwyes dava ebraelTa religiuri sazogadoebisTvis Senobis gadacemis Sesaxeb dadge-nilebis baTilad cnobis moTxovniT. sapasuxo moTxovnis saxiT, ebraelTa religiuri sazogadoeba moiTxovda maT gamosaxle-bas sadavo Senobidan. m. T. da j.b.-is saxelobis Tbilisis ... institutis erT-erTi argumenti, ris gamoc unda gauqmebuli-yo q. Tbilisis municipalitetis kabinetis 1995 wlis 22 ivnisis dadgenileba, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom sadavo Senoba ar war-moadgenda ebraelTa sakulto nagebobas, xolo ebraelTa re-ligiuri sazogadoeba ar warmoadgenda samarTalsubieqts da

47 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetileba no. 3b/ad132, 10 aprili, 2001.

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Sesabamisad, misTvis Senobis gadacemas ar hqonda raime samarT-lebrivi safuZveli.

saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom sadavo Seno-bis sakulto xasiaTi ar warmoadgenda davis sagans, magram am sakiTxis garkveva mniSvnelovani iyo imis dasadgenad, hqonda Tu ara faqtobrivi safuZveli ebraelTa religiur sazogadoebas sadavo Senobis dabrunebis moTxovnisTvis. sasamarTlom Seafa-sa istoriuli mtkicebulebebi Senobis warmoSobis Taobaze da miiCnia, rom sadavo Senobis dabrunebis moTxovnas faqtobrivi safuZveli hqonda da Sesabamisad, ZalaSi datova municipalite-tis kabinetis dadgenilebis is nawili, romelic exeboda sada-vo Senobis yofili samlocvelo darbazis gadacemas ebraelTa religiuri sazogadoebisTvis, xolo dadgenilebis is nawili, romelic exeboda Senobis sxva nawilis gadacemas, baTilad cno.

qvemoT ganxiluli kaTolikuri eklesiis saqmeze gada-wyvetilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa uzenaesi sasamarTlos msjeloba imis Taobaze, iyo Tu ara qarTvel ebraelTa kavSiri procesSi monawileobis uflebis mqone piri, miuxedavad imisa, rom is ar warmoadgenda iuridi-ul pirs: marTalia, kanoniT dRemde ar aris gansazRvruli religiur organizaciaTa samarTlebrivi statusi, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom is gamocxadebulia kanongareSed da rom aseT organizaciebs (morwmune pirebis gaerTianebebs) ara aqvT TavianTi konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ga-rantiebi... sadavo dadgenilebiT... Tbilisis morwmune qarTvel ebraelTa sazogadoebas warmoeSva uflebebi da movaleobebi, romelic mas saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWuravs. [maTi] monawileoba ganpirobebuli iyo ara maTi damoukidebeli sarCeliT, aramed maTi konstituciuri uflebebis dacviT.48 ebraelTa religiuri sazogadoebis moTxovna nawilobriv da-kmayofilda da mas daudginda sakuTrebis ufleba sadavo Se-nobis im nawilze, sadac sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dadasturda sakulto nagebobis arseboba (wilobrivi TanasakuTreba).

amdenad, am saqmeSi religiurma organizaciam sakuTrebis aRd-gena moaxerxa, miuxedavad imisa, rom samarTlebrivad ar war-

48 iqve.

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moadgenda religiur organizacias da amisTvis gadamwyveti iyo Senobis warmomavlobis istoriuli mtkicebulebebi da ebrael-Ta religiuri sazogadoebisTvis Senobis dabrunebis Sesaxeb municipalitetis kabinetis gadawyvetileba. rogorc vnaxavT, kaTolikeTa eklesiis mier quTaisSi eklesiis dabrunebis mcde-lobisas sasamarTlom gansxvavebuli, bevrad formalisturi midgoma airCia.

3.2.2. laTin kaTolikeTa eklesiis saqme

laTin kaTolikeTa eklesia erT-erTia saqarTveloSi maT Soris, vinc ver axerxebs sabWoTa kavSiris dros CamorT-meuli taZrebis dabrunebas. quTaisSi kaTolikuri eklesiis dabrunebisTvis gamarTuli samarTalwarmoeba naTels fens samarTlebrivi problemebis mTel rigs, rasac awydeba reli-giuri umciresoba Tavisi sakuTrebis aRdgenis gzaze, gansa-kuTrebiT, rodesac marTlmadidebeli eklesia sadavo qone-bas eufleba da masze pretenzia uCndeba.

2000 wels dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTolikurma mrevlma sabWoTa kavSiris dros quTaisSi CamorTmeuli eklesiis dasa-bruneblad daafuZna kavSiri savardi.

2001 wlis 21 dekembers kavSirma savardi saqarTvelos prezidentis mier administraciuli aqtis gamocemis moTxov-niT Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos sarCeliT mimarTa. sa-samarTlom sarCeli ar daakmayofila da ganmarta, rom sada-vo nageboba 1990 wlidan marTlmadidebel eklesias gadaeca, xolo 2002 wlis konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-7 muxlis pir-veli punqtis mixedviT, sapatriarqos sakuTrebas warmoad-gens. damatebiT, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom kavSiri savardi ar warmoadgenda kaTolike eklesiis samarTalmemkvidres.

kavSirma savardi saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saka-sacio wesiT gaasaCivra. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom imsjela Semdeg samarTlebriv sakiTxebze:

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2000 wels dafuZnebuli kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri kavSiri savardi warmoadgenda Tu ara XIX-XX saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi moRvawe romis kaTolike eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis samarTalmemkvidres.

1939 wels qarTvel kaTolike morwmuneTa sazogadoebisTvis CamorTmeuli taZari warmoadgenda Tu ara saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis qonebas saqmis ganxilvis momentisTvis.

arsebobda Tu ara samarTlebrivi safuZveli, raTa prezidents Tavisi aqtiT gadaeca sadavo eklesia savardisTvis, rodesac eklesia 2003 wlis 6 martidan registrirebuli iyo sajaro reestrSi saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saxelze.

sasamarTlom samive kiTxvaze uaryofiTi pasuxi gasca. uzenaes-ma sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom kavSiri savardi ar iyo XIX-XX saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi romis kaTolike eklesiis religi-uri sazogadoebis samarTalmemkvidre, radgan es ar dastur-deboda misi sadamfuZneblo dokumentaciiT. amierkavkasiaSi kaTolike eklesiis samociqulo administratoris, monsinior juzepe pazotos werili adasturebda, rom savardi iyo romis wminda saydris mier aRiarebuli, warsulSi moqmedi kaTolike religiuri gaerTianebebis erTaderTi memkvidre organizacia. aRniSnuli mtkicebuleba sasamarTlom ugulebelyo rogorc gaurkveveli samarTlebrivi statusis mqone, im mizeziT, rom saqarTveloSi vatikanis warmomadgenlobas ar mouxdenia am in-stitutebis legitimacia.

erTi mxriv, gaurkvevelia, ratom ar moiTxova sasamarTlom am tipis legitimaciis mtkicebulebis warmodgena vatikanis war-momadgenlobisgan an Tavad mxarisgan, maSin rodesac adminis-traciuli procesis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani inkvizici-urobaa da sasamarTlos sakuTari iniciativiT SeuZlia mtkice-bulebebis mopoveba. amis nacvlad, sasamarTlo Semoifargla

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mxolod mxaris mier wardgenili mtkicebulebis gaqarwylebiT da sxva ufro rTuli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba ar ucdia imis gamosarkvevad, SeiZleboda Tu ara kavSiri savardi istori-ulad arsebuli kaTolike religiuri organizaciebis samar-Talmemkvidred CaTvliliyo. es midgoma kontrasts qmnis zemo-ganxiluli sinagogis gadawyvetilebasTan, sadac samarTalmem-kvidre ebraelTa religiuri sazogadoeba agreTve ar war-moadgenda araTu religiur organizacias, iuridiul pirsac ki. amisda miuxedavad, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom sakanonmdeblo regulirebis ararsebobas am sakiTxze ar unda SeeSala xeli organizaciis konstituciuri uflebebis dacvisTvis. laTin kaTolikeTa saqmeSi savardis, rogorc kaTolike Temis in-teresebis damcveli organizaciis, konstituciur uflebebze sadavo eklesiaze msjeloba saerTod ar gamarTula da sakiTxi misi samarTlebrivi statusis formaluri SefasebiT amoiwura.

damatebiT, uzenaesma sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom sadavo eklesia, romelic 1939 wlamde kaTolikeTa religiuri RvTismsaxure-bis adgils warmoadgenda, davis momentSi marTlmadidebluri eklesia iyo. dadginda, rom 1988-1989 wlebSi q. quTaisis kaTo-likurma sazogadoebam 1939 wels CamorTmeuli eklesiis Senobis dabrunebis moTxovniT quTaisis xelmZRvanelobas ramdenjerme mimarTa SuamdgomlobiT. maTi Txovnis dakmayofilebis na-cvlad, ssr kavSiris ministrTa sabWos religiis saqmeTa sabWom 1989 wels eklesia sargeblobisTvis gadasca marTlmadidebel morwmuneTa sazogadoebas. amasTan, saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprils miRebuli dadgenilebiT, saqarTve-los sapatriarqos sargeblobaSi arsebuli yvela sakulto nage-boba mis sakuTrebad gamocxadda. rogorc uzenaesma sasamarT-lom aRniSna, zemoaRniSnuli administraciuli aqtebi aravis gauuqmebia, dResac kanonier ZalaSia da amdenad, 1989-1990 wlebidan quTaisis RvTismSoblis xarebis eklesia qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiaa. damatebiT, sasamarTlom miuTi-Ta 2002 wlis oqtomberSi saxelmwifosa da sapatriarqos So-ris dadebuli konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-7 muxlis pirvel punqtze: saxelmwifo eklesiis sakuTrebad cnobs saqarTve-los mTel teritoriaze arsebul marTlmadideblur taZrebs, monastrebs.... aRniSnulis safuZvelze gakeTda daskvna, rom

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radgan sadavo eklesia quTaisi-gaenaTis saxelze iyo regis-trirebuli sajaro reestrSi, sadavo eklesia sapatriarqos sakuTrebas warmoadgenda.

aq marTebuli iqneba Sedareba anCisxatis taZris ezoSi arse-bul Senobaze miRebul gadawyvetilebasTan (zemoT, II.4 nawili). iqac oficialurad Senoba kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis fond-ma dairegistrira, magram sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina isto-riuli mtkicebulebebi, rom is sakulto nagebobis anCisxatis nawils saepiskoposo saxls warmoadgenda da gaauqma fondis sakuTrebis registracia. am SemTxvevaSi, Tavad is faqti, rom eklesia ukve sapatriarqos sakuTrebad iyo registrirebuli, kaTolikeTa moTxovnaze uaris Tqmis avtomaturi safuZveli gaxda da sasamarTlos arc ucdia Seefasebina, ramdenad kanoni-eri da safuZvliani iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier aR-niSnul taZarze sakuTrebis uflebis registracia.

rac Seexeba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-7 muxlis argu-ments, iq sakmaod naTladaa gadmocemuli midgoma: eklesia an monasteri upirvelesad marTlmadidebluri unda iyos da es aris piroba misi sapatriarqos sakuTrebad gamocxadebisT-vis. amis nacvlad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi mocemulia sapirispiro msjeloba: iqidan gamomdinare, rom konkretuli eklesia saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlma-didebeli eklesiis saxelzea registrirebuli, amitom unda CaiTvalos marTlmadideblurad. es aris konstituciuri Se-Tanxmebis me-7 muxlis diskriminaciuli interpretaciis na-Teli magaliTi. savardis mier warmodgenili istoriuli mtki cebulebebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos swored imaze unda emsjela, iyo Tu ara eklesia marTlmadidebluri, rac meore etapze misi amJamindeli mesakuTris sapatriarqos kanoniere bis Semowmebis saSualebas Seqmnida. amis nacvlad, sakuTrebis registracia eklesiis marTlmadidebluri warmo-mavlobis damadasturebel mtkicebulebad iqna gamoyenebuli da TavisTavad amoiwura eklesiaze sakuTrebis uflebisTvis davis SesaZleblo