1

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

skanda da sarapana

(saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis

sazRvrebis ZiebisaTvis)

Tbilisi 2012

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sarapanas adgilmdebareobis garkvevas upirvelesi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos

eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis gamorkvevisaTvis.

saqaTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqcia sabWoTa epoqis samecniero wreebSi sadavo

gaxda, kerZod, miiCnies TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTvelo (quTaisi, foTi da sxva

qalaqebi) 500-600 wlis manZilze Sedioda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos

iurisdiqciaSi, aseve Sida qarTlis mTianeTis Truso-yazbegis regionic TiTqosda

Sedioda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi, xolo aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi bodbe, gurjaani, daviT-garejas monastrebi (naTlismcemeli da

sxva) TiTqosda Sedioda albaneTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqciaSi, samxreTiT ki

mTiani aWara, samcxe, javaxeTi, manglisi da qvemo qarTli TiTqosda Sedioda

somxeTis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi. es mosazreba gansakuTrebiT aitaces

separatistulma jgufebma afxazeTsa, samxreT oseTsa da sxvagan da amJamad

gaCaRebulia sainterneto omi saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazianod.

aRniSnuli mosazreba asaxulia iseT solidur gamocemaSi rogoric aris

pravaslavnaia enciklopedias tomeulebi da sxva akademiur wignebSi. yovelive

ki mizanmimarTulia imisaken, raTa eklesiuradac dakanondes saqarTvelos

danawileba.

am faqtma garkveuli SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia saekelsio wreebSi, amitomac ganaCina

2011 wlis 20 dekembris wmida sinodis sxdomam - `sabWoTa periodSi xdeboda

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis gayalbeba. Secdomebis gamosasworeblad

Seiqmnas istorikosTa jgufi manglisisa da walkis mitropolit ananias (jafariZe)

xelmZRvanelobiT~, ufro adre ki misma uwmidesobam 2009 wlis 10 ivlisis #76

brZanebiT daafuZna saqarTvelos realuri istoriis damdgeni sapatriarqos

mudmivmoqmedi komisia, aseve mitropolit anania jafariZis xelmZRvanelobiT.

saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis aRniSnuli sazRvrebis sakvlevad

mitropolitma ananiam gamoaqveyna ramdenime naSromi.

radganac skandasa da sarapanas adgilmdebareobis dadgenas mniSvneloba aqvs

saqarTvelos eklesiis realuri iurisdiqciis sazRvris kvlevisaTvis dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, amitomac aRniSnuli wignebidan mogvaqvs amonaridebi skandasa da

sarapanas Sesaxeb da isini mkiTxvels ewodeba erTiani wignakis saxiT.

© mitropoliti anania jafariZe, 2012

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(dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciisaTvis)

amoRebulia mitropolit anania jafariZis wignidan - `saepisko-

posoebi lazikaSi~, 2011

sarapana da skanda

sad mdebareobda straboniseuli sarapana (Sorapani)

sarapanas adgilmdebareobis garkvevas upirvelesi mniSvneloba

saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis gamorkvevi-

saTvis.

XX s. 20-30-iani wlebis Semdeg qarTul istoriografiaSi

Camoyalibda Tvalsazrisi, rom strabonisa da berZnuli wyaroe-

bis `sarapana~-aris punqti Sorapani, amJamindel q. zestafon-

Tan axlos ZirulasTan, miCneva rom aqve gadioda iberiis

sazRvari. Sesabamisad, qarTuli (mcxeTis) eklesiis iurisdiq-

cia (uZvelesi xanidan vidre IX-X ss-mde) TiTqosda mxolod

aqamde aRwevda.

aseT Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli wyaroebis, aseve

saeklesio krebebis (mag. ruis-urbnisis krebis) Tvalsazrisi,

rom daarsebisas, wmida ninos epoqidanve qarTuli eklesiis

iurisdiqciis sazRvari aRwevda ara Tu Sorapnamde, aramed

Sav zRvamde da md. egriswylamde, sadac amave qarTuli wyaroebis

cnobiT mefe mirianis dros aRwevda qarTlis (iberiis) same-

fos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari.

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berZnul-romauli wyaroebis cnobiT lazikisa da iberiis

sazRvari gadioda cixe-simagreebze skandasa da sarapanaze.

strabonis sarapana, rogorc kvlevam aCvena, sinamdvileSi

mdebareobda Woroxis xeobaSi, xolo skanda iyo arsianis qedis

uReltexil kandridTan mdebare cixesimagre (misgan arc Tu

daSorebiT mdebareobs mTa `kandili~).

prokofi kesarielis sarapana da skanda ganlagebuli iyvnen

iseT maRalmTian adgilebSi, sadac arc venaxi xarobda da

arc sxva raime mosavali modioda.

SevadaroT _ rogorc iTqva, Tanamedrove Sorapani aris zRvis

donidan 170 m simaRleze, misi cixis garSemo vrcel regionSi

ayvavebuli baRebi da venaxis plantaciebia, yvela aqaur mosax-

les aqvs ezoSi vazi da xexili, aq modis yvelanairi mosavali.

sabWoTa epoqaSi, enciklopediis mixedviT, SorapanSi iyo meve-

naxeobis kolmeurneoba, xolo, rac Seexeba skandas, is miCneul

iqna Terjolis sofel skanded. skande, sofeli Terjolis

raionSi zRvis donidan imave 170 metr simaRlezea. esaa vake

adgili. aqac yovelgvari mosavali modis.

prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, `sarapanisi da misi mezobeli

skandis cixe-simagre lazebma didi gaWirvebiT aaSenes~ (omi

goTebTan, VIII, 13). maSasadame, sarapanisi da skanda erTmaneT-

Tan axlos mdebareoben, urTierTmezoblebi iyvnen, magram,

rogorc viciT, Terjolis raionSi mdebare skande da ze-

stafonis Sorapani _ erTmaneTisagan sakmao manZiliT arian

daSorebulni. amasTanave, isini erT gzaze ar mdebareoben.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Terjolis sofel skandes araferi akavSirebs

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gadasasvlelebTan.

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imereTis skande da Sorapani ̀ saqarTvelos geografiuli

atlasis~ (1992) mixedviT ̀ subtropikebis zonaSi~

mdebareoben

imereTis Sorapani mdebareobs q. zestafonTan, xolo skande

Tavisi cixiT, Terjolis raionSia. ̀ saqarTvelos geografiu-

li atlasis (1992)~ orografiuli rukis mixedviT (gv. 7), Ter-

jolisa da zestafonis raionebi mdebareoben `mTaTaSoris

vake-dablobze~ zRvis donidan 200 metramde simaRleze.

amave, saqarTvelos geografiuli atlasis `soflis meur-

neobis~ rukis mixedviT (gv. 21) imereTis skande da Sorapani

mdebareoben ̀ specializebul zonaSi~, romelSic ganviTare-

bulia - ̀ mevenaxeoba _ mexileoba, mesimindeoba, nawilobriv

meCaieoba~ (gv. 21).

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Cveni TemisaTvis, vfiqrob, aris

am atlasis ruka _ ̀ bunebrivi zonebi~ (saqarTvelos geografi-

uli atlasi, 1992, gv.16).

am rukis mixedviT imereTis skande da Sorapani mdebareobs

`notio subtropikebis~ zonaSi, romelic asea daxasiaTebuli

_ ̀ gorak-borcviani mTiswinebi, farTofoTlovani tyeebiT~, (gv.

16).

ase, rom imereTis skande da Sorapani zRvis donidan daax-

loebiT 200 metr simaRleze mdebareoben, notio subtropikul

zonaSi, mevenaxeobis, mexileobis, mesimindeobis regionSi. es

suraTi ki saerTod ar Seesabameba prokofi kesarielis mier

aRweril cnobas, romlis skanda da sarapana mdebareoben

mTa_kldovan regionSi, Zalze maRal simaRleze zRvis donidan,

imdenad maRla, rom iq ar modioda araviTari marcvleuli,

Sesabamisad iq arc mevenaxeoba da mexileoba iyo ganviTare-

buli.

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daskvna _ sxvaa imereTis skande da Sorapani da sul sxvaa

prokofi kesarielis skanda da sarapana. isini sxvadasxva

regionebSi mdebareobdnen. pirvelni notio subtropikebis

mTiswinebSi, meoreni ki maRalmTis alpur an subalpur zonebSi

straboni wers _ `armeniaSi erTis mxriv bevri mTaa, meores

mxriv _ zegnebi, romlebzedac vazic ki ar xarobs advilad~

(straboni XIV, 4).

maSasadame vazi, ar xarobs maRalmTianeTis zegnebSi, amitom

prokofis aRwera, rom sarapansa da skandeSi vazi ar xarobs,

imas miuTiTebs, rom isini maRalmTianeTis regions da ara

subtropikul zonas miekuTvnebodnen samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi.

venaxis plantaciebi SorapanTan

prokofis aRweriT, rogorc iTqva, sarapanaSi ar xarobda

venaxi, maSasadame es punqti maRal mTianeTSi mdebareobda.

zestafonis Sorapani, SeiZleba iTqvas, meRvineobisa da Rvi-

nis kulturis erTerTi centria. me bedniereba mqonda TiTqmis

mTeli bavSvoba iqve axlos s. kldeeTSi gametarebina da vici

Tu rogor asxamdnen `sapalneebiT~ Rvinos qvevrebSi aqauri

meRvineebi da smisa da Rvinis moxmarebis ra didi kultura

hqondaT da aqvT.

ara mxolod zRvis donidan 170 metr simaRleze mdebare

Sorapani, romelic venaxebSia Cafluli, aramed sagangebod

davaTvaliere suramis uReltexilis soflebi yvelaze maRla

mdebarenic ki, SroSidan vertyviWalamde da ufro maRla, yvelgan

SesaniSnavad xarobs venaxi, amis TvaliT naxva advili Sesa-

Zlebelia, miT umetes TiTqmis vakeze, odnav SemaRlebulze

mdebare SorapanSi, aq Tu daTesav xorbalic mova da sxva

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nebismieri kultura. prokofi aseT sarapanas ar aRwers. misi

sarapana mkacri kldovani masivebis qveyanaa, aseTi ki klarje-

Tia, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli sasuliero mamebis aRweriT

nakleb mosavliani, magram wyaluxvi da havamargebeli. sarapa-

na unda yofiliyo sadRac artaan-arTvinis gzaze.

lixis qedze, Sorapan-xaSuris gzaze, yvela sofelSi xarobs

venaxi.

venaxi xarobs sof. saqasriaSi lixis qedis maRal sofelSi,

aseve, mimdebare gzispira soflebSi _ vertyviWalaSi, gedsa-

maniaSi, ufro maRla, xuneTSi, xevSi da maRla.

ase, rom Sorapnis irgvliv maRali mTebis soflebSic ki

venaxi xarobs, maSasadame, Sorapanis realoba ar Seesabameba

prokofis mier aRweril sarapanas.

sarapana da Sorapani g. grigolias mixedviT

Cvens mecnierebaSi damkvi­drebulia Tvalisazrisi, rom stra-

bonisa da prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi punqti `sarapa-

na~ aris dRevandeli Sorapani zestafonTan, rac g. grigolias

kvlevis Tanaxmad saeWvoa. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc aRmoCnda

`sarapana~ erqva mniSvnelovan gzaze arsebul mgzavrTa mo-

sasvenebel punqts, TavSesafars, romelic saWiroebis mixed-

viT SesaZloa cixe-simagrec yofiliyo an ubralo nageboba,

zogjer ki sofelic. Tu es asea, maSin saqarTvelos gzebze

ara erTi, aramed ramdenime ̀ sarapana~ unda yofiliyo. erTer-

Ti, magaliTad, XV saukunis monacemebis mixedviT iyo guriaSi

da mas saxelad erqva `Sorapani~. g. grigolias dakvirvebiT

`pan~ fuZis mqone aseTi saxelebi ramdenime yofila. is wers -

Sorapani (sarapana) aris sparsuli warmomavlobis sityva, rac

niSnavs damcvels (pana) `pana~, da miRebulia Ziridan pa - `pa~

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- dacva, romelsac emateba sufiqsi ana - ̀ ana~. amgvarad nawar-

moebi sparsuli sityvebia: asapana (cxenis damcveli), kaurapana

(saqonlis damcveli), karapara (xalxis, jaris damcveli) da

sxva. is uTiTebs Teo CxeiZis wigns `narkvevebi iranuli ono-

mastikidan~ (1984). v. goilaZis mosazrebiTac Sorapani - spar-

suli saxelia - `Sahraban~, rac niSnavs qveynis damcvels.

maSasadame, sarapan-Sahraban - qveynis damcveli, anu adgilis,

Cvens SemTxvevaSi, gzis damcveli cixe-simagrea. rogorc aRin-

iSna, g. grigolias kvleviT ̀ pan~ Ziriani toponimebi saqarTvelo-

Si ZiriTadad `mTavari sagzao magistralebis gaswvriv arian

ganlagebulni, rac am adgilebSi odesRac mgzavrTa mosasvene-

beli TavSesafrebis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs (g. grigolia, egris-

lazikis samefo, gv. 102). aseTi adgilebia japani (lanCxuTis

raionSi), ispani - (qobuleTTan), pantura - (cixisZirTan), pan-

tura - (sarfTan), pantura - (xofasTan) da panuri rizesTan

(iqve, gv. 102).

maSasadame, ar aris savaldebulo, rom strabonis mier nax-

senebi sarapana is punqti iyos, romelsac miuTiTebs prokofi

kesarieli, radganac ̀ sarapanebi~ mravali yofila (TviT Sua

saukuneebis saqarTveloSic ramdenime ̀ Sorapani~ iyo). prokofis

sarapana fasisis marjvena sanapiros qveyanaSi mdebareobda

iberiis sazRvarTan. sparsel-romaelTa omebis dros mniSvnelo-

vani cixe-simagre, radganac am periodSi, g. grigolias azriT

fazisi erqva md. Woroxs, sarapanac mis marjvniv - iberiis

sazRvarTan unda veZioT artaan-arTvinis gzaze radganac

prokofis mier naxsenebi iberia - artaan-kolas qveyanasac

moicavda.

9

sarapanebi

darios I-is dros mowesrigda gzebi, sadac ̀ mefis Sikrikeb-

isaTvis yovel 30 km-Si specialuri safosto sadgurebi daid-

ga~ (darCiaSvili)

am `safosto sadgurebs~ _ CvenSi moixsenebdnen sparsuli

sityviT- `sarapana~-Sorapani.

sparseTis imperiis gzebze sarapanebi (Sorapanebi) unda md-

gariyvnen yovel 30 km-Si. aRsaniSnavia, rom sigrZis sazomi er-

Teuli `erTi dRis gza~ udrida 20-30 kilometrs, maSasadame

yoveli erTi dRis gzis gavlis Semdeg mgzavrs daxvdeboda

sastumros msgavsi TavSesafari anu `sarapana~.

amJamindeli suram-baTumis gzaze istoriulad unda yofil-

iyo ramdenime ̀ sarapana~ _ Sorapani, aseve artaan-baTumis gza-

ze unda yofiliyo ramdenime sarapana _ Sorapani. am mizezis

gamo saqarTveloSi iyo ramdenime `Sorapani~:

1) zestafonTan;

2) XVI s-Si guriaSi ozurgeTTan. es kargad Cans `saqarTve-

los istoriis atlasis~ (2003 w.), gv. 45-is mixedviT (`saqarTve-

lo XVI s. meore naxevarSi~). punqti Sorapani atlasis 45-e

gverdze dabeWdil rukaze moTavsebulia ozurgeTsa da aWs

Soris.

3) Sorapani iyo aspinZasTan - `aspinZis xevis saTavezed, mTis

ZirSi, ars Sorapanis monasteri srulad sofiis kenWiT aw cal-

ieri~ (vaxuStis geografia, 1842, broses gamocemuli, gv. 385).

4) amave fuZis matarebelni unda iyvnen sityvebi - `sarfi~ /

punqti baTumTan/ da `arfali~/punqti arTvin artaanis gzaze/

`arfali~ _ sofeli Tanamedrove SavSeTSi artanujis Crdi-

lo-aRmosavleTiT 20-25 km manZilze, arsianis qedTan axlos q.

SavSeTisa da q. artaanis SemaerTebel gzasTan 3-4 km. manZilze.

Sorapani (zestafonTan) da strabonis sarapana ori sxva-

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dasxva punqti unda yofiliyo, ara Tu isini, sxvadasxva punqtebi

unda yofiliyvnen strabonis sarapana da prokofis sarapana:

1) strabonis mixedviT, fasisi sanaosno iyo sarapanamde,

maSasadame strabonis sarapana mdinaris pirzea, misgan gansx-

vavebiTprokofis sarapana ara mdinaris napiras aramed maRal

mTaSi mdebareobda.pirveli iberias oTxi dRis savali gziT

iyo daSorebuli, meore ki iberiis sazRvarTan idga.

2) plinius ufrosis mixedviT `md. fasisi sanaosnoa 38 500

nabijis manZilze~ (ix. Cemi ̀ ena~, gv. 25). esaa daaxloebiT 30 m;

maSasadame strabonis sarapana zRvas 30 kilometriT iyo da-

Sorebuli. Tu sarapana Sorapania zestafonTan, maSin Sora-

pani zRvas daSorebuli unda yofiliyo ”30 km-iT.

straboni wers: -`kolxeTis gamagreba _ sarapanebi~; is mrav-

lobiT ricxvSi axsenebs ̀ sarapanebs~. marTlac, g. grigolias

kvleviT `sarapana~ iyo mgzavrebisaTvis gankuTvnili TavSesa-

fari punqti, romelnic mravlad iyvnen did gzebze.

sarapanebi strabonTan erT SemTxvevaSi aris cixe-simagre,

romelsac SeuZlia mTeli qalaqis mosaxleobis dateva (XI, II,

17), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, aris xeoba-gamagreba iberiaSi

gadasasvleli.

e.i. strabonTan erT SemTxvevaSi sarapana cixe-simagrea,

meored _ ̀ sarapanebi~ ki gamagrebaa iberiis uReltexilTan,

am meore sarapanas axsenebs prokofi.

strabonisa da prokofi kesarielis `sarapana~ (Sorapani)

aRniSnulis gamo, ar unda daukavSirdes erTmniSvnelovnad

zestafonis axlos mdebare punqts Sorapans.

garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia pliniusis cnoba, rom

afsarosTan axlos _ `aqve mTebs iqiT aris iberia~. amitomac

lazikidan iberiaSi gadasasvleli, romelic gadioda cixe-

simagre sarapan-Sorapanze, SesaZloa iyos afsarosTan axlos

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mdebare klarjeT artaans Soris mdebare arsianis qedi (olqi

iberiaSi Semavali) da ara afsarosidan Zalze daSorebuli

zestafonis Sorapani.

straboni (XI, II, 17) sarapanas Sesaxeb

`rac Seexeba danarCen kolxidas, misi didi nawili zRvazea

ganlagebuli. kolxidaze gadis fazisi - didi mdinare, rom-

lis saTave armeniaSia is iRebs mdinareebis glavkisa da

hippis wylebs romelTa saTaveebic mezobel mTebSia. fasisi

gemTmavalia sarapanamde - simagremde, romelsac SeuZlia

mTeli qalaqis mosaxleobac ki daitios. aqedan gamavali gziT

midian kiramde (mtkvramde) 4 dReSi.

md. fazisze aris imave saxelis qalaqi - kolxebis savaWro

centri, erTi mxridan SemozRuduli mdinariT, meoridan -

tbiT, mesamidan ki - zRviT. aqedan amisamde da sinopamde cur-

vas 2-3 dRe sWirdeba imis gamo, rom zRvispirze miwa rbilia da

mdinareebis SesarTavebSi Waobiania.

qveyana SesaniSnavia ara mxolod nayofiT (Taflis garda

(romelic ZiriTadad mwarea).savsea yovelive imiT, rac gemTm-

SeneblobisaTvis aris saWiro). is amzadebs bevr xe-tyes da

acurebs mdinareebze.

mcxovreblebi amzadeben bevr selis tilos... adgilobrivi

selis qsovilebi farTodoac kia cnobili, marTlac maT qso-

vilebi gaaqvT ucxo qveynebSic... mosxebis qveyanaSi aRniSnuli

mdinareebis maRla aris friqses mier dafuZnebuli levdoT-

eas samlocvelo da frikses orakuli, sadac ar iwireba cx-

vari.~ (straboni, XI, II, 17)

Cveni kvleviT strabonis fazisi Woroxia, romlis saTave

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imJamad armeniis mier iyo xeldebuli, sarapana imJamad Sesa-

Zloa arTvins erqva. aqedan artanuj-artaanis gziT iberiamde

anu kola-artaanis regionamde (e.i. mtkvaramde) misvla fexiT

oTx dReSi amJamadacaa SesaZlebeli. kola-artaan-SavSeTi amave

dros mesxeTis mTiani regionia, romlis qvemoTac Woroxi miedine-

ba Tavisi SenakadebiT. maSasadame am mdinareebis maRla mesxe-

Tia. aqedac Cans, rom strabonis cnobebi Woroxis regions

Seesabameba.

sarapanasTan fazisi swrafi da xmauraa, xolo SorapanTan

mdinareebi mdore da uxmauroa

strabonis cnobiT, sarapanasTan fazisi aris swrafi da

xmaura (straboni, XI, III, 4). is wers iberiaSi aris oTxi

Sesasvleli - ̀ erTi aris kolxur cixe-simagre Sorapanze da

masTan arsebul viwroebze, romlebzedac fazisi momdinare-

obs, swrafi da xmaura miemarTeba kolxidaSi, romelzedac

120 xidiT gadaisvleba~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia,

1957, gv. 128).

straboni garkveviT miuTiTebs, rom sarapanasTan fazisi

aris ̀ swrafi da xmaura~, rom iqve e.i. SorapanTan axlo-maxlo

masze 120 xidia gadebuli, radganac ̀ es adgilebi sul daxrulia

mravali nakadulebiT~ (iqve, gv. 128).

aris Tu ara realurad Tanamedrove Sorapanadan mdinare

rioni `swrafi da xmaura~, anda aris Tu ara es adgilebi

`daxruli mravali nakadulebiT~, ara, msgavsi araferia ze-

stafonis SorapanTan. masTan gaedineba ara rioni, anda yvir-

ila aramed Zirula. amJamad miiCneva, rom Zirula iyo saTave

md. fazisisa, vTqvaT, es marTlac asea da straboni Sorapnis

Zirulas miiCnevda mdinare fazisad, aris Tu ara is `swrafi

13

da xmaura~? ara, SorapanTan mdinare Zirula arc Cqaria da

arc xmaura, ara Tu Cqari, SorapanTan Zirula aris mdore,

sarkuli zedapiris mqone, sruliad uxmauro, radganac Sora-

panTan is vake adgilze mimdinareobs. amasTanave, gansakuTre-

biT unda aRiniSnos, rom SorapanTan Zirula aris wyalmcire,

imdenad Txeli mdinarea, rom masze navi ver imoZravebs. kargi

gagebiT is nakadulia. Sorapnis qvemoT zestafonis Tavze

Zirula yvirlas uerTdeba aseve vake adgilas. iqneb yvirilaa

swrafi da xmaura iq? ara, yvirilac uxmauro, mdore, vakis

wyalia am mdgilas da saerTod zestafonidan rionamde mdored

da uxmaurod miedineba. pliniusis cnobiT fazisis

SesarTavidan sarapanamde 37500 nabijia anu 30-40 km iyo. re-

alurad ki Tanamedrove Sorapnidan foTamde 137 kilome-

tria. saerTod rionis yvela Senakadi quTaisidanac foTamde

mdorea!

strabonis sarapanidan oTxi dRis gzaa fexiT iberiamde

sxvaa strabonis mier aRwerili sarapana da sxvaa prokofi

kesarielis mier aRwerili.

pirvelis (strabonis) mixedviT md. fasisis SesarTavidan vidre

sarapanamde (fasisze mdebare qalaqamde) aRma curva SesaZle-

bela (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 123). sarapan-

adan iberiamde oTxi dRis gzaa fexiT. maSasadame strabonis

sarapana daSorebulia iberias da mdinareze mdebareobs.

prokofi kesarielis sarapana iberiis sazRvarzea, maRal

mTaSia, sadac mosavali ar modis, sasapalne saqonliTac ver

axval, aramed fexiT.

ratomaa Zvel avtorTa Soris aseTi gansxvaveba sarapanas

mdebareobasTan dakavSirebiT? rogorc iTqva, amis mizezs gvix-

snis g. grigolia. man gamoikvlia, rom sityva `sarapana~ spar-

14

suli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs gzaze mdebare sagangebo adg-

ils mgzavrebis mosasveneblad, is garemo pirobebis Sesabamis-

ad, erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos gzaze mdebare cixe-simagre,

qalaqi anda punqti.

maSasadame saerTaSoriso gzaze mravali sarapana SeiZleba

yofiliyo. strabonis dros is mdinarispira qalaqs erqva,

prokofis dros ki iberia-lazikis gzaze mdebare cixes.

Cveni kvleviT md. fazisi istoriul xanaSi erqva mdinare

Woroxs.

Woroxi sanaosno mdinare iyo uZvelesi xanidan XX saukunis

20-ian wlebamde. g. yazbegi, d. baqraZe, e. veidenbaumi da sxvani

dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben mdinare Woroxze savaWro-sasaqonlo

naosnobis Sesaxeb. am mdinariT yarsidan da javaxeTidan xor-

bali CahqondaT SavizRvispira portebSi, da piriqiT baTu-

midan arTvinisaken navebiT mohqondaT navTi, marili da far-

Tleuli qsovilebi. am mdinariT arTvinidan baTumamde aseve

CahqondaT xe-tyis daxerxili masala, kramiti, selis nawarmi

da sxva. Woroxze arsebobda navmisadgomebi, navTsamSeneblo

sawarmoebi, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi xeloba naosnoba iyo, ami-

tomac vfiqrob rom straboniseuli sarapana aris arTvini,

xolo prokofiseuli sarapana mdebareobda arTviTn-artaa-

nis SemaerTebel saerTaSoriso gzaze arsianis uReltexilze.

unda vifiqroT da masStabebic amas aCvenebs, rom fexiT arTvin-

idan (strabonis sarapanidan) vidre iberiamde anu arsianis

qedis gavliT mtkvramde oTxi dRis savali gza iyo.

sigrZis erTeuli saxelwodebiT-`erTi dRis gza fexiT~ iyo

daaxloebiT 17-20 km. Sesabamisad 4 dRis gza daaxloebiT 80

kilometria. marTlac daaxloebiT amdenivea manZili arTvin-

idan artanujamde, romlis siaxlovesac mtkvari miedineba.

15

straboni (XI, II, 18) mesxeTis sam nawilad

dayofis Sesaxeb

`es qveyana Tu raoden cnobili iyo Zvelad gviCveneben

miTebi...iasonis laSqrobis Sesaxeb, romelmac midiamde miaR-

wia, da kidev, friqses ufro adreuli laSqrobis Sesaxeb.

friqsesi, romlis mefe - memkvidreebi uflobdnen qveyanaze,

romelic ̀ skeptuxiebad~ iyo dayofili, magram maTi keTildRe-

oba didi ar iyo. roca miTridate evpatoris xelisufleba

mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda, qveyana mis batonobas daemorCila.

mefe mudam agzavnida iq Tavis `megobarTagan~ vinmes Tavis

nacvlad an ̀ mmarTvelad~, am nacvlebis ricxvSi iyo moaferni

- dedaCemis biZa mamamisis mxridan. am qveynidan mefe iRebda

yvelaze met daxmarebas flotis aRsaWuravad. miTridates

Zlierebis damxobis Semdeg mTeli misi saxelmwifo daiSala

da dainawila bevrma mmarTvelma. sabolood kolxida daimor-

Cila polemonma, misi sikvdilis Semdeg marTavda misi coli

pifodorida, romelic dedofali iyo kolxebisa, trapezuntis

da farnakiis qalaqebisa da maT zemoT mdebare barbarosTa

olqebisa, romelTac Semdeg SevexebiT. mosxebis qveyana, romel-

Sic siwmide inaxeba iyofa sam nawilad, erTi nawili kolxebis

xelSia, meore iberielebisa, xolo mesames floben somxebi.

iberiaSi aris aseve patara qalaqi (frikses qalaqi) - Tanamed-

rove edessa, kargad gamagrebuli punqti kolxidas sazRvarTan.

dioskuriadasTan miedineba mdinare xaresi~.

daskvna:

mosxebis is qveyana, romelic sam nawilad iyo gayofili

(kolxTa, iberTa da somexTa Soris) aris istoriuli mesxeTi

(samcxedan-basianamde) da ara imereTi (argveTi), rogorc amJa-

16

mad miiCneva istorikosTa mier. kolxur mesxeTSi anu kolxeb-

is nawil mesxeTSi mdebareobdnen sarapana da skanda (da ara

zestafonTan).

danawilebuli mosxebis qveyana ase iyo dayofili: artaan-

kola iberias ekuTvnoda, klarjeTi –kolxeTs, xolo tao-basi-

ani armeniis mier iyo mitacebuli. sarapana da skanda klar-

jeTSi arsianis maRal qedze iberiis sazRvarTan (e.i.artaanTan)

mdebareobda.

sarapana _ sarapali, arfali

s. yauxCiSvilis sityviT, prokofi kesarielis xelnawerebSi

`sarapanisis~ nacvlad weria ̀ sarapali~ (georgika, II, gv. 204),

s. yauxCiSvils es CauTvlia Secdomad da mis nacvlad xelnaw-

erebSi aRadgina, misi azriT, swori varianti `sarapani~. ker-

Zod, prokofi wers _ ̀ radgan ukve zamTris Jami iyo, mermeroem

xis kedeli aago kotaisSi da Caayena iq sparsel meomarTagan

sami aTasi kaci. uqimerionSic datova sakmao xalxi, TviTon ki

aaSena lazTa meore cixe, romelsac sarapals eZaxian, romel-

ic zed lazikis sazRvarTan mdebareobs (georgika, II, gv. 204).

aq yauxCiSvilma, Tavisive ganmartebiT, Secvala sityva ̀ sa-

rapali~ sityviT sarapanisi (gv. 204, SeniSvna 1). CvenTvis es

sityva `sarapali~ imiTaa saintereso, rom klarjeTSi dResa-

caa punqti ̀ arfali~, ̀ arpali~, sarapali da arfali _ TiTqmis

erTnairad gamoiTqmeba, mxolod ̀ s~ prefiqsi aris win damate-

buli. Cveni azriT, klarjeTi iyo is qveyana, romelsac berZne-

bi ̀ lazika~-s uwodebdnen. ̀ arfali~, dResac sofelia SavSeT-

klarjeTSi da aqvs Tavisi cixe.

17

skanda

prokofi, rogorc iTqva, aRwers, rom skandas cixe-simagreSi

asvla SeiZleba mxolod fexiT, aq sakvebi mecixovneebisaTvis

ahqondaT ara satvirTo saqonliT, aramed zurgiT. aq ar modioda

arc xorbali da arc Rvino. marTlac Tu rukas davxedavT

artaan-arTvinis SemaerTebeli gza gadis 2.600 metr simaRlis

uReltexilze, Tanamedrove rukaze aRniSnulia, rom amJamadac

aq aris soflebi kandidi, qinZotamali, rac etimologiurad es

dasaxelebebi axloa ̀ skandasTan~. gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi,

rom sofel qinZotamalis (igive bagdasenis) sanaxebSi, mis

samxreTiT daaxloebiT 10 kilometrSi mdebareobs mTa sax-

elwodebiT `kandili~.misi simaRlea 2412 metri.misi saxelis

mixedviT unda erqvas mTel regions es saxeli-kand, skanda.

XX s-is istoriografia, rogorc mravaljer iTqva, miiCnevs,

rom prokofis `skanda~ aris imereTSi, Terjolis raionSi

mdebare cixe `skande~ _ is mdebareobs dablobSi, vakeze,

odnav SemaRlebul adgilze (zRvis donidan 170 m.), Tanac

aRsaniSnavia, rom skandes cixes mcire borcvs garSemo akravs

ayvavebuli venaxebisa da xexilis plantaciebi. aq modis ara

mxolod Rvinis mosavali, aramed naxevrad subtropikuli

mcenareuloba, magaliTad dafna. esaa uxvmosavliani mxare _

maSin roca arTvin-artaanis `kandidi~ da `qinZotamali~ mde-

bareoben zRvis donidan rogorc iTqva TiTqmis 2000-2500 m.

simaRleze, sadac cxadia ar modis yurZeni RvinisaTvis da

xorbali. amitomac daujerebelia, rom imereTis ̀ skande~ iyos

prokofis skanda, miT umetes rom prokofis skanda mdebareob-

da lazika-persarmeniis saerTaSoriso gzaze, suram-Sorapanis

damakavSirebel gzasTan imereTis ̀ skandes~ araferi akavSirebs,

is am gzidan aTeulobiT kilometriTaa daSorebuli, Tanac is

18

mdebareobs sul sxva meorexarisxovan gzaze da ara dasavleT-

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemaerTebel gzaze. ase, rom ̀ skandes~

miCneva `skandad~ es aris xelovnuri mcdeloba.

mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, namonastrali `kan-

dridi~, cixe ̀ qinZi~ _ erTad Tavmoyrilni _ istoriul ̀ skan-

das~ regionSi

Tanamedrove artanuji artaans uerTdeba saavtomobilo gziT,

romlis Sua monakveTs, arsianis qedis gadakveTis adgils,

warmoadgens uReltexili ̀ ialnizCam~ zRvis donidan 2657 metr

simaRleze. TviTon gza artanujidan uReltexilamde faqti-

urad gadis uzarmazari qedis ZirSi, romlis mwvervalis sima-

Rle aris 3068 metri zRvis donidan. aRniSnul uReltexilis

mimdebare punqtebs sxvadasxva rukebze ewodeba `kandridi~,

`qinZotamali~, iqve axlosaa mwvervali `kandilis~ saxel-

wodebiT.

aRniSnul sityvaTa fuZeebi (kandridi, qinZ, kand da sx.) iZl-

eva safuZvels vifiqroT, rom berZeni mwerlebis mier naxsenebi

cixe-simagre ̀ skanda~, romelic ise maRla da miudgomel adg-

ilas mdebareobda unayofo regionSi, rom masze mxolod zur-

giT ahqondaT sursaTi, aris ara imereTis `skande~, aramed

arsianis qedis aRniSnuli uReltexilis gzaze mdebare `kan-

dridi~, kerZod, artanuj-ardaganis saavtomobilo gzaze mde-

bare arsianis qedis uReltexil `ialnizCam~-is maxloblad,

rogorc aRiniSna, arsianisave qedze mdebareobs erT-erTi 2412

m simaRlis mTa (mwvervali) saxelwodebiT `kandili~ (gzidan

15-20 km daSorebiT), xolo TviT gzaze mdebareobs sofeli

`karadjasu~. etimologiurad imiTaa saintereso es saxelebi,

rom isini axloa prokofis mier naxseneb ̀ skandasTan~ _ ̀ skan-

da~, ̀ kandili~ (fuZea skand-kand), amave fuZeTa wres uaxlovde-

ba `karad~ (karadJasu), amitom safiqrebelia, rom `skandas~

19

cnobili cixe-simagre swored Tanamedrove artanuj-ardaganis

gzaze mdebareobda, miT umetes, rom es gza konstantine por-

firogenetis cnobiT, Xs-Sic saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisa iyo

da is Sav zRvasTan akavSirebda ara mxolod iberias, aramed

armeniasac. artanujSi, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT,

am gziT siriis saqonelic ki Sedioda, artanujidan Woroxis

gziT am saqonels advilad Caitandnen Savi zRviT bizantiaSi.

am azrs amtkicebs isic, rom am uReltexilis siaxloves,

rogorc iTqva, mdebareobs kargadSemonaxuli cixesimagre ̀ qin-

Zi~ da sofeli ̀ qinZotamali~, aqvea namonastrali ̀ kandridi~;

e.i. gvaqvs mTa ̀ kandili~, sofeli ̀ qinZotamali~, cixe ̀ qinZi~ _

`kand-qind~ fuZiT.

artanuj-ardaganis gzaze 2657 metr simaRleze uReltex-

ili ialnizCami Riaa ivnis-oqtombris TveebSi.

rogorc iTqva, ialnizCamis axlos, samxreTiT aris sofeli

karadJasu (daaxloebiT daSorebulia am uReltexilidan 30

km-iT). iqve mdebareobs mwvervali (zRvis donidan 2412 m) saxel-

wodebiT kandili. es mwvervali ufro axloa uReltexilidan

(misgan odnav samxreT-aRmosavleTiT) daSorebuli daaxloe-

biT aseve 20-30 km-iT.

skanda da `kandili~ etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan.

`skanda~ erqva arsianis qedze 2700 m. simaRlis mTaze agebul

cixe-simagres, romlis mezoblad axlac arian: 1) qinZis cixe, 2)

qinZotamali (sofeli) da 3) monasteri `kandridi~.

kandridi

skandisi

kinZotamali

skanda

kandili

sityvebis ̀ skandasa~, ̀ kandridis~ da ̀ kandilis~ fuZeebis

TiTqmis igiveoba iZleva saSualebas gamoiTqvas mosazreba,

20

rom skanda erqva arsianis qedis cixes _ artaansa (e.i. iberi-

asa) da artanujs (e.i. lazikas) Sua, sadac erTadaa Tav-

moyrili punqtebi: qinZis cixe, sof. qinZotamali, sof. kan-

dridi (skanda). isini mdebareoben erT regionSi artaan-ar-

tanujis gzis gaswvriv 2700 m. (maRlobze arsinis qedze).

skandis cixe-simagre saerTaSoriso

mniSvnelobis gzaze

skanda mdebareobda persarmeniidan anu sparseTis armeni-

idan bizantiaSi mimaval gzaze, iseve, rogorc sarapani, amit-

omac bizantia-sparseTs Soris dadebul 532 wlis saukuno zavis

pirobebis Tanaxmad, sparselebs moeTxovebodaT skandis da

sarapanas cixe-simagreebis dacla, ris sanacvlodac bizan-

tielebi TavianT mcvel razms gaiyvandnen sxva regionSi mde-

bare sasazRvro q. daradan.

arTvin-artanuj-artaanis damakavSirebeli gza namdvilad

mdebareobda persarmeniidan xofa - goniosken (Zv. petrasken)

mimaval saerTaSoriso gzaze, romelic erT-erT mTavar punqts

artanuji warmoadgenda. artanujis, viTarca savaWro centris

Sesaxeb, anu aRniSnuli gzis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Xs-Si wer-

da konstantine porfirogeneti. artanujSi, rogorc iTqva,

saqoneli Sedioda armeniidan, siriidan da iberiidan, artanujidan

ki Woroxis gziT gadioda Savi zRvis navsadgurebSi anu bizan-

tiaSi. am gzaze, kerZod ki arsianis qedze, mdebareobda skandis

cixe-simagre, daaxloebiT 2600 m simaRleze. is namdvilad akon-

trolebda aRniSnul saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis realurad

arsebul gzas.

rogorc ramdenjerme iTqva, imereTSi, Terjolis raionSi

mdebare skandes cixe ar mdebareobs saerTaSoriso mniSvnelo-

21

bis gzaze, mis siaxloves gadioda umniSvnelo, adgilobrivi

mniSvnelobis gza, romliTac SesaZlebeli iyo Tanamedrove

Terjolis raionis mezobel umniSvnelo raionTan dakavSire-

ba. amis gamo SeuZlebelia imereTis `skande~ sparseT-bizan-

tias Soris 532 wels dadebuli saukuno zavis pirobebis erT-

erTi umTavresi sakvanZo punqti yofiliyo.

eqspedicia kandridsa da askanSi

prokofi kesarielis sityviT, rogorc cnobilia, skandas

cixe-simagre iseT adgilas mdebareobda, sadac ar modioda

mosavali cnobili kulturebisa, kerZod xorblisa da yurZnisa.

prokofis mier xSirad naxsenebi mdinare faziss Cven Woroxad

miviCnevT, Sesabamisad skandis cixis Zieba daviwyeT arsianis

qedze, iq sadac artaan-artanuj-arTvinis SemaerTebeli gza gadis.

aq, ialnizCamis uReltexilze mdebare qinZotamalis cixisa da

iqve mdebare nasoflar kandridis sanaxavad sagangebod gavemg-

zavreT ramdenime kaciani jgufiT TurqeTSi 2008 wlis seqtem-

bris TveSi. valedan SevediT ardaganSi, iqedan ki gavemgzavreT

SavSeTSi. artaanidan SavSeTSi Semavali gzis uReltexili 2600

metr simaRlezea, artaani TiTqmis 2000 metrian simaRlis ze-

ganzea gaSlili farTo velebiT, SavSeTi ufro dablaa, misi

buneba qalaq SavSaTamde borjomisas miagavs, wiwvovani tyee-

biT, amwvanebuli mTebiT, romelnic swrafad dabldebian q.

SavSaTamde, am qalaqidan gavemgzavreT arTvinisaken, am midamoebSi

SavSeTis regionis buneba mkveTrad Seicvala, mdinare imerxevi

moeqca uzarmazar kldeTa Soris, romlis TiTqmis vertikalur

napralSi mdinaris pirs gauyvaniaT gza. es gza araa Zveli

droisa, aramed axali XIX-XX saukuneTa nakveTia. arTvinidan

meore dRes gamovemgzavreT ukan arsianis anu ialnizCamis qe-

22

disaken, artanujamde miemarTeba meore gza, romelic kvlav

uzarmazar kldeTa Soris miemarTeba. aq gasagebi xdeba Tu ras

uwodebda prokofi kesarieli klisurebs - uzarmazari kldee-

bi mdinaris rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena sanapiroze mx-

olod Zalze viwro napraliT arian daSorebulni erTmaneTs.

am adgilebSi namdvilad SeuZlia kldekaris maRla ganlage-

bul mcire razms xeobaSi mimavali jaris SeCereba. aseTi klde-

kari grZeldeba TiTqmis artanujamde, antanuji gacilebiT farTo

tafobSi mdebarebs. aqedan gza miemarTeba arsianis qedisaken,

romlis uReltexilTan axlosac gveguleba qinZotamalis cixe

da sofeli kandridi. marTlac, gavyeviT am gzas, kldeebi TiTq-

mis aRar gvxvdeba gzis pirze, aqauri buneba imereTisasac ki

miagavs, gza adis da adis maRla, avediT uReltexilze da SevediT

Zveli artaanis sazRvris siaxloves. aq gzispiras davinaxeT

Zveli cixe-simagre, romelic Cveni azriT iyo qinZotamalis cixe,

iqve, cixesTan Canda sofeli, amitomac gadavwyviteT SevsuliyaviT

sofelSi da dagvedgina misi saxeli.

SevediT sofelSi, romlisTvisac TurqeTis mTavrobas sxva

saxeli daurqmevia - ̀ bagdasen~. mosaxleoba araa qarTuli, Rarib-

Ratakebi arian, qoxmaxebSi cxovroben, Semogvegeba uamravi

bavSvi, jansaRebi, gvesalmebian gaocebulni, meCeTTan mamakace-

bi adastureben, rom varT sofel qinZotamalSi, rom cixes

ewodeba ̀ kindzotamal yala~, es CvenTvis miRwevaa. vekiTxe-

biT sofel kandridis Sesaxeb, ori kaci gamogvyva kidec 3-4

km manZilze, erT nasoflarze romelsac ̀ kandreTi~ ewodeba,

isini gamoTqvamen ase - ̀ kandreTi~. ramdenjerme gavameorebi-

neT es saxeli. esec warmatebaa, gaxarebuli bolos vbedav da

vekiTxebi - ̀ skanda, skanda Tu aris aq sadme~. Cvenda gasaocrad

erTerTi ambobs sityvas `askan~. oriveni adastureben, rom

punqti Tu nasoflari `askan~ mdebareobs am kandreTidan

23

ramdenime kilometrze. es kidev ufro didi gamarjvebaa, am

sityvis mosasmenad CamovediT Tbilisidan da gamoviareT gr-

Zeli gza. marTlac etimologiurad ̀ askani~, ̀ kandridi~, ̀ kan-

dreTi~ `qinZotamali~ Zalze axloa – sityvasTan - `skanda~.

am arealze yvelafers kandr-askan-qinZ ewodeba. aq sadRac

unda yofiliyo prokofis mier naxsenebi skandas cixe, rome-

lia is? arsebobs Tu ara dRes, iqneb es qinZotamalis (qind-

zotamalis) yalaa, romelic mSvenivradaa Senaxuli, mas Cve-

nis TvaliT vxedavT da viRebT fotokameriT, an iqneb iqve

mdebare meore cixea, romelzec gvesaubreba aRniSnuli ori

kaci. maT vTxoveT gagvyolodnen am meore cixis sanaxavad, mar-

Tlac ̀ kandreTidan~ davbrundiT sofel kindzotamalSi, gave-

marTeT meore cixis sanaxavad, gzaze vekiTxebi ician Tu ara

ra aris ̀ qinZi~, ar ician, vuxsniT, rom es saWmeli balaxia, maT

msgavsi araferi unaxavT da arc ician, saeWvoa am simaRleze,

zRvis donidan TiTqmis 2000 metrze da metze qinZi xarobdes,

maSasadame saxeli qinZotamali ar unda ukavSirdebodes sity-

va qinZs, aramed unda ukavSirdebodes sityva ̀ skandas~ (askans,

kandreTs). agviyvanes soflis maRla mdebare erT gorakze, yvel-

ganmavali manqanebi gaCerdnen, wavediT fexiT, aq marTlac vnax-

eT raRac Zveli cixis nangrevi, ufro `gmirTnakveTs~ hgavs,

qinZotomalsa da am cixes Sua artanujisagan midioda Zveli

gza, axali gza ufro maRla kldezea gayvanili.

Cveni varaudiT, sadRac am mxareebSi iyo skandas cixe, rad-

ganac adgilobrivi ramdenime toponimi etimologiurad skan-

das msgavsia - esenia kandreTi, askani da kindzotamali. ori

maTgani Cveni TvaliT vnaxeT, miRebulma STabeWdilebam kidev

ufro gangvimtkica azri, rom skanda ara Terjolis raionSi,

aramed artaan-artanujis SemaerTebel Zvel gzaze mdebareobda.

iqve unda yofiliyo sarapanas cixe da ara zestafonTan, radga-

24

nac, rogorc Terjolis, aseve zestafonis aRniSnul punqtebSi

amJamad venaxebis plantaciebia gaSenebuli da Terjolis skandesa

da Sorapanis cixeebi subtropikul zonaSi mdebareoben, maTi

adgilmdebareoba da mosavlianoba arafriT eTanadeba prokofis

mier aRwerils, maSin roca arsianis qedis askan-kandridis pun-

qtebi prokofis aRwerils Zalze miagavs.

SavSeTSi mdebare punqti arfalis saxeli aseve eti-

mologiurad miagavs sityva `sarapanas~. q. SavSeTis mimdebare

arfalis cixec aseve mdebareobs arsianis qedidan q. SavSeTSi

Semaval erTerT gzaze.

saerTod, prokofis mier aRwerili lazikis TvaliT naxva

SeiZleba arTvin-SavSeTis da arTvin-artanujis gzaze - esaa,

rogorc prokofi aRwers saocrad maRali kldeebis qveyana,

romlis napralebSi gamavali mdinareebi da gzebi TiTqosda

asuraTxateben prokofis mier aRwerili lazikis saxes. prokofi

yvelgan wers lazikis saocrad maRali kldeebis Sesaxeb, rom

zRvis sanapirosTan axlos gamavali md. fazisi miemarTeba

uzarmazar kldeebs Soris. marTlac, Cven Semdeg SevediT Turqe-

Tis siRrmeSi, sofel qindzotamalidan kolas gziT SevediT q.

iusufelSi, iqedan kidev ufro samxreTiT movinaxuleT da

moviloceT iSxani, oSki, xaxuli, oTxTa eklesia, Semdeg ukan

wavediT sxva gziT arTvinisaken, gavyeviT Woroxis xeobas, da

unda iTqvas, Tu rasac werda prokofi vnaxeT Cveni sakuTari

TvaliT, md. Woroxi TiTqmis mTel sigrZeze miemarTeba uzarmaz-

ar TiTqmis Sveul kldeTa Sua, rom amitom ̀ misi kalapotis

Secvla SeuZlebelia~.

es kldeebi aris grandiozuli, mdinaridan TiTqmis Sveulad

aRmarTulni albaT 200-300 metris simaRleze. ase grZeldeba

kldianoba arTvinamde, romelic zRvidan 30 km-iT Tu iqneba

daSorebuli, aqedan kldeebi SedarebiT dabldeba, magram

25

mainc uzarmazar mTebad iqceva borCxamde da mis Semdeg TiTq-

mis maradidamde, saidanac, ufro dadablebuli Tanamedrove

saqarTvelos sazRvarTan midis da grZeldeba. aqedan gasagebi

xdeba prokofis sityvebi, rom zRvasTan axlos Woroxi miedine-

ba kldeTa Soris, Cvens mier xiluli Woroxis buneba da

prokofis mieri md. fazisis aRwera Cven kidev erTxel gvi-

dasturebs rom md. fazisi prokofisaTvis aris md. Woroxi,

marTlac araviTar kldovan napirTa Soris md. rioni ar

miedineba zRvasTan axlos! zRvasTan axlos rioni Waobis mdinar-

ea uzarmazar vakeze mimdinare, yovelgvari kldovani sanapiros

gareSe maSasadame misi buneba ar eTanadeba prokofis aRwerils.

prokofisa da sxva Zveli avtorebis mier aRwerilia md. fasisis

Cqari dineba, imdenad Cqari, rom zRvaSi Sedinebis Semdeg is

zRvas ar uerTdeboda, eqceoda mis zedapirze da calke nakadis

saxiT miedineboda zRvaSi. Cven dagvidastures, rom marTlac,

axlac swrafad Seedineba Woroxi zRvaSi, Tumca mas Semdeg

rac Woroxze wyalsacavebi gaakeTes mardididan borCxamde da

borCxidan arTvinamde Woroxis siCqare Semcirda.

Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb gviambobdnen arTvineli da borCx-

eli qarTvelebi, mkvidri mcxovreblebi, romelTac SevxvdiT

am mogzaurobis dros. erTi arTvineli gvimtkicebda, rom dar-

Cenilia erTaderTi Zveli kaiuki (navi) da isic dalpa siZve-

lis gamoo. Woroxze gacxovelebuli naosnobis Sesaxeb weren

e. veidenbaumi da g. yazbegi romelTac XIX s-Si imogzaures

Woroxze.

vnaxeT uamravi qvis xidi, yvelgan gzaze artanujisaken, borCx-

asTan, maradidis gzaze, adgilobrivebi gviyvebodnen, rom

isini arian dResac uamravni.

strabonis mixedviT md. fazisze iyo 120 xidi. md. rionze

SeiZleba 120 xidis gadeba? igulisxmeba foTidan vidre quTaisam-

26

de gaSlili vake. es SeuZlebelia da SeuZlebeli iyo gan-

sakuTrebiT Zvel dros, radganac es teqnologiurad warmoud-

geneli problemebi iqneboda Zveli drois mSeneblisaTvis md.

rionis didi gaSlilobis, misi mravalnakadianobis, napirebis

daWaobebisa da flatianobis gamo, xolo md. Woroxis Senakade-

bze aseTi xidebis ageba Seudareblad advili saqmea, aq, rogorc

vTqviT sanapiroebi aris maRali da viwro kldeebi, romlis

erTi napiridan meoreze TaRovani xidis gadeba SesaZlebelia

da akeTebdnen kidec aseT xidebs. maTi kolosaluri raode-

nobaa dRemde moRweuli, Tumca mravali daifara aRniSnuli

wyalsacavebiT. md. Woroxze, araTu xidebi, Cven vnaxeT wyalsa-

cavSi CaZiruli meCeTi, mTeli soflebi dafarula Woroxis

wyliT. petradan arTvin-artanujisaken mimavali gza miuyvebo-

da md. Woroxis sanapiroebs, Woroxs ki marjvena da marcxena

mxridan mravali patara mdinare uerTdeba, am mdinareebze

gadahyavdaT Zvel mSeneblebs md. Woroxis napiras mimavali gza,

amitomac swored am patara mdinareebze gadebulia uamravi

qvis TaRovani xidi, Cans, es viwro, Zveli drois gzebi anu

ufro sworad gza-bilikebi iyo ramdenime erTmaneTis parale-

lurad gamavalni Woroxis sanapiroze. amiT unda iyos gamowveu-

li is, rom, erT mdinareze gvxvdeba ramdenime qvis xidi, erT-

maneTis siaxloves. g. yazbegma iangariSa Woroxis xeobaSi aRniS-

nul gzaze 300 TaRovani xidi. aqedan da realuri Tvalxilu-

li faqtidan gamomdinare, strabonis drosac aq 120 xdis arse-

boba sarwmuno Cans. md. rionze ki SeuZlebeli iyo xidis ageba

foTidan - quTaisamde Zvel dros da amitom veravin uTiTebs

aseTi xidebis naSTs!!!

imis gamo, rom Zveli gza aRar Sedis maradididan saqarTvelo-

Si, ufro sworad, masze araa gamSvebi punqti, gavyeviT arse-

bul SesaniSnav gzas borCxadan xofasaken. zRvis sanapiroze

27

gamaval am gzaze kidev erTxel davrwmundiT, rom prokofi

marTali mweralia. kerZod, prokofi wers - `lazikaSi zed

zRvis piras aRmarTulia uzarmazari kldeebi. es kldeebi

TiTqosda aris zRvis wylis sazRvari, romelic dawesebulia

raTa SeaCeros zRva, rogorc sazRvarma~. swored aseTia xo-

fadan sarfSi mimavali zRvispira gzis marjvena sanapiro, es

uzarmazari kldeebia. Tvalxiluli magaliTia prokofis si-

marTlisa. Tuki lazika iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobi,

sad aris iq zRvispira kldeebi, romelnic aferxeben zRvis

winsvlas? arsad! amitomac qariSxalis dros zRva gadmodis

rionis dablobad wodebuli qveynis sanapiroze SeuzRudavad.

artanuji - arTvinis regioni - rogorc iTqva aris kldeebis

qveyana, ise, rogorc q. SavSaT-arTvinisa. cxadia kldianobis

gamo umosavlo da unayofo, Tumca alag-alag erTi-ori kvad-

taruli metri nayofieri adgilebic aris, prokofis sityviT,

mxolod erTi adgili iyo lazikaSi gamonaklisi. es iyo

uxvmosavliani moxirisi.

Cveni azriT, lazika iyo arTvin-SavSaT-artanujis mxare

sxva mimdebare kuTxeebTan erTad, misi nayofieri mxare moxirisi

unda yofiliyo livana- erge, qveyana Woroxis napirze mara-

didis qvemoT aWariswylis mimarTulebiT. aq, livanis bo-

losa da ergeSi unda yofiliyo ganlagebuli moxirisi - mo-

savliani qveyana. es amJamadac asea. erge - ayvavebuli, uxvmos-

alviani kuTxea aWariswylidan - maradid - borCamde, sxva

mimdebare mxare ki kldianobis gamo umosavloa. amitomac

vfiqrobT, rom moxirisi erqva xelvaCaur-erges - qveyanas aWarisw-

ylamde, maradidamde da borCamde.

28

Sorapani da skande mnaxvelis TvaliT

2002 wlis 25 noembers oTxkaciani jgufi gavemgzavreT Sor-

apnisa da skandes cixe-simagreebis, maTze gamavali gzebis, aseve

mdinareebis mosanaxuleblad.

berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebis cnobebiT skanda da sarapanisi

mdebareobdnen iberiasa da lazikas Soris sazRvarze, isini

yovelgvari transportisaTvis miuval, mkacri klimatis mqone

regionSi mdebareobdnen, sadac ar xarobda vazi (venaxi), xor-

balic ki. am cixe-simagreebSi kldianobisa da mTa-gorianobis

gamo asvla saWapano pirutyvsac (cxen-jorsac) ki ar SeeZlo da

mecixovneTaTvis produqti mebargule kacebs zurgiT ahqondaT.

Cveni Tanamedrove istorikosebis mtkicebiT prokofis mier

naxsenebi skanda da sarapanisi arian imereTSi mdebare skande-

sa da Sorapnis cixeebi.

Tu es asea, maSin es cixeebi unda mdebareobdnen mkacri

klimatis rigionSi, sadac ar xarobs venaxi da xorbali,

sadac ver miva transporti, cxeni da viri.

am mxriv gagvaoca Sorapnis cixem. misi galavnis SigniT

dgas kerZo mesakuTreTa sacxovrebeli saxlebi ezoebiT da,

hoi saocrebav, xexiliTa da venaxiT.

fotosuraTebic ki gadaviReT talavarze gasul vazTan

Sorapnis cixe-simagreSi. is ara Tu miuval kldeze, aramed

qalaqad qceuli Sorapnis dasaxlebis erT-erT quCaze mdebar-

eobs, cixis erTi kedeli qalaqis am quCaze dgas, amitomac am

quCis zogierTi saxli galavnis SigniT aRmoCnda. erT-erTi

maTganis ezoSi talavarze gasuli vazis fotoc gadaviReT,

rogorc aRiniSna. am cixe-simagris ezoSi mravladaa subtropiku-

li klimatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli velurad amosuli xeebi

da buCqebi ekal-bardTan erTad

29

maSasadame Sorapnis cixe-simagris realuri garemo ar Seesa-

bameba prokofis mier aRweril sarapanas suraTs. rogorc vTqviT

sarapanasTan ar xarobda vazi da xorbali mTis mkacri klima-

tis gamo. maSasadame is alpur zonaSi mdebareobda, xolo

Sorapani subtropikulSi mdebareobs.

msgavsadvea Terjolis raionSi mdebare sifel skandes cixe-

simagre.

skande saerTod sagzao CixSi mdebareobs da ara dasavleT-

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemaerTebel gzaze. aseve iqneboda

warsulSic misi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo. am faqtis

dadastureba SeuZlia yvelas, vinc Tavisi TvaliT naxavs skandes

meorexarisxovani, umniSvnelo simagris geografiul garemos.

pirvelyovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom is TiTqmis vake adgilze

mdebareobs, dabal borcvze zRvis donidan 170 m simaRleze,

amitomac mis galavanTan axlos mdebare sofels aqvs SesaniS-

navi xexilis baRebi, venaxebi da talavrebi.

me gamaoca imereTis skandesa da Sorapnis cixeTa galavanTa

SigniTa da gareT velurad amosulma gareuli broweulis

buCqebma da aseve dafnis xeebma, prokofi xom amis sawinaaRm-

dego suraTs gvixatavs bunebisas –skandasa da sarapanas cix-

eTa irgvliv maRalmTiani alpuri klimatis gamo raTqmaunda

dafna, broweuli da vazi ar xarobda, xorbalsac ver moiwevd-

nen. am mxriv kidev erTxel unda iTqvas sxvaa imereTis skanda

da Sorapani da sxvaa prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili skan-

dasa da sarapanas cixeebi.

30

gzebi

dasavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi

skanda da sarapana arTvin-artaanis gzaze

(lazikis eparqiebis iurisdiqciisaTvis)

gzebi da xidebi istoriul kolxeTSi

mTavari savaWro arteriebi

`gza klarjeTisa~

wm. andria pirvelwodebuli

arTvin-artaanis gzaze (I s.)

I saukuneSi `andriam moaqcivna megrelni da warvida gzasa

klarjeTisasa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 38). es gza aer-

Tianebda Woroxs artaanTan.

,,qarTlis cxovreba~ wers: andria pirvelwodebuli ,,Sevida

qveyanasa qarTlisasa, nigalas, klarjeTsa da artaan-kolas, sada

igi dayo Jami friad mravalni~.

sad iyo nigala? - nigalas xeoba mdebareobs istoriuli

saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi (amJamad TurqeTSia).

moicavs md. Woroxis Sua da qveda wels. vaxuStis cnobiT -

,,Woroxis mdinaris aRmosavleTis kidezec aris arTvini, qala-

qi mcire, mosaxleni arian vaWarni, da am arTvinis sanaxebiTurT,

vidre erges sazRvramde, Woroxis xeobis imieri da amieri iwode-

bis liganis xeobad~, saxeli nigalis xevi osmalebma Secvales

livanad (e. beriZe, qristianuli salocavebi nigalis xeobaSi,

tbeloba, 2008, gv. 322).

31

nigalis areali CrdiloeTidan isazRvreba karCxalis mTaTa

sistemiT, romelTa iqeTac aWara da maWaxelaa, aRmosavleTiT -

klarjeTi da artanujia, samxreTiT tao, xolo dasavleTidan

isazRvreba lazeTis qediT.

nigalis qveyana amJamadac qarTulenovania im TvalsazrisiT,

rom misma mkvidrebma TurqulTan erTad met-naklebad ician es

ena. es regioni ,,qarTlis qveynad~ iwodeba qarTlis cxovreba-

Si klarjeTTan da artaan-kolasTan erTad.

maSasadame, nigalis anu livanis mTavari qalaqi arTvinia.

aqedan wmida mociquli andria Sesula klarjeTSi, romlis

mTavari qalaqi amJamadac aris artanuji, iqedan ki gadasula

artaan-kolaSi. yvela am regionSi dayo, rogorc iTqva ,,Jami

friad mravalni~.

maSasadame, wmida mociquls uvlia im gziT, romelic aTasi

wlis Semdegac konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSic mniS-

vnelovani iyo da romelmac artanuji did savaWro centrad

gadaaqcia. es gza, rogorc iTqva, iwyeboda arTvinSi, Sedioda

artanujSi da gadadioda artaanSi. arTvin-artanuj-artaanis

gza, maSasadame, I saukuneSic Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo wmida

andrias cxovrebis mTargmnelTa cnobiT. am gziT, rogorc

mravaljer aRiniSna V s-Si usargeblia vaxtang gorgasals da

Cveni azriT, am gziT Sevida sparseTis mefe xosro lazikis

cixe petraSi. maSasadame, man gadalaxa ara suramis qedi da

dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed isargebla iqamde arsebuli spar-

seT-dvin-yars-artaan-artanuj-arTvinis gziT. am punqtebs, cxa-

dia VI saukuneSi sxva saxelebi SeiZleboda hqonodaT. sxva

cnobiT petraSi mimaval Sahs gauvlia TeodosiopolSi, iqedan

is pirdapiri gziT Sevidoda artaanSi, aqedan ki artanujis

gavliT arTvinsa da petraSi. esaa kolxeTisa da iberiis makav-

Sirebeli strabonis ,,4 dRiani~ gza anu gza klarjeTisa.

32

qristes samsWvalTa da ferxTa ficris gza (IV s.)

`qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqceva qarTlisas~ mixedviT,

wmida ninos nebiT mefe mirianma qarTvelTa gaqristianeba ax-

ara imperator konstantines. man Tavis mxriv saqarTveloSi

gamogzavna samRvdeloeba xalxis mosanaTlad, romelTac gamo-

atana agreTve didi Tanxa eklesiaTa asaSeneblad. mas Semdeg

rac dedofalma elenem 326 wels ierusalimSi aRmoaCina cx-

ovelmyofeli jvari, imperatorma konstantinem meorejerac

gamoagzavna saqarTveloSi sasulieroTa jgufi, romelTac iberi-

is qveyanaSi unda CaetanaT wmida nawilebi cxovelmyofeli

jvrisa, kerZod ki ferxTa ficari da is lursmnebi, romlebi-

Tac miamsWvales jvarze ufali. aRniSnuli wyaroebis Tanax-

mad, cnobilia is gza, romliTac bizantiidan _ saqarTveloSi

Semoasvenes siwmideebi. kerZod maT gamoiares eruSeTsa, wun-

dasa da manglisSi (sadac daasvenes es siwmideebi) da mividnen

iberiis mefesTan mcxeTaSi.

xufaTi-Worox-eruSeTi-wunda-manglisi-mcxeTis saerTaSoriso

gza aerTianebda bizantiasa da saqarTvelos – am gzis udidesi

mniSvnelobis, kerZod am gzis kvanZis _ artanujis (arze-klar-

jeTis) Sesaxeb werda Xs. imperatori konstantine porfiroge-

neti. qarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT, es gza arsebobda IV s-Sic da

is akavSirebda erTmaneTTan bizantia saqarTvelos. es, anu

eruSeT-manglis-mcxeTis gza, arsebobda X-XI ss-Sic, mas Zalze

didi Semosavali mohqonda. am gzas icavda kldekaris cixe.

TrialeTis erisTavebis baRvaSebis finansuri siZliere am

gzasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. safiqrebelia, swored

finansuri sargeblis, gzis baJis misaRebad gadmosaxldnen

argveTidan kldekarSi baRvaSebi (argveTSi rom yofiliyo ase-

Ti mniSvnelobis saerTaSoriso gza, baRvaSebi SesaZloa iqve

darCeniliyvnen).

33

vaxtang gorgaslis ̀ gza klarjeTisa~ (V s.)

Cveni mematianeni sakmaod xSirad xmaroben sityvas _ `gza

klarjeTisa~. magaliTad, Is-Si ̀ andriam moaqcivna megrelni da

warvida gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 38). Vs-Si _ ̀ warmovida

vaxtang gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (q.c., I, gv. 177).

vaxtang gorgasali Tavisi jariT SeiWra saberZneTis (bizan-

tiis) miwa-wyalze, `moadga laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa

zRvis kidesa~ (q.c., I, gv. 160). zRvispira did qalaqad Cans ig-

ulisxmeba trapizoni. keisarTan sazavo molaparakebis Semdeg,

vaxtangi ukan dabrunda: `warmovida vaxtang gzasa klarjeTi-

sasa da spani misi ganutevna gzasa somxiTisasa da viTar moi-

wia Tuxarisad mixedna da Seuyvarda cixe... ixila klde Sua

klarjeTisasa, romelsa erqva artanuji da mouwoda artavazs

ZuZumtesa missa da daadgina igi erisTavad da ubrZana, raTa

aagos cixe artanujisa da ubrZana raTa gamonaxos xevsa mas

Sina adgili samonastre da aRaSenos eklesia da qmnes monas-

trad, viTar exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani da rqua ar-

tavazs: ̀ ukeTu ganZlierdnen sparsni Cven zeda, sayudeli Cueni

aqa yofad ars~, xolo artavaz aRaSena cixe artanujisa da

monasteri, romel ars opiza da samni eklesiani: daba merisa,

Sindobisa da axizisa da ganaaxla cixe axizisa da qmna igi

quabad da viTar warmovida vaxtang da movida qalaqad Tvisad

mcxeTad, iyo sixaruli didi da madlisa micema RmrTisa, rame-

Tiu movida igi mSvidobiT~ (q.c. I, gv. 177-178).

am aRweridan Cans gza, romliTac vaxtang gorgasali sa-

berZneTidan dabrunda mcxeTaSi. kerZod, es gza gaivlida klar-

jeTs, artanujs, artaans, javaxeTs da Sedioda mcxeTaSi, mas

mematiane uwodebs `gza klarjeTisa~. am gzas artaanSi uerT-

deboda `gza somxeTisa~ (esaa artaani-kola-tao-dvinis Semae-

rTebeli gza. am `somxeTis gzis~ meore toti taodan Sedioda

saberZneTSi _ am gziT dabrunda ukan vaxtangis spa).

34

nana xazaraZis kvlevis Tanaxmad `klarjeTis gziT~ vaxtang

gorgaslamde usargeblia pompeusisagan devnil miTridate

pontoels. istorikosis cnobiT, pontos mTebis gadalaxvis

Semdeg miTridate Cavida kolxeTSi afsarosTan (goniosTan).

kerZod, mas jer usargeblia ̀ somxeTis gziT~, Semdeg ki ̀ klar-

jeTis gziT~ Casula Woroxis xeobaSi da misula afsarosTan.

qalaqi artanisa da farnavazis

klarjuli gza (Zv. w. III s.)

ptolemaiosis sityviT, iberiaSi mdebareobda qalaqi ̀ artanisa~.

Cveni mecnierebis kvleviT, misi adgilmdebareoba araa dadgeni-

li. aq sainteresoa, rom Cveni mematianeebi swored ase moixse-

niebdnen artaanis qalaqs, mas ewodeba saxeli ̀ qalaqi artanisa~,

an `naqalaqevi artanisa~. maSasadame, artanisa TviT qalaqis

saxelia, Tumca, cxadia, imavdroulad ̀ artaanis qalaqsac~ niS-

navs.

`javaxos aRaSena orni cixe-qalaqni: wunda da qalaqi ar-

tanisa, romelsac maSin erqva qajTa qalaqi, xolo aw hqvia

huri~ (q.c. I, gv. 10).

farnavaz mefem, roca egrisSi Sekriba ̀ mxedarni qarTlisani~,

gaemarTa azonTan sabrZolvelad _ `miegeba naqalaqevsa Tana

artanisasa, romelsa erqva maSin qajTa qalaqi, romel ars huri~

(q.c.I,gv.23). azonis damarcxebis Semdeg farnavazi Sevida saberZ-

neTSi, iqidan ̀ movida klarjeTs da daipyro klarjeTi da war-

movida mcxeTad sixaruliTa didiTa~ (iqve, gv. 23). saqme isaa,

rom azoni iqamde klarjeTSi iyo gamagrebuli da mas berZenTa

jari exmareboda. azonis sabolood dasamarcxeblad farnavazma

klarjeTic SemoierTa da mcxeTaSi dabrunda, TiTqosda cxadi

unda iyos _ im erTaderTi gziT, romelic klarjeTs artaanTan

35

aerTebda da javaxeTis gavliT mcxeTaSi Sedioda. esaa is gza,

romelic Semdgom gamoiyena vaxtang gorgasalma, romelzec aago

artanujis cixe-simagre.

klarjeTSi murvan yrus laSqrobis gza (VIII s.)

d. musxeliSvilis 2003 wels gamocemuli `saqarTvelos is-

toriis atlasis~ mixedviT, murvan yrum urbnisis dalaSqvris

Semdeg SorapanSi misasvlelad airCia samxreTis gza. is Sevi-

da samcxeSi da samcxidan SorapanSi. urbnisidan gahyva mt-

kvris xeobas da oZrxe-dimnas gziT Sevida argveTSi, dimnas

Semdeg is wavida aRmosavleTiT Sorapan-svirisken. rom arse-

buliyo suram-Sorapanis pirdapiri gza, is aseT urTules manevrs

ar gaakeTebda. Cans, es gza arc ki arsebobda. yovel SemTxvveva-

Si wyaroebSi suram-Sorapnis gza naklebad Cans. CvenTvis mniS-

vnelovani am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom murvan yrum artaan-Woroxis

xeobis makavSirebeli gza gaiara, e.i. es gza VIII saukuneSic

arsebobda.

bagrat IV-is gza xufaT-klarjeTisa (XI s.)

bagrat IV afxazeTSi ibrZoda anakofiis cixis asaRebad. am

dros masTan mividnen ̀ tfilelni berni~ da amcnes, rom garda-

icvala tfilisis amira, amitomac saswrafod unda Casuliyo

TbilisSi da is SeerTebina saqarTvelosTvis _ ̀ uqades qalaqi

da uxmes saswrafod~. marTlac, mefe saswrafod gaemarTa Tbili-

sisaken, man gadaiara ara lixi-suramis mTa (Cans ar iyo Sesa-

bamisi gza laSqrisTvis), aramed quTaisidan Cavida xufaTSi,

Sevida Woroxis xeobaSi da klarjeTis tradiciuli gziT Cav-

36

ida TbilisSi. mefis gza aseTia: anakofiidan `amoiara da mov-

ida quTaTiss da moiyena quTaTisisa samoqalaqos laSqari...

moiyvana xufaTsa... amoiara mefeman da movida qarTls... ware-

marTa tfilisad~ (q.c. I, 299). e.i. quTaisi-xufaTi-artanuji-jav-

axeTi-Tbilisis gziT gadaiyvana laSqari dasavleT saqarTvelo-

dan mtkvris pirze da daamarcxa mteri (q.c. I, 338). e.i. masac

`klarjeTis gza~ gauvlia.

artanujis saerTaSoriso gza (X s.)

konstantine porfirogenetis (X s. bizantiis imperatoris)

cnobiT ̀ artanujis cixe Zalian mtkicea da aqvs didi rabatic

da daba-qalaqic, da iq modis saqoneli trapezuntisa, iberiisa,

afxazeTisa, armeniisa da siriis yvela qveynidan da am saqonl-

idan mas uamravi baJi Semodis. artanujis miwa-wyali _ ese igi

arzeni, didia da nayofieri da warmoadgens iberiis, afxazeTisa

da mesxTa qveynis gasaRebs~ (georgika 2, nakveTi II, gv. 278-279).

maSasadame IX-X ss-Si artanuji iRebda saqonels SavizRvi-

spireTidan (ZiriTadad trapezunti) da es saqoneli gadahqon-

da armenia, iberiasa da siriaSi, da piriqiT armenia, iberia, siri-

is saqoneli gahqonda SavizRvispireTis qveynebSi _ trapezunt-

sa da afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi).

cxadia, ara qalaqi artanuji, aramed is saerTaSoriso gza,

romelzec es cixe-qalaqi mdebareobda, aerTebda Woroxis auzis

meSveobiT zRvispira qveynebs, iberiis qalaq artahanTan. ar-

taan-arTvinis gza ZvelTaganve aerTebda somxeTsa da iberias

SavizRvispireTTan md. Woroxis meSveobiT. magaliTad somx-

eTidan (dvinidan) Semosuli saqoneli, romelic zRvis port-

Tan unda misuliyo, arTvin-ardagnis gziT gadaivlida kandri-

dis uReltexils arsianis qedze da gadavidoda Woroxis xe-

37

obaSi, Sevidoda q. artanujSi, aqedan amave gziT Sevidoda q.

arTvinSi, arTvinidan saxmeleTo an samdinaro gziT Sevidoda

q. petraSi anda SavizRvispireTis navsadgurSi. artahan-arTvi-

nis gziT gahqondaT Tbilisuri saqoneli zRvaze, anda piriqiT,

dasavleT saqarTvelos saqonels Woroxisa da arTvin-artanis

gziT miitandnen TbilisSi, dvinSi Tu sxva aRmosavleTis mx-

areSi. es gza iyo ZvelTaganve arsebuli. es iqidan Cans, rom,

marTalia, VIII s-Si artanuji da misi mxareebi arabebma aaoxres,

magram ukve X s-Si am gzas mainc saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba

hqonda, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT. is rom ar yofil-

iyo ZvelTaganve arsebuli saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis mosax-

erxebeli gza _ X s-Si ar aRdgeboda.

`artanuji tao_klarjeTis samTavros politikuri centri

gaxda. es qalaqi VIII_IX saukuneTa mijnaze unda warmoSobil-

iyo (saq. ist. narkv. II, 1973. gv. 347).

artanujSi jer kidev vaxtang gorgasals augia cixe, misi

geografiuli mdebareobis gamo.

`artanujis dawinaurebis mTavari momenti misi strategiuli

mdebareoba unda yofiliyo (iqve,gv. 347), artanuji mdebareobda

mniSvnelovan savaWro gzaTa Sesayarze. masze gadioda trasa,

romelic Tbiliss bizantiis qalaqebTan akavSirebda: samSvil-

de-faravani-axalqalaqi-artaani-artanuji (iqve, gv. 80)

`artanujis meSveobiT ukavSirdebodnen somxeTis qalaqebi Savi

zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos~ ( ß.

Ìàíàíäÿí, Î òîðãîâëå è ãîðîäàõ Àðìåíèè, gv. 233-234).

e.i somxeTi SavizRvispireTis savaWro punqtebs ukavSirde-

boda artanuj-arTvin-Savi zRvis meSveobiT. arTvinidan Sei-

Zleboda saxmeleTo aseve samdinaro gziT (Woroxis meSveo-

biT) Savi zRvis sanapiroebamde tvirTis mitana, rogorc trapi-

zonis, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT.

38

artanujis ayvavebas X s. Sua wlebisaTvis am gzam Seuwyo

xeli. is iqca saqarTvelos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes qalaqad.

amitom roca es qalaqi misma erT-erTma bagrationma mepatronem

bizantielebs gadasca da artanujis cixeze bizantielTa droSa

aRimarTa, bagrationebis yvela ganStoebis meTaurebma bizan-

tielebs ganucxades, rom Tu ar daTmobdnen da ar daclidnen

artanujs, yvelani gadavidodnen arabebis mxares da erTiani

ZaliT ibrZolebdnen artanujis gasaTavisufleblad.

konstantine porfirogenetis TqmiT, artanujSi Sedioda tra-

pezuntis, iberiis, afxazeTis, armeniisa da siriis saqoneli.

artanujis qveyanas, misive TqmiT, ̀ arzeni~ erqva, etimologiurad

arzeni igive alz_ena anu ̀ alz~-is qveyanaa. ̀ alz~ igive ̀ laz~-

ia, lazivi _ lazikaa.

baRvaSebi mcxeTa-klarjeTis gzis (XII s.)

TrialeTis monakveTze

klarjeTis gza (artanujis gza) imiT iyo mniSvnelovani, rom

igi aerTebda SavizRvispireTisa da bizantiis savaWro cen-

trebs. konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT, iberiasTan, arme-

niasTan da siriasTan. petradan, xufaTidan an Semdegdroindel

goniodan, es gza gauyveboda Woroxs, Sevidoda artanujSi, iqidan

arsianis qedis gavliT artaanSi. artaani iyo gzajvaredini,

CrdiloeTiT gza miemarTeboda iberiisken, samxreTiT da aRmo-

savleTiT ki _ somxeTisaken, siriisken da mcire aziis punqte-

bisaken. CvenTvis saintereso CrdiloeTis gza artaanidan Se-

dioda javaxeTSi da TrialeTSi. aqac, daaxloebiT kldekaris

cixe-simagresTan, gza kvlav orad iyofoda, erTi atenis xeobis

CavliT Cadioda Sida qarTlSi, meore ki manglisis xeobis gav-

39

liT uerTdeboda Tbilis-qvemoqarTl-somxeT-ransa da mova-

kans. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samxreT kavkasiis da Crdilo sparseTis

savaWro-saerTaSoriso gza gadioda kldekarze da iqidan ki

klarjeTis gziT uerTdeboda SavizRvispira portebs.

gzis aseTi didi mniSvnelobis gamo kldekaris cixe-simagre

daiWira baRvaSebis cnobilma sagvareulom X saukunis bolos,

konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi. man, rogorc iTqva, aRw-

era am gzaze mdebare artanujis cixe-simagris savaWro mniS-

vneloba.

mematiane wers _ `iyo mas Jamsa erisTavad kldekarTa rati

da hqonda cixe atenisa _ TrialeTi, manglis xevi da skvireTi~

(q.c. I, gv. 276).

TrialeTidan Sida qarTlSi Camaval gzaze mdinareebis gada-

kveTisas agebuli iqna mravali TaRovani xidi, ase rom, ar-

tanujis TaRovani xidi da atenTan mdebare mdinareebis TaRo-

vani xidebi erTi gzis Semadgeneli teqnikuri saSualebebia.

klarjeT _ TrialeTisa da samcxis laSqari (kaxeT-hereT-

Tbilisis SemoerTebamde) _ qveynis saxelis mixedviT iwodebo-

da ̀ zemo laSqrad~ (anu zemo qveynis laSqrad). sxva iyo qvemo

qveynis anu dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis) laSqari. kaxe-

Tis qorepiskopos daviTTan brZolisas taoSi myofma bagrat

III afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefem da kurapalatma `awvia spaTa

afxazeTisa da qarTlisaTa, TviT waremarTa zemoT laSqriTa,

gaiara TrialeTi, gavlo xidi mcxeTisa da mierTnes Tana afx-

azni da qarTvelni, dadga TianeTs~ (q.c. I, gv. 279).

aqedan Cans, rom am laSqarma gaiara artaan-javaxeT-Triale-

Tis aRwerili gziT da kldekaridan (walkidan) atenis xeobis

gziT mcxeTaSi Sevida.

40

xosro klarjeTis gzaze (VI s.)

Cven davadgineT, rom sparsuli jari jer Sah xosros, xolo

Semdgom misi mxedarTmTavrebis meTaurobiT lazikasa da q.

petraSi Cadiodnen Tanamedrove artaanidan arsianis qedis gad-

amkveTi gziT. amJamadac yarsidan wamosuli gza, romelic ar-

taanSi Sedis, uerTdeba arTvins da Woroxis sanapiroze gam-

aval im gzas, romelic mgzavrs miiyvanda q. petrasTan. Zvel

dros q. artaansa da q. dvins aerTebda mniSvnelovani gza, ase

rom, dvini q. petras aRniSnuli gziT uerTdeboda. dvini _

persarmeniis is qalaqi iyo, romlis sanaxebSic isvenebda lazikis

omebis Semdeg daqanculi sparsuli jari.

q. dvinidan anu persarmeniidan petrasken mimavali jari jer,

rogorc iTqva, gaivlida artaans (es iyo iberiis miwa-wyali),

aqedan ki arsianis qedis gavliT Sedioda klarjeTSi, romel-

sac berZnuli wyaroebi lazikas uwodebdnen. am qveynis (anu

lazika-klarjeTis) mTavari mdinaris fasisis anu Woroxis

sanapiroze gadioda saerTaSoriso gza, romelic Savi zRvis

sanapiromde midioda (q. petrasTan, mis gverdiT mdebare q. fa-

sisTan, Semdeg q. arqeopolisTan da a.S.).

artaansa da arTvins amJamad aerTianebs ori gza. erTi gza

SavSeTis gavliT uerTdeba arTvins, meore artaanidan gamosu-

li gza ki artanujis gavliT uerTdeba arTvins. romeli gziT

imgzavra xosrom? man gaiara albaT prokofis mier dasaxele-

buli iberiis cixeebi skanda da sarapana. skandis cixe _ arsi-

anis qedze mdebare qinZotamalis cixe unda iyos (iqvea sofeli

kandridi da qinZis cixe), xolo sarapana unda iyos SavSeTTan

mdebare ̀ arpalis~ cixe, romelsac aseve hqvia `qvaTeTrisi~. am

or cixes savele gza amJamadac aerTianebT. ix. saqarTvelos

`zogadgeografiuli~ ruka, 1998.

41

sparseTis Sahma xosrom Tavisi laSqriT, (Semdeg ki misma

mxedarTmTavrebma) gaiara lazika persarmeniidan petramde da

piriqiT. am laSqrobebs aRwers prokofi. es gza, Cveni azriT,

gasaRebs warmoadgens lazikisa da md. fasisis mdebareobis

gansazRvrisaTvis.

persamenia anu q. dvinis sanaxebi warmoadgenda sparsuli

laSqris dasavanebel da Zalebis mosakreb adgils lazikisak-

en laSqrobisas. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT persarmeniidan

dasvenebuli sparsuli laSqari Sedioda lazikaSi, iRebda

monawileobas petrasa da misi mimdebare adgilebis laSqroba-

Si, amis Semdeg ki es laSqari ukanve brundeboda dasasvene-

blad da Zalebis mosakrebad q. dvinis sanaxebSi. amaze prokofi

wers:

`mermeroem lazikaSi 5.000 kaci datova, xolo danarCeni 25.000

kaciT somxeTSi gadavida da dvinis axlos daibanaka~. merme-

roe petradan `danarCeni jariT mivida persarmeniaSi da dais-

vena dvinis maxlobel soflebSi” (georgika, II. gv.115).

XX s-is istorikosTa amJamad sayovelTaod miRebuli azriT

petrasaken mimavali laSqari gaivlida q. Tbiliss, Semdeg sura-

mis qedis gadalaxviT Sedioda yvirilas xeobaSi, gadavidoda

md. rionis vakeze, Semdeg ki gaivlida Tanamedrove guriasa da

aWaras da Sevidoda petras simagreSi. aseTi gza ar eTanxmeba

prokofis aRweras, radganac prokofis cnobiT petras brZolebSi

daRlili laSqari Zalebis mosakrebad midioda q. dvinSi anu

persarmeniaSi, Tu ki petradan ukan mimavali laSqari gaivli-

da aseT ugrZeles gzas: _ mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, Semdeg

ki TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, Semdeg somxeTs da

mividoda dvinSi, es laSqari sruliad Zala gamoclili iqne-

boda. samxedro TvalsazrisiT aseTi gzis gavla dasasvene-

blad araefeqturia da SeuZlebelic aris. maSasadame xosros

42

da misi sardlis mermeroes mier gavlili gza dvinidan pe-

tramde ufro mokle unda yofiliyo. amasTanave Cven viciT, rom

es gza gaivlida iberiis erT nawils, gadalaxavda Zalze maRa-

li qedis uReltexils da Cavidoda fasisis xeobaSi. iq sadac

fasisi wyalmcirea. aq jari fexiT gadavidoda mdinareze da

gauyveboda petrasaken mimaval gzas, ise, rom md. fasisi marjve-

na mxares hqonodaT. amasTanave am gzaze isini ar gaivlidnen

arc erT lazur sofels. marTlac arsebobda iseTi gza, romel-

ic dvinidan Sedioda petraSi iberiis gavliT. es iyo _ dvini-

artaani-artanuji-arTvini-petras gza, romelic gadadis arsi-

anis qedis erT maRal uReltexilze. es aris uZvelesi gza,

amasaTanave umoklesi da advilad savali petradan _ dvinamde.

arTvin-artaanis (ardaganis) SemaerTebeli es gza arsebobs

amJamad da arsebobda wina istoriul xanaSic.

dvinidan (persarmeniidan) gamavali gza Tavdapirvelad Se-

dioda iberiaSi (anu artaanSi), aqedan ki gadioda lazikaSi

anu klarjeTSi liganasa da ergeSi, e.i. fasisis anu Woroxis

xeobaSi, kerZod ki klarjeTis qalaq arTvinSi. arTvinis max-

lobeli fonis gadalaxvis Semdeg, laSqari gadioda md. Woroxis

marcxena sanapiroze (maSasadame maT marjvniv miedineboda

mdinare fasisi anu Woroxi _ prokofis TqmiT) da umoklesi

gziT mdinaris gayolebiT pirdapir Sediodnen petraSi. erTa-

derTi maTi dabrkoleba am gzaze iyo arsianis qedis uReltex-

ili. esaa TiTqmis 3.000 metri simaRlis uReltexili. am uRel-

texilis geografia Cven gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT Tu sad iyo

skandas cixe simagre.

petraSi salaSqrod wamosulma sparsulma jarebma sagange-

bo samuSao Seasrules, raTa gaesworebinaT iberiidan kolxi-

daSi mimavali gza. sparseTis mefem aRniSna am gzis uvargiso-

bis Sesaxeb, magram is daarwmunes, rom xeebs moWridnen da

43

napralebs amoavsebdnen. marTlac, am gziT gamoiara sparseTis

cxenosanma jarma da mebrZolma spiloebma. prokofi wers: ̀ iberi-

idan kolxeTSi mimavali gza yvelgan daqanebuli napralebiT

da Znel savali gzebiTaa daserili, dafarulia uRrani tyee-

biT, ise, rom msubuqad datvirTul kacsac gauWirdeboda siaru-

li, axla ise gaesworebinaT, rom ara Tu maTma cxenosanma jar-

ma gaiara iq daubrkoleblad, aramed spiloebic gaatares, ram-

denic surdaT da ise ilaSqres” (iqve, georgika, II, gv. 182).

am gzis qveS, rogorc iTqva, unda igulisxmebodes artaanidan

anu iberiidan lazikaSi anu Woroxis xeobaSi Semavali arc

Tu grZeli gza, romelic iqamdec arsebobda, da saWiroebis

SemxvevaSi misi gasworebac iyo SesaZlebeli. marTlac, prokofis

aRweridan Cans, rom xosros jari ise Sevida lazikaSi, rom

maT fasisi marjvena mxares darCaT. am adgilas prokofi md.

fasisSi mdinare Woroxs gulisxmobs da iqve asaxelebs meore

mdinares _ reons. prokofi wers: `mdinare fasisis iqeTa mx-

ares lazebs petras garda sxva dasaxlebuli adgili ar moe-

povebodaT. is gavida da daiWira iberiidan kolxeTSi gadasas-

vleli adgilebi, sadac fasisze gadasvla foniT SeiZleboda.

es mdinare, aseve meore mdinarec fexiT gadalaxa, saxelad re-

oni (arc es aris sanaosno) da fasisis marjvena mxareze rom

aRmoCnda, waiyvana jari erTi qalaqis _ arqeopolisis winaaRm-

deg, romelic aris mTavari qalaqi lazikis qveyanaSi” (gv. 182).

Cans, reoni VI s.-Si erqva aseve Woroxis SesarTav mdinaresac.

44

lazikaSi mimavali sparselTa gzis marSruti

g. grigolias mixedviT

berZen-romaeli avtorebis cnobebis gaanalizebis Semdeg,

CvenTvis cxadi gaxda, rom VI saukuneSi sparselebma petrasaken

ilaSqres artaan-artanuj-arTvinis gziT. es CvenTvis iyo axa-

li azri da ar eTanadeboda oficialur istoriografiaSi

damkvidrebul Tvalsazriss, magram aRmoCnda, rom igive Tval-

sazrisisaa batoni guram grigolia, romlis naSromsac gave-

caniT 2009 wels.

oficialuri istoriografiis TvalsazrisiT petrasaken

laSqrobis marSruti Semdegi iyo - aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo,

lixis qedi, dasavleTi saqarTvelo, petra. g. grigolias azriT

ki sparsTa jari Woroxis xeobis gavliT Sevida petraSi. is

wers - ,,raTa ufro ioli gaxdes am gzis mimarTulebis garkve-

va, prokofi kesarieli detalurad aRwers gzaze damxvedr mdina-

reebs, mogviTxrobs maT fizikur Tvisebebze, mimarTulebaze, saidan

iReben isini saTaves, sad aris maTi SesarTavi, romel qveynebsa

Tu tomebis dasaxlebaTa maxloblad miedinebian da sxva. yove-

live es fasdaudebel informacias iZleva lazikis samefosa

da qalaq petras lokalizaciisaTvis~ (g. grigolia, egris-

lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi, 1994, gv.

29). Semdeg mkvlevari ganagrZobs - ,,xofa umoklesi gziT ukav-

Sirdeba Woroxis xeobas borCxasTan. Woroxis zemo welisaken

mimavali gza arTvinTan iyofa orad, erTi Woroxis gayolebiT

miemarTeba yarsi, ardagani da somxeTisaken, xolo meore imerx-

eviT, SavSeTis yvirilas xeobiT da arsianis uReltexiliT

gadadis focxovis xeobaSi, saidanac axalcixe-axalqalaqi, walka-

manglisis gziT Cadis TbilisSi. safiqrebelia, rom swored am

gziT waiyvanes lazebma mefe xosro anuSirvani petras winaaRmdeg,

45

kerZod, rogorc prokofis cnobidan vgebulobT, sparselebma

gadalaxes boasi (Cveni gagebiT Woroxis zemo weli - wers g.

grigolia) da ,,ise mividnen petraSi rom fasisi marjvniv hqon-

daT~ (iqve, gv. 64). g. grigolia Tvlis, rom is mdinare fasisi,

romelic sparselebma am dros gadalaxes aris md. Woroxi,

xolo petra ki erqva xofas (Zvel xufaTs). g. grigolias azriT

xofadan Woroxisaken da aqedan iberiisaken, armeniisa da per-

sarmeniisaken mimavali gza ZvelTaganve arsebobda (iqve, gv. 65).

am gzaze zamTriTac ki moZraoba ar wydeboda - ,,gza xufaTidan

da iberiidan Woroxisaken imdenad yofila gakvaluli, rom zam-

Tris periodSic ki ar ferxdeboda masze xalxTa didi masebis

moZraoba~ (iqve, gv. 65).

g. grigolias mosazrebas isic adasturebs, rom sparsTa

laSqris mosasvenebeli mTavari banaki mdebareobda persarme-

niaSi - dvinSi. aqedan miemarTebodnen isini petrasa da lazikaSi,

iqedan ki ukan brundebodnen mosasveneblad - prokofi kesari-

elis cnobiT. dvinidan ki pirdapiri gza arsebobda Woroxamde

da Sesabamisad petramde. amasTanave, prokofis cnobiT erT-

erTi laSqrobisas - ,,sparselebi maT winamZRol lazebTan

erTad swrafad gaCndnen petraSi~ (georgika II, gv. 100-102).

Tu ki laSqari gaivlida Tbiliss, lixis qeds, mTel dasav-

leT saqarTvelos da Semdeg movidoda petraSi (sadRac ba-

TumTan) cxadia is ,,swrafad ver gaCndeboda petraSi” - didi

gzis gamo. maSin laSqars mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo unda

gaevlo, rasac mosaxleoba da mowinaaRmdege advilad Seityob-

da da ,,swraf marSs~ Tavisi mniSvneloba daekargeboda. aseTi

siswrafe ki artaan-arTvinis SemaerTebel, Tanac gakvalul gzaze

SesaZlebeli iyo. amitomac g. grigolias mosazreba misaRebia.

is wers - ,,boas-fasisi rom namdvilad md. Woroxia da ara

yvirila-rioni, rogorc es adre iyo gagebuli, amas kidev erTx-

46

el mowmobs prokofi kesarielis Sromis araerTi adgili. es

exeba lazebisa da misi mezobeli tomebis gansaxlebas, laze-

bis qalaqebisa da cixeebis daxasiaTebas Tu sparseTis jaris

salaSqro marSrutebis aRwerilobas petrasTan dakavSirebiT~

(iqve, gv. 42). Semdeg g. grigolias mohyavs prokofis cnobebi

lazikis gansaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT: - ,,prokofi kesarieli

Sromis im nawilSi, sadac saubaria xosros mier q. petrasa da

Semdeg romaelTa (dagisTes xelmZRvanelobiT) da sparsTa (merm-

eroes sardlobiT) jarebis axali koncentraciis Sesaxeb, iZl-

eva cnobebs mdinare boasis, lazTa dasaxlebuli adgilebis

(maTi qalaqebisa da cixe-qalaqebis) Sesaxeb: ,,...boasi, amieridan

fasisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisaTvis ga-

mosadegi vidre evqsinad wodebul zRvamde, sadac misi SesarTavia,

da mis orive mxriT lazike aris. magram marjvniv mTeli is

qveyana did manZilze, vidre iberiis sazRvrebamde, dasaxlebu-

lia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT, lazTa soflebi xom aq yve-

la mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras da qalaqebic maT ZvelT-

aganve aq auSenebiaT, maT Soris aris arqeopolisi Zalian gam-

agrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pituintis simagrec, xolo

skanda da sarapani-iberiis sazRvrebisaken, yvelaze SesaniSnavi

qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi. mdinaris

marcxniv, iseT manZilze, romelsac erT dReSi gaivlis msubu-

qad datvirTuli kaci, lazikis sazRvrebia, xolo es mxare

mosaxleobas moklebuli Cans, am mxaris mezoblad romaelebi

cxovroben, romelTac pontoelebi ewodebaT, lazikis miwa-wy-

alze, im adgilas, sadac adamianebs arasodes ar ucxovriaT,

iustiniane mefem Cems dros qalaqi petra gaaSena~- wers prokofi

kesarierli. g. grigolia ganagrZobs - md. fasisis napirebze

lazebis disproporciuli gansaxlebis aseTive suraTs iZleva

prokofis Sromis sxva adgilic, sadac saubaria evqsinis

47

pontospira xalxebsa da maT mezoblebze: ,,...zogierTebi am-

boben (gulisxmoben esqiles, herodotes), rom aq fasisi orad

hyofs xmeleTs. Camomdinare wylis marcxniv aris azia, xolo

marjvniv evropad iwodeba. evropis nawilSia lazTa yvela

sabinadro adgili, xolo meore nawilSi moxseniebis Rirsi

arc raime qalaqi aqvT lazebs, arc simagre da arc daba, garda

imisa, rom romaelebma iq petra aaSenes winaT~, rogorc vxedavT,

prokofis Sromis aq moyvanili orive adgili Sinaarsobrivad

erTgvarovania da Zalze saintereso, mravalferovan informa-

cias iZleva lazikis istoriisa da gansakuTrebiT, istoriuli

geografiisaTvis. aq saubaria lazikis samxreT sazRvarze, cixe-

qalaqTa gvarobaze, maT ganlagebaze, mosaxleobis gansaxleba-

ze da sxv. magram, samwuxarod, rogorc fiqroben, swored Sro-

mis es nawilia e.w. ,,SecdomebiTa~ da urTierTsawinaaRmdego

debulebebiT savse, rac prokofisadmi da saerTod, berZen mwer-

alTa cnobebisadmi skeptikurad ganawyobs mkvlevarTa did

nawils. akad. s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, ,,es cnobebi bevrgan areulia,

erTimeores ar eTanxmeba, an Cvens Tanamedrove saistorio mwer-

lobaSi Semowmebuli araa~. akad. n. berZeniSvili misTvis dam-

axasiaTebeli mTeli siRrme-siganiT ixilavs adrebizantiuri

xanis lazikis istoriis sakiTxebs da saerTod, ndobas ucxa-

debs prokofis cnobebs saqarTvelos rom exeba, magram sakama-

To adgilebis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs, rom, rogorc ,,Cans (prokofi)

StabSi warmodgenil moxsenebis safuZvelze adgens Tavis

moTxrobas da erTimeoreSi urevs cnobebs...~ da iqve migvi-

TiTebs, rom meti sifrTxiliT movekidoT berZen mweralTa

cnobebs. CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs d. musx-

eliSvilis, rogorc istoriuli geografiis wamyani special-

istis, Sexedulebas prokofi kesarielis cnobebis raoba-Rire-

bulebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro, rom igi sagangebod Cerdeba moyva-

48

nili cnobebis saCoTiro adgilebze da mas Semdeg, rac ndobas

ucxadebs prokofi kesariels, rogorc kompetentur istoriko-

ss, iqve dasZens, rom ,,rionis marcxena napiris sruli dausax-

leblobis Sesaxeb misi azri Secdoma unda iyos~-o, rasac faq-

tiuri masaliT adasturebs. Tumca iqve dasZens, rom ,,prokofi

kesarielis zemoxsenebul Cvenebebze damyarebuli warmodgena

marcxena rionispireTis dausaxleblobis Sesaxeb adrebizan-

tiur xanaSi, faqtiurad, SesaZlebelia am CvenebaTa araswori

interpretaciis Sedegi iyos~-o, raSic SeuZlebelia ar daveT-

anxmoT pativcemul avtors – wers g. grigolia da ganagrZobs:

rogorc ukve iTqva, Cveni azriT, mTavari Secdoma is aris, rom

prokofiseuli boas-fasisi arasworadaa gaigivebuli rion-yvi-

rilasTan. prokofis cnobiT, fasisis marjvena napirze ,,mTeli

is qveyana did manZilze vidre iberiis sazRvrebamde dasaxle-

bulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT~, Tuki fasisi rionia, rogorc

es amJamad aris miRebuli, sruliad gaugebaria, ra unda rionis

marjvniv iberiis sazRvrebs; rogorc antikuri, ise bizantiuri

da momdevno xalxebisaTvis aseTi sazRvrebis Zieba rionis

marjvena napirze uazrobaa. ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda wavi-

deT, ramdenic ar unda viaroT, rionis marjvena sanapiroze,

verc erT wertilSi iberiis sazRvrebs ver mivadgebiT, miT

ufro, viciT, rom prokofisave araerTgzisi CvenebiT aseTi

sasazRvro xazi, xsenebuli droisaTvis, skanda-SorapanTan ga-

dis. es pirdapir aris miTiTebuli prokofis cnobis im nawil-

Si, sadac saubaria fasisis marjvena napiras gaSenebul qalaqe-

bze da cixeebze: ,,maT Soris aris arqeopolisi, Zalian gamagre-

buli, sevastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec, xolo skanda

da sarapani - iberiis sazRvrebisaken, yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqe-

bi ki mainc aq rodopolisi da moxirisia~. rogorc cnobilia,

rodopolisi Tanamedrove varcixea rionisa da yvirila-xanisw-

49

ylis SesarTavTan, moxiriss ki dablagomTan varaudoben. e.i.

orive es qalaqi rionis marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobs, rom

araferi vTqvaT skandasa da Sorapanze. prokofis cnobis mixed-

viT ki, isini md. fasisis marjvena sanapirozea miTiTebuli.

aqac aSkara Seusabamobaa fasis-rionis mimarT. jer kidev ius-

tinianes novelebis avtormac icis, rom arqeopolisi da ro-

dopolisi, udidesi da Zveli simagreebia~, xolo Semdeg prokofi

kesarieli pirdapir miuTiTebs da xazs usvams, rom “yvelaze

SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxiri-

si~. yovelive es icis prokofim, ufro sworad, misma informa-

torma, magram, Tu es fasisi rionia, maSin Secdomas uSvebs, roca

maT mdinaris marjvena napiris qalaqebad miiCnevs, rac nakle-

bad sarwmunoa. aqac iseTive daskvna unda gakeTdes, rogoric

lazika-iberiis sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT miviReT: kerZod, am

etapze prokofis fasisi rioni ar aris – wers g. grigolia. is

agrZelebs - sakiTxiT dainteresebul mkvlevarebs gansakuTre-

biT aRelvebT prokofis cnobis is adgili, sadac saubaria md.

fasisis marcxena sanapiroze, romelic ,,mosaxleobas moklebu-

li Cans da am nawilSi arc raime qalaqi aqvT lazebs, arc

simagre da arc daba moxseniebis Rirsi~. Tu prokofiseuli

fasisi Tanamedrove rionia, saqme exeba imereTis did nawils,

mTel guriasa da aWaras, e.i. istoriuli kolxeTis saukeTeso

nawils, sadac, rogorc ukanaskneli drois arqeologiuri Zie-

bis Sedegebi mowmoben, aRmocendnen adreantikuri da elinis-

turi xanis qalaquri centrebi: vani, dabla gomi, fasisi, fi-

Wvnari da afsarosi~ (g. grigogolia, “egris-lazikis samefos

saistorio problemebi~, 1994, gv. 32).

g. grigolias am vrceli amonarididan Cans, rom is am SemTx-

vevaSi ar eTanxmeba gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss, rom varcixe

aris rodopolisi, radganac, prokofis cnobiT rodopolisi

50

mdebareobda fasisis marjvena sanapiroze (iseve, rogorc skan-

da da sarapani, xolo varcixe rionis marjvena sanapiroze ar

mdebareobs, maSasadame rodopolisic sxvaganaa saZebni, albaT

Woroxis xeobaSi). Sorapanzec igive iTqmis. prokofis sarapana

fasisis marjvniv mdebareobda, rac Seexeba zestafonis Sora-

pans, is rionis Senakad yvirilas marjvnivac ki ar mdebareobs,

aramed Zirulas marjvniv.

g. grigolia daaskvnis - ,,erTi sityviT prokofis yvela cno-

ba, rac gaugebari da urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa rion-fasisTan

kavSirSi, savsebiT naTeli da logikuria fasis-WoroxTan mima-

rTebaSi~ (iqve, gv. 53).

xolo sparseT-petras gzasTan dakavSirebiT wers - ,,prokofi

kesarieli petras yovelTvis md. fasisTan kavSirSi ixseniebs

da misi niSandoblivi lokalizacia mxolod da mxolod fa-

sisTan mimarTebaSi aris SesaZlebeli...~ (iqve, gv. 55). md. fasisi

ki Woroxia, sparselTa omebi mis xeobaSi imarTeboda. aq gadio-

da is mniSvnelovani gza, romelic petras dvinTan akavSirebda.

sparseTis Sahi klarjeTis gzaze

mefe xosro ramdenjerme gaemarTa lazikaSi petras cixe-

simagris asaRebad, aseve sparseTidan petrasaken ramdenjerme

gaemgzavra sparsTa jarebi sxva mTavarsardlebis meTaurobiT.

prokofi kesarieli aRwers maT gzas, rogorc erTi, ise meore

mimarTulebiT, magaliTad sparsTa jarebma petrasTan cxare

SebrZolebis Semdeg ukan daixies da dabrundnen TavianT dasas-

venebel qveyanaSi (banakebSi), sadac saerTod isini izamTrebd-

nen, aRidgendnen Zalebs da ukanve, petrasTan brundebodnen.

aseTi adgili yofila persarmeniaSi q. dvini da maT garSemo

soflebi, romelTac CamoTvlis kidec prokofi. saerTod is

51

wers sparsTa gzis Sesaxeb, kerZod isini sparseTidan jer Se-

diodnen persarmeniaSi, Semdeg ki iberiis raRac nakveTis gav-

lis Semdeg _ lazikaSi.

SebrZolebebi petrasTan iyo pirvelxarisxovani saqme spars-

Ta mefisaTvis, amitomac is brZolisunarianobis SenarCunebis

mizniT sparseTidan petrasaken yvelaze mokle da amave dros

uxifaTo gziT waiyvanda Tavis jarebs, es bunebrivia, jari das-

venebuli unda yofiliyo. da amave dros axlos momaragebis

wyarosTan, e.i. persarmeniasTan da aseve iberiasTan, romelic

sparsTa mier iyo dapyrobili. maSasadame xosrom Tavisi jarebi

dvinidan petrasken waiyvana yvelaze mokle gziT. romelia es

gza? Tu Zvel rukebs davxedavT, SevamCnevT, rom dvini-petras

SemaerTebel yvelaze mokle gzebs unda gaevloT qarTlis

provinciebi kola-artaani, klarjeTi, Woroxis xeoba, Semdegdroin-

deli arTvini da Woroxis gayolebiT uSualod miadgebodnen

petras. es gzebi, amJamadac ki, erTaderTni arian am mxareSi.

saqme isaa, rom dvin-kola-artaansa da klarjeTs Soris zRvis

donidan 2500-3000 metrze aRmarTulia qedi arsiani. amJamadac,

arsianis qedze gadis ori mTavari gza _ romelic q. artaans

aerTebs q. artanujTan (klarjeTSi) da q. arTvinTan (Woroxze),

erTi ufro CrdiloeTiTaa, meore samxreTiT.

vfiqrobT, rom xosrom isargebla artaan _ artanujis dakav-

Sirebuli gziT, radganac es ufro moklea pirvelTan Sedare-

biT, Tanac ufro naklebi dabrkolebebia masze.

q. artaani da artaanis provincia uSualod emezobleba

eruSeTs da samcxis provinciebs (e.i. iyo istoriuli iberia)

da is marTlac Zevs persarmeniasa (anis-dvinis qveyanasa) da

klarjeT-lazikas Soris.

artaan-artanuj-arTvinis SemaerTebeli gza, rogorc vTqviT,

gaivlida arsianis qeds, romlis uReltexili mdebareobs zRvis

52

donidan 2687 m. simaRleze. mis axlos axlac mdebareobs sofe-

li `kandridi~. es sityva `kandr~ Zalze gvagonebs prokofi

kesarielis mier aRweril cnobas, rom iberiasa da lazikas

Soris mdebareobda ̀ skandas~ cixe (kand _ skand). aRsaniSnavia,

rom arsianis am uReltexilTan axlo Zveli cixe-simagrea,

romelsac, amJamad, ̀ qinZis cixe~ ewodeba. Cveni azriT fuZe ̀ qinZ~

da ̀ skand~ aseve etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan (kind(Z) _

skand). prokofis aRweridan viciT, rom skandas cixis axlomax-

lo ar modioda mosavali, iyo Zalze mTiani imdenad, rom aq

venaxi ar xarobda da Rvinoc ar hqondaT. cnobilia, rom sabWo-

Ta epoqis istorikosebi prokofis mier aRweril skandas cixed

miiCnevdnen Terjolis raionSi amJamadac arsebul `skandes~.

sakuTari TvaliT gvinaxavs, rom Terjolis skande mdebareobs

samiwaTmoqmedo ubanSi, radgan modis yovelgvari saxis mosava-

li da cxadia xarobs venaxic, xolo arsianis qedze 2600 metrze

mdebare qinZotamalis anu `qinZis cixe~ namdvilad identuria

prokofis mier aRwerili umosavlo da pirquS regionTan.

rogorc Cans aqve iyo meore cixec _ sarapana. T. xuciSvilis

mier gamocemuli ̀ tao-klarjeTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis~

rukis mixedviT aRniSnul artaan-artanujis SemaerTebel gza-

ze mdebareobda arpali, romelic Cveni azriT etimologiurad

waagavs sarapan-Sorapans. saerTod, qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul

qveynebSi toponimebi xSirad meordeboda. magaliTad, aRniSnul

rukaze, TurqeTSi parxalTan axlosaa qalaqi ̀ wiTeli wyaro~

(Sdr. saqarTvelos `wiTelwyaro~) cixe `muxurguli~ (spersa

da kavkasiZeebis cixis Sua, Woroxze). `muxurguli~ eti-

mologiurad Zalze axloa prokofis mier mravalgzis aRniS-

nul `muxurisTan~. aqvea `orjoxis mTa~, romelic gvagonebs

`orjoni~-s. aqedan `orjoniki~ (orjoneli) _ orjonikiZeTa

sagvareulos adgili. aqvea ̀ vanis xevi~ (Sdr. vani), ̀ dazugeTi~

53

(Sdr. ̀ zugdidi~) da sxva uamravi. imis gamo, rom prokofi kesa-

rielis mier naxsenebi `skanda~ da Tanamedrove Terjolis

raionSi mdebare ̀ skande~ etimologiurad identuria, ar iZle-

va maTi igiveobis safuZvels. `skanda~ uamravi SeiZleboda yo-

filiyo saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi. (Srd. strabonis ̀ skandi-

sis mTebi~). aseve unda yofiliyo mravali `sarapana~ (Sora-

pani). me vfiqrob Tanamedrove `sarfi~ da `sarapana~ eti-

mologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamed-

rove ozurgeTsac XV s-Si (da ufro adre) Sorapani erqva.

amitomac, imis gamo, rom zestafonTan gvaqvs punqti ̀ Sorapani~

ar aris safuZveli misi ̀ sarapanad~ gamocxadebisa. aseTi sara-

pana _ rogorc vTqviT _ mravali unda yofiliyo.

maSasadame Cveni azriT, sparsuli jari petraSi Cavida ara

Tbilisis, lixis qedisa da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gav-

liT (am gziT jari Zalze daiqanceboda da brZolisunari-

anobas dakargavda), aramed sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli

umoklesi gziT, romelic rogorc prokofi xSirad aRniSnavs:

gaivlida persarmenias (dvinis qveyanas), Semdeg iberias (Cveni

azriT es iyo kola-artaani) da md. Woroxis gayolebiT swrafad

Sevidnen petras regionSi.

Tvalxiluli faqtia, rom SeuZlebelia prokofi kesarielis

mier aRwerili lazika iyos dasavleT saqarTvelo mTlianad,

radganac prokofi mudam xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom `lazika~

aris kldovani regioni, sadac aris maRali mTebi, moedineba

Cqari mdinareebi. magaliTad imdenad Cqari fasisi, rom zRvis

wyalsac ki ar ereva SesarTavSi. imdenad kldovania lazika,

rom zRva mis kldeebs exeTqeba da es kldeebi uSualod zRvas

gadahyurebs. mravaljer aRwers amas prokofi da imeorebs yve-

la TxzulebaSi. magaliTad is wers, rom skandasa da sarapanis

cixeebTan ar modis mosavali, aris maRali mTebi, ar xarobs

54

venaxi. Terjolis skanda zRvis donidan sul raRac 100-200

metrze mdebareobs da rogorc iTqva am regionSi uxvi da

yoveli saxis mosavali modis. sarapanac msgavsadve umosavlo

kldeebSi mdebareobs, zestafonis Sorapani ki zRvis donidan

170 metrzea da uxvmosavliania. saerTod, rogor SeiZleba iTq-

vas dasavleT saqarTveloze, rom is saSineli camde awvdili

kldeebis qveyanaa maSin, roca dasavleT saqarTvelos vrclad

gaSlili vake zRvis donidan sul ramdenime metria da vr-

clad gaSlili uzarmazari dablobia! es araa prokofis ̀ lazi-

ka~! magram, sakmarisia fasisad miviCnioT md. Woroxi, umalve

mivxvdebiT Tu romel qveyanas uwodebs prokofi lazikas. cx-

adia esaa trapizonis sanaxebi da amis Semdeg qveyana, romelsac

qarTuli wyaroebi uwodeben `zRvispiri bolo klarjeTisa~

da saerTod klarjeTi Tanamedrove aWara-guriasTan erTad.

klarjeT-lazikis mTebia arsianis TiTqmis 3000 metri simaRl-

is qedi, karCxalis 3000 metrze ufro maRali masiuri mTebi,

pontos aseve 3000 metrze maRali qedi, misi Sto orjoxi, ase-

Tive simaRlis mTebis masivi, saerTod esaa Woroxis xeoba, Tavi-

si kldeebiT da maRali mTebiT, esaa uvrcelesi regioni, rom-

lis farTobi metia md. rionis auzze. ai, aq ki unda veZioT

Cveni skanda, sarapanisi, arqeopolisi, muxurisi, rodopolisi,

fasisi da sxva qalaqebi. aq arqeologebs didi aRmoCenebi eliT.

prokofis ̀ lazika~ iyo ZiriTadad ̀ klarjeTis qveyana~. Sesa-

Zloa, lazTa mefeebis Semdegdroindeli memkvidreebi iyvnen

`klarjTa xelmwifeebi~ legitimuri TvalsazrisiT, aqedan iyo

VI s-Si guaram kurapalati, Semdeg qarTlis xelmwife bagra-

tionebi TavianT warmoSobasac aRniSnul (lazikis) regions,

kerZod, spers ukavSireben, TavianT sagvareuloSi gamoyofdnen

`klarj~, ̀ artanujel~ da sxva mefe-xelmwifeebs. SesaZloa ̀ klar-

ji xelmwifeebis~ Sto Tavis legitimur uflebamosilebas

55

ukavSirebda lazTa mefeebs (mag. VI s-Si aseTebi iyvnen waTe,

gubazi, da sxvebi). Tumca maT ZiriTadi legitimurobis sayrde-

nad miaCndaT farnavazian _ xosroanTa memkvidreoba (vaxtang

gorgasalis qaliSvili SeirTo guaram bagrationma). SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom waTe, gubazi da sxva lazi mefeebi gvariT

bagrationebi anda maTi monaTesaveni iyvnen.

klarjeTis gza skandadan sarapanamde

qinZis cixe, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, mdebareobs arsian-

is qedze, artaan-artanujis SemaerTebeli gzis marjvena mxares

(gzidan 3-4 km-Taa daSorebuli), sofel qinZotamalTan axlos

(qinZotamals Turqulad ̀ bagdeCen~ hqvia). iqve (qinZotamalidan

samxreTiT 4-5 km-Si) mdebareobs msgavsi saxelis mqone sofeli

_ kandridi (Turquladac es saxeli __ `kandriti~ hqvia, iqvea

eklesiis nangrevi). Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rogorc aRiniSna, erTi

da igive etimologiis sami punqtis erTmaneTTan TiTqmis mijriT

arseboba (qinZis cixe, qinZotamali, kandridi) miuTiTebs, rom

arsianis qedis am monakveTze `kand~ , `qind~ (qinZ) fuZis mqone

raRac mniSvnelovani punqti arsebobda. esaa, Cveni azriT ̀ skan-

da~ _ saxelganTqmuli lazuri cixe iberiis sazRvarTan. misi

naSTia saxelebi _ kandriti, qinZotamali da qinZi (ix. dimitri

dunduas 2007 w. ruka `SavSeTi~ da T. xuciSvilis 2004 w. ruka

tao-klarjeTi).

rogorc viciT, skandas cixesTan axlos mdebareobda meore

lazuri cixe, aseve iberiis sazRvarTan _ sarapana. Cveni azriT,

am saxelis Tanamedrove saxecvlilebaa `arfali~, romelic

mdebareobs SavSeTSi axlos artaanTan, anu Zvel istoriul

iberiis mxaresTan axlos. arfalis meore saxelia zendaba, qalaq

SavSeTidan ramdenime kilometriTaa daSorebuli. amJamindeli

56

qinZis cixe da arfali erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian adgilobrivi

mniSvnelobis gziT, rogorc aRiniSna. arfalidan gza jer mi-

dis sofel xanTuSeTSi (esaa Turquli hanli), xanTuSeTidan ki

ori aseve adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gza miemarTeba arsianis

qedisaken. erT-erTi, samxreTiT arsebuli, gaivlis mdinareTa

(nakadulTa) saTaveebs da adis arsianis qedze qinZis cixesTan

axlos. Cveni azriT, SesaZloa am gziT, anu skanda (qinZis cixe)

sarapana (arfalis) gziT gaiara petraSi mimavalma sparseTis

Sahma xosrom. marTlac, es gza Sedis SavSeTSi, saidanac arTvin-

borCxas gziT, anu Woroxis xeobis gziT Sediodnen petraSi,

Tumca, SesaZloa xosro artanujis gziTac Sevida petraSi.

rogorc iTqva, Cveni gamokvleviT skanda aris Tanamedrove ar-

sianis qedze (istoriuli artaanis provinciaSi) klarjeTisken

(artanujisken) mimaval gzaze sofel ̀ kandridTan~ mdebare erT-

erTi Zveli cixesimagre. sof. `kandridis~ saxelwodeba aRniS-

nulia ̀ tao-klarjeTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis~ rukaze, romel-

ic 2004 wels daibeWda T. xuciSvilis, k. Sengelias, S. maWavarian-

isa da v. silogavas mier. sof. kandridTan arsianis qedzeve aris

sof. qinZotamali da cixe-simagre `qinZis cixe~. etimologiurad

`kandridi~, `qinZotamali da `qinZis cixe~ Zalze axloa `skan-

dasTan~ (kandrid _ skanda). sof. qinZotamalsa da qinZis cixes

Soris gadis gza, romelic aerTebs artaans artanujTan. es gza

longoTxevis axlos artanujiswylis xeobaSi gadis.

arsebobs meore gzac, romelic sxva xeobaSi gadis da aseve

aerTebs artaans arTvinTan. es gza gaivlis SavSeTs, aq qalaq

SavSeTis axlos aris sofeli ̀ arfali~, SeuZlebelia ar aRin-

iSnos, rom arfali etimologiurad Zalze axloa `sarapanas-

Tan~ (sarapan-arfal). Cven viciT, rom gza, romelic aerTebda

iberias lazikasTan, gadioda cixe-simagreebze skandasa da

sarapanze (sofel arfalTan mdebareobs Zveli cixe-simagre

`qvaTeTrisi~).

57

sofeli kandridi da sofeli arfali erTmaneTs uerTdebod-

nen Zveladac. amas mianiSnebs is, rom 1998 w. dabeWdili saqarTve-

los ̀ zogadgeografiuli rukis~ mixedviT (redaqtori m. razmaZe)

es soflebi erTmaneTs amJamadac uerTdeba e.w. `savele gziT~

anu Zalze ubralo, uxarisxo gziT, kerZod, artanuj-artaanis

SemaerTebel gzaze, iq, sadac aris 2657 m simaRlis uReltexili.

erT-erTi gverdiTi gza miemarTeba CrdiloeTisken, romelsac

daaxloebiT 6-7 km-Si dasavleTidan uerTdeba aRniSnuli savele

gza, romelic 25-28 km-is Semdeg Sedis arfalSi. Cans, am gziT

Sediodnen iberiidan lazikaSi sparselebi.

skanda-kandridi klarjeTis gzaze

(mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, namonastrali `kan-

dridi~, cixe `qinZi~ _ erTad Tavmoyrilni _ istoriul `skan-

das~ regionSi)

Tanamedrove artanuji artaans uerTdeba saavtomobilo gziT,

romlis Sua monakveTs, arsianis qedis gadakveTis adgils, war-

moadgens uReltexili ialnizCam zRvis donidan 2657 metr

simaRleze. TviTon gza artanujidan uReltexilamde faqti-

urad gadis uzarmazari qedis ZirSi, romlis mwvervalis simaR-

le aris 3068 metri zRvis donidan. amave uReltexils ar-

tanujidan uerTdeba aseve yamiri sasoflo gza, romelzec am-

Jamadac mdebareobs sofeli `longoTxevi~. aRniSnul uRel-

texils sxvadasxva rukebze ewodeba ̀ kandridi~, ̀ qinZotamali~,

iqve axlosaa mwvervali `kandilis~ saxelwodebiT.

kandridi, qinZ (kand) iZleva safuZvels vifiqroT, rom berZeni

mwerlebis mier naxsenebi cixe-simagre `skanda~, romelic ise

maRla da miudgomel adgilas mdebareobda unayofo regionSi,

rom masze mxolod zurgiT ahqondaT sursaTi, aris ara imere-

58

Tis `skande~, aramed arsianis qedis aRniSnuli uReltexilis

gzaze mdebare `kandridi~. artanuj-ardaganis saavtomobilo

gzaze mdebare arsianis qedis uReltexil `ialnizCam~-is max-

loblad, rogorc aRiniSna, arsianisave qedze mdebareobs erT-

erTi 2412 m simaRlis mTa (mwvervali) saxelwodebiT ̀ kandili~

(gzidan 20-30km daSorebiT), xolo TviT gzaze mdebareobs sofeli

`karadjasu~. etimologiurad imiTaa saintereso es saxelebi,

rom isini axloa prokofis mier naxseneb ̀ skandasTan~ _ ̀ skan-

da~, ̀ kandili~ (fuZea skand-kand), amave fuZeTa wres uaxlovde-

ba ̀ karad~ (karadJasu), amitom safiqrebelia, rom ̀ skandas~ cno-

bili cixe-simagre swored Tanamedrove artanuj-ardaganis gzaze

mdebareobda. miT umetes, rom es gza konstantine porfirogene-

tis cnobiT, Xs-Sic saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisa iyo da is Sav

zRvasTan akavSirebda ara mxolod iberias, aramed armeniasac.

artanujSi, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, am gziT siri-

is saqonelic ki Sedioda. artanujidan Woroxis gziT am

saqonels advilad Caitandnen Savi zRviT bizantiaSi. am azrs

amtkicebs isic, rom am uReltexilis siaxloves aseve mdebare-

obs cixe ̀ qinZi~ da sofeli ̀ qinZotamali~, aqvea namonastrali

`kandridi~; e.i. gvaqvs mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~,

cixe `qinZi~ yvela sityva_ `kand-qind~ fuZiT, etimologiurad

axlo sityva ,,skandas” fuZesTan.

pirveli saepiskoposoebi

klarjeT-mcxeTis gzis pirze

bizantia-iberiis damakavSirebel gonio-arTvin-artanuj-mcx-

eTis saerTaSoriso gzis piras SedarebiT ganviTarebuli iyo

adgilobrivi ekonomika, warmoqmnila qalaquri tipis dasaxle-

bebi. amiT unda iyos gamowveuli is, rom IV-IX saukuneTa qarTu-

li saepiskoposoebis erTi nawili am gzis piras iyo ganlage-

59

buli. saeklesio wesebis Tanaxmad episkoposi qalaqSi ijda,

mas kaTedra qalaqSi unda hqonoda. Cans, aRniSnuli gzis piris

qalaquri tipis dasaxleba iZleoda saSualebas saepiskoposo

kaTedrebis daarsebisa, kerZod, am gzis pirzea Semdegi saepisko-

posoebi: _

1. axizisa;

2. anCisa;

3. eruSeTisa;

4. wyarosTavisa;

5. kumurdosi;

6. wundis;

7. manglisisa;

8. walkisa;

saerTod safiqrebelia, rom ZvelqarTuli saepiskoposoebi

ganlagebulni iyvnen ara marto administraciul (saerisTavo)

centrebSi, aramed mniSvnelovani gzebis pirasac. aRsaniSnavia,

rom arc erTi saepiskoposo ar iyo quTaisidan urbnisamde. aq

saerTaSoriso gzis arseboba ki am vakuums Seavsebda.

lazika-iberia-persarmeniis makavSirebeli mokle gza

e. veidenbaumisa da g. yazbegis aRwera –

saerTaSoriso gzisa

VI saukuneSi bizantiisa da sparseTis imperiebi erTmaneTs

daundoblad ebrZodnen kavkasiaSi kuTxisaTvis, romelsac

lazika ewodeboda. prokofi kesarielisa da sxvaTa aRweriT

is iyo zRvispiras mdebare kldovani qveyana, ZiriTadad nakleb

mosavliani, magram lazika yuradRebas iqcevda Tavisi samxedro-

stategiuli mdebareobiT, masze gadioda sparseT-evropis dam-

60

akavSirebeli gza. misi xelSi CagdebiT ki orive mxare iyo

dainteresebuli.

TiTqmis 1500 wlis Semdgom ruseTis imperiac dainteresda am

gziT me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. imJamad osmaleTis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi Semaval lazika-aWara-SavSeTSi ruseTis impe-

riam samxedro dazvervis mizniT Seagzavna oficeri giorgi

yazbegi, romelmac aRwera kidec e.w. ,,TurqeTis saqarTvelo~ da

wignis saxiT gamosca 1875 wels. g. yazbegma Tavisi ZiriTadi

yuradReba miapyro ZvelTaganve arsebul baTum-arTvin-ardaga-

nis gzas, romelsac imJamad osmaleTis imperia awesrigebda.

aRniSnuli gza baTumidan arTvinamde miuyveboda mdinare Woroxs,

arTvinidan ardagans uerTdeboda arsianis qedze gadamavali

uReltexiliT. ardaganidan anu artaanidan es gza uerTdebo-

da yarss, arzrumsa da axalcixes. rogorc giorgi yazbegi, aseve

mis Semdgom lazikaSi ruseTidan gagzavnili mecnieri e. veiden-

baumi TavianT mTavrobas arwmunebdnen, rom aRniSnul baTum-

ardaganis gzas gaaCnda udidesi saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba,

radganac is sparseTs evropasTan aerTebda umoklesi gziT.

g. yazbegi pirdapir werda, rom gafarToebis Semdgom Sesa-

Zloa ,,es gza sparseTsa da evropas Soris satranzito magis-

traladac gadaiqces~ (g. yazbegi, 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi,

1995 w. gv. 108). is am gzasTan dakavSirebiT wers, rom baTum-

artaan-yarsis gzatkecilis samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad jer

kidev osmaleTis imperiam Seqmna komisia, romelmac praqtiku-

lad ucvlelad datova saukuneebis winaT arsebuli marSru-

ti. es iyo ,,erTaderTi xazi mdinare Woroxze artanujisaken,

Semdeg yarsisaken an artaanis gavliT, artanuj-Cais gayolebiT,

an kidev Tavskerisa da giolis gavliT... samuSao daiwyo erT-

droulad baTumsa da artanujSi... vxedavdiT axalma gzam rogor

gamoacocxla es mxare. cxenebi uwyvetad miemarTebodnen arTvin-

61

isaken, maT yarsis puri gadahqondaT. puri aq cxenebiT gad-

moaqvT arTvinis navmisadgomTan, aqedan ki WoroxiT baTumSi

CaaqvT (iqve, gv. 104-106).

rogorc g. yazbegi, ise e. veidenbaumi TavianT naSromebSi gamox-

atavdnen im interess, romelic ruseTis imperias gaaCnda aWara-

lazistanSi. kerZod, yazbegi pirdapir werda: ,,am interess

aZlierebs Woroxis auzis istoriuli mniSvneloba warsulSi

da rac mTavaria is roli, romelic mas SeuZlia Seasrulos

momavalSi” (g. yazbegi. 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, gv. 29).

Tu ra istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda Woroxis auzs war-

sulSi, amis Sesaxeb g. yazbegis azriT evropelebma icodnen

strabonisa da arianes monaTxrobis mixedviT, xolo samomav-

lod gzis SesaZleblobaTa Sesaxeb TviTve werda (iqve, gv. 29).

esaa, cxadia, Woroxze gamavali saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza,

romlis xelSi CagdebiTac ruseTis imperia gaakontrolebda

erzrumis, yarsisa da mimdebare regionebis ekonomikas.

marTalia, yazbegis dros es regioni osmaleTis xelSi iyo

da aRniSnul gzasac osmaleTi aRadgenda, magram g. yazbegi

Zalze iyo dainteresebuli am gzis mdgomareobiT da Tavis

naSromSi aRwers kidec am gzis sxvadasxva monakveTebs. mag.

erT adgilas wers: ,,saWiroa baTumidan artanujamde aSendes

samasi qvis xidi da gvirabi~ (iqve, gv. 108). rogorc yazbegi, aseve

veidenbaumi gaocebiT aRweren Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze gade-

bul uamrav Zvel xidsa da maT nangrevebs. Zveli qvis TaRovani

xidebis da maTi naSTebis raodenoba marTlac STambeWdavi

iyo. veidenbaumi aRniSnavda kidec rom xidebis es raodenoba,

aseve kldeebze gayvanili Zveli gzatkecilebis naSTebi miu-

TiTeben Woroxis auzSi gamavali gzis saerTaSoriso mniS-

vnelobis Sesaxeb da wers kidevac, rom ara mxolod Woroxis

marjvena sanapiroze gadioda didi mniSvnelobis gza, aramed

62

marcxenazec da wers: ,,murRulis wylisa da xatila-sus xide-

bis narCenebiT Tu vimsjelebT, unda vivaraudoT, rom Zvelad

Woroxis marcxena napirze arsebobda gza da masze sakmaod

gacxovelebuli vaWroba unda yofiliyo, Tuki saWiro gamxdara

ori xidis aSeneba marcxena napirze, arTvinisa da murRulis-

wyals Soris. erT adgilas, SeimCneoda kedlis narCenebi, rom-

lebsac eyrdnobda gza kldis cicabo ferdobze. xidebisa da

kedlis aSenebis TariRi, samwuxarod, ucnobia, magram Tu imis

mixedviT vimsjelebT, rom yvela xidi konstruqciiT arTvinis

xidis msgavsia (es ukanaskneli aSenebulia didi xnis winaT),

unda vivaraudoT, rom es sagzao nagebobebi Zalian Zvelia da

im dros unda miekuTvnebodes, rodesac Woroxis auzSi wesrigi

da simSvide iyo, aqedan gamomdinare - TurqeTis batonobamde~

(evgeni veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde 2005, gv. 76).

xidebis kolosaluri raodenoba mdinare Woroxsa da mis

Senakadebze cxadia mogvagonebs strabonis cnobas, rom mdinare

fasisze iberiisaken mimaval gzaze 120 xidi iyo gadebuli. Cven

SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom am qvis TaRovani xidebis naSTe-

bis didi nawili jer kidev SemorCenili iyo me-19 saukuneSi

yazbegisa da veidenbaumis dros da maTi garkveuli raodenoba

dRemde arsebobs. marTlac, es gza adioda albaT Zveli pe-

tradan anu istoriuli baTumis regionidan Woroxis gavliT

artaanSi. artaani, Semdegdroindeli ardagani, mudamJam aramx-

olod qarTuli, aramed somxuri wyaroebis mixedviTac ki ibe-

riaSi Sedioda, anu iberiis erT-erT ZiriTad nawils warmoad-

genda. Tuki Woroxis xeoba miiCneoda lazikad, maSin cxadia

lazikidan iberiaSi (artaanSi) Semavali istoriuli gza swored

isaa, romelsac yazbegi da veidenbaumi aRwerdnen da, romelsac

osmaleTis mTavroba didi danaxarjebiT afarToebda, raTa xeli

Seewyo evropa-sparseTis damakavSirebeli aRniSnuli gzis mim-

63

debare regionebis ekonomikis gamococxlebisaTvis. marTlac

yazbegis aRweriT am gziT ukve sargeblobdnen ,,rusi, inglise-

li da frangi sovdagrebi~ (g. yazbegi. dasaxelebuli naSromi,

gv. 108).

g. yazbegi wers - ,,arTvinis vaWrobis gamococxlebis erTad-

erTi saSualeba Woroxis samdinaro gzaa. mimdinare wels am

gzam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. meore welia, rac

ingliseli vaWrebis kompaniam daiwyo yarsisa da SavSeTis puris

Sesyidva da baTumSi tvirTis Woroxis gziT gagzavna. arTvi-

namde puris didi nawili qurTebs gadmoaqvT jorebiTa da

cxenebiT da Semdeg ki navebiT miacureben. mimdinare 1874 wels

erTi kampaniis agentma arTvinidan 44 aTasi fuTi xorbali

gagzavna. yarsidan baTumamde erTi fuTi xorblis Catana mis

fasTan erTad erTi maneTi jdeba~ (iqve, gv. 115).

veidenbaumic aRniSnavs baTum-ardaganis gziT ucxoelebis

mier gaCaRebuli vaWrobis Sesaxeb. am gzasTan dakavSirebiT is

wers: ,,baTumi mTebze gadamavali sapalne gziT dakavSirebu-

lia qalaq ardahanTan. gzis sigrZe 191 verss Seadgens. igi

Tavdapirvelad Woroxis marjvena napirs miuyveba mdinare im-

erxevis SesarTavamde, Semdeg mdinare artanuj-Cais xeobiT adis

ialanusCamis uReltexilze (8442 futi zRvis donidan) - esaa

qedi, romelic erTmaneTisagan hyofs mtkvrisa da Woroxis au-

zebs. ialanusCamis uReltexilidan gza ardahanisaken miemarTeba.

am gzaze yuradRebis Rirsia Semdegi dasaxlebuli punqtebi:

arTvini, TurqTa batonobis periodSi mas liganes uwodebd-

nen. esaa mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirze gaSenebuli patara

qalaqi, baTumidan 80 versSi. aq aris arTvinis okrugis ufro-

sis rezidencia... baTumsa da arTvins Soris kavSiri upirate-

sad mdinare Woroxze mocurave kaiukebis (brtyelZira navebis)

meSveobiT myardeba. artanuji mdebareobs artanuj-Cais (Woroxis

64

Senakadi) marcxena napirze. amJamad umniSvnelo sofelia... arda-

hani sapalne gzebiT dakavSirebulia baTumsa da yarsTan. arda-

hanis samxreT-dasavleTiT 99 versSi, mdebareobs olTisi. am

dasaxlebul punqtebs erTmaneTTan safosto gza akavSirebs,

romelic gaivlis zRvis donidan 7728 fut simaRleze mdebare

panJureTis uReltexils (es ukanaskneli erTmaneTisagan yofs

Woroxisa da mtkvris auzebs) da kanli-sus xeobiT eSveba olTu-

Cais velze. ardahan-olTisis gzaze araerTi Zveli cixesima-

grisa da eklesiis naSTia SemorCenili~ (e. veidenbaumi. baTu-

midan arTvinamde 2005. gv. 79-86).

baTum-ardaganis gza strabonisa da prokofis mier aRwer-

ili fasis-iberiis SemaerTebeli gza rom unda yofiliyo iqidan-

ac Cans, rom am gzis monakveTebze dasturdeba im Zveli sax-

elebis arseboba, romlebTac aRwerdnen es avtorebi, mag. ,,maT

Soris SeuZlebelia yuradReba ar mivaqcioT, rom Woroxis erT-

erTi maRali Senakadis saxeli iyo yvirila~. g. yazbegi wers:

`mdinare yvirilam saxelwodeba miiRo qarTuli sityvisagan

yvirili da Seesityveba mdinaris xasiaTs, zemo welSi ki xmau-

riT mieqaneba qvian fskerze, Tanac recxavs Tixovani qanebis

fenebs~ (g. yazbegi, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 75).

Cvens mecnierTa azriT, mdinaris berZnuli saxelwodeba boa-

si yvirilas Targmani unda yofiliyo. es yvirila SavSeTSi

imerxevis Senakadia. SesaZloa erT dros imerxevsac yvirila

erqva. es mdinare Tavis mxriv imerxevis wyali berTawylis

Senakadia, romelic Woroxs uerTdeba arTvinTan, arTvinis maR-

la, liganis provinciasTan. SesaZloa berTawyali igive liga-

nis xevia, moxsenebuli qarTul wyaroebSi. CvenTvis es imiTaa

saintereso, rom ligani da glavki etimologiurad erTmaneTis

msgavsia. fasisze mdebareobda sanaosno qalaqi sarapana 37500

nabijze zRvidan, Cveni azriT, es iyo qalaqi arTvini. rogorc

65

zemoT aRiniSna, veidenbaumis cnobiT ardahan-baTumis Semae-

rTebel gzaze uReltexilTan gza kanlisus xeobiT eSveba

velze. Tanamedrove rukebis mixedviT artanuj-artaanis Semae-

rTebel gzaze, arsianis uReltexilTan amJamadac arseboben

punqtebi, kandridi, aseve sofeli qinZotamali da iqve qinZis

cixe. SeuZlebelia kandridis, qinZotamalis, qinZiscixis da veiden-

baumis mier naxsenebi kanli-sus fuZeebma etimologiurad ar

mogvagonos Zveli avtorebis mier naxsenebi skanda (skanda -

qinZotamali - kandridi - qinZis cixe - kanli-su). yvela aRniS-

nuli sityvebis saerTo Ziria kand. - qinZ- -kan. orive sityvaSi

saerTo Ziri, rogorc aRiniSna, aris kanda. ase, rom Cven, skanda,

sarapana da yvirila SeiZleba movZebnoT saqarTvelos sxva re-

gionebSic. Cven SemTxvevaSi Woroxis xeobaSi. Tumca, igive msgav-

si saxelebi Cven guriaSic gvxvdeba. mag. mdinare yvirila sure-

bis xeobaSi, iqvea askana, xolo Sorapani ozurgeTs erqva me-15-16

saukuneebSi. prokofis mier aRwerili lazika Cven mxolod

yazbegis, veidenbaumisa da sxva mkvlevarTa mier aRweril lazista-

ligan-artanujs mogvagonebs, Tavisi kldianobiT da masze gam-

avali saerTaSoriso-savaWro gzis uamravi xidebiT.

e. veidenbaumi, iseve, rogorc g. yazbegi, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs

baTum-arTvin-artaan-yarsis gzis did saerTaSoriso savaWro

mniSvnelobas. mag. aRniSnavs, rom arTvinis mosaxleoba misdev-

da sagareo vaWrobas. ucxoeTidan SemohqondaT saqoneli baTu-

mis navsadgurSi, iqidan ki navebiT Woroxis gziT SehqondaT

arTvinSi. Semdeg ki ardagansa da yarsSi es saqoneli gadahqon-

daT satvirTo cxenebiTa da jorebiT: ,,arTvineli somxebi Zir-

iTadad sagareo vaWrobas misdeven, maT mohqondaT sazRvarga-

reTidan da konstantinopolidan sxvadasxva saxis ucxouri

saqoneli, baTumidan navebiT gadahqondaT arTvinSi da Semdeg

sapalniT - ardaganSi, yarsSi da sxva adgilebSi~ (e. veiden-

66

baumi 2005. gv. 68). kerZod veidenbaumis cnobiT arTvinel vaWrebs

erTi mxriv SehqondaT artaansa da yarsSi ucxouri saqoneli,

magram samagierod iqedan ,,gamohqondaT puri da mdinare WoroxiT

acurebdnen baTumSi~ (gv. 69). am faqtis gamo saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis gaumjobesebis mizniT veidenbaumi urCevda mTavrobas

gaekeTebina gza TurqeTis gzatkecilidan arTvinis xidamde,

sadac iyo mdinare Woroxis navmisadgomi: ,,eWvic ki ar mepareba

- werda is, rom yarsidan baTumamde gzatkecilis saboloo

gayvanis Semdegac saqonlis gadazidva navebiT Woroxze araTu

Sewydeba, piriqiT, gaizrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare gzatkecil-

idan mdinarisaken daRmarTis gayvana metad mniSvnelovani da

aucilebelia savaWro mimosvlis gazrdisaTvis. ra kargic ar

unda iyos gzatkecili, iseTi saqonlis miwodeba, rogoricaa

xorbali, qeri da a.S. mosaxerxebeli iqneba navebiT, vidre oTx-

TvalaTi. amboben, rom yarsis olqs sakmaod mniSvnelovani raode-

nobis puris mocema SeuZlia. Tu undaT am produqtis gatana, gza

arTvinis navsadguramde aucilebelia, radganac WoroxiT gada-

zidva gacilebiT momgebiania droisa da miwodebis Rirebuleb-

is TvalsazrisiT~ (iqve, gv. 69).

xorblis garda arTvinidan baTumSi Woroxis samdinaro gziT

navebiT gadahqondaT 30 tonamde zeTis xili (iqve, gv. 70).

Woroxis saerTaSoriso gza arTvins artaanTan aerTebda X

saukuneSic, ramac aayvava artanuji. es gza VI s-Si lazikas,

anu Woroxis xeobis zRvispireTs, iberiis (artaanis) gavliT

sparseTTan aerTebda.

`gza qarTlisa~

basianis omis Semdeg ukandaxeul qarTul jars imperatori

basili bulgarTmmusvreli gahyva olTisis gziT, romelic

67

artaanis gavlis Semdeg Sevida javaxeTSi. es marSruti sauku-

neTa manZilze ucvleli iyo. am gzas erqva kidec Tavisi saxe-

li _ ̀ qarTlis gza~, gurji-boRazis (anu qarTlis yelis uRe-

ltexilis gavlis Semdeg gza Sedioda basianSi, aqedan taoSi)

da artaanis gavliT saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi.

imave gzas aRweren osmaleTis saxelmwifo moxeleebi: 1520

wlis osmalur ̀ dokumentSi fiqsirebulia ZiriTadi samarSruto

gza karaamididan axalcixemde... bingoli (1000 tba) _ basiani _

avniqis cixis marcxniv _ Comanis xidi... tao _ Seqerli _ mamir-

vani _ olTisi, bana (fanaki) _ yalnus mTa _ artaani _ mgelcixe

_ Tmogvi _ awyuri _ axalcixe~ (Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-

saaTabagos istoriisTvis, 1983, gv. 30).

mokled, es gza, anu ̀ ZiriTadi samarSruto gza~ aseTia: basi-

ani _ tao _ olTisi _ bana _ artaani, mas dokumentis mTargmne-

li c. abulaZe uwodebs arzrum-taos gzas, anu esaa, misi azriT,

`juanSerTan moxseniebuli ̀ gza qarTlisa~. vaxuStis ̀ saqarTve-

los yeli~ aris igive gurji-boRazi; meore gza gadis ar-

taanidan marcxniv artanujis gavliT mdinare Woroxis gay-

olebiT aWarisa da murRulis tertoriamde (iqve, gv. 32).

aRniSnuli meore arzrum-artaan-artanujis gziT unda Se-

suliyo xosro petraSi, anu Teodosiopoli-artaani-petras gziT,

radgan n. adoncis cnobiT, xosrom petrasken laSqrobisas

Teodopolisi gaiara.

prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, lazikaSi uxvad balaxic ki ar

modioda da ubalaxobis gamo cxenebi daixoca, magram iqve, ar-

sianis qedis gadaRma, ̀ artaanis dablobi~ umSvenieresi adgil-

ia saqarTveloSi. Tmogvis cixemde aris 300 sofeli, mindvrebi

balaxiani, wyliani, saTibi vake adgilebia~ (Turquli wyaroebi,

1983, gv. 55).

68

imperator basili bulgarTmmusvrelis gza

saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-is mefobis meSvide wels ̀ gamov-

ida basili, mefe berZenTa... giorgi mefe ganvida spiTa didiTa

winaaRdgomad missa da daibanakes orTave qveyanasa basianisasa...

moirida giorgi mefeman, movida da dawva qalaqi olTisi da

muniT movida kolas... iqmna brZola didi sofelsa, romelsa

hqvian Sirimni... mouwia laSqarman artans... warvida giorgi

mefe TrialeTs, warmoudga ukana, aswyvida qveyana javaxeTisa

da gardavida TrialeTs... Seiqca basili mefe TrialeTiT, uku-

moiara javaxeTi da artani... warvida da daizamTra qveyanasa

xaldiisasa, maxlobelad qalaqsa trapizonTasa~ (q.c., I, gv. 285).

maSasadame, keisris gza aseTia:

basiani-olTisi-kola-artani-javaxeTi-TrialeTi, ukan mas

gamouvlia javaxeTi-artani-xaldia-trapizoni.

keisarma gaiara cnobili ZiriTadi samarSruto gziT, romel-

sac juanSeri `qarTlis gzas~ uwodebs _ basiani-tao-artani-

javaxeTi, ukana gza ki odnav gansxvavdeba, is ukan dabrunebisas

amave gziT Sesula artaanSi, iqidan ki SavSeTis gziT Sevidoda

`xaldeaSi~ _ WaneTSi.

herakles ̀ qarTlis gza~

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT herakles marSruti sparseT-

Si laSqrobisas aseTi iyo:

trapezunti-eruSeTi-manglisi-Tbilisi da piriqiT, Tbilisi-

manglisi-eruSeTi-trapezunti.

sparseTidan konstantinopolSi am gziT gadaasvenes jvari

da aseve misi nawilebi _ manglissa da eruSeTSi daculi.

69

iberia - sparseT - bizantiis gzaze

taos, arzrums, basiansa da qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul qvey-

nebs bizantielTa jarebi piradad imperator basil bulgarT-

mmusvrelis meTaurobiT ebrZodnen. SemdgomSi aq imperatorebi

konstantine, romanosi da sxvebi SemoiWrnen. bizantielebi

ebrZodnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifo meTaurebs, maT Soris erT-

erTi pirveli iyo giorgi I - gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos

mefe.

basils, mematianeTa cnobiT, marTalia Zalze didi jari hyav-

da wamoyvanili, magram erCia molaparakebis gziT sakiTxis gada-

Wra, kerZod, ra surda imperators? misi survili kargad aqvs

gadmocemuli mematianes - basili ase mimarTavs giorgi I-s: ,,nu

gadameRobebi sparseTisaken mimaval gzaze~. aristakes las-

tiverteci ase wers amis Sesaxeb - ,,basilma elCebi gaagzavna

giorgisTan da tkbili sityvebiT miwera, rom ,,is, rac ar aris

Seni samamulo memkvidreoba, daTme da mSvidobiT icxovre Sen

wilSi da nu gadameRobebi gzaze, romelic sparseTisaken mid-

iso~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 51).

,,qarTvelTa samefoSi~ aRmoCnda is saerTaSoriso pirvelx-

arisxovani gza, romelic trapezunts aerTebda sparseTTan

arzrumisa da vanis tbis sanaxebis gavliT. am gzaze, erT-erTi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalaqi valaSkerti iyo, Tavisi qarTu-

li mosaxleobiT. mimoweridan, Cans, rom bizantia apirebda sparse-

Tisaken mimavali trapezunt-valaSkertis gzis gakontrolebas

Tavisi strategiuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, magram gzis

didi nawili giorgi I-is xelSi iyo, amiT is ,,gzaze eRobeboda~

sparseTisaken molaSqre imperators.

70

saepiskoposoebi trapezunt-Teodosiopolisis anu

trapizon - erzrumis gzaze

bizantiis imperiis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvarTan axlos

mdebareobda mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri regioni, romlis gan-

viTarebasac imperatorebi aqcevdnen sagangebo yuradRebas. ma-

galiTad, imperatori iustiniane, romelmac aq, prokofi kesari-

elis cnobiT, mniSvnelovani mSeneblobebi awarmoa. es regioni

mdebareobda trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da masze ga-

dioda imperiisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani trapezunt-Teo-

dosiopolisis anu trapizon-erzrumis SemaerTebeli gza. es

gza amJamadac erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania Crdilo-aRmo-

savleT TurqeTSi. masze mdebareobs qalaqi gumuSxane. Zvelad

am gzispira ekonomikur regionSi arsebobda mravali qalaqi

da, Sesabamisad, mravali saepiskoposo _ konstantinopolis iuris-

diqciis qveS. somxuri dasaxelebebis mixedviT, maT erqvaT _

lerioni, Sariani, gaili, kerCanisi, xaxi, bizana, xorZene da sxva.

am gzasTan axlos iyo paipertis (baiberdis) da sxva saepisko-

posoebi. erT dros isini qmnidnen ̀ fasianis samitropolitos~

(radganac fasiani erqva vrcel qveyanas _ baiberdidan da Te-

odosiopolisidan vidre TiTqmis manaskertamde da xlaTamde

(anu mdinare Woroxis, evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebis momcv-

el mxares _ isini erT regionSi mdebare mTaTa sistemidan

gamoedinebian).

am gzaze _ Tanamedrove giumiSxanesTan axlos Zvelad, adon-

cis cnobiT, mdebareobda ziganas cnobili saepiskoposo. imave

cnobiT aqve yofila rodopolisis, saisinisa da petras saepisko-

posoebi. rac Seexeba fasianis samitropolitos CamoTvlil

saepiskoposoebs, maTi adgilmdebareoba dadgenili da mocemulia

rukaze ̀ somex-qalkedonitTa kaTedrebi~, romelic Tan erTvis

71

statias `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ wignSi `pravoslavnaia encik-

lopedia, t. III, gv. 328).

noticiebis anu konstantinopolis sapatriarqos kaTedrebis

nusxebis mixedviT es saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen ̀ lazikis

qveyanaSi~.

herakle keisris gza (i. manandianis marSruti)

herakle keisris marSruti sparseTSi laSqrobisas i. manan-

dianis azriT aseTia: ̀ somxur geografiaSi~ Waniki (e.i. Wanebis,

anu, rac igivea, lazebis qveyana trapezuntis olqSi mdebare),

iyo egeria-kolxidis Semadgeneli nawili, amitomac is ̀ egeria-

lazika~, saidanac herakle Sevida TbilisSi, iyo ara dasavleT

saqarTvelo, aramed `lazebis miwa trapezuntis olqSi~ (d.

musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv. 338).

i. manandianis azriT, herakles marSruti aseTi iyo: trape-

zunti _ erzingiani _ bizana (evfratze) _ karini _ vanandi _

Siraki _ Tbilisi.

herakle keisris gza (v. goilaZis marSruti)

v. goilaZis azriT, herakle keisari trapezuntidan Tbilis-

Si Sevida e.w. `ranis gziT~, romelic qarTls akavSirebda bi-

zantiasTan.

`627 w. zafxulSi herakle trapezuntidan ziganis uRel-

texiliT jer satalaSi, Semdeg TeodosiopolSi (karnu-qalaqi)

movidoda, iqidan ki Zveli `didi samefo gzis~ Semadgeneli

`ranis gziT~ qarTlSi Semovidoda~ (v. goilaZe, abreSumis didi

savaWro gza, gv. 61). maSasadame, misi azriTac egeria aris trape-

zuntis mxare.

72

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis damakavSirebeli savaWro gza

sarapanas, skandas, fasisis da saerTod lazikis adgilmdebar-

eobis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania Zieba im savaWro saerTa-

Soriso gzisa, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebda aRmosavleTsa

da dasavleTs, Cvens SemTxvevaSi bizantiasa da sparseTs.

dadgenilia, rom bizantia-sparseTis damakavSirebeli erT-

erTi umTavresi gza trapezuntidan Teodosiopolisis da dvi-

nis gavliT uerTdeboda jer vanis tbis mimde­bare qalaqebs,

Semdeg ki sparseTs da mimdebare qveynebs. am gzaTa Soris

arasodes moiazreba wyaroebSi Tanamedrove foTi – surami –

Tbilisis gza. Sav zRvas Tbilisi ZiriTadad ori - TrialeT-

klarjeTisa da somxeT-trapezuntis gziT ukavSirdeboda.

rogorc wesi aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gza trapezuntis regionSi

iwyeboda. misi erT-erTi Sualeduri savaWro qalaqebi iyo dvi-

ni, urha, naxWevani, Tavrizi. savaWro garemos erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovani punqti iyo edesa-urha. saxeldobr igi warmoadgenda

qalaq dvinis xuT mTavar gzaTagan ori gzis punqts. erTi gza

samxreT-dasavleTiT dvinidan urhaSi, damaskoSi da ierusalim-

Si miemarTeboda, meore gza dvinidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT

naxiWevanSi da TavrizSi, _ wers a. cagareiSvili (aristakes

lastiverteci, istoria 1974, gv. 167).

dvini erTmaneTTan akavSirebda ara mxolod aRmosavleT-

dasavleTs, aramed saqarTvelosa da albaneTsac rTavda saer-

TaSoriso aReb-micemobis qselSi. dvinidan erTi gza artaan-

artanujis gavliT Woroxis xeobiT zRvas ukavSirdeboda.

V-XI saukuneebSi dvini jer somxeTis dedaqalaqi iyo, Semdeg

ki umsxvilesi centri. Zlierebis xanaSi masSi asi aTasamde

mosaxle cxovrobda.

73

aRmosavleTis dasavleTTan damakavSirebeli savaWro gzis

aranaklebi mniSvnelobis centri iyo qalaqi Teodosiopoli ma-

RalmTiani somxeTis karinis gavarSi. 387 wlidan somxeTis ro-

maul nawilSi moeqca, ganaaxla imperatorma Teodosi mcirem (408-

450), iustiniane keisarma qalaqSi aago TavdacviTi nagebobebi. XI

saukunidan ewoda erzrumi. Teodosiopoli sparseT-bizantiis

Semdeg arabTa saxalifosa da bizantiis sazRvarze iyo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom karinis anu Teodosiopolis miwa-wyali

Tavdapirvelad istoriul iberiaSi Sedioda. cnobili mitace-

bis Semdeg, rac iberias somxeTma uvrcelesi teritoriebi Camo-

aWra (xorzene, gogarena da pariadris kalTebi) - karinic somx-

eTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom

karinis olqis (gavaris) mkvidri mosaxleoba e.i. qarTvelebi

swrafad asimilirdnen somxebad. IX-X saukuneebis aRwerebidan

Cans, rom Teodosiopolis da misi garSemo soflebis mosaxle-

obis udidesi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen. rogorc iTqva ,,kari-

nis gavari Tavisi momijnave teritoriiT did somxeTs pirve-

lad SeuerTa artaSes I-ma (189-160)~ (iqve, gv. 164). karinSi (Teo-

dosiopolSi) gamaval saerTaSoriso gzaze mdebareobda

lazikis saepiskoposoebi - ziganasi, saisinisa da paipertisa

(baberdisa). baberdSi (baiburdi) Semavali gza trapizonidan

sparseTisken miemarTeboda.

vani-quTaisis SemovliTi gza

dasavleT saqarTvelos iseTi ori umTavresi regioni, rogor-

icaa samegrelo da guria amJamadac ki, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTs

uSualod ver emezoblebian. aq igulisxmeba is, rom pirdapiri

gza, vTqvaT senakidan ozurgeTamde warsulSi arasodes arse-

bula, radganac samegrelosa da gurias erTmaneTisagan hyofs

74

uzarmazari Waobi gawolili rionis xeobaSi. Zvelad, vTqvaT,

Wyondididan SemoqmedSi mimaval adamians jer unda gaevlo

qvemo imereTi, anu samtredia-quTais-vanis regioni da Sori,

SemovliTi gziT unda misuliyo guriis centrSi. raionis

uzarmazari Waobi dasavleT saqarTvelos bunebrivad hyofda

or regionad - erTi iyo afxazeTisaken mimarTuli egris-imere-

Tis mTiswineTi, meore ki iyo aWarisken mimarTuli imereT-

guriis mTiswineTi.

unda iTqvas, rom samegrelosa da gurias Soris ganfenilma

uzarmazarma Waobma bolo ori saukunis manZilze saxe Seicva-

la, aq gaiyvanes arxebi, nawilobriv daaSres, gaiyvanes gza foT-

amde da bolo wlebSi foTi-grigoleTis gzac, magram, amis

miuxedavad, mgzavri mainc iZulebulia, senakidan - ozurgeTSi

anu samegrelodan - guriaSi imereTis gavliT imogzauros.

esaa geografiuli garemos realoba, romelsac, vfiqrobT, Tbi-

liseli istorikosebi did mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben da prokof-

iseul lazikas erTian mWidro ekonomikur regionad warmoad-

genen, romelic TiTqosda moicavda dasavleT saqarTvelos. unda

iTqvas, rom qarTul wyaroebs es geografiuli realoba ufro

aqvT gaTvaliswinebuli, amitomac Cveni wyaroebis mixedviT

Tanamedrove imereTi - yovelTvis qarTlis samefos nawiladaa

warmodgenili. aseve misi bunebrivi geografiuli gagrZeleba,

afxazeT-samegrelos mTiswineTi, qarTlis samefos nawiladaa

warmodgenili, vidre mdinare egriswylamde anda mdinare kli-

suramde.

qarTul wyaroebSi rionis uzarmazar Waobebs angariSs uw-

evdnen, amitomac imereT-guriis mTiswineTi - aWarisaken mima-

rTuli qarTlis samefos sxva geoekonomikur erTeulad moiaz-

reba Tavisi saerisTavoebiT.

rogorc vTqviT dasavleT saqarTvelos guli rionis dablo-

bis daWaobebis gamo ar SeiZleba warmovadginoT ekonomikur

75

centrad. dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobi, romelsac amJamad

,,kolxeTis dablobs~ uwodeben arasodes iZleoda winapirobas

imisaTvis, rom iq qalaqebi anda saqalaqo cxovreba warmoqm-

niliyo. am mizezis gamo aq ar unda veZioT qalaqebi fasisi da

rodopolisi da aseve sxva saqalaqo cxovrebis centrebi.

Cveni mecnierebis nawili ki ise warmoadgens saqmes, TiTqos-

da rionis daWaobebuli dablobi iyo Zveli kolxeTis centri,

misi ekonomikuri guli, romelic periferiebsac asazrdoebda.

sinamdvileSi dasavleT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo guli ara-

sodes yofila teritoria samtrediidan - foTamde da ufro

aqiT. ,,antikuri xanis kolxeTis qalaqebis~ mimoxilvis dros

mkvlevari ise warmoadgens, TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTvelos

es nawili brinjaos kulturis ayvavebis centri iyo, sinamd-

vileSi ki, arqeologTa mier faqtobrivad araferi ar iqna mop-

ovebuli rionis dablobSi, maSin, roca cnobili e.w. kolxuri

metalurgiis mZlavri kerebi ganlagebulni iyvnen Woroxis

xeobaSi (g. gobejiSvili, o. jafariZe, gvianbrinjaos Zeglebi,

saqarTvelos arqeologia, 1969, gv. 129).

brinjaos metalurgiuli kerebis arseboba dasturdeba mTis

raWaSi da leCxumSi (iqve, gv. 41) da ara rionis dablobSi.

aseTi kerebis arseboba ivaraudeba afxazeTSic (iqve, gv. 142-146).

es kerebi, erTmaneTisagan Zalze daSorebulni erT ekonomikur

regions - qveyanas ar qmnidnen. isini ufro iberiis nawilebi

iyvnen, vani da quTaisi realurad idgnen savaWro gzaze rionis

SesarTavis daWaobebis gamo.

76

amoRebulia mitropolit anania jafariZis wignidan - `prokofi

kesarieli, agaTia sqolastikosi, menandre, Teofilaqte simoka-

ta, Teofane, epifane konstantinopoleli da imperatori iustin-

iane lazikis Sesaxeb~, 2011

xosros gza

`rodesac lazebi win miuZRvebodnen xosros, maT gadavles

md. boasi da ise mividnen petraSi, rom fazisi marjvniv hqon-

daT TiTqos imitom, rom maT winaswar ganWvrites raTa mdinare

fazisis gadasasvlelad arc dro da arc Sroma dasWirvebo-

daT, xolo namdvilad imitom, rom ar surdaT `sparselebi-

sTvis eCvenebinaT TavianTi sabinadro adgilebi~ (georgika 2,

1965 gv. 102).

didi sigrZis md. Woroxs, Tavisi dinebis sxvadasxva monakveTSi,

sxvadasxva saxeli erqva. mas saTaveSi ̀ akamfsi~ da ̀ boasi~ erqva

daaxloebiT arTvinamde, xolo arTvinidan zRvamde ̀ fazisi~.

prokofi boass md. Woroxs uwodebda karCxalis mTianeTamde

(arTvinTan axlos), amitomac xosrom an md. boasi gadalaxa am

adgilas, anda saxel `boass~ romaelebi aseve uwodebdnen md.

imerxevs, romelsac saTaveSi g. yazbegis cnobiT, marTlac ̀ yvir-

ila~ erqva (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos mdinareebi. ̀ sveticxoveli~ 2, 2010, gv. 46-55).

qarTul wyaroebSi naxsenebi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis ̀ gza

klarjeTisa~ artaanidan zRvisaken jer Tanamedrove artanuj-

Si Sedioda, Semdeg gadalaxavda md. imerxevsa da aseve gadal-

axavda md. Woroxs da Sedioda arTvinSi. iqidan ki zRvisaken

samdinaro da saxmeleTo gzebic miemarTeboda.

`klarjeTis gziT~ mavali xosro jer md. imerxevs gadakveT-

da, Semdeg ki Woroxs da amave geziT, anu Woroxis marcxena

77

sanapiros gziT, svlas gaagrZelebda zRvisaken, amitomac is ise

misula petraSi, rom fazisi (anu Woroxi) marjvniv hqonda.

arTvinidan zRvisaken Zvelad marTlac arsebobda gza Worox-

is marcxena sanapiros gavliT, rasac marcxena sanapiroze ar-

sebuli qvis TaRovani xidebis uamravi naSTi da adgilobriv

mcxovrebTa monaTxrobi adasturebs, Tumca arTvinidan zRvam-

de Woroxis marjvena sanapiroze gamavali gza ufro mniS-

vnelovani iyo.

marcxena sanapiros gziT mavali kacisaTvis, cxadia Woroxi

anu fazisi marjvena mxares aRmoCndeboda. amitom wers prokofi

- ise mividnen petraSi, rom fazisi marjvniv hqondaT (petra

xufaTis regionSi mdebareoba, mdinaris marcxena napiras. es

mxare marjvena sanapiroze mdebare moxirisis mxaresTan Se-

darebiT dausaxlebeli iyo).

konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT qalaqi artanuji saer-

TaSoriso savaWro centrad am gzis meSveobiT iqca. rogorc

iTqva, es gza dvins (e.i sparseTsa da armenias) iberiis (anu am

SemTxvevaSi artaanis) gavliT zRvasTan akavSirebda. dvini-ar-

taan-artanujis gza qarTul wyaroebSi ̀ klarjeTis gzis~ saxel-

iTaa cnobili. es gza artaanTan iyofoda. misi erTi mTavari

toti mcxeTa-Tbilisisaken miemarTeboda. maSasadame, es gza aseve

Tbilissa da saqarTvelos Sav zRvasTan akavSirebda. es ZiriTa-

di gza iyo, romliTac mravalma qarTvelma mefem isargebla wyaroTa

cnobiT. iberiis, armeniisa da sparseTis zRvasTan damakavSirebe-

li es gza I saukuneSic ki funqcionirebda (mitropoliti anania

jafariZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mTavari savaWro gzebi

da arteriebi. ̀ sveticxoveli~ 2, 2010, gv. 40-45).

rogorc aRweridan naTlad Cans, am gziT Semosulma sparselTa

mefe xosrom gadalaxa md. boasi (rogorc iTqva, es Woroxis

saxeli iyo am adgilebSi Tanamedrove arTvinis maRla, xolo

78

mis dabla vidre zRvamde Woroxs ukve fazisi erqva) da q.

petramde gahyva mdinare Woroxis marcxena sanapiros, ise rom,

rogorc prokofi wers `fazisi (e.i. Woroxi) marjvniv hqon-

daT~. es aris Cveulebrivi svla-gezi, anu xosro petraSi mivida

ara suramis qedis gziT, aramed sparseTidan q. petramde yve-

laze mokle gziT _ sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, man gaiara

Semdegdroindeli klarjeTi da md. Woroxis marcxena sana-

piros gziT mivida petraSi.

skanda da sarapana

`iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea lazebis miwa-

wyalze ori simagre... iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino,

arc sxva ram sikeTe, sxva adgilebidan risime Semozidva, vi-

wrobebis wyalobiT, SeiZleba, mxolod ise, Tu kacebi TviTon

moitanen~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 51).

prokofi Tavis meore wignSic wers sarapanisisa da skandis

Sesaxeb: ̀ iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea lazeTTan

ori simagre sarapanisi da skanda, iq ar modis arc xorbali,

arc Rvino da arc sxva ram sikeTe, xolo sxva adgilebidan

risime Semozidva viwrobebis gamo SeiZleba mxolod ise, Tu

TviTon kacebi moitanen~ (BG, georgika, II, 1965, gv. 110).

e.i am maRal cixeebSi urmebiTac ver ahqondaT sanovage ma-

RalmTianobis gamo.

prokofi sxvaganac werda, rom maRalmTagorianobis gamo

lazikaSi ar modioda xorbleuli, Rvino da sxva ram sikeTe

(georgika 2, 1965, gv. 96).

iberiis nawilad moiazreboda kola-artaanic, saidanac ar-

tanujis gavliT Woroxis xeobiT zRvamde (anu lazikamde)

miemarTeboda Zveli savaWro-saWapano gza da iberiis gavliT

lazikas am gziT ukavSirdebodnen.

79

am gziT lazikaSi Sesvlisas mgzavrs ori simagre _ sarapa-

na da skanda Sexvdeboda.

prokofi skandasa da sarapanas qveS ar gulisxmobs imereTis

skandesa da Sorapans.

jer erTi, Sorapanisa da skandes cixeebSi urmebi Tavisu-

flad Sedian, TiTqmis vakeze arian, zRvis donidan mxolod 170-

250 metr simaRleze, maT teritoriaze da maT irgvliv miwa-

wyalze modis yovelgvari mosavali, rac ki daiTeseba (es faq-

ti Cemi TvaliT minaxavs, radgan maT siaxloves vcxovrobdi

aTeulobiT weli). meorec, prokofisTan kargad Cans, rom

prokofis mier aRniSnuli ori simagre erT gzaze _ iberiidan

lazikeSi mimavalzea, xolo rac Seexeba imereTis skandesa da

Sorapans, isini erTmaneTisagan sakmaod arian daSorebulni (maT

Soris mTeli qveyana _ zemo imereTia gadaWimuli) da erT

gzaze ar mdebareoben. maTTan gamavali erTi gza akavSirebs

zestafons _ xaSurTan, meore ki Terjolas _ muxura-xreiTis

gavliT WiaTurasTan.

prokofis mier aRwerili skandasa da sarapanas geografiu-

li aRweriloba ar Seesabameba imereTis skandesa da Sorapnis

realur garemos, amitom isini sxvadasxva regionSi unda veZi-

oT. skande da Sorapani sxva punqtebia, xolo skanda da sarapa-

na ki sxva.

strabonis mtkicebiT sarapana kolxeTSi mdebareobda mis

epoqaSi, e.i. I saukunisaTvis, maSin roca arqeologiuri masalebiT

imereTis Sorapanis dasavleT regionSi zRvisaken - kldeeTsa

da boriTSi - armazul warwerebiani (strabonis epoqis) ar-

qeologiuri saganZurebi aRmoCnda iberieli pitiaxSebisa.

am faqtis gamo XX s. mkvlevarebma Sorapani iberiaSi moaq-

cies, magram es strabonis cnobis ugulebelyofaa, romelic,

rogorc vTqviT, sarapanas kolxeTSi aTavsebs.

80

kvlav skanda da sarapana

prokofi kvlav imeorebs: ̀ iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedix-

ar (lazikeSi), iqvea lazebis miwa-wyalze ori simagre (skanda

da sarapanisi), iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino, arc sxva

sikeTe~ (BP, I, 12) (iqve, gv. 96).Cans es ori simagre mesxeTSi arsianis mTebis kalTebze mde-

bareobda. isini e.w. klarjeTis gzis cixeebi unda yofiliyvnen.

es gza artaanis gavliT zRvasTan aerTebda iberias, somxeTsa

da sparseTs. artaani ki iberiiis nawili iyo.

prokofi wers aseve: `amas garda lazikeSi arsad ar aris

marili, arc xorbleuli modis, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe~.

(BP, II, 28).aqedan Cans, rom lazike ar iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, sadac

Tu saWiroa xorblis da marcvleulis moyvana advilad Sei-

Zleba (quTaisis, Terjolis, zestafonis, zugdidis da sxva re-

gionebSi), miTumetes aq ZvelTaganvea gaSenebuli vazi. Cans

lazike iyo mTiani mxare _ Woroxis xeobis momdgami mTianeTi,

sadac maRalmTianobis gamo vazi arc axla xarobs im odeno-

bisa, rom misgan saWiro raodenobis Rvino daayenon.

lazikis maRalmTianoba dasturdeba prokofis kidev erTi

cnobiT _ sparsTa mefis kidev erTi laSqrobis Semdeg, lazeTSi

sparselTa 20 000 cxeni SimSiliT daiRupa. mizezi iyo is, rom

maT ar hqondaT cxenis sakvebi balaxi samyofad lazikis

kldianobis gamo: `rodesac lazikeSi iyvnen sakvebi arc Tu

sayofad hqondaT, da amrigad SimSiliT da daavadebiT Sevi-

wrovebulni, mTlad davardnen~ (georgika, II, 1965 gv. 194).

cxenebisaTvis balaxi dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi uamravia,

xolo artanuj-arTvinis regionSi ki naklebi, radganac maRalm-

Tian-kldeebiani mxarea. amitomac amtkicebs prokofi kesarieli

rom lazikeSi ar modioda Rvino, xorbali `da sxva sikeTe~.

81

s. yauxCiSvilis TvalsazrisiT lazike iyo dasavleT saqarTve-

lo da radganac prokofis mier aRwerili dasavleT saqarTvelo-

Si arsebuli realoba ar eTanadeboda aRwerils da amitom am

aRwerisas, s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, prokofi cdeboda, magram riT

unda avxsnaT cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom lazikeSi pirutyvis

sakvebi balaxic mcire iyo, imdenad rom cxenebi daiRupa? amiT

kargad Cans, rom lazike iyo kldovani qveyana, sadac namd-

vilad ar moiZieboda aseTi `sikeTeebi~. Cven viciT, rom aseTi

iyo mesxeTis mTianeTi, kerZod ki klarjeTi (mamaTa cxovre-

bidanac Cans).

prokofis sityviT, mTel lazikeSi erTaderTi regioni iyo

moxirisi, sadac `Rvinoc kargic modis da sxva nayofnic iq

kargad xaroben, Tumca lazikis sxva adgilebze ar SeiZleba

igive iTqvas~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 194).

Cveni kvleviT `skanda~ erqva punqts Tanamedrove sofel bag-

dasenTan artaanis regionSi, radganac mis axlosaa ̀ kand~ Ziris

mqone toponimebi _ namonastrali ̀ kandridi~, mTa ̀ kandili~, cixe

`qinZotamali~ da sxva, sarapana ki arTvin-artanujis regionSi

unda veZioT.

sarapanisi da skanda

prokofi, rogorc iTqva, wers: `iberiis sazRvrebidan rom

Sedixar, iqvea lazeTTan ori simagre sarapanisi da skanda,

iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino da arc sxva ram sikeTe,

xolo sxva adgilebidan risime Semozidva viwrobebis gamo

SeiZleba mxolod ise, Tu TviTon kacebi moitanen’’ (georgika,

II, 1965, gv. 110).

prokofi sxvaganac werda, rom mTagorianobis gamo lazikaSi

ar modioda xorbleuli, Rvino da sxva ram sikeTe (iqve, gv. 96).

82

iberia _ kolxeTis gza

sparsTa jarma gaiara ̀ iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza~,

(georgika, II, 1965, gv. 182).

rogorc iTqva, aq igulisxmeba dvini-artaan-artanuj-arTvin-

Woroxis xeobis damakavSirebeli gza, romelic gadadis arsi-

anis mTis maRal uReltexilze.

artaani _ iberiis qveyana iyo, artanuji imJamad lazikis

nawili iyo.

iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza, yvelgan daqanebuli

napralebiTa da Znelsavali adgilebiT daserili da dafaru-

li uRrani tyeebiT, ise gaaswors rom ara Tu mTelma maTma

cxenosanma jarma gaiara iq daubrkoleblad, aramed spiloebic

gaatares _ wers prokofi.

maSasadame, iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza ̀ gaaswores~.

aqedan Cans, rom gza iyo mokle da ara grZeli.

Tu ki lazika iyo mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo da iberia ki

aRmosavleTi, maTi SemaerTebeli gzis `gasworeba~ namdvilad

ar iqneboda advili, radganac es gza grZelia, xolo artaanidan

klarjeTSi e.i. iberiidan kolxidaSi gamavali gza, marTalia

Zalze Znel, magram mxolod erT uReltexils gadadioda, rom-

lis gasworebac simoklis gamo albaT SesaZlebeli iyo.

aq unda yofiliyo (da ara lixis qedze) `lazebisa da

iberebis sazRvrebi~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 185), aqve, axlomaxlo

unda yofiliyo skandisa da sarapanisis cixeebi (e.i. arsianis

qedze da ara lixis mTaze).

gza persarmeniidan bizantiisaken

imperatorma iustinianem WaneTSi romaelTa da persarmenielTa

sazRvrebis gasayarze aago mtkice cixe-simagreebi. maTi daniS-

83

nuleba iyo daecva gzebi. prokofi wers _ `es qveyana sami

gzajvarediniT aris danawilebuli. aqedan iwyeben gayras ro-

maelTa, persarmenielTa da TviT WanTa sazRvrebi. aq iustin-

ianem aago Zalian mtkice cixe-simagre horononi da amiT daadga

Tavi zavis saqmes. pirvelad aqedan gaxda SesaZlebeli ro-

maelTaTvis WaneTSi Sesvla~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa

Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 106).

cixe-simagris daniSnuleba ZiriTadad iyo gzis dacva anu

Zlieri cixe-simagre mniSvnelovani gzis dacvis saqmes emsax-

ureboda. Sesabamisad, skanda da sarapana _ sparseTidan romis

miwebisken (bizantiisken) mimaval gzaze unda agebuliyo _ raTa

mtrisTvis gza gadaeketaT.

prokofi wers _ iustinianem `aRmarTa Zlieri simagreebi~

(iqve, gv. 100) im adgilebSi, romelnic ̀ mtrebisTvis gzis gada-

ketvis TvalsazrisiT metad sayuradReboni iyvnen~ (prokofi

kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 100).

aqedan gamomdinare, CvenTvis saintereso skandas cixe-simagre,

sadavo bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris, mniSvnelovan gzaze

mdebareobda.

aseTi gza, Tu ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sorapnis mxridan

Sedioda, maSin uSualod am gzispirze unda yofiliyo kidec

skandas cixe. realurad ki, imereTis skande sul sxva regonSi

mdebareobs.

bizantielebi sparseTTan damakavSirebel gzaze agebdnen cixe-

simagreebs, aseve iqceodnen sxva qveynebSic, magaliTad, Te-

odopolisis maxloblad xorzanes mxareSi gamaval gzaze:

`sparselTa mefisaTvis aqedan advili iyo SeWriliyo ro-

maelTa qveyanaSi, vidre imperatorma iustinianem gza ar Cake-

ta. am kuTxis SuagulSi iyo sofeli artalesoni. igi cixe-

simagred iqca~ (iqve, gv. 101).

84

maSasadame, skandas cixe mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seasruleb-

da Tavis funqcias, Tuki is ̀ gzis Camketi~ simagre iqneboda, anu

is uSualod gzaze unda mdgariyo.

imereTis skande ki suram-Sorapanis gzaze ar dgas, anu ar

dgas da arasodes mdgara dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

SemaerTebel gzaze, xolo klarjeTis kandridi, romelsac Cven

prokofiseul skandad miviCnevT, namdvilad aseT saerTaSoriso

gzaze idga.

saerTaSoriso gza lazikis gavliT

rogorc xSirad aRiniSna, bizantielebs ar surdaT, rom

sparselebs xelSi CaegdoT is saerTaSoriso gza, romelic

lazikis gavliT persaremenias, anu sparsul armenias aerTebda

Sav zRvasTan. kerZod, radganac persarmenia ZiriTadad sparseleb-

is xelSi iyo (igulisxmeba qalaq dvinisa da sxva mimdebare

qalaqebis sanaxebi), aqedan isini im gziT, romelic aerTebda

dvins artaanTan da Semdegdroindel artanujTan, Cadiodnen

Woroxis xeobaSi Semdegdroindel qalaq arTvinSi da Worox-

ispira gziT swrafad midiodnen zRvispira cixe-simagre `pe-

traSi~, anu gadiodnen Sav zRvaze. es ki Zalze afrTxobdaT

bizantielebs, amitomac wers agaTia: ̀ Tu sparselebi omSi gaim-

arjvebdnen da mTel qveyanas (lazikas) aiRebdnen, aRaraferi

daabrkolebdaT maT uSiSrad SemoecuraT evqsinis pontoTi

da Zalian Rrmad gaekvliaT gza romaelTa samefoSi~ (georgika,

III, gv. 29).

aqedan Cans, dasavleT saqarTvelo rom yofiliyo lazika,

maSin Zveli avtorebi mas da armenias erTad ar moixseniebdnen,

radganac armenia da dasavleT saqarTvelo erTmaneTisagan Zalze

daSorebuli regionebi arian da maT Soris imJamad sxva mrava-

li tomi cxovrobda da mravali qveyana iyo. xolo lazika da

85

mcire, anu romauli armenia namdvilad iyvnen erTmaneTis me-

zoblebi, erT saxelmwifoSi, bizantiaSi, Semavali, erTi

mmarTvelobis, maT Soris strategiuli mmarTvelobis qveS.

qarTul istoriografiaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi,

TiTqosda sparselebi lazikeSi gadadiodnen Tanamedrove sura-

mis uReltexilebiT da TiTqosda am gzis gavlis Semdgom

eweodnen e.w. petrasaTvis oms.

ismis kiTxva: Tuki petrasaTvis omis dros sparseTis Sahma

Tavisi jari Seagzavna jer aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Semdgom

jarma gadalaxa suramis uReltexilebi da mTeli dasavleT

saqarTvelos gavliT Cavida petraSi, ratom ganaxorciela man

es Zalze urTulesi manevri, maSin, roca ukve arsebobda ukve

gakvaluli gza, romliTac sparsul jars dvinis sanaxebidan

(prokofis sityviT sparselTa ZiriTadi samxedro bazidan)

SeeZlo pirdapir Sesuliyo petraSi umoklesi gziT (esaa iberiis

(kerZod artaan-kolas) gavliT artaan-artanuj-arTvinis gza).

aRniSnulis garda dasavleT saqarTvelo, kerZod ki rionis

dablobi, aris zRvis piras gadaSlili Zalze vrceli vake,

romelic Zvel dros metismetad iyo daWaobebuli da iq gavr-

celebuli iyo malaria, cieb-cxeleba, daavadebani. Waobiani

adgilebi ki saomari moqmedebebisaTvis uvargisi iyo. WaobebSi

gavla uWirdaT SeiaraRebul razmebs, miTumetes warmoudgene-

li iyo aseT WaobebSi spiloebiT omi. spiloebs ki lazikis

omis dros iyenebdnen rogorc xosros uSualo xelmZRvanelo-

bis, aseve mis mxedarTmTavar naxoraganis dros.

agaTia sqolastikosis sityviT WaobSi, Waobian adgilebSi da

iseT tyeebSi, sadac tyes gaaCnia sakuTari qve-tye, gavla uWir-

daT ara Tu spiloebsa da cxenosan razms, aramed ubralo

SeiaraRebul razmsac ki.

86

kerZod, agaTia sqolastikosi erT umniSvnelo Waobze wers:

`dablobebi metismetad Waobiani da Slamiania da maT gars

akravs imdenad xSiri buCqnarebi da tyeebi, rom araTu Seiar-

aRebul razmebs, aramed kacsac ki _ isic msubuqad Cacmuls,

gauWirdeba iq gavla~ (georgika, III, gv. 31).

miTumets, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo dafaruli iyo ara pat-

ara zomis fragmentuli WaobebiT, aramed misi mTliani zeda-

piris didi nawili – rionis dablobi da zRvispireTi, erT

mTlian Waobs warmoadgenda, sadac SeiaraRebul razmebs da

armiebs gavla cxadia gauWirdeboda.

sarapana

yovelive aRniSnuli SesaZloa usafuZvlodac ki mogvCvene-

boda, rom qalaqebisa da mdinareebis aRniSnuli mdebareobani

urTierTdaSorebebiT, manZilebiT, mimarTulebebiT, adgilmde-

bareobebiT da sxva niSnebiT TiTqmis zustad rom ar emTxveo-

des prokofi kesarielisa da sxva avtorebis monaTxrobs.

Cven aRar gavimeorebT skandas da sarapanas cixeebTan dakav-

Sirebul, SeiZleba iTqvas, Cvens istoriografiaSi gabatonebul

lafsusebs - magaliTad, Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, skandasa da

sarapanas kldovan mTagorian adgilze mdebare cixe-simagreeb-

is irgvliv ar modioda araviTari mosavali (arc xorbali, arc

Rvino, sursaTic ki mecixovneebs cxenebiTac ver ahqondaT qvey-

nis kldianobis gamo da mas zurgiT ezidebodnen) da, amave dros

ki, Cven Tanamedrove zogierT mecniers eWvmiutanel faqtad mi-

aCnia, rom aRniSnuli skanda da sarapana aris Tanamedrove zRvis

donidan 170-200 metr simaRleze subtropikul zonaSi mdebare

punqtebi skande da Sorapani, romelTa irgvliv venaxebis plan-

87

taciebia gadaSlili. radganac aqve axlos zestafonis raionis

sofelSi var gazrdili, SemiZlia vTqva, rom aqaur mosaxleebs

aTeulobiT fuTi Rvino hqondaT dayenebuli qvevrebSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sarapans sparseTis Sahi xosro uwodebs

`sarapas~ (georgika, gv. 222), aseve ̀ sarapas~ uwodebs mas berZeni

avtori menandre. amitomac SegveZlo gvefiqra, rom es toponimi

daculia Woroxis xeobaSi da erT-erT punqts ewodeba kidevac

sarfi. vfiqrob, sarapanasTan etimologiurad sarfi ufro ax-

loa, magram sarfisagan gansxvavebiT, Zveli sarapana mdebareob-

da ara zRvispiras, aramed maRla mTebSi iberiasTan, vfiqrob

Tanamedrove artaanTan axlos, sadRac artaan-artanujis gza-

ze. Tanac sarapana unda yofiliyo ara erTi, aramed erTmaneT-

Tan axlos mdebare ramdenime cixe-simagre. amitomac moixsenie-

ben mas zogjer mravlobiT ricxvSi _ sarapanebi. erT-erTi

aseTi sarapani SesaZloa mdinare Woroxze mdebare arTvinic

yofiliyo strabonis dros. ase, rom strabonis sarapana sxvaa,

xolo prokofisa da agaTiasi sxva. strabonis sarapana md.

fazisispirze mdebareobda, Semdegi drois avtorebi ki mis mde-

bareobas maRalmTianeTSi miuTiTeben.

lazikis omebis ganxilvis dros XX s.-is avtorebi berZnuli

wyaroebis ̀ iberiad~ moiazreben mxolod Tanamedrove aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos, magram ar unda iqnas daviwyebuli, rom iberiis

didi nawili Tanamedrove samxreT saqarTveloSi mdebareobda,

vrclad iyo samxreTiT gadaSlili, vidre araqsamde.

88

amoRebulia wignidan - ̀ straboni lazikis Sesaxeb~, 2011

sarapana sxvaa, Sorapani ki sxva

straboni ar axsenebs sityva `Sorapans~, is sarapanas Sesaxeb

wers, mag­ram qarTveli mTargmnelebi mas Sorapans uwodeben:

`fazisze aRma curva SeiZleba Sorapanamde, am simagres Se­uZlia

da­itios mTeli qalaqis mosaxleoba~ (iqve, gv. 123). g. grigolias

kvleviT, Sorapani anu sarapana aris sparsuli sityva da niSnavs

mniSvnelovan gzaze mdebare mgzavrebisaTvis gan­kuTvnil mosas-

venebels, es Sei­Z­leba iyos raime simagre, qalaqi an punqti Sesa-

bamisi dasasvenebeli adgi­lebiT da sawyobebiT. aseTi sarapanebi

ki saerTaSoriso gzebze mravali iyo, daSorebulni erTmaneTis-

agan `erTi dRis gziT~ (20-30 km-iT).

saerTod ki strabonis ̀ sarapana~, Tu is qarTulad gamoiTq-

moda ro­gorc `Sorapani~, ar unda veZioT mainc­damainc ze-

stafonis SorapanTan. aseTi punqti, rogorc iTqva mravali

SeiZleboda yofiliyo. strabonis dros erTi aseTi ̀ sarapa-

na~ yofila fazisze (Woroxze), xolo prokofi kesarielis dros

aseTi ̀ sarapana~ yofila arsi­anis maRal mTaSi, sadac gadioda

artanuj-artaan-dvinis damakavSirebeli gza.

SeiZleboda Tu ara `aRma curva~ foTidan zestafonis Sora-

panamde? vfiqrob es SeuZlebeli iyo, Tundac imitom, rom didi

manZiliT arian bolo wertilebi erTmaneTs daSorebulni, gar-

da amisa, Sorapani Zevs ara yvirilas, aramed Zirulas sanapiroze,

sadac mdinare, Zalze Txeli da Zalze mdore nel-nela miikv-

levs gzas yvirila­saken. saerTod, quTaisamde yvirila mdorea

da ar hgavs Tavisi siCqariT im Zalze swraf faziss, rogorsac

aRweren Zveli mwerlebi.

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oTxi dRis gza

`sarapanidan saurme (e.i saWapa­no) gziT, fexiT 4 dReSi

miisvleba mtkvramde~ (iqve, strabonis geo­grafia, gv. 123).

rogorc aRiniSna, erTi dRis gza 20-30 kilometria, mTian

regionSi ufro naklebi. maSasadame, sarapanadan mtkvramde oTxi

dRis gza anu 60-80 km yofila.

Zvelad saurme gza iSviaTobas warmoadgenda da gulisxmob-

da mniSvnelovan gzas, magaliTad iseTs, rogorzec mdebareob-

da konstantine porfirogenetis dros artanuji, es iyo spar-

seT-Savi zRvis damakavSirebeli saerTaSoriso gza, romelic

Woroxis xeobis gavliT Sav zRvas dvinTan da sparseTTan

akavSirebda. am gzis erT-erT monakveTs Woroxidan mtkvramde

gulisxmobs straboni.

anu aq, oTxi dRis gzaSi igulisxmeba arTvin-artanuj-ar-

taanis saurme gza, romelic moqmedi iyo vaxtang gorgaslis

drosac, am gziT usargebliaT wm. mociqulebs da sxvebs. e.i.

arTvinidan mtkvramde 4 dRis savali gza yofila fexiT.

sazRvao gza fazisidan

am qalaq fazisidan q. amisomde da sinopamde yofila sami an

ori dRis zRviT samgzavro gza. asea strabonis Zveli gamoce-

mebis mixedviT, ̀ ukanasknel gamocemebSi es wakiTxva damajere-

blad Secvlilia `8 an 9 dRis samgzavro~ - wers T. yauxCiS-

vili (iqve, strabonis geografia, gv. 123). Cemi azriT Zveli wak-

iTxva SesaZloa swo­ric iyos, radganac fazisi ufro Woroxia

da ara rioni, amitomac Woroxidan amisomde ufro mokle gzaa.

`fazisidan amisomde da sinopamde iyo 2-3 dRis savalia gemiT~-

asea yvelaze uaxles rusul TargmanSic - “Ïëàâàíèå îòñþäà äî

90

Àìèñà è Ñèíîïû çàíèìàåò 2 èëè 3 äíÿ èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî çåìëÿ íà

ìîðñêèõ áåðåãàõ òîïíàÿ è â ycòüÿx ðåê áîëîòèñòàÿ” (straboni,

geografia, 1964, gamomcemloba ̀ nauka~. rus. enaze, gv. 472).

aq sainteresoa is, rom q. fazisi rom yofiliyo q. foTi, maSin

gemiT mgzavrobas, cxadia, meti dro dasWirde­boda.

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sarCevi

(dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciisaTvis)

sarapana da skanda

sad mdebareobda straboniseuli sarapana (Sorapani) . . . . . . . 3

imereTis skande da Sorapani ̀ saqarTvelos geografiuli

atlasis~ (1992) mixedviT ̀ subtropikebis zonaSi~

mdebareoben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

venaxis plantaciebi SorapanTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

sarapana da Sorapani g. grigolias mixedviT . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

sarapanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

straboni (XI, II, 17) sarapanas Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

sarapanasTan fazisi swrafi da xmauraa, xolo SorapanTan

mdinareebi mdore da uxmauroa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

strabonis sarapanidan oTxi dRis gzaa fexiT iberiamde . . . . 13

straboni (XI, II, 18) mesxeTis sam nawilad

dayofis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

daskvna: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

sarapana _ sarapali, arfali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

skanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

skandis cixe-simagre saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gzaze . . . . 20

eqspedicia kandridsa da askanSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Sorapani da skande mnaxvelis TvaliT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

gzebi dasavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi

skanda da sarapana arTvin-artaanis gzaze

(lazikis eparqiebis iurisdiqciisaTvis)

gzebi da xidebi istoriul kolxeTSi

mTavari savaWro arteriebi

`gza klarjeTisa~

wm. andria pirvelwodebuli arTvin-artaanis gzaze (I s.) . . . . 30

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qristes samsWvalTa da ferxTa ficris gza (IV s.) . . . . . . . . 32

vaxtang gorgaslis ̀ gza klarjeTisa~ (V s.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

qalaqi artanisa da farnavazis klarjuli gza

(Zv. w. III s.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

klarjeTSi murvan yrus laSqrobis gza (VIII s.) . . . . . . . . . 35

bagrat IV-is gza xufaT-klarjeTisa (XI s.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

artanujis saerTaSoriso gza (X s.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

baRvaSebi mcxeTa-klarjeTis gzis (XII s.) TrialeTis

monakveTze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

xosro klarjeTis gzaze (VI s.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

lazikaSi mimavali sparselTa gzis marSruti g. grigolias

mixedviT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

sparseTis Sahi klarjeTis gzaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

klarjeTis gza skandadan sarapanamde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

skanda-kandridi klarjeTis gzaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

pirveli saepiskoposoebi klarjeT-mcxeTis gzis pirze . . . . . 58

lazika-iberia-persarmeniis makavSirebeli mokle gza

e. veidenbaumisa da g. yazbegis aRwera saerTaSoriso gzisa . . 59

`gza qarTlisa~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

imperator basili bulgarTmmusvrelis gza . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

herakles ̀ qarTlis gza~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

iberia - sparseT - bizantiis gzaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

saepiskoposoebi trapezunt-Teodosiopolisis anu rapizon -

erzrumis gzaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

herakle keisris gza (i. manandianis marSruti) . . . . . . . . . . . 71

herakle keisris gza (v. goilaZis marSruti) . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis damakavSirebeli savaWro gza . . . . . . 72

vani-quTaisis SemovliTi gza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

xosros gza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

skanda da sarapana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

93

kvlav skanda da sarapana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

sarapanisi da skanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

iberia _ kolxeTis gza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

gza persarmeniidan bizantiisaken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

saerTaSoriso gza lazikis gavliT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

sarapana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

sarapana sxvaa, Sorapani ki sxva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

oTxi dRis gza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

sazRvao gza fazisidan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

redaqtori profesori i. gorgiZe

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