.

.. : . 10 . , . ( .., "", 1997, 2) , 9-8 ... , , . .. . : ( , ). , . .. : , . . - , . , . , . .. : - III , , , , , , , ; , , ( 250 ), . , (+, +,. III II +, -{+, +), ; , , - , . , , , , , -. - , ( ) , . , , . - II. , -. III . (, , , , ), (, , , ) , - . , . , , , ..

. ()

()

.. : : , .

: .. : V . . . , . . ., , IV , , ().

. (IV . ..-.), - . (, , , ), . .. , . : : . , , : , . , , , , , , , , . V . .. .. : ( ) . . , - . , . . , . , , , , , . . . . . , , . -; . : .. : , , .. XVIIXVI . .., , , . , , - . , -, , .. : , , . - . , , ;

() ; , , -. , , . , - , . , - . , , , . : II . . . , . , , - . , . , , . , XVIIXVIII .

II . ..

? ? . . . : . , , . , , , , : ; , , ; . , , .. , . : .

1. ( ). 2.-, 3 - -, 4 ( ), 5 , 6 - ( ), 7 - , 8

.. , . , : . (!) , (!) . , 4/5 ( -..). 80% .

-

. . - ( ) : - , ( ) . . . , . , , - . - - , , , , . , - .

.. - : , - . II . , , . , , , - II . .. - . - .

, XVIIIX . . , , . R1a. ( ) (, ). - . :- .- (. . (1974), (1981)) , , XVXVI . . - . . .

. . - (-. 2012) : , - , .

.. - : - ( ) II . .. - 300 . ..) ( ), - - - . , II . .., (II . .. - 1- . ..). ( ) , . VI . .. , . .. : .. -: ? : , ( 1950- .) , , () , - , () . , . , -- . , , . , II . . ., . I . . . : . - - , - .

, (, ), , VII-VI . . . , : II . . . - . ( ) , - , (, -..) - . -- , , - . , - . . ., . . - , ? ?.. (-) . , , - . ( , , : , - () , , -, , , () , . .., .., . : , , , , S10 S16, R1a1a, SNP- M17 198. , -. (.1 900 ), (450 ..). (300 - 100 ..). . : ( , , , , ), , . . , , , . , , , .: . R1a1a, , , . . . Y , , - : R1a1a (61%) (53%) , (51%) - (58%). R1a1a (44%) ( - 33%, - 38%) (N1b, N1c1, R1a1a, R1b1b1, Q, D) STR-, ( 4000 ) (4,0 . - , -..).

, , R1a1a (M-178)-19,0% ( 6,6 . ). , : R1b1a2a(L23) 12,7% (-7,0 . ) T ( M70) -7,9 %. T ( M70) 20,0 . ). . . : Y- R1b1a2a-L23*

R1b1a2a-L23* : : . ( , , ), . R1b-M343 . . . - .

: , , , U5 ( -..) , 50 , .

( )

, . . - , . , , . (X ) altun (), km (), baqr (), temr (), qorujn (), tuc () . , , , temiri . , , . , temurlik - , (.. ) , krk- , , ocaq - , kojda - ,

, .. , khuqubari - , , urdun - , ., : koragu - , qisghac - , cekuk - , temraku - , . , . , temur arqi - , ekis - , kirsan - , qaraghu - , , . , : , " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", .

.: :.- .(VII ) - altun, .. .. (X ) altun; : . qzl; : . altn; ( ): . altn, . altn, . altn; : .. - altn, .- altn; (): . altn; (): .- ltn, . - altn, . altn; (): .- altn, . - oltin, . altn; (): . - altn, . altn; : . altun; (): .- aldn, .- altn, .- altn, .- aldn, .- aldan; (): . khl kms.

: kizil*, - qzl*, -kzl*.

. (): - arany, (): - kulta, - kuld, (): - , - , - altn*,

: (-): - gold, - or; (): - Gold; (): - oro; (): - aur, - ; (): - zoto, - auksas; () - ; (): - zr, - sn;

:- jnzi, -altan*, - altan*.

: :.- .(VII ) - km, .. .. (X ) km; : . qm; : . km; ( ): . qm, . km, . kmis; : .. km, . qm; (): . km; (): .-kml, . - kme, . km; (): .- qm, kumu, . . kimi;

(): . - kmis, . kmis; : . qm; (): . - km, . - km, . - km, .- mnqn, . - ak-mnqn; (): . kms;

: qimish*, - qumush*, - qmsh*;

. (): - ezst; (): - hopea, hbe; (): - , - , - ; : (-): - silver, - argent, (): - Silber, (): - argento, (): - argint, - , (): - srebro, - sidabras, () - , (): - noqre, - cnd.

:- ynzi, -menqe, - menqun.

. :.- .(VII ) - temir, .. .. (X ) temr; : . dmir; : . demir; ( ): . temir, . temir, . temir; : .. demir, . - demir; (): .- temir; (): .- timr, . timer, . timer; (): . - demir, . - temir, . - temir, (): . - temir, . temir, : . - tmr, (): . - temir, . - tebir, . - timir, .- demir, . demir: (): . timir,

: : - , - dmir*, - .

. (): - vas, (): - rauta, - raud, (): - , - , - ,

: (-): - iron, - fer, (): - Eisen, (): - ferro, (): - fier, - i, (): - elazo, - geleis, () - , (): - h, - loh.

:

- tie, -temer*, - sele.

:.. .. (X ) tu; : . tunc; : . tunc; ( ): . bair, . dommak, . ; : .. - tun, .- -; (): . -; (): .- toj, . - , . kula; (): .- brn, . - -, . kolo; (): . - kola, . kola; : . kola; (): .- kler, .- kola, .- xola, .- xola, .- hler; (): . .

: brn, - qalay ()*, --;

. (): - bronz; (): - pronssi, - pronks; (): - toj*, - -, - tuj*;

: (-): - bronze, - airain; (): - Bronze; (): - bronzo; (): - bronz, - ; (): - brz, - alvaris; () - ; (): - mesbar, tudj* (), - ptala;

:- qngtng, - , - tuc* (),

:.. .. (X ) qorujn; :. quruun: : . kurun; ( ): . korqan, . korqain, . korqasn; : .. qurun, . - kurum; (): .- ; (): .- xura taxlan, . kurqa, . kurqa; (): . - kurun, . - korqain, . - korqoun, (): . - korasn, . korasn, : . - koquun, (): . - korqoljn, . - koran, . - xorqaml, .- korqulun, . : (): . ;

: : *, - , - *.

. (): - lom,

(): - johtaa, - kuulirahe, (): - , - , - ,

: (-): - lead, - plomb, (): - Blei, (): - portare, (): - plumb, - , (): - prowadzi, - vinas, () - , (): - sorb, - ss.

:- qin, -temer*, - sele.

, : :.. .. (X ) krk, : .- krk, : .- krk, ( ): .- krk, .- kerk, .- krk, : ..- -, .- krk, (): .- krk, (): .- -, .- krek, .- krek, (): .-krik, .- klik, . - krk, (): .- krk, .- krk, (): .- krk, .- krk, .- krk,.- xrk, .- -, (): .- krt.

: atun kul, - -, - krk*;

. (): - fjtat, (): - palkeet, - lts, (): - , --, - *;

: (-): - bellows, - soufflet; (): - Balg; (): - soffietto; (): - burduf, - ; (): - miechy, - dumpls; () - ; (): - kure, - dhaukan;

:- fngxing, - khrg*, - *.

*- .

: , ( ) III-II . .

. . - ( ) : - , ( ) . . . , . , , - . - - , , , , . , - . : , , , U5 ( -..) , 50 , .