Αθανάσιος Χ. Τριανταφύλλου - Δομικά Υλικά

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& [ www.sml.civil.upatras.gr ]

20057

ISBN 960-92177-1-0

. .

(, , , , ...) , , , .

, , , , ' . , , , " ". , , , , , , . (, , , , , ) "" "". , .

. . , 20051. 151.1. 151.2. 161.3. 162. 172.1. 172.2. 172.2.1. 172.2.2. 172.2.3. 182.2.4. van der Waals 182.3. , 192.4. 212.4.1. 212.4.2. 222.5. 232.5.1. 232.5.2. 232.5.3. 252.6. 253. 263.1. 263.2. 263.2.1. 263.2.2. , , 263.2.3. 273.2.4. 273.3. 283.3.1. 303.4. , 303.4.1.1. , 313.4.1.2. 313.4.1.3. 313.4.1.4. 323.4.1.5. 323.4.1.6. 333.4.1.7. 333.4.1.8. 343.4.1.9. , 353.4.1.10. 353.5. 364. 384.1. , 384.2. 394.3. 415. 425.1. , 425.2. 425.2.1. , 425.2.2. 435.2.3. , m 445.2.4. 445.2.5. 445.3. 455.3.1. 455.3.2. 455.3.3. 465.3.4. 465.3.5. 465.4. 465.4.1. , , 465.4.2. 485.5. 496. 506.1. 506.2. 506.2.1. 516.2.2. 516.2.2.1. 526.2.2.2. 536.2.2.3. 546.2.2.4. - 556.2.3. 576.2.3.1. 576.2.3.2. 586.2.3.3. 586.3. 596.3.1. - 596.3.2. 596.3.2.1. 606.3.2.2. 636.3.2.3. 656.3.3. 666.3.3.1. 666.3.3.2. 696.3.3.3. 716.3.3.4. 716.3.4. 736.4. 746.4.1. 756.4.1.1. 756.4.2. 776.4.2.1. 796.4.2.2. 826.4.3. 846.5. 856.5.1. 856.5.2. 866.5.2.1. 886.5.2.2. 886.5.2.3. 916.5.3. 926.5.3.1. 936.5.3.2. 936.5.3.3. 946.5.3.4. 986.5.4. 996.6. 1006.6.1. Portland1006.6.1.1. 1006.6.1.2. 1016.6.1.3. 1026.6.2. Portland1036.6.2.1. 1036.6.2.2. 1046.6.3. , 1056.6.4. Portland1066.6.5. 1096.6.5.1. 1096.6.5.2. 1096.6.5.3. 1106.6.5.4. 1106.7. 1106.7.1. 1116.7.2. 1116.7.2.1. 1116.7.2.2. 1126.7.2.3. 1126.7.2.4. 1126.7.2.5. 1136.7.3. 1136.7.3.1. 1136.7.3.2. 1146.7.3.3. 1146.7.3.4. 1156.7.3.5. , 1166.7.3.6. , 1166.7.4. , 1226.8. 1236.8.1. 1236.8.1.1. 1246.8.1.2. 1246.8.1.3. 1256.8.2. 1256.8.2.1. 1266.8.2.2. 1276.8.3. 1276.8.3.1. 1286.8.3.2. 1286.8.3.3. 1296.8.4. 1306.8.5. 1306.9. 1316.9.1. 1316.9.2. 1326.9.2.1. 1326.9.2.2. 1366.9.3. , , 1366.9.4. 1406.9.5. , 1416.9.6. , 1426.9.7. 1436.9.8. 1446.9.9. 1456.9.9.1. 1466.9.9.2. 1476.9.10. 1476.9.11. 1496.10. , , 1496.10.1. 1496.10.2. 1516.10.3. 1546.10.4. (1997)1546.10.4.1. 1546.10.4.2. 1596.10.4.3. 1606.10.4.4. 1626.10.5. 206-11626.10.5.1. 1626.10.5.2. 1646.11. 1646.11.1. 1646.11.2. 1656.11.2.1. 1706.12. - ( )1716.12.1. Schmidt1716.12.2. 1736.12.3. 1746.12.4. 1756.12.5. , 1766.13. 1776.13.1. 1776.13.1.1. 1776.13.1.2. 1816.13.1.3. 1826.13.2. 1836.13.2.1. , 1846.13.2.2. 1846.13.3. 1856.13.4. 1866.13.4.1. , 1876.13.4.2. 1906.13.4.3. 1916.13.5. 1916.13.5.1. 1926.13.5.2. 1926.13.5.3. 1936.13.6. 1946.13.7. 1946.13.8. 1956.14. 1967. 2037.1. 2037.2. 2037.2.1.1. 2047.3. 2077.3.1. 2087.3.2. - , 2097.4. 2097.4.1. 2107.4.1.1. Bessemer Thomas2107.4.1.2. 2117.4.1.3. 2117.4.1.4. 2127.4.2. 2127.4.3. 2137.4.3.1. 2137.4.3.2. 2167.4.4. 2177.4.4.1. 2177.4.4.2. 2187.4.4.3. 2217.4.4.4. 2227.4.4.5. 2257.4.5. 2267.4.5.1. 2267.4.5.2. , 2287.4.5.3. 2317.4.5.4. 2347.4.5.5. 2377.4.5.6. , 2377.4.6. 2387.4.6.1. 2387.4.6.2. 2397.5. 2417.5.1. 2417.5.2. 2437.5.3. 2447.5.4. 2447.5.5. 2447.5.6. , , , 2447.6. 2457.6.1. 2457.6.1.1. 2457.6.1.2. 2457.6.1.3. 2467.6.1.4. 2467.6.1.5. 2467.6.2. 2467.6.2.1. 2467.6.2.2. 2487.6.2.3. 2487.6.2.4. 2497.6.2.5. 2497.7. 2498. 2528.1. 2528.2. , , 2528.2.1. , 2528.2.2. 2538.2.2.1. 2538.2.2.2. 2548.2.2.3. 2598.2.3. 2598.3. , 2608.3.1. 2608.3.1.1. 2608.3.1.2. 2618.3.1.3. 2628.3.2. 2638.4. 2648.4.1. 2648.4.2. 2678.4.2.1. 2678.4.2.2. , 2718.4.2.3. 2728.4.2.4. 2738.4.2.5. , , 2748.4.3. 52758.5. , 2768.5.1. 2778.5.2. 2798.5.3. , 2808.5.4. 2818.5.4.1. 2818.5.4.2. 2818.5.4.3. 2828.6. 2828.6.1.1. 2828.6.1.2. 2838.6.1.3. 2848.6.1.4. 2848.6.1.5. 2848.7. 2858.8. 2889. 2909.1. 2909.2. 2909.3. 2919.3.1. 2919.3.2. 2929.3.2.1. 2929.3.2.2. - 2939.3.3. 2949.3.3.1. , , , 2949.3.3.2. , 2959.4. 2959.4.1. , , 2959.4.2. 2989.4.3. 2999.5. 2999.5.1. 2999.5.2. 3019.6. , 3019.7. 30310. 30410.1. 30410.2. 30410.2.1. 30410.2.2. 30510.2.2.1. 30510.2.2.2. 30610.2.2.3. 30610.2.3. 630710.2.3.1. 30710.2.3.2. (1-3 mm) 30910.2.3.3. 30910.2.4. 31010.3. 31210.3.1. , 31210.3.2. 31410.3.2.1. 31410.3.2.2. , , 31410.3.2.3. , , 31510.3.2.4. , 31510.3.2.5. 31510.3.3. 31510.3.4. 31610.4. 31610.5. 31910.6. 32110.7. 32210.7.1. 32210.7.2. 32210.7.3. 32310.8. 32311. 32611.1. 32611.2. 32611.3. 32711.4. 32811.5. 33211.6. 33311.7. 33411.7.1. 33511.7.1.1. 33511.7.1.2. 33511.7.1.3. 33511.7.2. 33611.7.2.1. 33611.7.2.2. 33711.7.3. 33911.7.4. 33911.7.4.1. 33911.7.4.2. 34011.7.4.3. 34011.7.5. 34111.8. 34211.8.1. 34311.8.2. 34511.9. 351

. , ' (.. , , ...) (.. , , , ...). . 1.1, , , (.. , ), (.. , , ) (.. , , ), , (Ashby and Jones 1980).

. 1.1: .

, . , ' , , , , , , , ... ' ( 1992): () , , , , , , , () , , (.. ), () , , , , ... ( , .. Moavenzadeh 1990), . , "" () ( , ), , . , (.. , , ), , ( ), , "", (.. ) ... , , " ". ( ) () . , : , , , , , , . , ' .Ashby, . F and Jones, D. R. . (1980). Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to their Properties and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford., A. A. (1992). , . 1, , , .Moavenzadeh, F., editor (1990). Concise Encyclopedia of Building and Construction Materials, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA - Pergamon Press, Oxford. , ( ), ( ) . () ( ) . , , van der Waals (.. Illston et al. 1981). . () . . 2.1.

. 2.1: .

. 2.2: .

, (.. , , , ), . , . . 2.11. , . , , , . , ( ) (. 2.3).. 2.3: .

( ) . , ( ). van der Waals van der Waals , (. 2.5). . , , van der Waals, (10-20 ) . (. 2.5). , . , .

. 2.4: , () ,
() .

. 2.5: van der Waals.

, . "" , ... , , . , , , ( ) . . 2.6. F r (. 2.6.), S ou :

r r0, S

, . Hooke, .. 2.6: () , () , () .

. 2.7: .

(), . 2.7. , r0. , (r-r0) , . (r-r0) r0 , ( ), Hooke. (.. 1980). ( .. ), (, ) , . . (.. , , , ), . ( ), .

, . Bravais 1848 14 , . 2.8. , , , , . 14 7 (. 2.8): , , , , , . 14 , , . , . (.. , ) , .

. 2.8: : = , F = , = , C = , R = (Moffatt et al. 1964).

, , . , , . 2.9 (Ashby and Jones 1980).

. 2.9: : (.) , (.) (.. ), .

(.. ) , (. 2.10) .

. 2.10: .

, . , 103 (.. McClintock and Argon 1966). , , , . . , ( ) (. 2.11).

. 2.11: .

, , . , , , . , , , ( , "" ).

. 2.12: .

, . 2.12., (. 2.12.). F . . g, 1 2 (. 2.12). , . . 2.13. , (.. , ...), .. 2.13: () , () , () , () () .

( ) . ( , , ) , , . . , , , ... , .Ashby, . F and Jones, D. R. . (1980). Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to their Properties and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford.Illston, J. M., Dinwoodie, J. M. and Smith, A. A. (1981). Concrete, Timber and Metals, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London., . . , . . (1980). , .McClintock, F. . and Argon, . S., editors (1966). Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.Moffatt, W. G., Pearsall, G. W. and Wulff, J. (1964). The Structure and Properties of Materials, John Wiley and Sons. . , , , . . : , , , , , (.. Wendehorst 1975, Taylor 1983, 1984, 1992). m V . , , V = . . . 3.1.

. 3.1: .

, , (.. ) , , . ( ) , ( ). % ( , .. 24 ) . , m = m = ( 100 C). . , , , . . , . k, Darcy:3.1 dq/dt = , = , h = , = L = . , .. ASTM 96. , , . .

( C) , t = , t = = . , ( ) . (: W/mK SI, kcal/mhC = 1.16W/mK). Q ( ) 1m2 1m, 1 C (. 3.2). Q d t, ,

. 3.2: .

, , ( ) . . = 1/ . ( ) d R = d = d/. n (.. , "") (i = 1, 2, ... , ) di, , , 1/1, , 1/2, (.. ) . , " ", -514. " " ( , ), ASTM C518. "", -1367.1-2, -1368 - 1382. 822-825. . , . "" . () (), . 3.3. , .

. 3.3: () () .

. 3.4: () () .

, . () () . 3.4. . , (.. Cottrell 1964, Timoshenko and Goodier 1970, lllston et al. 1979, 1980, John 1983, Gere and Timoshenko 1990, 1994, 2005). , ( ). ( ) Hooke ( Young) . G = . ( ) ( ) G . , Poisson ( ) , ( ). , .,

. 3.5: , () , () , () , () () .

. , , . . 3.5. . ( ) ( ) , . , , , () - (. 3.6).

. 3.6: - () (, ) () .

() ( ' ), . . 3.7.

. 3.7: .

, ( ) ( ) , (. 3.8). ( , , , , ), , , , . .

. 3.8: () () .

, . (.. ). . , , . . 3.9.

. 3.9: () () .

(- ) . , (.. ) . . 3.10. N1 ( ) (min, max), max ( ) min.

. 3.10: ( ).

(.. ) . Charpy. . , , . , . , , . (.. , ) . (.. , ) (.. , , ). ( ) . (.. , ), ( , ) ( , ). , (.. , , , , , ). . , . ( 25-40) ( .. 5% ) 25% . ( ). (.. , , , , ...). , . Mohs. 10 , ( 3.1). Mohs , , . , , (.. ) (.. ), , Los Angeles. . ( ) % , .

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

3.1: Mohs. , , . Brinell ( ), Rockwell ( ) Vickers ( )., , - (. 3.11). ( ' ) , .

. 3.11: .

, , . , , = u/y, . 3.12.

. 3.12: .

, , .. . , - -, .. . . , D -- U . . 3.13. 10-2 - 310-2 , 210-4 - 210-3 0.5-1.5 (.. , ). , , ..., .

. 3.13: .

Cottrell, . . (1964). Mechanical Properties of Matter, Wiley.European Standard EN 822 (1994). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications - Determination of Length and Width, European Committee for Standardization.European Standard EN 823 (1994). Thermal Insulating Products for Buit'ding Applications - Determination of Thickness, European Committee for Standardization.European Standard EN 824 (1994). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications - Determination of Squareness, European Committee for Standardization.European Standard EN 825 (1994). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications - Determination of Flatness, European Committee for Standardization.Gere, J. M. and Timoshenko, S. P. (1990). Mechanics of Materials, 3rd edition, PWS- Kent Publishing Company, Boston.Illston, J. M., Dinwoodie, J. M. and Smith, A. A. (1979). Concrete, Timber and Metals, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London.John, V. B. (1983). Introduction to Engineering Materials, 2nd edition, MacMillan Education, London., . (1980). I, II, ., . . (1992). , . 1, , , ., . (1994). , , , . -514. - - . -1367.1. - - 1: . -1367.2. - - 2: . -1368. - . -1382. - - ., . . (1984). , . ', . . , .Taylor, G. D. (1983). Materials of Construction, 2nd edition, Construction Press, London.Timoshenko, S. P. and Goodier, J. N. (1970). Theory of Elasticity, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill, New York., . . (2005). , I, II, .Wendehorst, R. (1975). Baustoffkunde, Verlag, Hannover. , , , . . . . (BPR 1950). ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ). , , , 95% . , (.. , , , ), , (.. , , ), , (.. , , , ). Si02 (SiO2 > 65%), (SiO2 55-66%) (SiO2 < 55%). SiO2 , , , . , 5% . : () , ( , .. , ) () ( , .. , , ) () , ( ). ( , , , ...) , (.. , , , , ) (.. , , , , ). , , ... (.. , ) (.. , ). 4.1 (BPR 1950, Wendehorst 1975, 1984).

(kg/m3)(% ..)(MPa)

26500.3150

27400.4180

, 29000.3230

27000.5250

30000.2320

22507.0100

28500.2210

26500.9100

27001.1140

. 27500.5150

27001.270

26002.0100

27500.3220

28500.4200

. 27500.5280

27000.3210

26500.2120

26500.6200

4.1: . ( ) . , , , , ( 1992). ( , , ). (.. , ). ( ) . . 15-50 cm, , . (.. , ) . , .., (.. , ...). (.. ) (.. ) (, , ). , , , ( ) (.. , ). 4.2 ( 1995).
(kg/m3)
(% ..)
(MPa)
(MPa)
(mm)

27100.06109264.33

28800.6899195.66

Ajax 28250.6298225.88

27200.0299216.94

27100.0893294.44

27400.12112324.79

27100.13108254.81

27100.0795157.97

27100.1286165.58

27300.0573136.96

.26500.0697185.84

27200.2286195.76

27200.0698286.45

27700.1491186.14

Cipollino verde antico27550.12125245.72

imperiale26700.48128343.21

28000.41113242.50

27150.1095172.94

26850.29154383.00

27550.1192186.12

27100.1296144.25

27100.2698143.22

27200.1483145.12

26850.28111143.93

Rosso antico 27100.13128327.47

-27100.1497163.83

27000.3092144.35

26300.06121327.12

28000.0694193.76

27200.08105233.78

27000.0973186.68

4.2: . "" . ( , , 9 10). 771-6. . (, ), , , 75% ( 25% ). 6.BPR (U.S.A. Bureau of Public Roads Manual) (1950), The Identification of Rock Types. , . . (1995). , .European Standard prEN 771-1 (1992). Specification for Masonry Units - Part 6: Natural Stone Masonry Units, European Committee for Standardization., A. A. (1992). , . 1, , , ., . . (1984). , . ', . . , .Wendehorst, R. (1975). Baustoffkunde, Verlag, Hannover. , ( ) . (.. , ). ( , ) . , . () . , : () (, , , , m , , ), , () ( , , , ), . (Si2), (2O3) (Fe23). , , ., , (.. , ) , (.. , , ). , , , 2m. , , ( 2SiO2AI2O32H2O S2AH2), , . , . . . . ( ) , CaO ( ), (CaCO3 CaO + C02) 900 C , 880 Wh/kg CaO. To CaCO3 , , .. MgO, SiO2, 2O3, Fe2O3. . CO2 , 55% ( 1984). (320 Wh/kg CaO) : CaO + 2O Ca(OH)2. . . . 800-900 C, 900-1050 C >1050 C 45-55%, 35-45% 50 nm , (5-50 nm) . . ( ) . 30% . . C-S-H . ( 10% ), C-S-H. . . - - .. van der Waals. , . C-S-H , . /. . 6.5, 1 cm3 2 cm3 (Powers 1958) 3140 kg/m3. , Powers (1968) S ( MPa) ( + )x (x = 1 - , = ) S = kx3, k = 235 MPa. , / . . ( ) . . 6.6 (L. Hermite 1962). , . , . (5-50 nm) , , .() 100 cm3 , / = 0.63,

() 100 cm3 , 100% , /

. 6.5: () () /.

. 6.6: () () .

( ) . , 100%. . . . , (. 6.7, Powers 1958).

. 6.7: , .

C-S-H . , , . , : . (, ) , . ( , /) . , , . / ' , ( ) ' (Maso 1980). , van der Waals, . , . CH, ( ), . , , , , /, , , .. , , ( ) . (.)(. ). , . , . . , 40-70% , - . , , . , . , . . "" . , ( )., . ( ) . , . "" , . ( , ' ) , , , ( ) . - (.. Powers 1958).

fcp = , fcp,0 = , = n 3. (.. Neville 1981, Lemaitre and Chaboche 1990). , , . , , .

/ . (.. , ) , ' . , . , . 6.8, , .

. 6.8: .

, .

. 6.9: /T .

. / Abrams, 1918: k1 k2 . . 6.9 (PCA 1988). / (. 6.5) , , . . . , . , . 6.10 (Cordon 1979).

. 6.10: () / () .

/ , ( ) , . , , ( ). . . (. ), (.. ) . , ... (PCA 1988).. , () . , , , , ( ) , , , . . , , ( ). /, . 6.11 (Cordon and Gillespie 1963). (. /), , / . , , / .

. 6.11: /.

/, . , ( ) (. , ), . (.. ) ( ) (.. ) , . , , . , , , ., , ( ) . . . , ( ). . ( ), ( CaO), ( ) ( ) . 15-20% . , , ' , ( 1997). , , 15%. . 1008 ( -345). . . , , . ( , ) . , , , ( ), C-S-H (.. Neville 1981). , , , .. / . - (Comite Euro-International du Beton, CEB) ( 20 C) (CEB-FIP 1990):6.1 fcm(t) = f , fcm = 28 , s = , s = 0.20 , s = 0.25 s = 0.38 , t1 = 1 . , 3, 7, 90 360 60%, 78%, 112% 120%, , 28 .. (.. , , ...). . 6.12, (Mehta and Monteiro 1993).

. 6.12: .

, , 7 ( ) 28 . 6.10.5.. , . 28 5 C 80% 20-40 C. , . , . , 5 C 20 C, 2-3 20 C , 20% 15%, , 40 C, 2-3 . ( ) . 20 C -10 C, 5 C 12 C 28 , (28 ) 5%, 50% 60%, , 20 C. , . , , . , , , , , ., . , (), . . "" , ' . 2:1. 150x300 mm 75-85% 150 mm ( ). , , , , , . 2:1 , , (. 6.13).

. 6.13: : () , () .

, . , 150 mm 300 mm 5% 10% , , 200 mm. , 50x100 mm, 75x150 mm 200x400 mm 10% , 6% 4% , , 150x300 mm. , , . , 20% . . 2-3 (30 sec ' ), , "" . . , . . . ( , ) . - (. 6.14.) 30% fc, . 30% 50% fc , , , - -. 0.754, (Chen 1982), . , , . , 0.75-0.94 - , . . . 6.14., , , 4 . 6.15 (Glucklich 1968).

. 6.14: () , () .

. 6.15: .

(), , ( ). , , . , 0.9fc , 0.75fc 30 . . 6.16 (Rusch 1960). , . 0.25 MPa/sec, 0.001 MPa/sec 100 MPa/sec Jones and Richart (1936) R 0.25 MPa/sec (1.04 + 0.07log10R). 12390-3.

. 6.16: .

, . ' , , . . CEB-FIP (1990) fc,imp: fcm = 0 = 1 MPa/sec, = , as = 1/(5 + 0.9fcm ) ( fcm MPa) logs = 6as - 2.

. 6.17: .

, 60% ( ). . . 6.17 (Karson and Jirsa 1969). - , - . . . , - . 0.07-0.13, . , .. . , (. 6.18), , . ( 12390-6) ( " "), L = 300 mm D = 150 mm (. 6.19.). ,

. 6.18: .

h , ( , . 6.19.), , fctsp. , 10-15%.

. 6.19: () ( ), () .

150x150x600 750 mm, 450 mm (. 6.19.). -739. max (" " " ")

Mmax , b h , . ' , - - ( ). , ( , ), ' 50-100%. (2000) , fct,fl, (fctm = 0.5fct,fl), (CEB-FIP 1990): fctm = (fctm = 0.9Act,sp, fct,sp = ), fct,fl, = , k ( , , , - - , 5%) h = mm. , 90% 0.7fctm 1.3fctm (CEB-FIP 1990). ( ), , , , , (.. , ) . , , , ( ) . (2000) 2 (1994),6.2 fck = Mpa. , ( ) ( ) . (1 2) . 6.20 , - , . 6.21. (Kupfer et al. 1969). ( 27% 80% 16% ) , . - , . : , , , (. ) .

. 6.20: - : () , () - () .

. (.. ). ( ) , (), (. 6.22, Richart et al. 1928). , . . 6.21..

. 6.21: () () .

. 6.22: - .

, , , fc ( ) fcm s. , , , , , fck. , 5% (10% ACI318) fck. , 6.3, ( s) fck, ( s) fcm . , , f28, , , . . (20 C 2 C, 95%) 28 , . 12390-2 ( -671). 206-1, 150 mm 300 mm ( ACI 318, DIN 1045 CEB) 150 mm ( ). 200 mm ( DIN 1045). 6.1. 6.1 . - . "" ( ) , , , . 150 mm . 200 mm , , , , , . 150x300 mm (MPa)9.212.818.425.439.5

150 mm (MPa)12.616.823.631.547.2

200 mm (MPa)12.016.022.430.045.0

6.1: . , , - ( ' ). - , , - - ' . . 6.23 . , Eco, , ( ) , Ect, , ( ) , Ecs, , 40% . , , , Ecd, .

. 6.23: .

(.. ASTM C469-83), (, , ). (2000), 28 , Ecm, fck6.4 Ecm fck MPa. - 80 MPa. , Poisson, 0.15 0.2, . , , , ' , (, ), . . . 6.24 .

. 6.24: .

. , , , ' . , ( 25-85 GPa) ( 5-10 GPa), , "" . , . , , , , , -.. , , /, , (. 6.8) . . - , , . . 6.8. . 15%, . C-S-H , C-S-H van der Waals, ., -, , . , . , , . 6.2.2, . , , C-S-H , . , . , , , ( Poisson). , . , . , , . 6.15. 100% , . , , (). , . , , . , . , , , . . , , , . . , . , , , .

() ,

()

( ) 0 = 0

, ,

() .

( )

6.2: , . . 6.25, . (. 6.25.) , -, , C-S-H. , , , (. 6.25.). . , .

. 6.25: () () .

, . . , ' , . , . . 6.26., , Sc, , Sp, , Cc/Cp, , (Powers 1961, Neville 1964): g = ' , n, = (.. - 1.2 - 1.7, L' Hermite 1962).

. 6.26: () () .

. 6.27 (Troxell et al. 1958), 2.5 . , , , , .

. 6.27: () () .

, , . , . , Portland, . , . / , /, . , ( /) , , , .

. 6.28: () () .

. 6.29: () () .

, , ., . , , , (. 6.28, Troxell et al. 1958), (. 6.29, CEB-FIP 1990).. , . , h, , Ac, , u/2, . . 6.30 (CEB-FIP 1990)., , . ' . , - . : , . , , , , - ( 40% , ), ( 35% 60% ).

. 6.30: () () .

CEB, , . . t () , ts (), :: sc = , 4 , 5 8 ,RH = , RH (%),

h0= 100 mm t1 = 1 ( ). (.. t = 70 ) (RH = 50%) -0.00060 -0.00050 h < 150 mm h > 600 mm, . (RH - 80%) -0.00033 -0.00028. h . S2 S3 (. 6.10.2), 0.7.. co [< 0.4fcm(to)] to, ( + ) t () t0 Ec28 28 , 1.05Ecm. cc(t0) 6.1 (. 63) : , , , t0 :

: t1,T = 1 , = , -1 , 0 1 t0,T = , T(ti) = ( C) ti, T, 0 = 1 C., , 0.4fcm(t0) - 0.6fcm(t0), (t = 70 ) 6.3 ( h). 6.3 S2 S3 (. 6.10.2) +10 +20 C, 0.7. , t0 () . . (RH= 50%) . (RH= 80%)

, h (mm)

5015060050 150600

15.54.63.73.63.22.9

73.93.12.62.62.32.0

283.02.52.01.91.71.5

902.42.01.61.51.41.2

3651.81.51.21.11.01.0

6.3: (t = 70 , t0). , . , ac, , ' . 6-1310-6/C, 1010-6/C. c (10-6/C): (): 10-12, : 9, : 12.5, : 7, : 9. ac c, , , . c 2 W/mK. (.. ) ( ), ( ) () () . , , , . , , . (.. Carlson et al. 1979). , , , . , , ' - . , . . , , , , . , , . ( ) , 3 , , , , k [ 3.1 (. 27)]. . , /. / = 0.7, 10-3 - 10-4 mm/sec , 10x10-8 mm/sec 6 , 50x10-10 mm/sec 13 6x10-10 mm/sec , (Powers et al. 1954), . , 40% 30% , 110x10-11 mm/sec 20x10-11 mm/sec, 20% . , . 30% , . / 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 0.7 3, 14, 180 365 , , 10-11 mm/sec. , / ( 0.5). , 3-10%, . , 10m, , 10-100 nm. , . ( , ...) . , / = 0.5 10-9 mm/sec., . , , , , , . : ( ), /, , , , . , . 6.31. , , . . ( ) , . (.. ) (.. , , ) (.. ), , .

. 6.31: .

, , , , . //(. 6.32.), . (. 6.32.). Liu (1981), (.. ) (.. ). , . , ' ( 1993). , , . 7 60-80% 3 (ACI 302.1 R-80). , ("") . , . /, (.. ) . , , , , , , (CEB 1982). , , . , , ' . (1997) ( , 6.7.3), 50 mm, 350 kg/m3 C25/30 ( 6.10.1).

. 6.32: () / () .

, . , , , "", , . , . , C/Cs. C/Cs = 2, (NaCI) 0 C, 25 C 50 C 55 MPa, 60 MPa 65 MPa, . C/Cs = 10, 185 MPa 220 MPa, 0 C 50 C, (Winkler 1975). , , . , , 0.25 mm 35 mm, , , , , . , ( 1993). . . 9%, , , . (.. ) (Mehta and Monteiro 1993). , . "", . , ( ). ( ) , , (Litvan 1976). ( ). , , , . (.. C-S-H). , . - , . , , . ( ) , . ( 500 nm) , . , , . . , , . . . (.. CaCl2 NaCI) , , , . 14 C/, . , . , , , . , , , . , ' . . , , , , . , , , . (.. ) . , . . (.. ), , . , 0.1 mm. , 0.05% .. . 0.05-1 mm, . , . 25 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm 8 mm 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% 2.5%, ( 1993). , , 6.0%, 4.5%, 3.5% 3.0%, 8 mm, 16 mm, 31.5 mm 63 mm, . , 1% 5%. , /. , . , . , Portland. , , , . , . 10% .. ( ), 0.35m 20m, . /. , / , , / (. 6.33) .

. 6.33: / ( 1993).

. , . , , . , . . , . . , . . , , , . . , . . , , . C-S-H 300 C , 500 C , ( 30%). C-S-H 900 C (Mehta and Monteiro 1993). . , , , , . , ( ), , , . . - , , CaO MgO, , . pH ( 12.5 13.5) , Na+, + -, ( ), pH . pH (.. 6) , , , ... , , (. 6.34). . , .

. 6.34: .

. , , , . , ( ) , ( ), (Biczok 1967). , . CO2 , . , , ( ), , , . . . . , , , , ( ) ( CO2 ). , ( , pH 7) , . . (.. , , , , ) , . . , , , . C-S-H, , , . MgSO4 . , . . (, , ) . () . , , . , Ca(OH)2. . (. ), , (CEB 1992). SO42- 200-600 mg/l, 600-3000 mg/l 3000-6000 mg/l ( 206-1). , , /, , . , . , (.. ) . , / , . -. , 75% , ( , ...), (.. ) (.. , , ...), , . 6.35. ( pH ) Na2O 2O (), 0.15- 1.5% .. ( 1993). 0.6% ( ).

. 6.35: -: () , () .

( ) ( ), , , , , , ... ( ) , . (.. ) . ( pH) , , (.. , , ). 40% 1/4. (. 6.35.), ( ), ( ) , ( 1993). MgO CaO. MgO CaO . . () . , .. (pH 13), Ca(OH)2. ( ) , 0.5% .. , ( ), pH 9. ( ), , . pH 9 Ca(OH)2 CO2 , . . : To Ca(OH)2 , 0.5% . Ca(OH)2 .

. 6.36: ( 1991).

, . , ' . , . , , ( ), , ()-. , , () (. 6.36). , . ( ) . , ( 2-6 ) , . / ( ), ( ) , . , . . , (.. 50%) , . . , , CO2 Ca(OH)2 . , 100% ( ). , , CO2 , 50% ( 1991). ( ) , / , . , ' . - , . , ( ), 80%, 1/2 60% 95%, 1/5 50% 100%. 90%, 1/2 60% 95%, 1/3 50% 100% ( 1991). ( ) -. . , - . () . , / ( 0.5 0.4 ) ( 300 kg/m3). . , CaO CO2 . , . , ( ) , , ( CO2 ), . , ( ), . ( ) ( , ) , (Allen et al. 1993), (.. , ), " ". (.. , , , ) . , , , , , ( ), CO2 ... , . : , , ( , , ) , ' , , . , . , , . ( ), , , CO2 , ( ). , (Mehta 1980). . , / (Neville and Brooks 1987). (1997) / 0.48, 400 kg/m3 60 mm ( , , / 0.60 330 kg/m3). , , . , , ( 1993). . , . , . , . , . . ( ) , , . . , , , pH . : , ... .. , , ... (.. , ) ( 1993). , . , Portland, . Portland Portland, , ( ). 1824 L. Aspdin, Portland Portland . 15 , 50% ( 1996). Portland : () , ( ) , () , . () () , . () . 600 C , , 1500 C , 5-25 mm (). () , , 2-3% , , Portland, 75m. Portland . 6.37. , , , , : () , ( ) () ( , ) () ( ). , (filler), ' ( , ). . ( ). , ( ) . 3% .. , .

. 6.37: Portland.

, ' . , 0.9 kWh , 1.6 kWh/kg. 1996 (50 kg) 10 kg 5 kWh. , . , (6.27), : CaO + CO2 SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 + H2O3CaOSiO22CaOSiO23CaOAl2O34CaOAl2O3Fe2O3(C3S)(C2S)(C3A)(C4AF)

. 55% 15% .. C3S C2S, . To C3S , , . , C2S , . , . (C3A) 12% .. , , (), , . (C4AF) 9% .. : , , ( ). , , : (MgO), (' 5% .. ). (Na2O, 2O), , (' 1% .. ). Portland 6.4. -196.2.CaOSiO2l23Fe2O3MgOSO3K2O, Na2O

..6422631.520.51

6.4: Portland. Blaine ( cm2/kg). , , . , . 2600 cm2/kg ( ) 5000 cm2/kg ( 1993). , ( ) . , . , , , . Portland , . , . , . , , , , , . (C3S, C2S, C3A C4AF) . , (.. 1993). C3S:2(3CaO SiO2) + 62O 3CaO 2SiO2 3H2O + 3Ca(OH)2 C2S:2(2CaO SiO2) + 4H2O 3CaO 2SiO2 3H2O + Ca(OH)2 C3A:3CaO Al2O3 + 6H2O 3CaO Al2O3 6H2O C4AF:4CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3 + 2Ca(OH)2 +10H2O 3CaO Al2O3 6H2O + 3CaO Fe2O3 6H2O ( 6.2.2) , 60% . , . van der Waals, , , . , . 6.38 . 6.39 (Bogue 1955). , C3A ( .. ) ( ) , . , , . , , ., 25-30% , 10-15%. / 0.42, 8% . , , . , , / 0.36. / 0.36-0.42, . , , .

. 6.38: .

. 6.39: .

, . 50% , 75% 85-90% 6 (Neville and Brooks 1981). , , , . 6.5 (Verbeck and Foster 1950).3 90 13

C3S58104122

C2S124259

C3A212311324

C4AF6998102

6.5: (cal/g) . ( ), , ( ) 4-8 ( ), , (. 6.40).

. 6.40: .

, (.., 75 cal/g 5 C 160 cal/g 40 C). , , .. (.. , , ), , . C3S C3A. , , . , . , , , . , , , ( C-H-S) , , , , . , . ( ) . . Vicat, 300 g. () 40 mm 35 mm. . -196.3 6.7., ASTM C150-84 45 375 , Vicat (ASTM C191-82). Vicat -196.3. , . . 6.41 (Soroka 1979).

. 6.41: () () , , .

Portland -197.1, . , R, ( ). 6.6 . CEM I: Portland. (.. , , , ) 5% .. CEM II: Portland. (65- 94% ..), (.. , , , ) (0-5%). CEM I. CEM III: . (5-64%), (36-95%) (0-5%). CEM IV: . (45-89%), / / (11-55%) (0-5%). C3S C3A . CEM V: . (20-64%) (18-50%), / (18-50%) (0-5%). (.. ) , . , Portland (SR) IV ( 1980), C3A 3.5% SO3 2.5%. (.. , , ). 197.1, 32.5, 42.5 52.5, ( ) R ( ). 40 mm, (..) :: 1:3:0.5, . 100% 20-22 C. -196.1. 6.7.. -196.1. , . , CEM I 42.5 ( , ), CEM II 32.5 ( , ) CEM II 42.5 ( ). 27 ( ) ( % )

S D T

PQVWLLL

CEM I CEM I95-1000-5

CEM II CEM II/A-S80-946-200-5

CEM II/B-S65-7921-350-5

CEM II/A-D90-946-100-5

CEM /-80-946-200-5

CEM /-65-7921-350-5

CEM II/A-Q80-946-200-5

CEM /-Q65-7921-350-5

CEM II/A-V80-946-200-5

CEM II/B-V65-7921-350-5

CEM II/A-W80-946-200-5

CEM II/-W65-7921-350-5

CEM /-80-946-200-5

CEM /-65-7921-350-5

CEM /-L80-946-200-5

CEM II/B-L65-7921-350-5

CEM II/A-LL80-946-200-5

CEM ll/B-LL65-7921-350-5

- CEM ll/A-M80-946-200-5

CEM ll/B-M65-7921-350-5

CEM IIICEM Ill/A35-640-5

CEM lll/B20-340-5

CEM lll/C5-190-5

CEM IV

CEM IV/A65-8911-350-5

CEM IV/B45-6436-550-5

CEM V CEM V/A40-6418-30

CEM V/B20-3831-50

) ) 10%) - CEM /- CEM /-, CEM IV/A CEM IV/ CEM V/A CEM V/B ( 8).

6.6: 27 .

( ) . , 50-60 C, . CO2 , . 10%, , . (MPa) (min) () (mm)

2 7 28

32.5 --1632.5 - 52.57510

32.5 R10--32.5 - 52.57510

42.5 10--42.5 - 62.56010

42.5 R20--42.5 - 62.56010

52.5 20--52.54510

52.5 R30--52.54510

6.7.: ( 197.1).2 7 28

35--1525 - 45

4510--35 - 55

5515--45

6.7.: MPa ( 1980). , Portland ( ) . , ' . . 0.2-0.7 MPa, . , 7 MPa, -, . ( ) . . (.. ) . Portland , . . ... , 3-5 , , , ... (20-25%) (10-15%). , Portland. jo . , , . 8 24 15 25 MPa, , 50 MPa. (.. ). ( 0.5% Fe2O3) , . , (.. , ) , . , 5-10%. CaO 2O3, ( ) . , ' . (.. ). , 60-80% . , . , , ( ) , . , , 5 mm . , , 2000- 3000 kg/m3, , 2000 kg/m3 1200 kg/m3, , 3000 kg/m3 ( ). , , , , (.. ), (.. , ), (.. ). ( ""), , , ( -408). , , , , , (.. Mehta and Monteiro 1993, 1993). 12620 ( ) 13055-1 ( ). ( ) (. . 4). . ( ) , (.. ) . . . ( 2000 kg/m3 1200 kg/m3) , ., 1.5 (Triantafillou and Gibson 1990). , 6.13.1.. , . 400-800 kg/m3, . () 70% SiO2, 12% 2O3, 2.5% CaO, 4% 2O, 3.5% Na2O (LAVA). ( ), , , .. , . 900-1200 C 10 , . 100-400 kg/m3. . , . , 1200 C. , , . 300-800 kg/m3. . . , , . 1600 C , , , . ( "" ) 600-1100 kg/m3. , > 3000 kg/m3, , (.. , , ). ( 2600 kg/m3), (2700 kg/m3), (3000 kg/m3), (2300 kg/m3) (2600 kg/m3). (3700 kg/m3), (4500 kg/m3), . . 1100-1400 kg/m3, (.. ..., ) , ... . , , . 1000-1200 C , , . , (.. ..., , , ) . 2/3 , (Frondistou-Yannas 1980). , . , , , , , (, ), (), ( ). (.. , , , , , ) . . 6.42.

. 6.42: .

() , ( ). 2400 3000 kg/m3 2600-2700 kg/m3, 2700 kg/m3, 2650 kg/m3 2400 2600 kg/m3. , 2600 kg/m3. , , ( ) . , 1700 kg/m3. / . , . 6.43, : () , (.. 100-110 C) () , () , () , .

. 6.43: .

, . , . , , , . , () . 75 mm, 90 mm 40 mm, . , , . ("") , . , , . , 0.075 mm, . , , (Troxell et al. 1968). . , , , 16% , 5%, 1% .. ("", , ). 20% .. . , , . . (.. ), (.. ). . (.. , ) , 6.5.3. , , , 1% , , . , , , , . , , , , , ..., 150-300 MPa 60-90 GPa, , , 100 MPa 50 MPa, . 65 MPa ( -408). , 45 MPa 65 MPa 45 MPa , , . , Los Angeles (. 3) 40%. Los Angeles 30 kg 40 kg . , , / , , . . , . "", , . "" .. ASTM C88, - 10% 12%. - .. ASTM C290 80%. "" 10 kg, 20 kg 30 kg , , ., . , . , . . -408, , () () 3:1 50%. , , . , , , . , , . , ( DIN 4187 4188) ( ASTM 11). , ..., mm, ..." 9.5 mm , " , ... , . , 0.25 mm. , 6.8-6.11. : (..) . , () . , , 6.8-6.11 . 6.44-6.47, C30/37 . . 6.44 . . 6.44-6.47 , , Dmax, 95% . , , . : , , ( ), , . %

(mm)

0.250.252-1313-1717-23

1110-3030-4444-58

2218-4040-5555-67

4430-5252-6767-76

8845-6868-8080-86

161670-8787-9393-96

31.531.5100100100

6.8.: 31.5 mm . %

(mm)

0.250.252-1313-1717-23

500.33-1414-2020-27

300.66-2323-3434-44

161.1812-3232-4747-60

82.3621-4343-5858-69

44.7533-5656-7070-78

3/8"9.551 - 7373-8484-89

1/2"12.561 -8080-8989-93

1"25.095 -100100100

1 1/2"37.5100100100

6.8.: 1" . %

(mm)

0.250.252-1111-16

116-2626-39

2211-3434-49

4419-4242-59

8830-5656-71

161646-7171-84

31.531.572-9090-96

6363100100

6.9.: 63 mm . %

(mm)

0.250.252-1111-16

500.33-1313-19

300.64-2020-30

161.187-2929-42

82.3612-3636-51

44.7521-4545-62

3/8"9.534-6060-74

1/2"12.541-6666-80

3/4"19.051-7575-87

1"25.060-8484-93

1 1/2"37.595-10095-100

2"50.0100100

6.9.: 1 1/2" . %

(mm)

0.250.252-1313- 18

1112-3232-49

2221 -4242-62

4436-6363-80

8860-8585-94

1616100100

6.10.: 31.5 mm . %

(mm)

0.250.252-1313-18

500.33-1414-22

300.68-2323-37

161.1814-3434-52

82.3624-4747-66

44.7542-6868-84

3/8"9.570-9191-97

1/2"12.595-100100

3/4"19.0100100

6.10.: 1/2" . %

(mm)

0.250.255-1111-21

1121-4242-57

2236-5757-71

4461-7474-85

8895-100100

6.11.: 63 mm . %

(mm)

0.250.255-1111-21

500.37-1515-26

300.615-3030-43

161.1825-4545-60

82.3642-6161-74

44.7569-8080-88

3/8"9.5100100

6.11.: 3/8" .

. 6.44: 31.5 1" ( I).

, , , . , - ( fck,cube 30 MPa) . , 95% .. 4 4 100% 8 3/8". , 0.25 24% 30% fck,cube 30 MPa fck,cube < 30 MPa, , , 37% (.. , ). 1" 31.5 mm 1 1/2" 63 mm , , 1/2" 16 mm 3/8" 8 mm (). ( ) , ' 2 8 25% 1 16 2%.

. 6.45: 63 1 1/2" ( II).

. 6.46: 16 1/2" ( III).

. 6.47: 8 3/8" ( IV).

(1, 2 3, , , , 1 + 2 + 3 = 1) , ( ). , 1, 2 3 i, 11 + 22 + 3X3. . , . . ( ) , . , , , 100 FM (Fineness Modulus), (.. FM = 3 3 , . 30). 6.12. % %%

45955

8306535

16313466

30142080

5012892

0.256298

6.12: . ( = 3.76, FM= 3.76, 1 mm.), . , , , . , . , 6.3.2. , 30 mm. (%) (, , ) :0.2512481631.5

40707890100

00256085100

0000545100

. 51020355075100

, . , :

1 = 0.12, 1 = 0.14. 1 = 0.13. 2 = 0.40, 2 = 0.38, 2 = 0.39. , 2 3 = 0.48. , :0.2512481631.5

5920344974100

, ( .. ), ( .. ) (.. , ). , 80 m3 , 40 m3 80 m3 , 20 kg , 30 kg 40 kg . , . , . 10 , . , , . , , : () () , 10% 4 4, 8% ( 0.25) 5% 0.25. , (.. , ) (.. , ). . , . . , . , , , , . , 934-2, 12620, 12878, 450 113263. , , , . (.. -COO-, -SO3-, -3+), . , . 10-1000 m . - , . , - , ( ), (Lea 1971). - . , . , . , . , , . , ( 5-15%) . 6.13 (Hewlett 1978), . (kg/m3) / (mm) (Mpa)

7 28

( )3000.62502537

*3000.621002638

*3000.56503446

*2700.625025.537.5

6.13: - .
* . , ' . / . , . , , . 3-4 ' , 20- 25% . . . ( , 20-30 ) 0.4-0.8% 1.2% .. , . , . . , ( ) /. 6.14. . (kg/m3) / (mm) (MPa)

1 .3 .7 .28 .

( )3600.6022510213245

2% .. 3600.4522520354355

3600.453016283752

6.14: - . , , . . (, ) (), -. , : () , (.. ) () , (.. ) () (.. +, Na+) ( ), ( ) () (.. CI-, 3-, SO42-) ( ), ( ). , . , (.. 0.1-0.3% .. ) (.. CaCI2) (.. 2CO3) , ( 1%) . , . , (.. ) . , CaCI2 , (.. ) , ., ( , ), . , . (.. ), . , . , , ' . , , , 0.5-2% .., (Ramachandran 1980). To CaCI2 40-150%, , (.. 30-100% ). 15%. 30% 24 . , . , 1% , , CaCI2 . , . , , . , , ' (.. ), , 0.2 - 0.3% .. . ( ) , ( ) . , . , , , (Hewlett 1978). , . , 0.4-1% .. . , , , 10-100% .. , , , . , (.. ), (.. , ). . . Ca(OH)2, . , . . . , 45 m . , . ( ) 600-900 C. . ... (), , , . , . , ..., , , ,, , . . . , . 60-85%, 10-30% 5%. CaO (< 10%) , CaO (> 10%), , . < 1 m 100 m, 20 m 50%. , , . . . < 10 m 28 , 10 45 m , . . , SiO2 0.1 m, . . , , . , , . , . , . ( 50% Portland) . . , . , . , . , CaO , CaO. , / . , , , . . , (.. , ) . ( ) C-S-H. , 6.13.2. ( ) 0.5-3% .. . (.. /), (.. ) . ( 1993): () (.. , , ) () (.. , , ) () (.. , ) () , () , . , . , / . , , ..., . "" , . , , , . , , , . ' ., , , ' . , , / . (.. , ). 1-2 , ( 6-10 ) ., , , , , , . . , , , , , , , , . () , ( ). . , ' . , ( ' , ), ' ( ). 206-1, , , 5% .. 3%, 5% .. +5% ( 2% 3% ). , , 1 min. , ( , , ) 1 min. . -, 1 min 5 min. , , CEB-FIP (1990) PCA (1988), 45 , (), 90 , - , ( ). , , . , ( ) ( 20 ). - 2-6 /, . , , 6-18 /. 50-100 ( 65% ), 1/3 . , , , . . "" ( ) , , . , , ( ), . , , , . , ( ) . , . , . . , , Vebe. , , . 206-1, ' . " " , . , - ( 1/3, , 0.3 m3, 12350-1). . ( 300 mm, 200 mm 100 mm), ( , 16 mm 600 mm, ) , , ( 12350-2, -521, ASTM C143-78). , ( ) . 25 . , . . . . 25 , . , 5-10 sec. , , 2.5 . "" . , 10 mm, ( ). . 6.48.

. 6.48: .

, . (< 40 mm) , (> 160 mm) . , . , , . , . , , . C20/25 50-70 mm 120-140 mm, . ( ) , , . , , , , , . , , . Vebe. Vebe ( V. Bahrner ) . 6.49.. , 240 mm 200 mm, . , , . , sec, , Vebe. ( 2.75 kg) . 12350-3 -520, (.. ACI 211.3-75). . . , , . , , (. 6.49.). , , . , , , . , . , . 12350-4, (.. ACI 211.3-75).

. 6.49: () Vebe, () .

200x200 mm 400 mm , . , (400 mm) , Walz. . 200 mm, 130 mm 200 mm, , 40x40 mm ( 10 ). 700 mm 16 kg, , (40 mm) (. 6.50).

. 6.50:

30 sec , . 15 ( 4 sec), . , , , . , . 12350-5. , , , , , , , ... , . , . , . . . , , , . , , . , , , . , . . , , , , . , . , , , /. 30-60 , . , , , ( ), , / ., , . , , , , , . ( 1 2-3 ) (.. ), , . , , . , , 1 . . , 300 m 50 m -, 100 m3/. 20 m 8 m . , , . , . , . , , 30%, . , ( ), , 2 . , 0-2 mm 37%, 2-4 mm 10%, 4-8 mm 8% 4, 8 16 mm 180-200%. , 30 mm. , , , ( 0.25 mm) 500 kg/m3 0.33-0.40 (ACI 304.2R-71). 1 m , 200-300 mm . , , . , . , , ' (1997) ( 150-200 mm) 31.5 1" ( , ). , 350 kg/m3 / 0.6. ( ) . . , () 0.60 m. , , 1 m, (, ) 2.5 m. , , ' . , , , ( ). ( ) () (.. , ...) ( -) , . 1% 4-5%, . , (.. ) . ( ), , . , ( ) , , ( ) ( ), . 300-500 mm 20-170 mm, 130-250 Hz, 0.4-0.8 mm. ( 4-6 m), . , 1.5 , ( 50-100 mm/sec). 600 mm, 50 mm , (. 6.51). , . / 0.4-0.6. , , , , .

. 6.51: .

, 50-150 Hz. , , , 25- 120 Hz 4-7 g. (.. ), . (.. ), -, . "" . , . . , i' . , , ... ( ) . ( gunite), , . "" , (.. , ), , ..., 100 mm. (.. , , ), , , . . , , . . , . , . ( , ), . . . , . , . , , , 50%. . / 0.35-0.50, 20-25 mm. , . , , ' (ACI 506.3R-82, ACI 506-66). (, , , , , ) (2002), 14487-1 14488-1., , , , , . (.. , ...), , , . , , . ( 1991, 1997): () , 7 . . 14 , 7-14 , 14-28 . , . , , , . () (.. , , ...) 10-20 mm, , ... , () , () ( ), () , () , . ( -345). , , ' 15-25 C. , , , , . , 7 , ..., 14. ( ) , 28 . , . , , 6.15 ( ). 5 C, . , , , . 32.5 42.5 42.5 R32.5 R 52.5 52.5 R

, , , 322

- 854

- > 5 m16108

- , > 5 m282822

6.15: ()., , . . , , (.. , ...), , , , . , , . ( , ), , ( /), "". ( ). , ( ...) - . , ASTM C232-71. , 250 mm 280 mm, 10 40 , 30 . . , , . , . . , , . (.. ) , , . , , ..., ( ) . 0.3-1 m 25-50 mm. , . 0.5 kg/m2 . . 6.52 (ACI 305.R-77). , ( , .. ), (.. , ). ( , ), ( ), , (.. , , ...), ( "" ). , .

. 6.52: .

, , . , 20-80% 10 . , , . 6.6.3, . , , - , ( ) ( ). . 6.53 (Mindess and Young 1981). , ASTM C403-77, , 25 mm, ( MPa). -, 3.5 MPa 27.6 MPa, . , / , . , /.

. 6.53: .

, ' . , :

M(t) ( ) t ( ), . (t) , . , 30 C ' 10 C, -10 C., -, . - , . . 6.54., . 6.54.. , , , .

. 6.54: () 24 10 C. () - .

, ( ), . , , , . , , , , -10 C, -15 C, 0 C , 5 C 2-3 13 C, 10 C 7 C, 016 1/2" ( ), 31.5 1" ( ) 63 1 1/2" ( , 400 mm), . , . ( 60 C ) , (ACI 306.R-78). , , 32 C. - 515. , ,

, W ( kg/m3), , , , () , . , ( ). / , , , . 32 C , , ' . . ( ) (ACI 305.R-77). -517.

. 6.55: ().

, , , , . , ( 1 mm) "". , . , . , 6.16 ( ), . 6.55 (Concrete Society of U.K. 1982).(. 6.55) ( ) (: ).

() 10 3

C

D, 30 6

.

F . ,

G , 1 2-3

I , ,

J 1-7 ,

.

L, 2

, 5

6.16: ( . ). . ,

. .

.

. . .

. .

. . .

.

. . . .

. . .

.

. . .

.

. .

. . . . . . .

6.17: . ( ) . . ( ) 6.17 (Mehta and Monteiro 1993)., , 206-1, , : () , () () . 6.17, 6.19. , , Vebe, , , ( ) 6.20-6.24. , 150x300 mm 150 mm, : C8/10, C12/15, C16/20, C20/25, C25/30, C30/37, C35/45, C40/50, C45/55, C50/60, C55/67, C60/75, C70/85, C80/95, C90/105 C100/115 (.. C20/25 fck,cyl = 20 MPa fck,cube = 25 MPa). (1997), C55/67 , .

1

: - :

2

XC1

XC2, . .

XC3 . .

XC4 - , XC2

3 (.. )

XD1

XD2,

XD3 - ,

4

XS1 ,

XS2

XS3

5 -

XF1

XF2

XF3

XF4

6

1 6.19

2 6.19

3 6.19

6.18:

(6)

pH ( )ISO 43166,5-5,55,5-4,54,5-4,0

CO2 mg/lpr 13 577/9915-4040-100>100(8)

4+ mg/lISO 7150-1 7150-215-3030-6060-100

Mg2+ mg/lISO 7980300-10001000-3000>3000(8)

( )-391>200(2)--

CEM l,ll(5),lll,IVCEM l,ll(5),lll,IVCEM l,ll(5),lll,IV

/0,600,550,50

Kg/m3300330370

: SO42- mg/l 196-2200-600(3) 600-30003000-6000

: SO42- (1) mg/Kg-3902000-3000(4)3000-1200012000-24000

CEM l,ll(5)CEM lll,IVSR(7)SR(7)SR(7)

/0,550.600,600,550,50

Kg/m3340320300330370

(1) 10 m/s .(2) 200 .(3) SO42- 200mg/l SO42- 2000 mg/kg .(4) SO42- - to .(5) ll/B-L, II/B-LL.(6) : ) , ) , ) 12.4.(7)SR .. 244/80.(8) .

6.19: ( 1997). 206-1 , ( 50 ). (, , , ), , , . , , 6.6 - 6.8 , /, , 6.3.2 . , /, 1 m3 , , , , 6.24 ( CEM I). , , /, , , , , . mm

S110-40

S250-90

S3100-150

S4160-210

S5220

6.20: . Vebe sec

V0*31

V130-21

V220-11

V310-6

V4*5-3

6.21: Vebe.

C0*1.46

C11.45-1.26

C21.25-1.11

C31.10-1.04

6.22: .

mm

F1*340

F2350-410

F3420-480

F4490-550

F5560-620

F6*630

6.23: .

, : () 10 mm 210 mm, Vebe 30 sec >5 sec, 1.04 340 mm 620 mm., 6.11, , (, , , ).

-

XC1XC2XC3XC4XS1XS2XS3XD1XD2XD3XF1XF2XF3XF4123

/0,650,600,550,500,500,450,450,550,550,450,550,550,500,450,550,500,45

C12/15C20/25C25/30C30/37C30/37C30/37C35/45C35/45C30/37C30/37C35/45C30/37C25/30C30/37C30/37C30/37C30/37C35/45

. . (kg/m3)260280280300300320340300300320300300320340300320360

. (%)4,04,04,0

12620 -

) - .) SO42- 2 3, . , 2 ( 1) 3.

6.24: 206-1 CEM I .

206-1, ( ) , , , . ( , ) ( , ) ( ) . , , , , : , (.. ), , , , , , , , ... , , / ( ), , , . (1997) ( ) 0.01-0.1% , ( ) ( ). , (, , s = 5 MPa s = 6 MPa ), , ( ) (1997). : " = 5% fck;". . , 5% (" I", ), , , , 5% (" II", ). , , . 100% < 5%, 0 > 5%, 100% < 5%, 0 > 5%, = 5%. , ' , CEB (. 6.56).

. 6.56: ( 1996).

, :

xi = i- , xo = , k1, k2 = ( MPa), k3 = s = , :6.5 , (.. , , ) (.. ). ( ) , . . , , , . ' , . : , . 15 60 ( 10), . 7 28, 28 7 s. ns 60 15, s 1.27 ns = 15, 1.18 ns = 20, 1.09 ns = 30, 1.05 ns = 40, 1.02 ns = 50 1.00 ns = 60, s 60 . f ( ) s60 . , , ( , ... -346), ( ) . , , ( ). , , , 6 , 150 m3, 12 , 150 m3. / 12 6, 150 m3, 12 . , 20 m3 , 3 : 15% 1 m3, 15% m3. ( 3 ), , ., , 12 (6 ). , 6 . 12 , 6 , . . , ( "" ), (.. , ). , , , , . , , 1 m3 . -516. 6 12 28 : ( 6 )1 2 ( 12 )3 4 s, 2 4 , , , , , ..., . . 6.56 1 3 , . , 6 12 II > 5%, I < 5%. , . 1 3 , 2 4 , . , 2 4 , , . . 3 ( 20 m3) : ( 3 )6.6 , , . ( , ... ) : , . s, 3 12 . s ( , , ). 3 4 , 4 . 3 , s , 3 . , . , . ( 3 )7 8 x36 = 3 33 , x3 = 3 s = 60 ( 10 , 60 , , 60). < 5% , > 5% (. 6.56). ( ), . . 28 3 3 36 , 60 . , 6.6 (. 158) , . II I. , f , 16% ( 84%). 84% = 1.6%, = 2.2%, 6.7 , , f , f . , s = 5 MPa s = 6 MPa . s ( 3 MPa, ) , 60 , 7 MPa . 60 15, s , ' 1.27 n = 15, 1.18 n = 20, 1.09 n = 30, 1.05 n = 40, 1.02 n = 50 1.00 n = 60 ( ). , , . ' 60 . , , 6.3 (. 73), 5% [ 1.6% 2.2% ]. , . s 3 MPa. 3 , 60 s60 60 . s60 ' 6.7 (. 159) f 0.5 MPa, f s60 ( 3 MPa) 6.7 (. 159), . 60 , , , f ( ) 6.3 (. 73) s60. , f 6.7 (. 159). f ' 6.7 (. 159), f 1%. , 60 , f . f 7 28, . , , ( ). 14 28 ( , ), . 3 ("") 100 + 5 mm 125 mm ( 5 mm : 3-7 5, < 3 > 7 0), (.. , , ). 8 mm . , 95 mm . 150x300 mm -344 ( , ), (1.051/dt), :1 = , 0.85 , h/d, 1.0, 0.91 h/d = 1.25 ( h/d= 0.95 1 0.83).Kd = , 1.0 250 mm, 0.95, 150 mm ( ).t = , 1.0 , 1.10 , 1.15, . 150 mm, 6.1 ( ). 3 , fck, ( 0.5 MPa ) 2 4 , 6 12 , . , , . 6 . 1 . , 6 12. , xmin, . ,

x12 s 12 , , . , 3 , x11 x12 6.5 (. 156) n = 11 12, . 3 , . , , (.. , ), ( ), , , . , , . . . . , ( 15 ). , , , , . 206-1 206-1 , , . . . , 6.25. , . . , 15% , , . 1 2 6.26, . 35 , . 15 , s15, 0.63 1.37. s15 , 35 . , .

50 m3 50 m3 *

( < 35 )3 1/200 m3 2/ 1/150 m3 2/

** (> 35 )1/400 m3 1/

* , , 1 25 m3.** 15 1.35s, 35 .

6.25: . "" . , .. , ( ) , ... , (.. ) . 1 , ( ) , 2 . 3 6.27 . . "n" 1 2

"n" fcm (MPa) fci Mpa)

3fck+4fck-4

15fck+1.48sfck-4

6.26: .

"n" 3

(fcm) "n" ( MPa)

2fck-1

3fck+1

4fck+2

5fck+2.5

6fck+3

6.27: . . , , . 6.28. "n" 1 2

"n" fctm (MPa) fcti (MPa)

3fctk+0.5fctk-0.5

15fctk+1.48sfctk-0.5

6.28: . . (.. , /, , , , Vebe, , ) ( ) : () ( ) , ... () . 206-1. , ( ) , / , , , ( ). . : 3% , , > 5% .. , 5% < 5% .. 4% /. , , , , , ( ), , . , ( 28 ), , , ..., , .. . , . , , (.. ), , . ( ) : , . . , . , , . , . , ' , (.. ). , /. (.. ), . , , . , ....., ... ( .....). : () () , 10% 4 4, 8% ( 0.25) 5% 0.25 () ' () . , , , , ( ) (.. / , , ...). , ( ) (ACI 211.1-91) , , , . , , . , ( - 1/3 ) , , 30 mm 50 mm . , . 6.29. (Troxell 1968), 6.29. (ACI 211.1-91). , , ( ). , ( ), , 50% . 6.30, . 6.30 . (.. ) 13 kg , 5%. / 6.31, 28 . 6.31 . / 0.70 0.67 . : , 0.58 0.50, 31.5 1" 16 1/2", . ( ), 0.60. , 0.48. , 0.60. 6.19. , / . (mm)

, 25

, , 50

, 50

80

, , 100

6.29.: .

6.29.: (ACI 211.1-91). * (mm) (mm)

7525

, , 7525

10025

10025

, , 7525

5025

* 25 mm .

kg/m3 (mm)

(mm)9.512.5192537.55075150

25-50207199190179166154130113

75-100228216205193181169145124

150-175243228216202190178160

(%)32.521.510.50.30.2

6.30: .

Portland( CEM II / 32.5) Portland( CEM I / 42.5)

/
150 mm
150x300 mm
150 mm
150x300 mm

0.4043364941

0.5034274134

0.6028223427

0.7023182822

0.8019152419

6.31: / 28 (MPa), . (, , ), , 270 kg/m3 300 kg/m3 ( ). 31.5 1" 63 1 1/2". 8 3/8" 320 kg/m3 350 kg/m3, , 16 1/2" 300 kg/m3 330 kg/m3, . : 350 kg/m3. 350 kg/m3 400 kg/m3, 31.5 1" 16 1/2", . ( ) 350 kg/m3. 400 kg/m3. 330 kg/m3. 6.19. 6.19 , , . , , 100 mg kg . , 6.19 ' . ( pH ) , () 6.19. , 6.19 31.5 1". 30 kg/m3 63 1 1/2" 30 kg/m3 16 1/2". 1 m3 . 1 m3 , :

mT = (kg/m3), = ( 3100 kg/m3) mN = (kg/m3). , . , ( ) . 6.32 . 6.32 , 10%. , , . , . , . . , , ( ). . . , FM

(mm)2.42.62.83.0

9.50.500.480.460.44

12.50.590.570.550.53

190.660.640.620.60

250.710.690.670.65

37.50.750.730.710.69

500.780.760.740.72

750.820.800.780.76

1500.870.850.830.81

6.32: m3 . , / , ( ) k , k . , k . k 206-1. k = 0.2 0.4, CEM I 32.5 CEM I 42.5 , . , . 206-1, () 0.33 , 0.33 / ( + k ). k ( - 200) kg/m3, ( + ) . CEM I k = 2, / 0.45 , , XC XF, k - 1. 0.33 0.11 . , ( + k ) , 30 kg/m3 300 kg/m3. , . , , . . () , , ( )::1000-1150 kg/m3:140-160 kg/m3:600-800 kg/m3:170-200 kg/m3:275-400 kg/m3 :0.4-0.5 lt/m3:0.4-0.5 lt/m3 C16/20 ( ) 25 mm, 1750 kg/m3, 2650 kg/m3 2% . FM- 2.6, CEM II / 32.5, 100 mm. 6.30: = 193 kg/m3, 1.5% : f = fck + 2.14s = 20 + 2.14 5 = 30.7 MPa ( , ). 6.31: / = 0.56 < 0.70: 193/0.56 = 345 kg/m3 > 270 kg/m3 /m3 = 1 - 345/3100 -193/1000 - 0.015 = 0.68 (, ): 6.32: : 0.69: 0.69 1750 = 1205 kg/m3 : 1205/2650 = 0.45 : : 0.68 - 0.45 = 0.23: 0.23 2650 = 610 kg/m3 . 2% , 1205/1.02 = 1180 kg/m3 610/1.02 = 600 kg/m3 . 0.02(1205 + 610) = 36 kg/m3 . , ::229 kg/m3:345 kg/m3:600 kg/m3 :1180 kg/m3:2360 kg/m3 , 157 kg/m3, / = 0.45, . - ( ) - ( ) ( ). : () (.. , ) , ... () , , , , ... , . - , , 20-30% (Malhotra 1984). , . - , .. (2002). Schmidt . , . 6.57, , ( ) , . , . , 10-15 . , , . . - , , , , , , , , ... ' , (.. , ) . 15-20% 25% (Malhotra and Carino 1991). 28 (fc), ( ) . 6.58 ( .. 1993). , /35 /35, N/ 0.50-0.86.

. 6.57: .

. 6.58: 28 , .

. 6.58 :

R . , . 1+0.04x, x mm ( .. 1993). , V, , , , , : ( , Ecd), . (. 6.59). ( 20.000 m/sec) , ( ) , . 0.1x10-6 sec, - (Jones 1962). , , (. 6.59.), , - (. 6.59.) (. 6.59.) .

. 6.59: () , () - () .

, - , , , , , /, , , , , , , , ... ' , - . , , /, .

. 6.60: 28 , .

28 (fc), . 6.60 ( .. 1993). , 1/35 11/35, / 0.50-0.86. , : V . , . . . 40 mm 4 mm 10 , ( 1968). 10 . - 20 cm 28 . 6.61. - 20-24% , ' 0.76-0.80 (.. 1993).

. 6.61: 28 , .

(ASTM C900-82). , (. 6.62). , . , - . .

. 6.62:

, . , . , Windsor, (.. ...), . (. 6.63) . ASTM C803-82.

. 6.63: .

, , . ' , (Freedman 1969). , ( ) : () , ( ), () , - -, , ... () , , () , , , , ... () , (Malhotra 1984, Bray and Stanley 1989, Malhotra and Carino 1991). , - . , fc

fci i si , i = 1 2 1 2, . . SONREB (RILEM 1983), . , . . , , , , , , , . : , , , , , , , . , , , , --, -, (.. ) --. , , ( , ), , , , , ( ) (). . 0.3 W/mK, , , () ( ) 2000 kg/m3 (Eurocode 2 1994) 28 17 MPa 1850 kg/m3 (ACI 213R-87). 206-1, ( 105 C) 6.33, , flck, ( ) , : () L () . : LC8/9, LC12/13, LC16/18, LC20/22, LC25/28, LC30/33, LC35/38, LC40/44, LC45/50, LC50/55, LC55/60, LC60/66, LC70/77 LC80/88. , . LC 30/33 LC 25/28, (Eurocode 2 1994). 1.01.21.41.61.82.0

, (kg/m3)800-10001001-12001201-14001401-16001601-18001801-2000

6.33: . . ( 10-20%, ), ' / . /, : () , 40-60% , 30 ( ). , 30 5 /. () , , m, 30 , 30. (30 m) m < 30, m > 30 (CEB-FIP 1990). , , , . , . , ( , ).