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: pi pipi pi
pi pi
. pipi pi pi
pi pi pi pi
() , pi pi e-study. pi, pi pi
.
(pi.. Posner) pi pi pi: pi . , pi pi
pi pi
pi .
(Eriksen & St. James, 1986) pi pi .
, pi pi
pi pi pi pi pi.
pi, pi pi
pi pi pi . ,
pi pi pi pi
.
Posner (1980) pi pi pi pi
pi pi. pi - -
- & pi . Posner pi pi pi pipi
. pi
pi pi pi
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pi . pipi
pi .
pi ( pi ) ( ). ( pi ) ( pi pi ).
( )
. pi Posner
:
: pi pi pi
pi pipi pi pi .
: pi pi
pi pi pi pi pi.
pi pi pi
pi pi pi pi .
pi () pi (Sternberg, 2007) 103. pi 118-.129 130-132.
Welford (1952) pi pi 2 pi pi
pi. pi [Bottleneck] pi ( ) pi pi pi pi . pi,
pi pi pi
pi / pi . pi, pi,
pi pi
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3
pi 118-120 (Sternberg, 2007).
() Broadbent 120-121 (Sternberg, 2007).
pipi pi Treisman
122-123 (Sternberg, 2007).
Deutsch & Deutsch 123-124 (Sternberg, 2007).
Levie pi pi pi:
1. pi pi
pi pi pi
pi pi . pi pi
pi pi pi
pi pi . pi
pi pi / pi pi
pi pi .
2. pi pi pi
(pi.. ) pi . pi
- pi pi
pi. pipi pi
pi pi pi -.
Levie pi
. (Late Process) pi pi pi pi (pi.. pi ). (Early
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4
Process) pi pi (pi.. pi ).
Allport, Antonis & Reynolds (1972) pi Allport, Antonis &
Reynolds (1972) pi
pi .
pi ,
pi .
pi , pi pi
(90% pi). pi, pi pi pi .
pi Allport (1972; Experiment 2), pipi pipi . pipi
pi
pi. pi 3 pipi . pi pi
3 pi 2 , pi
pi. pi, pi
/ pi .
pi, -
pi
pi, - pi
(General Purpose, limited capacity central processor; GPLCP) pi
pi
. pi pi
. pipi
pi pi pi pi
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(bottleneck). pi pi pi
pi pi pi pi .
pi pi .
pi, pi
pi .
pi pi, pi
91-98 (Sternberg, 2007) pi, .
Stroop pi pi pi (Sternberg, 2007) 129.
(Sternberg, 2007) 130-132. pi pi 3 pi pi pi .
pi pi
pi pi
; pi: ,
. pi
pi pi pi pi pi
pi. Treisman Davies (1973) pi pi pi pi
(pi.. pi ). O McLeod (1977) pi .
pi
. pi
pi
pi . pi
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pi pi
( ). pi pi . pi, pi
pi
pi;
pi. Spelke, Hirst Neisser (1976) . 5, pi pi . pi
pi
pi pi.
pi 6 pi ,
. pi pi
pi pi 2
.
pi pi
pi pi . pi ! pi
pi, ,
pi pi
.
Schneider & Shiffrin (1997) Schneider & Shiffrin (1997)
pi pi pi . pi:
pi: pi
pi
pi: pi
pi pi pi pi
. pi pi
pi.
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(Change Blindness) pi pi pi .
pi pi pi
, .
pi . ,
pi pi pi pi
pi ,
pi pi
pi pi . , pi
pi
pi . pi pi
Simon & Levin (2007). pi , pi pi
pi, pi pi pi .
pi , pi
.
pi (Inattentional Blindness) pi (Inattentional Blindness) pi
pi.
(Change Blindness) pi , pi
pi . pi pi
pi pi . pi
. pi pi
pi pi pi pi .
pi;
/ pi Miller [ (chunks)] 203-205 (Sternberg, 2007).
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Cowan (2001) Cowan (2001) pi Miller pi . pi 4
Baddely (2001) pi pi pi
pi (. pi)
() - [Sperling (1960)] Sperling 199-203 (Sternberg, 2007).
-pi - Atkinson Shiffrin (1968) Atkinson Shiffrin (1968) pi pi pi
pi pi pi .
pi , pi
(pi.. , ). pi pi
, pi pi
pi pi pi .
pi . pi pi
pi pi , pi
pi . pi
pi pi pi, pi
pi pi pi
pi .
pi pi pi
pi
pi . pi
, pi ( ) pi , pi pipi.
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- Baddeley & Hitch (1974) Baddeley Hitch (1974) pi pi 3 : :
pi, pi
pi pi. ,
pi pi pi pi (pi.. pi, ). : pi pi pi
pi ( ) . pi- : pi pi
/ pi pi.
.
pi-
. pi
pi pi pi
pi.
pi . pi
pi , pi pipi pi pi
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pi pipi pi pi pi
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1. pi ,
pi pi pi pi pi
pi .
2. pi , pi
pi .
pi pi pi
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pi:
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pipi , pi Conrad & Hull (1966) ( ) , . pi pi
pi pi pi .
.
pi , ,
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( pi
). pi pi pi pi pi .
pi
pi pi pipi
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pi
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pi- pi pi
pi pi .
pi pi pipi pi..
pi pi pi pi
pi.
pi pi
pipi .
pi pi.
pi :
pi pi
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pi pi
pi
210-212 (Sternberg, 2007). pipi pi
,
pi-
pi- .
pi pi pi
pi pi .
pi pi
.
pi pi
pi pi .
pi pi pi
.
pi pi pi ,
pi pi .
pipi pi (Craik & Lockheart, 1972) - pipi pi
206-209 (Sternberg, 2007).
pi
pi
pi
213-216 (Sternberg, 2007).
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12
pi - Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP) pi ,
pipi. , pi
pi pi pi
pi pi
pi pi pi . pi
pi pi
pi pi pi. pi, pipi pi
pi , pi
pi , pi
; pi.. pi pi
pi
. pipi pi
pi pipi pi ( ) . pi pi pipi
, pi
.
& pi pi.
pi (Episodic) . , pi pipi pi pi
pi.
; pi pi
pi .
pi pi pi pi pi
pi pi
pi pi pi pi.
262-263 (Sternberg, 2007).
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13
pi ( pi) 213-216 (Sternberg, 2007).
- Conway Pleydell-Pearce (2000)
Conway & Pleydell-Pearce (2000) :
1. : pi pipi pi 3
pipi :
. . pi pi pi
pi (pi.. pi , pi pi pi ). . . pi pi (pi.. pi to ) (pi.. pi
Nottingham). pi .
. . pi pi ,
pi pi
pi pi pi .
.
2. (working self): , pi .
pi pi pi
. pi pi
.
, pi pi
, . pi
pi pi pi
pi . pi,
pi pi
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pi pi . ,
pi . pi
pi pi
(pi.. pi pi pi pi ). pi pipi
pi pi pi pi
.
- [Self-Reference Effect] Rogers, Kuiper & Kirker (1977)
208-209 (Sternberg, 2007). pi pi .
[Flashbulb Memories] pi pi
. pi
pi . pi Brown & Kulik
(1977) pi pi pi pi pi . pi pi
pi
pi pi .
pipi pi .
pi pi pi , pi
,
pi .
270-275 (Sternberg, 2007). -pi.
pi
pi pi pi
pi pi pi.
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15
, pi pi pipi
. pi, pi pi
pipi 4:30 . Ellis & Freeman pi pi 5 : (1) pi, (2) , (3) ,
(4) ( pi) (5) ( pi pi pi pi pi )
pi
pi
Loftus, Loftus & Messo (1987; .55) pi pi pi pi pi
pi - ,
/
pi pi pi
pi. pi pi pi
, pi , ,
pi pi pi, pi
.
pi pi pi
Valentine, Pickering Darling (2003). pi 314 pipi ( pi pi ) pi pi
pi . pipi
20% , 40% 40% .
Pickel (1999) pi pi pi. pi pi
pi () pi .
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16
pi pi pi .
pi pi pi pi
pi pi. , pi
pi pi pi.
pi pi pi
. pi pi
pi pi .
Lindsey, Allen, Chan Dhal (2004) . ,
pi pi
pi .
pi pipi pi pi
.
pi . pi
( ) (pi ). pi pi pi pi pi
pi . ,
pi , pi pi
pi , pi
pi .
, , pi pi pi pi pi
. pipi
pi
. Eakin, Schreiber SergeantMarshall (2003) pi pi pipi pi (pi..
pi ) pi . , pipi pi
pi !
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256-258 (Sternberg, 2007). pi .
pipi pi
pi pi pi pipi
pi pi pi
pi pipi. , Bothwell, Deffenbacher Brigham
(1987) pi 35 pi -pipi & . , Kassin, Tubb, Hosch Memon (2001)
pi pi 80% pi pipi pi
pi .
pipi
pi pi pi pi pipi
pi . pi, , pi
pipi . Sporer, Penrod, Read Cutler (1995) pi pi pipi pi pi pi
pipi pi
pi pipi. pi
pi pi pi. pi
pipi pi pi. ,
pi pi, pi pi
pipi pi pipi.
pi, , ; Perfect Hollins (1996)
pi pi pi pi
. pipi
pi pi
pi pi .
Perfect Hollins (1996) pi pipi pi pipi pi pi
pi pi
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18
pi pi . pi,
pipi. ,
pi pi pi
,
pipi .
pi pi pi pi
pi pi pi pi . ,
(Fisher & Geiselman, 1992) pi pi pi .
pi
pi pi (pi.. , pi pi). pi, pi pi pi pi
. pi;
pi
:
pi pi pi ,
pi pi (pi.. ) pi.
pi pi pi
pi, pi pipi.
pi pi pi
.
pi pi pipi (pi.. pi ).
Fisher, Geiselman, Raymond, Jurkevich Warhaftig (1987) pi .
pi
, pi pi (Roy, 1991, s.399):
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19
pipi pi pipi,
pi , pipi pi pi
pi ,
pi , ,
pipi pi , pi
pipi pi pi pi pi
pi pi .
Geiselman (1985) pi pi pi 41,1
29,4 pipi . Fisher (1987) pi pi pi .
pi pi 57,5 39.6 pi pi . pi 28% pi .
Geiselman (1985) Fisher (1987) pi pi . Fisher, Geiselman
Amador
(1990) pi pi pi
. pi pi pi pi
46% pi pi pi pi .
pi pi pi 90% pi . Kohknen, Milne, Memon Bull (1999) pi
pi pi 50 -. pipi pi pi pi pi .
pi pi
pi pi 81% pi pi .
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20
pi
. pi
7 Kalat (2001).
& pi pipi pi , , , pi
pi () & () . () pi.
pi . pi
. pi
pi pi .
.
pi, pi ()pi, (), ().
pi
, pi pipi . pi pi
pi pi [pi (encephalization)]. , pi 3 pi pipi ( pi pi ). pi pi .
pi, pi
. pi, pi
pi ;
pi
382-391.
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21
pi pi pi
.
- Whorf pi pi pi
pi pi Benjamin Lee Whorf (1956). O Whorf pi pi pi .
, , Whorf
pi pi . pi
pi 3 pi (): 1. pi () : . pi
pi .
pi
2. pi (): 3. pi (): pi
pi Whorf pipi pi
pi. Heider Dani pi .
pi
pi . Mola
, pi Milli , pi.
pi ( pi) . pi pi
Whorf.
pi Whorf (Sternberg, 2007) pi Sapir-Whorf (pi ) 434-438.
- Rosch
pi Rosch ( pipi Heider) pi .
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22
pi
pi pi
pi . pi, pi pi
pi (). , pi pi
pi pi pipi .
, & pi . pi
pi pipi .
pi pi pi .
Cutler Clifton (1999) pi pi pi pi pi .
pi pi . ,
pi pi
pi .
5 pi pi : 5 - (Integration): pi pi pi .
4 - (Interpretation): 3 - pi (Word Identification): (, , ). 2 -
pi (Constituent Identification): (, ) 1 - pipi (Decode): ()
(Parsing) & pi pi
. (Parsing). ; pi pi .
( pi ). (pi..
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23
/) pi . pi [voice onset time (VOT)]. . pi, 17ms pi 91ms pi
pi
. . pi
& . , pi
. pi pi
/ (Massaro, 1994). pi (Massaro, 1994). pi, , pi pi
pi .
( ) pi .
pi pi pi , pi pi.
pi, pi pi pi pi
.
, pi
(4) pi pi: 1. pi pi
2. pi pi
3. 4. .
394-397 398-409.
() pipi pi
pi pipi pi pi pi
. pi pipi pi pi
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24
pi pi ,
pi pi pi pi.
pi (Phonemic restoration effect): pi pi pi pi
pi (e.g. Warren & Warren,1970). pi pi,
pi
pi
. pi
(Lexical identification shift). pi, pi pi - ( ). pi pi / pi pi
.
pipi pi
pi pi pi & - pi. pi
pi (Ganong, 1980).
&
pi ,
pi pi pi pi pi pi
. , pi pi. pi,
pi pi
pi pi pi
pi pi. pi
pi pi pi
, pi. pi pi
pi! pi
pi .
pi pi pi
pi.
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pi pi pi pi pi
pi . pi pi pi
pi .
pi ;
Searle (1979) pi pi pi :
. pi
pi pi pi
( ). pi pi
pi pi .
,
pi pi
pi pi.
pi pi pi pi. ,
pi pi
. , ,
pi pi pi .
Giora (1997, 2002) pi pi pi pi pi
pi pi pi pi ( ). pi pi pi pi
pi pi. pi, pi
pi pi . pi
pi pi pi , pi pi
pi pi.
pi pi pi pi
pi
pi . pi , pi pi Glucksberg
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26
(2003) .
450-452 .
pi
pi. pi
(Syntactic Ambiguity), pi pi pi pipi . pi, pi
pi pi pi
. pi. ;
pi pi
(Levelt, 1989): 1. (Conceptualisation): 2. pi (Formulation): pi
pi
&
3. (Articulation): pi
pi pi pi (Vocalizations), pi pi pi pi pi
, pi . pi,
(Vocal Tract). pi pi , , . pi
pi pi, pi pi pi
. pi :
pi pi pi, pi pi pi pi
pi .
: 4
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27
1. (Phonology): 2. (Semantics): pi pi 3. (Grammar): (pi
+ ) pi ( )
4. (Pragmatics): pi ( pi pi)
(Phonemes): pi pi =
=
(Grapheme): pi =, T = T
Z = zed (UK), Z= zee (US)
pi
pi . pi
pi pipi pi pi
.
pi pi pi pi pi (pi.. ) pi. pi,
pi pi .
pi pi pi pi:
pi pi :
(= pi - Insight): . pi pi pi pi
pi pi.
(Multi-step problems): pipi pi pi
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28
(Algorithms): - pi pi pi.. pi .. 2,3,6,5
(Heuristic): (Rule of thumb) pi pi.. pi
pi pi () pi pi ( pi) pi.
498-504 (Sternberg, 2007).
pi pipi pi pi
pi pi pipi pi
pi .
pi
pi pi.
(Sternberg, 2007) 509.
pi
pi pi
.
pi pi
Modus ponens (pi ) = A B ( A , B): pi.. 4 pi, |
Modus tollens ( ) = A B ( B, A): , 4 pi
pi Wason To pi Wason pi pi pi
pi pi. pi (pi
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29
pi) pi pi pi pi pi pi . pi
. pi pipi pi
pipi pi pi pi
.
pipi pi
pi .
: pi pi , pi pi
pi Wason, pi
pi . pi pi pi 4.
, , pi. pi pi
pipi pi pi pi pi
. pi pi , - pi
pi , pi .
pi pi pi pi
.
pi; pi pi 7.
7 pi, pi pi
.
Eysenck, M. W. (2010). . : Gutenberg.
4 7
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30
Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2010). Cognitive psychology:
A students handbook. New York: Psychology Press.
Quinlan, P., & Dyson, B. (2008). Cognitive psychology.
Harlow: Peasron Education Limited.
