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vivA-leT ,kroW laicoS fo loohcS lleppahS boB ehT ,)WSM( kroW laicoS fo retsaM ,raaN zerE

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3

Comparison of secondary traumatization reactions: Wives of prisoners

of war and therapists of sexual assault victims

Abstract

To date, research on secondary traumatization has dealt mainly with two populations:

family members of trauma survivors (e.g., children of Holocaust survivors, veterans

wives) and mental health professionals, particularly those that work with victims of sexual

abuse. Studies have generally investigated these two populations separately. The current

study compared emotional distress symptoms, world view and empathy among four

groups: two research groups wives of Israeli prisoners of war (POWs) of the 1973 Yom

Kippur War and Israeli therapists of sexual assault victims, and two comparison groups

wives of combat veterans and therapists of elderly people, respectively. The results show

that as a consequence of secondary exposure to trauma, wives of POWs were found to

suffer from higher emotional distress symptoms in comparison to therapists of sexual

assault victims. Differences were found between the groups with regard to two sub-scales

of world assumptions controllability and randomness but not with regard to the other

sub-scales. The results reveal complex relationships between the independent variables

(background, belonging to one of the research groups and empathic capacity) and the

dependent variables (emotional distress symptoms and world assumptions). Moreover, it

was found that high level of empathy was correlated with emotional distress symptoms in

both research groups. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Key words: secondary traumatization; posttraumatic stress disorder; prisoners of war;

sexual assault victims; empathy; world assumptions

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.225 19.5 52.10 75.5 95.10 65.3 28.51 88.3 18.51

22.0 92.5 22.00 79.5 90.00 79.3 46.01 90.4 05.11

20.7 02.3 05.90 00.5 86.81 85.2 62.81 05.3 74.71

02.5** 02.5 10.50 72.5 b52.70 96.3 a21.50 56.3 64.41a

09.5** 79.5 b92.90 09.5 b01.90 34.2 85.02a 56.3 24.91

52.0 02.5 06.61 07.5 90.20 67.3 09.51 04.3 49.51

02.2** 05.5 05.50 25.5 b12.00 35.3 48.41a 03.4 82.41a

.92 00.5 72.20 92.7 29.20 70.3 26.71 77.3 74.71

. DSH yekuT )50.

23

, 0

.

)99=N(

=N(95(

)=N22(

=N(51(

F

DS M DS M DS M DS M

40.1 16. 82.3 67. 24.3 18. 32.3 18. 77.5

91.1 55. 26.3 84. 37.3 86. 26.3 18. 51.5

07. 94. 80.4 94. 70.4 65. 02.4 37. 20.5

00.5

08.2 87.

01.1 66. 19.2 36. 78.2 77.

33

8

r r r r ISB

.97** .50 -.10 .90

.55** -.00 -.07** .10

.95** -.70 -.20* .77**

.75** -.70 -.00 .50

.05** .90 -.00 .20*

.27** .00 -.50 .00

.05** .00 -.90* .20

.25** -.90 -.07* .20*

.25** -.50 -.90* .20*

.05** .00 -.20* .20

.05** .20 -.50 .70

SAW

.10 .50 .00 -.20

.90 .00 -.20 .90

-.20* .50 .70 -.50

.20* -.20 -.70 .10

-.05 .90 .10 -.77*

-.90 -.50 .20 -.20

.50 .50 -.00 .90

.10 .50 .20 -.10

100. < p ** 50. < p *

43

, 0

(

) (

) 2R 2R BES B 2R 2R BES B

21. 21. *11. 11.

00. 30. 00. 31.- 70. 60.-

43.- 30. 90.- 91.- 20. 40.- ) (

50. 80. 40. 11. 51. 61.

80.- 00. 10.- **03. 10. 10.

80. 02. 80. 02.

40. 30. 10. 31.- 70. 80.-

*23.- 30. 90.- 41.- 20. 30.- ()

50. 80. 30. 60. 51. 80.

11.- 00. 00.- *42. 00. 10.

30. 60. 10. 90. 90. 70.

70.- 90. 50.- 70.- 21. 60.-

50. 90. 30. 20. 21. 20.

*52. 70. 41. *62. 11. 32.

200. < p 72.3 = )4(F) 1(

000. < p 86.3 = )4(F ) 0( 50.

53

.5

ISB )(

ISB ( )

2R 2R BES B 2R 2R BES B

*41. 41. **81. 81.

30. 60. 10. 90. 80. 70.

30.- 90. 20.- 02.- 90. 61.-

50. 90. 40. 90. 01. 80.

**53. 60. 02. **33. 90. 92.

200. < p 72.3 = )4(F) 1(

000. < p 86.3 = )4(F ) 0( 50. < p*

100.