811.111'36(075.4) 81.2-2 93

..

..

ISBN 978-5-699-47915-3

. . 93 ! / . . .

. : , 2011. 272 . : . ( ).

ISBN 978-5-699-47915-3

, . , - . , , . - .

, . -, , .

811.111'36(075.4) 81.2-2

.., 2011 , 2011

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102. , ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11210. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11811. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12612. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13713. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14415. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15116. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16317. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16618. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17219. , ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17420. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18121. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18422. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19123. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20024. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Across, over, through, in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Also, too, either, as well , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

4

Accept, admit, agree, consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Allow, permit, let , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Almost, nearly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214Already, now, yet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Always . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Among, between , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216Another, else, more, other, stil, yet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Arise, rise, get up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Around, round, about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Arrive, come , / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219As, like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220As, because, for, since . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221As if, as though , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221As as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222At all, quite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223At the end, in the end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Bank, beach, coast, shore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Because, because of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Become, fall, get, go, grow, turn , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Beside, besides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Big, large, great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Borrow, lend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Both and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Bring, fetch, take . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Cant help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Care about, care for, take care of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Close, closely , ; , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Close, shut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Come, go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Convince, persuade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Dismiss, fire, give the sack, retire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Die, dead, death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Do, make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232During, for, while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234Each other, one another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234Either or , neither nor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Expect, wait for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Fairly, pretty, quite, rather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

5

Far, a long way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Far, very, much . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Few, little; a few, a little . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Find out, get to know, learn, recognize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Fit, match, suit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Get married, marry , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Hard, hardly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Hardly, scarcely, no sooner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Holiday, vacation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Ill, sick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242In, at, on (place) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242In, at, on (time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Its no use V-ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Its since . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Its time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Journey, travel, trip, voyage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Last, latest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Late, lately , ; , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Learn, pick up, study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Leave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Long, for a long time; long ago, a long time ago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Look, see, watch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Many, much . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Near, nearly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Need, want . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Next, nearest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253No, none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254Of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254Older, elder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256Once, one day, some time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Pass an exam, take an exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Proper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Raise, rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Say, speak, talk, tell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

6

Shade, shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Shake, shiver, shudder, tremble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Since, for, from, ago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262So . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Some time, sometimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Surprise, astonish, amaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264There is / are , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Trouble, worry, bother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Used (to) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Used to V, would V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Weep, cry, shout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

, , - - , 1 . 60 % - , 40 % . , , - . -, , , , - . - , -, , , - .

- , - , , - . , . , , , (-) , .

, - , -, ( , ) ,

8

. - , , - , - , - , , - . , , , , .

,

.

1 1 .

, , - . ? -. ? -, , , .

.

- .

, - . -. ? - , , 1, , , , , . , . , money , -, .

, :1) : , -

;2) ;3) , . -

,

1 .

1111

. - . - . - .

an. , -1, .

a pen an apple a city an obsessiona union an unclea yacht an engineer

?

1) ;2) , -, ;3) ;4) ;5) .

, - . , .

I have a son. . (, -, .)

We can see a car in front of our house. - . ( .)

He is an ordinary student. . ( .)

1 [ + ]: [], [], [].

1212

Please give me an interesting book. , - . ( , , .)

Once upon a time there lived an Englishman in New York. - . ( , , , .)

.

The Englishman is American now. ( ) .

. the, . , - . ! ?

1) , , ;2) ;3) , ;4) ;5) .

Do you know the man? / ?

I read the book last year. .

The rose is a flower. The flower is a plant. (, , , . .) . .

(the rose) , . (the flower), , - , , , .

man, woman, child. , . , , , - .

1313

Man has domesticated animals. .

The rules of society should be observed. -.

, (. 3 - ), - . , , .

An octopus has eight tentacles. () . ( .)

The president is in the capital. . ( - .)

the. . , .

Please open the door and close the window. , (, ) (, ).

, , .

- . - 3 4 (. . 12). -. : .

, the stars, . . , stars, -.

The stars are magic lights of the universe, bright points on the dark background of the night sky. , .

1414

. , , .

- . , . .

All children like sweets. . ( .)

All the children in our family play the violin. . ( !)

Cars are very popular nowadays. . ( .)

The cars of Japan are conquering all the markets of the world. - . ( .)

Men love women. Women love children. Children love hamsters, and hamsters love nobody.

, . , hamster .

. .

The weather is fine today. . ( .)

I have seen the marble. . (, , , .)

The coffee tastes good. . (, , , .)

, - .

I like rainy weather. .

Love makes wonders. .

Knowledge is power. .

1515

The only conclusion we can draw from History is that nobody draws any conclu-sions from it. , -, , .

, . - , (Modern History, English History etc.). - , -, .

Life is beautiful. . ( !)

Its a beautiful life. ( - "Ace of Base? , .)

They gained a great knowledge of Japanese at Moscow University. - . ( .)

A purple sky hung over us. . ( -, .)

- . ? , . . , .

The baby looks so fragile but he is a real Ivanov. , . ( - - .)

Lately I got a nice Rembrandt at a reasonable price. - . ( ? ?)

- - , . .

1616

.

The Jacksons promised to visit us but they never kept their word. , . ( - .)

, - ? . - , :

main , only central , , , unique , following next , last previous supreme , , former , , latter , principal , leading , ,

, - (the best , the worst , the most interesting , the greatest . .), - (the first , the second , the third . .).

The only child is usually spoiled. - / .

Have you seen the last film by Tarkovskiy? ?

We have to take the following steps. .

The leading parts in the performance are played by the best actors of the the-atre. . ( ? : .)

1717

. . - - - .

The rich cry, too. .A wow suits the young. ! .Buts and ifs get so much on my nerves. .Have a go, come on! , !

, -, . , . -, .

, - , . - . . glass a glass, glasses. - iron an iron. Copper , a copper. .

, . , , - . , :

home town church breakfast lunch , dinner / supper jail / prison school college university hospital bed work court / trial

1818

- ( ) . , - , . , , the, a.

I go to work on weekdays, on Saturday I go to town, and on Sunday I go to church. , , - .

At last they finished the work on their book. - .

Usually people have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner, but there are such outlaws that are in the habit of having tea and even supper. - , , , .

The wounded criminal was taken to hospital and then to jail. On recovering, he is going to appear in court. , . .

It is a new hospital. The hospital is situated in the outskirts of the city. . .

, , - . , . - , . - . , , , . , , : .

In June, July and August the schoolchildren of our country have summer holi-days. , -.

December, January and February are winter months. , .

We have our English thrice a week: on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. - : , .

1919

Mum is cooking, Dad is reading, Granny is washing up, and Grandpa is do-zing. , , , -. ( , .)

, , - -:

Page 127 127, 127- Flat / apartment 35 35, 35- School 10 10, 10- Room 72 72 ( ), 72-

, - . (44th Street 44- , 9th Avenue 9- ), (sixth grade , ninth grade ).

, , - . , - .

I go to the office at half past seven. . ( office , , - - , 1.)

Every weekend we go to the cinema or to the theatre. .

They usually have classes at the university till four oclock. - .

:

the office , the theatre the cinema

1 , ( , ) , .

2020

the shop the restaurant the caf the university1 the circus the disco the museum the movies the country , the zoo the railway station the airport the seaside the army

:

the north the south the east the west

- () . .

shoulder to shoulder hand in hand side by side face to face from beginning to end from morning till evening day by day head over heels from head to feet

by, - :

1 . , . .

2121

by bus , by plane , by train , by tram , by car , by boat , by air , , by sea , , , by bicycle , by underground / subway

, . : a headache ( ), a cold (), the flu (). aches - , , .

, . . . - , , , - .

- .

1. () , , , , , , , , -, , , : , , , , . . -: the Netherlands1 , the Ukraine . - .

the North ( , )the South ( )the Thames , the Volga , the Amazon the Sea of Azov , the Black Sea , the Mediterranean Sea

1 , , -, .

2222

the Atlantic Ocean , the Arctic Ocean - the Sahara the Urals , the Carpathians the Canaries the Middle East the Hilton the Bolshoy Theatre the United Kingdom , the Irish Republic - , the United States of America , the Russian Federation , the Community of Independent States ()

2. , , -, , , , , . -: the Hague , the Crimea .

Africa , America Lake Baikal , Lake Ontario Rome , Tokyo , Phoenix Java , Jamaica Russia , Poland , Japan , Italy

. - , , - - . , -: ? , . . , , -. .

A mineral water, please. , . ( , , , .)

Will you bring us three coffees, please? , ().

How many Histories do you have today? ()?

, , some. -

2323

, , , , . - , . - - . , , some . , - , , - , , , - , .

Some boy is waiting for you at the entrance. - . (, ? , !)

Ive got some time and can talk to you. / -, .

Please give me some water, I am dying for a drink. , , .

There are some cups, some saucers and some spoons on the table. , .

Some people are making a lot of noise in the street. - .

, some - .

You have got beautiful teeth. . ( -.)

You have got some beautiful teeth. . ( . -? , .)

She has delicate hands. . ( - .)

She has some delicate hands. . ( . ?)

2424

. , -. , , , . , , - , . - . , , , .

2 2 , ! , -? , ! - !

4- :

- , . . , 26 . , going to , .

, !2626

, - , , , .

, -:

1) , ( V1),2) ( V-ed V

2),

3) , , II ( V

3),

4) , , I (V-ing).

, -.

. , ?

, .

, , , , - () , - , , , .

- to be ( am, is, are; was, were; been; being), to have (have, has; had; having), will (shall), would (should), to do (do, does; did). - . , 26 16 10 -.

, , ( , - ? ?). -

1 V verb .

2727 , !

, , , , . , , . - . -, , , . , ? , .

(Active Voice)

Present

Past

Future

Future in the Past

Simple / Indefinite /

Present Simple /

Indefinite*

Past Simple /

Indefinite

Future Simple /

Indefinite

FP1 Simple / Indefinite

Progressive / Continuous /

Present Progressive / Continuous

Past Progressive / Continuous

Future Progressive / Continuous

FP Progressive / Continuous

PerfectC

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect FP Perfect

Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Future Perfect Continuous

FP Perfect Continuous

* .

1 Future in the Past.

, !2828

, ! . , . . , , , -. -, .

(Passive Voice)

Present

Past

Future

Future in the Past

Simple / Indefinite /

Present Simple / Indefinite

Past Simple / Indefinite

Future Simple / Indefinite

FP Simple / Indefinite

Progressive / Continuous /

Present Progressive / Continuous

Past Progressive / Continuous

Perfect

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect FP Perfect

Perfect Continuous

. -. C Perfect Continuous (c ). -.

-.

2929 , !

2.12.1

.

. , Present Simple , . ? , , ? , - , .

Present Simple , - .

? . -, - , , , , , . .

? ? , Present Simple , , .. , , , Infinitive to. - , ? ? . -, , -, -, -, . Present Simple. (. . - , , ). -(e)s. , , . , , -, ,

, !3030

. . , , , , . - to be (, , -), to have (), to do (). Present Simple.

to be [bi:] to have [hv] to do [du:]

I () am [m] , ,

have do

you () are [:] , ,

have do

he / she / it ( / / )

is [z] , ,

has [hz] does [dz]

we () are , ,

have do

you () are , ,

have do

they () are , ,

have do

to be. -, - . , , - . , = . : = . .

-, . ? -. . , . . . . , - . ,

3131 , !

-. : ? , . : , , - , : = . , = to be. are, we, . 30.

We are the champions! ! ( -.)

I am ill. . ( .) Are you? ?! ( .)

She is fine. .

They are busy. .

, , , - .

Im (I am) were (we are)youre (you are) youre (you are)hes (he is) theyre (they are)shes (she is)its (it is)

, - , .

, to be , ( ).

- , , - (, , , , , ). , . . ( , - ), to be am, is, are. .

, !3232

(?)

am

is

are

?

Are you all right? / ?Is she in? ?Are they at home? ?

Where are they? ?What is it? ?Who is it? ?

not be. .

I am not a student. = Im not a student.He is not here. = He isnt here (: Hes not here).We are not engineers. = We arent engineers (: Were not engineers).

, - . . -, no yes , - , , , .

no yes, -, , - be .

Are you a doctor? () ? Yes, I am. / No, I am not. = No, Im not. ( ). / ( ).

Is he at home? () ? Yes, he is. / No, he is not. = No, he isnt. ( ). / ( -).

Are they Americans? ? ? Yes, they are. / No, they are not. = No, they arent. ( ). / ( ).

3333 , !

! to have.

-, , -, , , , . - - -. . : - . , - , He has two sons and three daughters.

I have a dog and a parrot. .

, - have do.

What do we have for lunch? ?

Do you often have colds? ?

How many lessons do you have on Monday? -?

I dont have any intention to go there. .

. , , .

- Present Simple.

I / we / you / they V

he / she / it V-(e)s

V

I smoke 20 cigarettes a day. 20 . ( -, , !)

, !3434

On weekdays they come back home late. - .

At the weekend, we usually drive to the country. .

On his way home, he crushes a glass with his colleagues. .

A good sportsman does exercises every day. - . ( .)

Whenever she has an opportunity, she helps her friends. , , .

, - . . . , . .

( ). , (-: ? ? ? ? . .). . , , , . , - . , . ( - ). .

(?)

do

does

( )

V

?

. -.

3535 , !

-: ? where. do does. ? , -s , .. / / . - , , , do. . ? . , you. to live. to. , , - . . ? Where do you live? -? .

.

, , , -, does.

(. . ), do does ( does . ).

(, , . .), . : always , usually , often , sometimes , seldom , never . often seldom - very , so too , .

, : -, , -, , . -. : ? ? , , (? ? ? ? ? ? . .). - ? ? ? ? ?

, -. who ? what

, !3636

? which ? whose ? ( ). -s ( , - what, which whose ). - . , .

What do you do? ? ? -?

What kind of books do you read? ?

Why does she learn Japanese? ? ( .)

Who does he meet in the street every day? - ?

How many classes do you usually have? ?

How often do you get newspapers and magazines? ?

How many times a year do they have a holiday? ?

When does she come to the office? ? (, , , . - ?)

Do you speak Russian? -?

Does he play basketball with his friends? -?

Do they often go to see their parents? -?

Who works at this place? ?

What troubles you so much? ?

Whose car stands in the yard every evening? ?

Which book interests you more? ?

. do / does, not. .

3737 , !

I / we / you / they do

he / she / it does

not V

dont / doesnt. , .

I dont understand you when you speak English fast. , - -. ( , .)

They dont smoke and dont drink alcohol. -. ( , .)

She doesnt often buy new cars. () -.

He never comes too late. . ( .)

, -. ? . never (). . - , .

. .

Yes, I / we / you / they do. , ( , / , ).

No, I / we / you / they dont. , ( , / , ).

Yes, he / she / it does. , (, ) .

No, he / she / it doesnt. , (, ) .

:

Do you speak English? -? ( -. , , -

, !3838

. , . - , , - , .) Yes, I do. , .

Do you speak Chinese? -? ( ?) No, I dont. , . ( .)

Do they run a newspaper? ? Yes, they do. .

Do they run a magazine? ? No, they dont. .

Does she often have a bath? ? Yes, she does. . (- .)

Does he often take a shower? ? No, he doesnt. . (- . .)

-, , Present Continuous, Present Progressive. Present Progressive - . ?

Present Continuous , - .

.

I am writing a very useful and interesting book. - . (, .)

We are discussing the political situation in this country. - . ( -?)

The fire brigade is hurrying to the fire in the suburbs. . ( .)

The students are having their English. - .

3939 , !

:

What do you do? I am a doctor. ()? , ? ? .

What are you doing? I am examining a patient. (-)? .

Present Continuous , - .

I usually drive to work, but this week I am walking there as my car is being re-paired. , , .

John is living in Moscow, but he lives in Bristol. -, .

My boss isnt working this week. He has got the flu. . .

You are being so clever today. Its just unbelievable. . . (- .)

- to be. , . , , . , - , , , , .

, Present Continuous -, , , .

, . . .

Eddy is always drinking beer. . ( - , .)

, !4040

Mary is constantly going shopping. -.

Our neighbors are traveling somewhere all the time. - - . ( -.)

Present Continuous - .

- , , - , , , - Present Continuous.

I am visiting my dentist at 5 oclock tomorrow afternoon. 5 . (, .)

They are meeting the Japanese representatives at 7 pm. 7 .

The students are having a party on Saturday. - .

- . , . - , - , . ( , ).

.

, Present Continuous.

(move, go, leave, come, arrive, return, start). be going to.

My beloved aunt is coming on Friday evening. - .

4141 , !

We are going to Rome next year. () .

The Petrovs are leaving for the USA in three days. .

, to be Present Simple . Present Continuous.

I am

he / she / it is

we / you / they are

V-ing

, Present Continuous. - I. , , , . , . , .

, to be . , Present Continuous : be, . .

(?)

am

is

are

V-ing

?

, . .

What are you doing? ? (, !)Where is she going? / ?Why are you running about? ( )?

, !4242

Are you listening to me? ?Is the chief shouting at us? ? ( .)Am I saying anything ridiculous? Why are you laughing? - -? ?

. not be. - . .

I am not (Im not)

he / she / it is not (isnt)

we / you / they are not (arent)

V-ing

I am not standing. I am sitting and looking out of the window. . .

My brother isnt working. He is searching for a good job. - . .

The sportsmen arent training; they are relaxing. , .

It isnt raining. It isnt snowing, either. . . ( -: , .)

to be -, to be, .. - am, is, are.

, - , dj vu. . , - . - , , . , . -. , , .

4343 , !

. ! .

. - . , . , . , Present Perfect. , . , . .

, , . Present Perfect .

Present Perfect :1) , ;2) , ;3) , .

. ? , , , . , . , ( ). !

I have washed my car. . (, - - , .)

A flock of pigeons has flown by. . ( .)

We have bought an interesting book. .

The man has struck a match. . ( , . .)

The Olimpic Games have started! ! (- .)

, !4444

Our friends have opened a shop of their own. - . ( . !)

The concert has made a great impression on the audience. - .

. 1998 . 2000 , . , .

I have lived in my hometown since 1968. 1968.

Mr. Brown has worked for the BBC for 10 years. 10 .

For the last three months we have only seen a couple of films worth seeing. , - . ( .)

Janes daughter has attended the special school since 2007. - 2007 .

. , . , , , , -, : this week, this year, this century, this millennium, today.

This week I have missed three lectures. .

This century scientists have invented a great number of different gadgets in all the fields of science and technology. - .

This year I have learnt several interesting applications. .

Present Perfect , , , -. , , . , , . , Present Perfect.

4545 , !

never (), ever (-), always (), often (), seldom (), just ( ), already (), not yet ( ), yet ()1, up to now ( , ), so far ( , ), lately (-, ), recently (, ), since ( - ), for ( - - ), how long ( , ), since when ( , ).

My friend has never been to Moscow. .

Have you ever broken a window? - ?

We have always hoped to leave this friendly country. . ( , .)

Our old uncle has often had colds. -. ( .)

They have seldom visited that snack bar in the shopping centre. .

The doctor has just come, but the patients are no longer ill. , . ( .)

Thank you for good advice, but I have already taken a decision. , .

Dont bother her. She hasnt recovered yet. , - .

Has your wife put up with your new job yet? ?

Up to now we havent seen the "Turkish Gambit". - .

The readers havent mastered the Present Perfect so far. / .

Lately I have been engaged in agriculture. .

Steven Spielberg has recently shot a couple of interesting thrillers. .

Since then he hasnt met the girl. -.

1 .

, !4646

For years my father has had this car, and he keeps loving it. , .

How long have you lived in the capital? ?

Since when have you kept this picture? ?

, , - Present Perfect. , .

I / we / you / they have

he / she / it has

V3

( V), II, - , . . , II - , , I (, , ). . - .

, - . . - : 1) , , , ; 2) ; 3) . 2- 3- . - ( ( ?) - -ed). 2 3 . V

3 .

, Present Perfect . , .

.

4747 , !

(?)

have

has

( )

V3

?

What have you done, little monster? , -? ( !)

Have you ever tasted sukiyaki? - ? ( .)

Has she found her pass? ?

. - .

I / we / you / they have not (havent)

he / she / it has not (hasnt)

V3

You havent yet done your homework. .

The chief hasnt attended to the matter yet. .

The children have never seen an animal like that. .

, , . never () .

to have.

Yes, I / we / you / they have.No, I / we / you / they havent.

Yes, he / she / it has.No, he / she / it hasnt.

, !4848

Present Perfect Continu-ous / Progressive ( / ). - . -, , . - , .

, Present Perfect Continuous / Progressive - , , .

, . since, for.

My colleague has been living in this town since 1988. 1988 .

The children have been playing football for an hour. .

He isnt a punctual person. I have been waiting for him for twenty minutes, and he hasnt come yet. . , .

: have -, be, - .

I / we / you / they have

he / she / it has

been V-ing

. - , , , . , . have .

4949 , !

(?)

have

has

been V-ing

?

How long have you been studying French? ( ) ?

Since when has he been working at the company? ?

What have you been doing for the last four years? I havent seen you since then. ? .

Have the Chinese been building Communism for such a long time? ?

Has the president been examining the economical situation since he came to power? , ?

Have the deputies been discussing the law for a week? - ?

, - , have , .. - have / has.

I / we / you / they have not (havent)

he / she / it has not (hasnt)

been V-ing

I havent been writing to him since last year. .

The hero hasnt been doing anything heroic for ages. - . ( .)

We havent been watching TV for a long time. . ( .)

, !5050

Present Perfect Continuous / Progressive , - - .

Present Perfect Continuous / Progressive ( - / / ?).

Your eyes are red. What have you been doing? . ? I have been playing computer games. .

Why is your hair wet? ? I have been swimming. .

Whats up? Youre so dirty. ? . I have been working in the garden. .

, , , Present Perfect Continuous. . , - , Present Perfect.

I have known my teacher for 3 years. 3 .How long have you had your car? ( ) -?They have owned the factory since 1998. 1998 .We have believed in God since our childhood. .

, , -, . , . , , . . . , . - . , . - , . -. . , . , , , , - .

. .

5151 , !

2.2 2.2

, .

Past Simple / Indefinite , . . - , . , , - , , , , . ? ?

Past Simple , , .

, , , , Present Perfect, ? , - .

, Present Perfect. - - . , Present Perfect.

Past Simple -(e)d - ( ). - . , , , Past Simple - , , - . , - 1.

1 V2.

, !5252

. , , -: ? : - .

Past Simple.

V + (e)d ( )

V2 ( )

Past Simple , :1) , ;2) last ();3) days / weeks / months / years ago ( / - / / );4) , : yesterday, the day before yesterday, the other day ;5) when what time;6) ;7) : often, sometimes, usually . .

The incident happened at 6 pm. 6 .

The first man flew into space in 1961. 1961 .

Last year we went on holiday to Odessa. - .

I graduated from college 20 years ago. 20 .

Yesterday all my troubles seemed so far away. - . (? , , - , - .)

The other day I ran into an old friend of mine on my way home. . ( - .)

When did they start school? ?

When did she last go to Berlin? -? (-, 1933 , - .)

5353 , !

What time did your chief call you up? ?

I have bought a nice dress. I bought it quite by chance at a small downtown store. . - .

They often came to see us last year. .

I usually went home with my friends. . ( .)

. Past Simple, - Present Simple. - did, - do. , - do / does, .

(?) did V

?

What kind of books did you read when you were a child? ?

Where did you go last summer? ?

Did you enjoy the party at your friends place? ?

Did she play basketball at school? ?

Did the manager agree to your conditions? ?

did not. - . , , ( . 201205), -

, !5454

Past Simple. . , ? - ( !), , - , , , . ?!

, . -, . . . , . , , - . - . , .

did not (didnt) V

My brother didnt pass the driving test last year. - .

Our footballers didnt win the championship in Portugal. . ( , .)

Many students didnt want to stay in town after the summer exams. .

On the 3rd of June I didnt go to work as it was the first day of my vacation. , .

did.

Did you see the film? Yes, I did. / No, I didnt. ? . / .

Did your mother let you go to the disco? Yes, she did. / No, she didnt. ? . / .

. - be did,

5555 , !

was were (was - , were - ).

(?)

was

were

?

Where were you at 6 pm? 6 ?

Why was she so late for work yesterday? ?

Was he a good student? ?

Were the astronauts ready when the signal came? -, ?

Were you at home when I called you up? , -?

I / he / she / it was not (wasnt)

we / you / they were not (werent)

I wasnt so happy when that client addressed me with a complaint. , .

The captain was not angry with his crew. It wasnt their fault. . .

The complications after the flu were not so serious but the patient needed time to recover. , - , . ( .)

The soldiers werent in the village at that time. .

, was were.

, !5656

Were you a good pupil at school? Yes, I was. / No, I wasnt. - ? . / .

Was the manager cross with us? Yes, he was. / No, he wasnt. ? . / .

, . , be - Present Simple (am, is, are) Past Simple (was, were), -. ! -: "It is a piece of cake".

- , -, . ( , , , ) : - - - ? ? 25 26 1917 ? 31 11 ? - . Past Progressive / Continuous - .

Past Progressive / Continuous , :1) ;2) ;3) , - (. . );4) , .. , ( -).

was

were

V-ing

5757 , !

At 6:30 pm I was returning home and looking forward to having a roast-chick-en for dinner. 6.30 - . ( ? .)

From 7 till 10 in the evening my son was doing his homework. 7 10 - . ( ? .)

That week he was bothering me with questions about our project. .

When Sam rang me up, I was having a bath. , .

While Jane was doing her lessons, her brother was listening to something noisy like rock or heavy metal. , - . ( , , .)

A black man was making his way through the thick forest. . (? -.)

A strong wind was blowing from the sea. ( ).

We were working all day long. . (: We worked all day long. .)

For some minutes he was walking about the room, and then he put on his coat and went out. , - . (: He walked about the room )

For a minute she was hesitating in front of the entrance, but on hearing some-ones steps she pulled herself together and rang the bell. - , , - , . ( : For a minute she hesitat-ed )

, , . - ( ). .

, !5858

, - Past Per-fect , .

Past Perfect , .

, , - , .

, . , . , - by + , - -.

By the end of the year, the workers had finished decorating our apartment. . ( .)

I had done the work by 6 oclock. 6 .

The students had learnt all the topics by the next lesson. . ( .)

Past Perfect . . , after, until, before, when, as soon as, no sooner than. - - , Past Simple.

After we had passed the exam, we went to the caf to celebrate the event. , -.

I did not want to leave for Italy until I had learnt Italian. , . ( , .)

5959 , !

He had known nobody in the city before I introduced him to some of my friends. , - .

Until the doctors had examined the strange patient closely, they couldnt give any information to the police. - , .

When we came into the hall, the movie had started (already). - , . ( , .)

When my parents had read the letter from beginning to end, they told us the news. , - .

As soon as we had seen the film, we told our friends about our impressions. , .

No sooner had the criminal left the building of the bank than he was knocked down by some of the SWAT. , . ( , -.)

Past Perfect .

The poor student couldnt pay the fare because someone had stolen his wal-let. , - .

The sales clerk didnt tell the investigator that he had taken that money. - , . ( , .)

The girl sat down into the armchair and closed her eyes. She had had a very busy day. . .

, , - , , . - ( ?) - .

, !6060

When we came back home, our family had had dinner. , .

When Dad switched on the TV, the match had finished. , .

- had.

Had you cooked lunch by the time Mother came? Yes, I had. / No, I hadnt. , ? . / .

Had he hidden his present by his brothers arrival? Yes, he had. / No, he hadnt. ? . / .

Past Perfect Continuous / Progressive. , , .

Past Perfect Continuous / Progressive , - - .

! ? . - . , -

, . . , . , ? , - , , , 25 . , -? . , 25 . -? When I came to the theatre, the play had been going on for 25 minutes.

. -? , , . have been going on had been going on. . Past Perfect Continuous.

had been V-ing

6161 , !

I had been waiting for an hour when the bus came. / , .

The pilots had been sitting in their planes for 15 minutes until the general or-dered them to take off. () 15 , .

The divers had been exploring the ruins of an old ship for two hours when sud-denly a shark frightened them. , .

Jack had been driving for a long time when he stopped and walked a little. , .

Past Perfect Con-tinuous Present Perfect Continuous, - have , - had.

(?) had been V-ing

?

How long had you been listening to the speaker when the light went out? , ?

Had they been serving in the army for 3 years when the war broke out? , ?

had not (hadnt) been V-ing

I hadnt been studying at college for two years when the dean suggested that I should work in the lab. , .

The pirates hadnt been sailing for a day before they saw a brig in the distance. , .

. .

, !6262

2.32.3

, . , . .

-. , - ( , ) , - ( ).

. will. - . . , , .

Future Simple Future Continuous Future PerfectFuture Perfect

Continuous*

will (shall) V will (shall)be V-ing

will (shall)have V

3

will (shall)have been V-ing

(?) will (shall)

V

?

(?) will (shall)

be V-ing

?

(?) will (shall)

have V3

?

(?) will (shall)

have been V-ing

?

will not (wont) /shall not (shant)

V

will not (wont) / shall not (shant)

be V-ing

will not (wont) /shall not (shant)

have V3

will not (wont) / shall not (shant)have been V-ing

* .

6363 , !

. - . , . , - - .

Future Simple. , - . - . .

Future Simple , - , .. -. -, .

? . , -. , . , -, , , , . perhaps (), probably (), maybe ( ), suppose, pre-sume (), think, guess (), believe (, ), Im sure / certain () . ., Future Simple. -, , .

I have got a terrible headache. Wait a moment. I will get an aspirin. . , . ( , , - , .)

We wont take part in the competition. . ( . , .)

That party will win the election, Im sure. , . ( , .)

I suppose the government will raise the prices for gas, electricity and heating. , , . ( .)

Do you believe they will be ready in time? , ?

Youll probably pass the exam, but youll have to look for a good job then. , , , .

, !6464

Maybe, theyll play tricks on their friends. It is All Fools Day. , . - .

First I will get up, and then I shall go for a run in the park. , . ( )

We shall be at the station at 5:30. 5.30.

shall. , - - . . , , -, , - , . will. , will-will-will , shall. (, ). . - , , - - , , - -, shall, . , - . , , ?

You shall pay for everything. . ( .)

They shall not pass. . ( : "No pasaran".)

He shall regret having talked with us like that. , - . (--!)

. will shall.

Will you help us? Yes, I shall / will. / No, I shant / wont.

Will they be able to lend us some money? Yes, they will. / No, they wont.

6565 , !

Future Continuous :1) ;2) ( - );3) , - , ( - -).

Tomorrow at this time I will be lying on the beach of Saint Tropez. -. (--, .)

On the 23rd of June well be taking our last examination. 23 .

Next week I will be getting ready for the interview. . ( , .)

My parents will be traveling about Europe next summer. - . (, - . .)

The Prime Minister will be visiting Japan late in May. - - . ( - - .)

Our plane will be flying at 750 km / h. - 750 / . ( , .)

Future Perfect , -.

Future Perfect , - - .

by ().

By 2013 we will have made a fortune. 2013 -.

By the 1st of August the scouts will have explored all the corners of the area. 1 .

, !6666

The engineer says that the brigade will have built the house by the end of the month. , . (, .)

Future Perfect Continuous . -, , , . - . .

-, , , . , -. . -, - . , .

Future Perfect Continuous , ( , ) - -.

, -.

. - - Future Continuous. .

Next year I will have been working as a translator for 20 years. 20 , .

In 2015 we will have been living in this apartment for 15 years. 2015 . - 15 , .

How long will you have been studying at the university next year? - , -?

. -. . .

6767 , !

2.42.4

Future in the Past. , -, - , , .. .

- . . , . , , , . , .

, . - . , , , -. , .

, , . , - . , -, . , , , - . .

I said (five years ago) we would live in Petersburg in 3 years. (5 ), 3 . ( -, Future in the Past.)

, !6868

I said (five years ago) we will live in Petersburg in 7 years. (5 ), 7 . ( -, Future Simple / Indefinite.)

, - , .. -. , , , .

, , .

, 6 , . , . - , : , . . , -? . . . . .

I said that I was writing an article. , (, ). ( . .)

. -, . - , . , , - . .

The director told the journalists in yesterdays interview that he had shot the film. , .

, . , . ,

6969 , !

, , -. , , -.

My friend promised last week that he would drive us to the seaside. , .

. , , , (Past Simple Past Continuous), (Past Perfect), (Future in the Past).

She said that her brother was playing football at the stadium. , .

The man told us that he worked as an accountant at an office. - , .

Jane said that she had read the book. , .

The client complained that he had been waiting for the agent for half an hour. , .

The doctor said our son would get better in a couple of days. , .

The newspaper said that the President would be visiting Germany early in August. , .

, Future in the Past . - , , . , -. .

, !7070

Future Simple in the Past

Future Continuous in the Past

Future Perfect in the Past

Future Perfect Continuous in the Past

-

would (should) V

would (should) be V-ing

would (should) have V

3

would (should) have been V-ing

-

(?)would (should)

V

?

(?)would (should)

be V-ing

?

(?)would (should)

have V3

?

(?)would (should)

have been V-ing

?

-

would not (wouldnt) / should not (shouldnt)

V

would not (wouldnt) / should not (shouldnt)

be V-ing

would not (wouldnt) / should not (shouldnt)

have V3

would not (wouldnt) /should not (shouldnt)

have been V-ing

- , .. - .

In 1998 I settled in Melitopol and thought that I should spend most of my life there. 1998 . , . ( , - , , .)

Three years ago my uncle said he would help us buy a new house. , .

The painter showed his first picture to some friends in 1993. In two years he would be famous all over the world. - 1993 . .

He said that he would have finished the novel by the end of the year. -, .

7171 , !

The scientist declared he would have been working on the discovery for 5 years the next year. , 5 , .

My kids told me that they would be studying for the exam the next week. , -.

would / should.

Yes, I / we would / should. / No, I / we wouldnt / shouldnt.

Yes, you / he / she / it / they would. / No, you / he / she / it / they wouldnt.

. . .

3 3 , .

, 1

, , , ? , . . , , Passive Voice.

? , , , . , , , -. . .

- be ( ). -. -, -.

, . - . .

- : - . be. - , . . - (. 28). .

1 , , - , , . , , . .

7373

Mail is usually delivered at 3 oclock in the afternoon. - ( ) 3 .

The printer will be installed tomorrow morning. .

Some new shops are being built in our street now. ( ) .

The book was published in 2009. 2009 .

. - , , - . .

I was told to go home. . (: .)

The doctor has been sent for. . (: .)

You are wanted to the phone. . (: - .)

- , , - - , . , . - , - by. , with.

The letter was written by the student with a pen. . (, : .)

The tune was composed by Glinka at the beginning of his career. . ( : .)

The ship was caught and sunk by the storm. - . ( - - : .)

He was killed with a jackknife. . (: .)

7474

, . , . . . : , "It is said that" "They say that"

. : , -, , . .

The actors are declared to give a series of free concerts all over the country. , .

The artist is said to be painting a new masterpiece. , .

The summit meeting is reported to take place late in May. , .

The scientist is considered to have done his best to decipher the ancient writ-ings. , , .

, , , Passive Voice. . -, -, , . , .

4 , ,

, . ,

,

- () - -, - . (Modal Verbs).

, , , , , - . , . , - , ? - , , - . . , . , ( ), - . , .. - . , . . .

! -!

, , 7676

can (, , . .) , ,

could , , ; , ,

may , , , ;

might . . ; ,

must , , -;

need -; (need not / neednt)

shall ; - ; *

will , , , - ;

should ; - **

would ; , , ; -

dare ,

ought to should; , , ;

* will.** would.

7777, ,

.

Can can could. , - . can . could : , , , . , - . , . - to. , ought to.

I can play golf and even cricket. . ( , , !)

The student can solve sophisticated problems like this with the utmost ease. .

When I was 10, I could ride a bicycle very well. 10 , . ( , .)

That man could help the refugees but he didnt. , .

Could you tell me the shortest way to the British Museum, please? - , ( , ) - ?

We could transfer the money through the Western Union, but their charges are too high. , .

I cant / couldnt imagine such a wonderful place! / - !

They cannot work with people; theyd better keep away from society. . . ( , . .)

can (see, hear, smell etc.) (understand, remember etc.). - .

, , 7878

You can see a round table in the middle of the room. .

I can hear somebody playing the piano behind the wall. , - .

Cant you smell that awful odour? ? (, , .)

He cant understand your bombastic words. - .

We cant remember that mans name. .

, - .

(?)

can

could

V

?

annot / cant

ould not / couldntV

: cant [k:nt] , [knt] ; could [kd], couldnt [kdnt].

. ?! , . , . , can : Present Simple Past Simple. . ? . -. . ? , .

can to be able to. Able . be , - . be -, .

7979, ,

was / were able to V, will be able to V. , , , was / were able to V / . - .

He could get me on the phone yesterday. -. ( , .)

He was able to get me on the phone yesterday. . ( . . .)

They were able to solve the problem. .

Mr. Bush was able to win the election. -. ( , , .)

. , , -.

We will be able to meet the deadline if the kids dont bother us. , .

The European Union will not be able to put an end to unemployment within such a short period. - .

The scientists will be unable to create a time machine in the nearest future. . ( .)

able un-able. : not, - un-.

Im not able to walk 40 miles a day. = Im unable to walk 40 miles a day. 40 .

, , - to, -. ( , ).

, , 8080

, . , , ,

.

Being able to drive has helped me in many situations. - . ( can.)

Having been able to cope with the difficulties, he showed his strong points in solving all sorts of problems. , .

can : to manage (, , ).

The mountain climbers managed to reach the summit during the daytime. .

Our managers managed to manage the managing structures in the best way. . (, , , , -.)

can, , can -, .

You cant smoke here. .

The children cannot chew gums in class. .

You cant touch this. . .

can , , .

May , ., -

. , can, -. might, [mat]. may - ,

8181, ,

- , , - . : maynt mightnt. , - mustnt cant.

The schoolgirl complains that she may only walk till 9 pm. -, 9 .

May I use your phone? ?

May I come in? ?

The boy might play Dads comp for a while. - .

You might as well tell me the truth. .

My daughter might as well warn me of her trip. . ( , .)

The kids maynt play games on the road. .

may to be allowed to V. be , . Allowed -, , -, . , - ( , ?).

All children are allowed to take part in the competitions. - .

The employees of our company are allowed to have a months vacation once a year. .

We were allowed to bring our partners to the party. - .

Men arent allowed to come to that posh restaurant without a tie. - .

Werent you allowed to go to the disco last Saturday? - ?

, , 8282

May , -.

Must , , , -. , . -, . , . , , should ought to. , . , , , , must .

must - .

, , - , .

I must see the dentist. . ( -, , , - .)

, , .

I must wash my hair. . ( , - .)

, , - , , .

I must study English. . ( -, , .)

, must. .

8383, ,

Dear John, you must go to Tmutarakan as a representative of our corpora-tion. , - . ( .)

You must learn the words for tomorrow. . ( .)

Guys, you must win the match. , . (- .)

, must . . must . , .

You must take the elevator to rise to the 80th floor. , 80- 1.

, , , - . , , . - 80- - ? , --.

, - .

You must see the latest movie by Nikita Mihalkov. . ( !)

You must be careful. There are pickpockets around. -. . (, ! . , .)

You must come and see us this weekend. . ( , . !)

must , . - to have to V. : to be obliged to V, to be forced to V, to be bound to V.

1 , , - lift.

, , 8484

must have to . , to have to , , , . , , -.

? , , , -, . . , - , . , , - , -, - to have to. , , . ? . , . - . , , , . , .

We feel like going out for a walk but it is raining, and we have to stay at home. , , .

I am ill and have to keep to bed. .

We would like to emigrate but nobody wants us abroad so we have to stay in this country. , -, . ( -.)

, , to have to, have / has got to V. : - -. - .

Ive got to go shopping. .

They have got to do this job. .

What have you got to do (now)? ()?

We gotta (have got to) think a bit. .

8585, ,

. , had to , , , will have to , , .

The other day we had to entertain. .

Last year our city had to celebrate the 250th anniversary of its foundation. 250- .

All of us had to go to school in our childhood. .

The sportsmen will have to train a lot to win the championship. - , . ( - , .)

Ill have to check all the files with chapters of my book before I submit them to the editorial. -, .

to have to, , -. : to be obliged to V , to be forced to V , to be bound to V , . , - , .

All the students are obliged to attend classes at college. - . ( .)

The Prime Minister was obliged to promise wages increase. - . ( ?)

The train is bound to arrive at 5:30 pm. 5.30 -.

The opposition will be obliged to support the strikers. - .

must: must not = mustnt [msnt]. ? , ,

, , 8686

, , -: 1) 2) . . mustnt, , . cant, maynt. . neednt dont / doesnt / didnt have to.

You mustnt smoke here. .

We mustnt walk on the grass. . ( .)

You mustnt talk / chew chewing gums during the lesson. - / .

Passengers mustnt take explosives and weapons aboard. - (, ) . ( , .)

We neednt take the bus; Alex will drive us to the office. , . ( .)

You neednt take the dog out for a walk. . ( , , , .)

The trainees neednt go to work on Friday. . ( .)

Retired persons neednt go to work. -. ( , .)

Children dont have to pay bills. . ( )

We didnt have to wait for the chief. He came on time. . . ( .)

need, - . - ( ) ( ) . ? , , . Neednt -

8787, ,

. , , to need - must, should, shall .

I neednt buy this textbook. I can borrow it from Max. - . .

We neednt hurry. We still have plenty of time. . .

They neednt tell us the news. We have heard it already. - . .

Need he come to the party? -?

Need the women vote? ?

to need to. , , - .

I need a sheet of paper. .

The peasants needed a lot of oxen to plough all the fields. - , .

Do you need to go to the shop? ?

She will also need to pass the exam so as to be fit for the job. , .

I didnt need to do that exercise. (And I didnt.) . ( .)

:

I neednt have done that exercise. (But I did.) . ( .)

() - , , . . - : , , - . , .

, , 8888

. , , . -, - -: , ! . , .

Shall , . - , . , - - . - , , will.

shall , , , must. , , , . shall - . - shall . , , - , , . , , ( ).

You shall do it! ! ( . .)

Both parties shall observe all the clauses of this contract. - . (. , - -, , , . -? must. , .)

Shall he go on a business trip tomorrow? ?

Shall we invite our Italian colleagues to the party our company is organizing for our employees? () , ? ( ?)

Shall I fill out the form in ink or in pencil? () - ? ( , . .)

Shall I help you? () ?

8989, ,

- shall. ? . , . , - . , , . - shall.

should shall. - , - , - . , . Should . , shall, must. , shall, , - . .

Should I take the bus or the train? ?

Should we do the exercises for tomorrow? () - ?

You should read the novel. The writer has done his best. - . .

The footballers should play better if they want to go to the championship. , . ( , - .)

You shouldnt drink so much beer. . ( .)

Visitors should keep off the grass. ( : , , ) .

Will . . - , -, . - . -, will : ?

, , 9090

Who will show the lady out? I will. ? .

I will learn Japanese. . ( -. .)

The car wont start. . ( .)

The door wont open. .

He will sit for hours in front of the fireplace. .

Will you follow me, please! , ! ( .)

Wont you have a cigar? ?

will , , .

Grandpa will keep losing his spectacles. .

Bobby will complain of his life. .

Would will, , . , would -, , ( ) - , , will, -. , will. , . . : - ( ! !) -. . , , - , -. .

The German tribes would attack the frontiers of the Roman Empire. - . ( - .)

The old man would come to see us every evening. . ( .)

9191, ,

He wouldnt sell anybody the boat. .

We would travel round the world but we have no money for it. - , . ( would . - .)

I would like (to have) another cup of tea. () - .

Would you shut the door, please? ?

Would you lend me $ 50, please? 50 ?

Theyd like to go to the East. .

would like to / / . would d, wouldnt.

Dare , - . , . need, . - darent. : I darent do it. I dont dare to do it.

We darent tell our mother that terrible news. - .

I darent ask my boss for a summer holiday. - .

How dare you? Take your feet off the desk! ? ! ( .)

Jack, may I put on your cool boots? You dare! , ? ! ( !)

You are wrong, I dare say. ( ), .

I dare say that boy will live up to your expectations. , - .

I dare say , : , .

, , 9292

dare -. .

I dare you type 300 signs a minute! -, 300 -! ( - . , -.)

, , -, ought to. , ? , to . ought to should. . ought to , , . - ought to , , , , .

Men ought to wear uniform if they are in the army. , , .

Men ought to provide for their families. - .

A thief ought to be in jail. . ( .)

Parents ought to bless their children for marriage. , .

. - . . , - . .

5 -

, , , , !

. .

, ,

, - . - , : , , , , , - . . , .

- -. -.

-9494

will 95 %

must 90 % ,

may

could

might

45 % , ,

cant 9095 % ,

, will - . must. - cant. - may, might, could. .

, - -, . . , : , , - . ? , , - ( ), - ( ), ( ), (- ). , , may be likely to (-).

V

may come

be V-ing

must be working

have V3

might have done

-

have been V-ing ,

must have been waiting

9595-

, .

be V3

must be kept

have been V3

may have been made

, , , , , . , ? ? , - , . - , - . , , . -, , , maybe, probably, perhaps, possibly . . . . ? , , .

Mr. Brown must be working in the garden. , , - .

That will be John. Only he can call up at such an hour. . .

Can you drive a little faster? The plane will have landed already. ? .

He must be around. He could be taking a bath. Or he may be watching TV up-stairs. , , - . , -. , , .

The writer may have written the book under hard financial circumstances. -, .

The house may have been built in the 17th century. , , - XVII .

You may have been waiting for 40 minutes, and the Ulyanovs havent come yet. , , 40 , . (-, , -, .)

-9696

They must have been living in this town for ages. , .

The facts cant be true. , .

A child like this cant have broken the window. , .

The book you have ordered cant be delivered so soon. , - , , .

, - , , must . .

He must not work at that office. / .

.

The tide may come in at any moment. .

The representative is likely to arrive at night. , -, .

Our team is unlikely to win the match. , , .

, , , , .

They may have to stay at home till Sunday. , , - . / , -.

The doctor must have had to examine all the patients. , / , .

, , , , , - , .

6 . . , , .

, , . -. , , : ! . - . ? .

, - , , , : -, , , , . , , , . - . - , . !

. - ( -), . , . - of, - .

, - , . , . - . , . , . , I, .

9898

Doing morning exercises is very useful for health. . ( .)

The party program consisted of drinking, talking, eating with drinking, smok-ing, dancing, singing and more drinking. , , , , , -. ( , -. , !)

Among the school subjects, most of all we enjoyed drawing, reading, singing and physical training. - , , . ( ? ?)

Their visiting us at the weekend became a habit. - . ( .)

Inviting friends to a stag party has become a premarital tradition. - - .

On arriving in the city, he took a cab and went to the hotel. . ( , on -, , - .)

After graduating from college, he went to work in the research institute. - . ( after -, . , - , , , , , , , , .)

We use this sort of paper for printing. . ( ?)

Before leaving, the emigrants had a lot of things to arrange. - .

The upset girl left the room without saying goodbye to anybody. - , . ( -, -.)

without ( , - ) .

9999

Without answering any questions, the teacher dismissed the pupils. - , . ( -.)

Without understanding one another, it is impossible to come to an agree-ment. , .

They ran out of the house without saying a word. , .

: . , , , , , - , . - , - .

I am grateful to you for having calculated all the expenses. , .

Being treated is not so pleasant according to some persons. - , ( ) .

Our having moved to another district told on our family microclimate very posi-tively. , ( ) , - .

:

At that time, the building workers were building a building opposite the post office. .

, . ! I ( workers ), Past Continuous (), (, ). - .

, !

7 .

, - , .

- .

, , , , - , - , .

. , -, , , . ., . ., , --. - , , I.

I, , , - .

-, - -. , I - , - . . , ? , ?

"The running man" by Philip Dick was made into a film full of special effects. -. ( , .)

101101

Can you see a man standing at the pole? , ?

The boy sitting in front of the computer is my son. , , . ( , .)

Crossing the street, look right and then left. , , . ( -. .)

He was sitting in the armchair smoking his pipe and reading the newspaper. , .

II ( V3) -

, . - ? . , , - (. ).

II ( ?) -ed - . (. . 201205, 3). - II , .. - 2 . - II ? , . - , .

II : ? ? , , , . , - II. : sent , done , received -, corrected , built , used - . ., . .

Said is not always done. .

Gone with the wind. . (, -, .)

Wanted a chef. -. ( . wanted -

102102

. , , , , . , , , .)

Born to suffer. .

They are airborne. . (To bear , ; air . , -.)

I have lately bought a nice used car. / -.

Have you found the lost file? ?

Watch out! There is broken glass on the floor. ! .

-. -, . -, , , , , , -. , , . - , , , , ? having + V

3.

after, on ( , ). - I to be .

( )

V-ing being V3

V3

( , )

having V3

having been V3

103103

Walking in the park, I saw a squirrel in a tree. , .

Cooking a meal, the cook cut herself on a knife. , - . ( . .)

Having received his sisters message, Michael immediately sent her a reply. , .

Having graduated from the university, the young lawyer started searching for a job with a reliable company. , . ( , , .)

Hidden in the bushes, the archers were waiting for the knight. , . ( - .)

Being invited to the party, the girl went to the shop to buy some new clothes. , , .

Having been caught in the rain, the students got wet through. , .

Having been introduced to the lady, Mr. Pickwick immediately retreated several paces. , - .

while when. , , , . , .

While doing his homework, the boy answered several calls. - .

While riding on the train, the passenger met a few interesting persons. - . (, , . - , .)

When dressing in the morning, keep watching the time. You may be late for work. , . .

When having a party, invite your guests in advance. -, . ( -.)

104104

When being boiled, water evaporates. .

When being asked personal questions, dont be too sincere with journalists. , - .

When asked about his new job, Nick kept silent and ignored all the questions. , .

- . ( - -?) . : , -, . ? , , - . , , . , , .

.

The rivers being very close, the builders have connected them by means of chan-nels. , .

Many people speaking English all over the world, the language has become the most spread one. - , - , .

The wolf having been killed, they could now sleep easily. , , . ( - . , .)

The weather permitting, we shall set off at 5 oclock. , 5 .

. -. -. with.

105105

. , - , . .

The thief was walking in the street, with his eyes scrutinizing the windows of the ground floors. , .

The old man was gazing into the fire, with his mind wandering elsewhere in the past. , - .

The cyclist rushed through the village, with a pack of dogs following him. - .

I. - (see, hear, watch, observe, feel etc.) -, . .

The old woman watched the children playing in the park. -, . (: , .)

Did you hear that pop star singing her hit? , - / ? ( : -, ?)

The policeman saw a masked man climbing through the window of the next house. , - .

I can see the sun hiding behind the mountains. , .

I can feel the wind blowing. , .

, , - , - . , I - to. . -?, ?

106106

Did you hear that pop star sing her hit? , - () ? ( .)

The policeman saw a masked man climb through the window of the next house. , .

We heard the bomb explode. , . ( .)

The teacher saw the boy break the window with a stone. , .

-.

( , ), II , - . : have / get smth V

3. , have get -

, .

I have had a new suit made. . (, .)

They had their house repaired and decorated. .

We are going to have our pictures taken on this occasion. .

When will you get your laptop fixed? ? ( .)

, , , -, .

8 , ! , ,, ,

.

. , , - , , , - - . , , , , - , , , -. , . -, , , , ( ), - .

, . , .

, -. - . , , - . , , ( ), , - . .

108108

, , . .

, , . - , . , . , . . , .

Present Simple, if Present Simple.

If water is boiled, it evaporates. , . ( , .)

If you throw a stone upwards, it falls down. , . ( .)

If you are caught in the rain and have no umbrella, you get wet. - , .

A film is a success if a good director makes it. , . (, -)

You dont come late if you go to bed in time. , - .

, - , .

, -, .

Future Simple, Present Simple.

If the weather is fine tomorrow, well go to the country. , .

If you pass the exam successfully, well take you to the seaside. , . ( .)

109109

He will lend you the car if you promise to drive carefully. , . ( -. !)

If they buy the company, they will fire all the managers. , .

, - - . .

, -, - . , , . - ? -? . . . , , , . , , - . , . , . , . , , , - . . , , , -. .

if Past Simple, , , - Fu-ture in the Past.

.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a posh car or travel round the world. , - .

If the teacher knew the students better, she would never leave her purse in the classroom. , .

We would go to see our relatives if they called us for tea. - , .

110110

My brother would understand the strangers if he could speak English. , -.

If I had more time, I would take up Dutch. , ().

, . - , , , , .

. . - (, - , ). , -, - -! - .

, Past Perfect, Future Perfect in the Past.

If my grandfather had done better at school, he would have become a gener-al or a famous scientist. , .

If the October revolution had failed, the Russian Empire would have turned into the greatest power in the world. , .

Hitler would have conquered the whole world if his troops had not been stopped in the East. , .

If we hadnt bought the DVD, we wouldnt have seen such an interesting film. DVD-, .

. , . .

If we had started at 6 pm, we would be approaching Moscow now. 6 , .

111111

If only he were a little taller, he could have joined the Navy last year. , - .

If Samuel had been working for a couple of years, he had had enough material then and would be finishing his thesis now. , - .

, - , - -, , . , . , -. , , .

9 .

-

. , . . -- , - . , , , (- ), ( ) , - ( ), . , - , . , , , - , , - .

, , to be (), to have (), to possess (), to own () . to weigh (), to measure ( ), to cost (). , , - , to see (), to hear (), to feel (), to smell (), to taste ( , ). to love (), to like (, ), to hate (, ), to think (, ), to under-stand () . - - ( !).

be

have

apply to

assume ,

believe ,

care

113113

belong to

compare ()

concern

contain

cost

depend on

deserve

differ from

exist

hold

interest

measure

own

possess

resemble ,

stand for

weigh

hear

see

feel

smell

taste

look

want

consider

detest

envy

expect ,

fear

find