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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ НАУКИ ИНСТИТУТ ПРОБЛЕМ ЭКОЛОГИИ И ЭВОЛЮЦИИ им. АН. СЕВЕРЦОВА РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК 05d0^5i'188 Карпов Валерий Анатольевич БИОКОРРОЗИЯ В МОРСКОЙ СРЕДЕ И ОСНОВЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ЗАЩИТНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ 05.17.03 «Технология электрохимических процессов и защита от коррозии» ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ на соискание ученой степени доктора технических наук Москва 2012

Диссертация В.А. Карпова

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  • . .

    05d0^5i'188

    05.17.03 -

    2012

  • 6

    1. 9

    2. .

    15

    2.1.

    16

    2.2.

    .

    21

    2.2.1. 21

    2.2.2. 29

    2.3.

    37

    2.3.1.

    37

    2.3.2.

    39

    2.3.3.

    41

    2.4.

    43

    2.5. 46

    2.6. 47

    3. ,

    48

    3.1 . 49

    3.2. , 55 2

  • 3.3. ,

    66

    3.3.1 . 66

    3.3.2. 68

    3.3.3. 71

    3.4.

    12181 96

    3.4.1. 96

    3.4.2. 99

    3.4.3. 1- 101

    3.4.4. 102

    3.5.

    107

    .. 115

    3.7.

    . 125

    3.8.

    134

    3.9. 140

    4.

    142

    4.1.

    () 143 4.2.

    151

    4.2.1.

    153

    4.2.2.

  • 166

    4.2.3

    169

    4.2.4.

    172

    4.2.5.

    173

    4.3.

    200

    4.3.1. 201

    4.3.2

    203

    4.4.

    208

    4.4.1.

    208

    4.4.2.

    246

    4.4.3.

    262

    4.5. 267

    5.

    274

    5.1. -

    274

    5.2.

    276

    5.3.

    278

    4

  • 5.4.

    282

    5.5. 289

    6. 290

    293

    1 313

    2 324

    5

  • - .

    , , .

    70- 20

    5 10

    [Biocide free..., 1997; Tin-free antifouling paint..., 2000]. 10-15%,

    . 20-30

    ( ) .

    2001 . 76 -

    [..., 2002], 1 2008 .

    .

    ,

    , ,

    - [Self polishing tin-free, 1991; Intermooch Tin-Free, 1992].

    [ ., 1989; , , 1992] ,

    ,

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  • 1.

    .

    , .

    5 .. 1625 .

    [Marine fouling ..., 1952]. , ,

    : , , , , ,

    , - .

    . , ( 50 %) , ( 40%) , ( 20% ) ( : 40%) , ( ), .

    ,

    [, 1989; 2005; , 1994; , 1994; Angeles et al, 2002].

    60-

    10 . [Marine fouling ..., 1952; , 1994; , 2005 .].

    ,

    ( ) . , , ,

    70- . 100 . 9 .

  • , - 40 . [, , , 2001]. ,

    - , 276

    , - 228,8 , - 5258 [, 2010].

    ,

    .

    (), ( ) / . -

    , , ( , ), . - ,

    ,

    .

    90- XX

    2 . .

    1993 62 . ( 260 . ) [Welthaupterzauger..., 1996], 1998 - 66 . (335 . ).

    80- 8000

    , 1000-1200 .

    , - 1

    1.5-2.0 [ ., 2000; , , , 2004].

    90-

    Courtyards Coatings (), Jotun (), Hempel (), Chugoku, Akzo Nobel

  • (), ICI (), Sherwin Williams (), PPG Industries (), Kansai Marine Paint (), BASF (), Nippon Paint (), Du Pont (), Herbert () [Weltherstellung..., 1995] .

    .

    "" (. -). , , ,

    [ ..., 2002]. ,

    2-3 .

    [ ., 1989]. , ,

    [, , 1987 ].

    . ,

    -10 /2

    [Evans, 1981]. , , , ,

    [ ., 2007]. .

    ,

    [, , , 1992; , 1998]. ( , , ,

    ) ( , )

  • [Patent 5753180 USA, 1998; ., 2000; ., 2002]. , -

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    , ,

    .

    ,

    , [Prater, Hoke, 1980; Weis, Weis, 1995].

    20

    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    12

  • , ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    :

    .

    :

    1 .

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    , .

    2.

    .

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    ,

    .

    ,

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    13

  • 5. ,

    ,

    .

    6.

    .

    .

    , ,

    .

    ,

    .

    14

  • 2. .

    ( 2.1).

    () () .

    :

    ( ), ( ) ,

    -

    () ( 2.2). :

    -

    ( 2.3.1); -

    ( 2.3.2); -

    ( 4.1.3); -

    ( 2.4);

    -

    ( 2.5).

    15

  • ( 2.2.1), .

    2.1.

    ,

    ,

    - (. 2.1): 1) (), 2) , 3) , 4) .

    -.

    ,

    , -

    . ,

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    (, , , ,

    16

  • . .). ,

    .

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    ,

    ;

    - ,

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    , ,

    .

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    ,

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    .

    17

  • 2.1.

    18

  • 2.2. .

    14

  • 2.2

    .

    90- , ,

    .

    . 1993 .

    [, 2002; , ., 2003]. 10 ,

    : 12 69 . . ( 0 26.6). (. ) (. 2.1 2.2; . 2.3-2.7) ( , ). ( ), ( ) - ( ) .

    ,

    ( , , , ). ,

    ,

    ( 2.1)

    .

    2.2.1.

    , ,

    ,

    , , ,

    20

  • . ,

    : (39 ); , - (75 ); ISOCORRAG

    (52 ).

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  • ( ), , .

    .2.3. (. , ) - , - .

    22

  • a

    . 2.4. . (. , . ), , - , - .

    23

  • a

    . 2.5. , , ,

    - ; - .

    24

  • . 2.6. , ,

    .

    . 2.7.

    . .

    25

  • 2.1.

    /

    1

    2

    3

    4 5 6 7

    8 9

    ,

    ,

    ..

    6909'

    68^21'

    43%9'

    5540' 55"38' 5"00'

    4327'

    43"00'

    43^53'

    ..

    3558'

    3330'

    13153'

    36"50' "4 37"00'

    3957'

    39"5

    4028'

    ,

    20 35

    25

    10-15

    180 160 200 12

    0 2014

    -

    -

    ,

    ,

    , 100

    300 , 100

    , 50

    ,

    80

    ,

    ,

    100000

    ()

    10

    11

    210

    1215'

    105"48'

    10912'

    5

    10 30

    , 100 , 100

    1100

    -

    ,

    26

  • 2.2.

    / 1

    2

    3

    4

    5 6 7 8

    9 10

    ,

    0

    2.3

    4.7

    3.8 5.9 14.2 2.8 14.2

    23.5 26.6

    Rh, %

    82

    85

    75

    82 74 78 67 78

    82 79

    TOW, /

    3007

    2726

    3951

    3670 2248 4180 1836 4180

    5369 4852

    Sun, /

    1233

    1233

    1908

    1350 1580 2253 1846 2253

    1664 2554

    Rad, /2

    1780

    1780

    2750

    2400 2810 4973 4074 4973

    6358 5700

    /

    735

    532

    570

    750 710 1414 1124 1414

    1779 1441

    SOz, /3

    6.3

  • 2.2.2.

    .

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    , .

    , (. 3).

    .

    , -

    (. . 2.3).

    , ,

    ; , ,

    ( ), .

    [ ., 1997; ., 2003 ]. ,

    ,

    , .

    .

    28

  • , ,

    . - 1405 2, ,

    . - 32-35/00,

    : - 0-9 , - 1-5 , -

    . , , -

    0.6-6.1 [, , 1970 .]. -

    80 . , ,

    Laminaria, Fucus, Ascophyllum - Nematoda,

    Harpacticoida, Gastropoda; Polydora, Spionidae, Spirorbis;

    Electra, Membranipora, Alcyonidium; Obelia, Campanularia,

    Halecium, Clava; Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus

    balanus, B. crenatus; Mytilus edulis.

    - .

    25 /2 [, 1994; , , 1982; , , 1992; , ., 2004].

    -

    [, , 2000]. (, ) , -

    - . ,

    , [, 1994]. .

    (33-34/00), , . ,

    .

    ( ) - ( 3-4 ).

    29

  • .

    .

    ,

    . , -

    , , , , , ,

    . 20 /2.

    ,

    .

    . - 420325 2,

    - 4090 , - 1.8. 87 %

    ( 150-200 ) - 14 /.

    30

  • 7-9 22.2-22.4 /00.

    18-20 /00 15.6 .

    ,

    , 8-9 /,

    95 % [, , , 1982]. - 17-19 /00, 7.9

    8,4, : - 24-29 , - 2-4

    ( ). - 0.1 , - - 0.6 [ ..., 1991;3, 1994].

    , -

    . ,

    , 20-

    43% .

    150 /2 [, 1985]. 130.

    : Mytilus galloprovincialis,

    Balanus improvisus . eburneus, Leprallia

    pallasiana, Botrillus schlosseri, Obelia loveni . [, 1985;3, 1994].

    ,

    .

    .

    , ,

    175000 ./ .

    , - . ,

    : - - -, -

    -, - , - [, 1954; , 1985; , 1994].

    31

  • .

    () - 16-17%. ,

    . ,

    ,

    11 % .

    . -

    ,

    .

    . 2.8 2.9

    .

    .2.9.

    ( , ).

    32

  • . ,

    ,

    1990 ..

    .

    16.5-17.0 %.

    15 %.

    14.5 , - 8.3, -

    6.22 /, 3.7 /, 19.1 /

    [, 1977; , , 1991; , , , 1991].

    -

    - ,

    .

    . ,

    1989 2010 . 0-2 24.0 29.2 ,

    27.0 - 33.0 /00-

    ,

    12/00. 8.02 - 8.14

    [Kovaltruc, Karpov et al., 1998; Le Vinh, 1998 .]. [, , , 1992; ,

    ., 2003], - : Balanus amphitrite, . reticulatus, . variegatus,

    Megabalanus tintinnabulum .; Clytia sp., Obelia sp.;

    Membranipora savarti . .

    - 337 /

    33

  • [Henry, McLauphlin, 1975; , , 1985, 1988; , 1989; , , , 1992; , 2003].

    . , ( ) - [, , , 2003].

    . -

    33%, 27/00.

    ( 12/00) [, , 1994] -

    .

    . . (5-40/

    ). . 0-2

    24.0 29.2 , - 7.02-8.14 (. . 2.3). ,

    , .

    ( ) . - ,

    ,

    [, ., 1996; , . 2003]. , , , .

    . 2.10 .

    ( ).

    34

  • 2.3.

    [, , , 2003].

    ,

    ,

    %0

    ,

    /

    ,

    /: 0 4

    3"

    NOz N0 3" NH4

    +

    9.3

    34.5

    8.50

    9.60

    26.0 8.5 250 45

    1.2

    29.0

    8.10

    6.50

    2.5 0.5 10 5

    5.2

    32.0

    8.24

    8.10

    17.5 2.4

    20

    27.7

    18.2

    8.41

    9.10

    71 2.5 40

    430

    5.0

    10.9

    8.36

    6.80

    10 0.4 0 5

    14.7

    16.4

    8.38

    8.20

    15 1.2 10 25

    30.2

    34.7

    8.38

    5.96

    125.4 17.9 36.2 45.0

    24.1

    30.1

    7.02

    3.60

    6.7 6.9 1.9 0.5

    26.4

    32.7

    8.05

    5.26

    28.5 12.4 16.7 31.2

    ,

    .

    .

    , .. ,

    35

  • .

    . 2.10. ( ).

    2.3.

    .

    ,

    (. 1.1), , ,

    .

    36

  • , ,

    .

    2.3.1.

    , ,

    ,

    .

    - .

    [ ., 1990]

    ,

    .

    , ,

    . ( 10%) , ,

    ( )

    .

    , , , -

    -

    Z-8000

    "HITACHI".

    (

    37

  • 0.05%) ,

    [, ., 2007]. (, 2),

    (t, ), (, /), (v, ) /2 :

    Vcu

    = ( -24- v)/(t-P-1000) = (- 24- 0.4) / (0.25 106.41000)

    : Vcu

    = 360.8 (/2 ).

    ,

    - .

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    (. . 2.1). ,

    [ , 2002].

    2.3.2.

    2000 ( ) .

    .

    .

    38

  • .

    250x350x2-3 ( 100 .) ( ), , . .

    , ,

    .

    .

    - .

    ,

    , .

    .

    10 ,

    .

    . 1.5 - 5 ,

    2 .

    .

    ( , , ), ( , , ..) ( ) , .

    39

  • .

    8 ,

    16%( , ; 7.7;

    6 /, (N02~, N0 3 \ 04

    3", NH4

    + ,) 10 .

    , 5 - , 4, 3, 2, 1 -

    5%, 15%, 15 30%, 30% .

    ,

    1 2 , .

    ( , ..) 9.407. , [ 9.412-2001, 2001; , ., 2003; ., 2003].

    2.3.3.

    ,

    , 4.

    "

    .

    (, , , .) .

    40

  • [ , 2001]. , , .

    ,

    9.412

    .

    -

    [ ., 2007].

    [ ., 2001].

    ( ) ,

    [ ., 2003]. (. 4.4.1). (. 4.4.2)

    q (t). V(t)

    q(t)= jv(r (2).

    - ,

    1(-1( 1 - q(t)/q0)) = lnk+ a lnt (2.2), q0 - , /

    2;

    q(t) - , / 2; k, -

    () ,

    41

  • (. 4.4.2).

    ,

    (. 4.4.3). {;} 1 . 1>,

    ),= 6,; + 6 (2.3). 4, ,

    .

    .

    2.4.

    (, 15-20 /) [ ., 1987] .

    .

    -

    .

    . ,

    .

    .

    (/2 ) 42

  • - m (/ ), t [ ., 1987]

    taumn-bi = / , . (2.4).

    .

    . , ,

    300 , 10 /

    30 .

    : 1 - , 2 -

    , 3 - . . 2.4

    .

    2.4.

    (/.) ,

    10 1.7

    5.0

    8.0

    15 1.8

    6.0

    10.0

    20 2.0

    7.0

    12.5

    30 3.0

    8.5

    18.0

    40 5.0

    10.0

    22.0

    7-10 /. [ ., 1989].

    43

  • (, )

    (. 2.11). 1450 , 40 /.

    . 24 250x350 .

    22 /.

    . 2.11. () ( ), .

    44

  • . 2.11. () ( ),

    .

    -

    ( RU0001.21KK04).

    2.5.

    ,

    - ,

    - ,

    .

    ,

    , .

    45

  • - 1 -

    (, ); - 70% - (, : + ); - - 50% (, ). - , , Artemia salina . ( . 5.4).

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    -

    .

    -

    . - ( , ) .

    (. 3.6).

    2.6.

    1.

    ,

    -

    46

  • -

    .

    2. ,

    ,

    , -

    .

    3. -

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    ) ,

    . .

    9.412-2001;

    ) .

    .

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    4.

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    , .

    5. - ,

    47

  • ,

    .

    3. ,

    ,

    ,

    . 3.1, 3.2-3.3.2

    , ,

    . 3.2

    (), .

    3.3.3 ,

    .

    3.1.

    , , , ,

    .

    (. 3.1). .

    , .

    ,

    , . -

    ,

    .

    48

  • , , ,

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    , [ , 1983].

    , .

    .

    ,

    , .

    - . , ,

    . ,

    - , -

    [, , 1962].

    .

    .

    - ,

    . ,

    ( ) [ ., 1961; 19616] , , ( ) - [ ., 1961; ., 1983]. .

    ( 100 ).

    [ , 1983]. 100%-

    . ,

    .

    49

  • .

    .

    ,

    .

    50

  • 3.1.

    1 .

    2.

    .

    .

    : ,

    ,

    , ,

    , , ,

    .

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    .

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    .

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    .

    51

  • 4.

    100

    5.

    ( 100-1000 ) 6.

    ( 1 )

    7.

    ,

    : ,

    , .

    ,

    ,

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    ( 0). ,

    5.

    .

    , 1.

    .

    .

    , 1 .

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    .

    ,

    , .

    52

  • ( 100-1000 ). ,

    . 100 1000

    . 2.6 , 10

    -6 - 1.2 , -59 - 3 ,

    [ , 1983] (. 3.1). , , , [ ., 1988; , , 1988].

    , 1000 , .

    -6

    ,

    - .

    . 150-

    200 , ,

    ( 2 ) [ ., 1988]. . ,

    (, , ) [, 1963].

    ( ).

    : , , , ,

    , ,

    , -

    .

    53

  • ,

    / 1

    150

    100

    50

    0 I I 1 1

    200 400 600 800 1000 1200 ,

    . 3.1.

    (1-3) (4-6) [ , 1983] - ( ) (7) - . 1 - ; 2 - 1370 ; 3 - 1710 ; 4 -

    , ; 5 - 1680 ; 6 - 720 ; 7 - ,

    .

    54

  • 3.2. ,

    . , -

    ,

    [, 2005; ., 2007]. ,

    .

    .

    , ,

    , (), , .

    ,

    ,

    .

    . . 3.2.

    , . 3.2 ,

    .

    55

  • 3.2. ,

    .

    ,../

    394

    100-150

    100-180

    200-500

    68-100

    70-100

    100-200

    200-505 300-550

    300-678 200-700 205-904

    250-674

    230-320

    1892-1994

    ,

    %0

    36

    25.8

    33.7

    34.5

    34.5

    34.5

    34.5

    37.9 32-34

    39.5

    36

    34-35

    34-35

    37.5

    ,

    22

    4.2

    6.1

    6-8

    1

    0

    5

    21 23

    26

    27-29

    22-27

    22-24

    28

    .,

    1980 , 1930; ,1995 , ,

    1939; ., 1997

    Azametal., 1981

    , 2000 Sullivan et al.,1990; Hoshiaki, 1994. ,2000; .,

    1993; Kogureetal, 1985;Simiduetal, 1986

    .,

    1980 ., 1987 , ,

    1964 http://www/inokean. ru/oceans/tihiy

    http://.inokean.ru/ oceans/tihiy

    http://www.erudition. ru/ref.

    http ://w ww. inokean. ru /oceans/atlanticheskiy

    56

  • ,

    ,../

    2349

    ,

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    35

    ,

    28

    http://www.inokean.ru /oceans/atlanticheskiy

    .

    (../) . 3.3, ,

    .

    , .

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    .

    ,

    ,

    :

    , .

    .

    ,

    , ,

    :

    Y=a*exp (b*t) lnY=lna+b*t (3.1),

    57

  • Y - ../, b - ,

    , t - .

    . 3.3

    Y t.

    YMHH:

    lnYMHH=4,174+0,072t YMH= 65*exp(0.072t) (3.2). R=0.74, b

    0.072,

    b =0.0720.018.

    Ycp:

    In Ycp= 4.396+0.079t Ycp= 81*exp(0.079t) (3.3).

    R=0.87, b

    0.079,

    b =0.079+0.013.

    YMaKC:

    mYwaKc=4.586+0.082t Y ^ c = 98.1*exp(0.082t) (3.4). R=0.91, b

    0.081,

    b =0.081 0.011.

    58

  • 3.3. ,

    (../)

    , ../

    394

    100

    68

    70

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    200

    300

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    205

    250

    230

    1892

    2349

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    125

    84

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    275

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    2349

    394

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    36

    25.8

    34.5

    34.5

    34.5

    37.9

    33

    39.5

    36

    36

    34.5

    34.5

    37.5

    35

    ,

    22

    4.2

    1

    0

    5

    21

    23

    26

    28

    28

    24.5

    23

    28

    28

    ,

    (3.2)-(3.4) 0 65-98 ../.

    . 3.2.

    ,

    ,

    ,

    (3.2)-(3.4). .

    59

  • ,

    .

    -

    , .

    . 0 24

    12 6 /.

    3.6 ( - ) 9.6 / ( ) 100% (. . 3.3).

    (. 3.2). , , , ,

    [ ., 1961].

    60

  • / 2 0,25

    0,10 -

    0,05-

    0_, /

    . 3.2.

    . [ ., 1961].

    .

    - - - . ,

    35.061 7 0 0 19.343 / ,

    17.469 7 0 0 - 9.629 / .

    , ,

    . , ,

    (, ), , ,

    61

  • (, ). - 31.2/00, . 10 4 0.0715

    /, 15 - 0.044-0.047 /2.

    18/00 . 10

    1.5-2 [ ., 1997]. 10.9 ( ) 34.7 7 0 0 .

    . () ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , .

    10

    [, 1963]. ( 4)

    ; ,

    . >10

    . >13

    - .

    [, 2001]. 7.6-8.5.

    (, 8.0 8.2 ) .

    , . ,

    - ,

    62

  • [Park, 1966]. , , ,

    1.5 , [ , 1983]. 7.4-8.6 0.05-0.20 /.

    ,

    . .3.3 ,

    .

    +V o,osl-

    0,10-

    . 3.3. 1X13 IX18H9T

    : 1 - IX18H9T; 2- 1X13 [ ., 19616].

    63

  • : 7.02 8.50

    .

    .

    . ,

    (, - ) . [ ., 1973].

    .

    , , ,

    .

    ,

    .

    -61 9-4-4, 25

    121810 . 50 /

    8 23

    -61 0.6 2.5 /.

    , 3

    [, 1986].

    . 3.

    64

  • 3.4. ,

    [ , 1983].

    1. -

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    .

    .

    ,

    . .

    .

    ,

    , .

    ,

    , .

    .

    .

    , ,

    .

    .

    , , ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    65

  • 3.3. ,

    ,

    , - .

    3.3.1.

    , ,

    , ,

    , () - . ,

    , (. 3.4, 3.5).

    . 3.4. . 3.5.

    . .

    , , 7 . , - , 2006 . , 7 . , 2006 .

    66

  • ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    - .

    [Characklis, 1990].

    ,

    .

    . ,

    , , .

    18-37.

    , - ,

    -

    [ ., 1961; , 1963; , , 1992]. , , .. [1975]

    , .

    18 % 6-7

    40-50 -

    . ,

    ,

    [ ., 1961].

    , ,

    67

  • [, 1987, 2006; , , 1984; , , 1992].

    , Bacillus tumescen

    [ ., 1997].

    , ,

    [Guillaume, 1977; , , 1981].

    .

    3.3.2.

    , .

    (, , ) , ,

    , . ,

    , ,

    . 10-30 % [ ., 1961; , 1994].

    2.5 [ ., 1986]. 1X13

    , -

    [ ., 19616].

    .

    68

  • [ ., 1998], [ ., 1998]. . -,

    .

    -

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    . -, ,

    ,

    [ ., 1998].

    , . , ,

    ,

    ,

    [ ., 2001]. .

    ,

    [ ., 2008]. ,

    [Melchers, 2003; 2006; Melchers, Jeffrey, 2008; Melchers, Wells, 2006]. ,

    . 4 , (. 3.6).

    69

  • LOSS Of Pit Depth Aproximately

    Steady-slate

    Phase 0 Includes Short-Term" Anaerobic ^

    Exposure Period i Phase 4 _

    Pre

  • / .

    : 1) ; 2) ,

    ; 3) ,

    , ; 4)

    [ ., 1985].

    .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    , .

    3.3.3.

    , -

    .

    - ,

    , 1, . ,

    -

    .

    ,

    (-11 (=+0,201 )

    IPC-PRO, (. ) (. 3.7).

    71

  • -

    20

    1 /.

    ,

    =

    200 =

    \0 [, 1963]:

    log ia = log iKop + (E- )/

    log ik = log iKop + (-)/

    . 3.7. .

    ba = 2.3RT/(\ - a)zF bK = 2.3RT/azF, R -

    , z - , a -

    , F- , - .

    =

    .

    .

    72

  • . . 10

    , ,

    .

    0.1

    . . 3.8 .

    . . ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    (. 3.8). .

    1.5 .

    73

  • 2.5 .

    1

    IflliH /

    *

    'ffffffHr * u*^*l I

    \ * '

    ' J*rf

    V< ^

    1 .'

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    ^ F T T f , , "

    3.5 .

    74

  • 4.5 .

    5.5 .

    75

  • 6.5 .

    1

    1 ,' f

    ;

    & 1 >

    f r l j ^- W ^ ^

    '4'

    Z*-

    ,'''

    / !

    # . " i . . . . i* :

    7.5 . 76

  • 8.5 .

    .3.8. (.) 1.5 - 8.5 .

    3.5.

    .

    ,

    1.5

    2.5

    3.5

    29 30 31 32 25 26 27 28 21 22 23 24

    ,

    /2

    0.57 0.73 0.82 0.62 1.57 1.31 1.59 1.60 1.1

    2.03 1.17 1.97

    ,

    /2

    0.75

    1.52

    1.57

    ,

    ./2

    171.8

    387.0

    41.5

    77

  • ,

    4.5

    5.5

    6.5

    7.5

    8.5

    17 18 19 20 13 14 15 16 9 10 11 12 5 6

    37 38 7 8

    ,

    /2

    1.44 2.29 1.42 1.67 2.75 4.94 2.42 2.59 5.8 3.1 4.6 3.5

    107 2.05 2.3 2.2

    2.19 2.55

    ,

    /2

    1.71

    3.17

    426

    2.41

    2.37

    ,

    ./2

    57.2

    126.5

    6.5

    161.9

    150.2

    . 3.5

    .

    ,

    .

    . 3.6

    . . .. () (1.5-2.5 .) , . 7 .

    .

    ,

    1.5 - 2.5 . 6.5 - 7.5 . (. 3.9).

    78

  • 3.6. () ()

    ,

    1.5

    29

    30

    31

    32

    2.5

    25

    26

    27

    28

    3.5

    21

    22

    23

    24

    4.5

    17

    18

    18

    20

    5.5

    13

    14

    15

    16

    (m2-mi), 1.9285

    1.7419

    1.6672

    1.7297

    1.7668

    3.4613

    3.5072

    3.4082

    3.0688

    3.3614

    3.5755

    3.3119

    3.6109

    3.6373

    3.5339

    4.3098

    4.5201

    4.3238

    4.8743

    4.5070

    4.7203

    4.6307

    5.2618

    5.7284

    5.0853

    , /2-.

    5.4818

    5.0548

    4.7083

    4.7247

    4.9924

    5.9636

    6.0427

    5.9521

    5.3594

    5.8294

    4.5571

    4.1080

    4.5085

    4.6030

    4.4441

    4.2241

    4.5792

    4.3221

    5.0385

    4.5410

    3.7687

    3.9028

    4.3154

    4.7299

    4.1792

    ,

    33.03

    30.45

    28.37

    28.47

    30.08

    58.11

    58.88

    57.99

    52.21

    56.80

    62.51

    56.35

    61.85

    63.14

    60.96

    70.94

    76.91

    72.58

    84.62

    76.26

    79.24

    82.06

    90.73

    99.45

    87.87

    79

  • ,

    6.5

    9

    10

    11

    12

    7.5

    5

    6

    37

    38

    8.5 7

    8

    (m2-mi), 52518

    5.4375

    4.7761

    6.1620

    5.3966

    6.6191

    7.7659

    6.5226

    6.5067

    6.8536

    8.1923

    8.5023

    8.3473

    , /2-.

    16600

    3.3558

    3.1960

    4.0159

    16240

    3.9788

    4.7157

    3.8061

    4.0907

    4.1478

    4.3088

    4.4718

    4.3903

    ,

    92.44

    85.78

    80.72

    101.42

    91.53

    113.75

    134,82

    108.81

    116.95

    118.58

    137.55

    142.76

    140.15

    160

    140

    120

    100

    80

    60

    40

    20

    t+ITI+FI , /2

    ,

    1,5 2,5 3,5 4.5 5.5 6.5

    ,

    7,5 8.5

    . 3.9.

    ..

    80

  • , (.3.6). , , 6.5

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    .,

    , , ,

    (. 3.10). :

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

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    , 0.072-

    0.078 .

    [ .., 2005] , , , , ,

    . . 3.10 ,

    (id). id 13.4 / ,

    9.98-10.3 /2.

    81

  • -1100

    -1000 -

    -900 -

    * -800 -

    W -700

    -600

    -500 -

    -400 -0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1

    lg i, /2

    . 3.10. .

    - 1, ,

    - 2 Pseudomonas sp. (11-3) - 3 Acinetobacter sp. (13) - 4.

    . 10

    . . 3.7 3.8.

    . 10

    20 ,

    24 ,

    .

    82

  • 3.7. (/2) . 10

    ,

    1

    3

    10

    20

    29

    60

    90

    135

    , 22.0-29.0^

    4.79

    8.20

    107.52

    116.97

    693.70

    528.33

    844.26

    2469.35

    ,

    24.5-30.0^ 0.29

    1.35

    5.07

    7.88

    11.25

    27.99

    39.14

    117.263

    ,

    5.5-7.0

    0.37

    1.18

    3.98

    7.92

    10.09

    24.24

    33.15

    81.74

    3.8. . 10 [ ., 2006].

    ,

    1

    3

    10

    20

    29

    .

    Pseudomonas, Vibrio; Nitrosomonas . :

    Pseudomonas, Vibrio; Nitrosomonas. Navicula,, Nitzshia,, Amphora . . ,

    Balanus, Nematoda , ( 1 ) (Hydroidea), ( 5-7 ) (Balanus reticulatus, . variegatus, . amphitrite) , Balanus 10 , (Bryozoa)

    83

  • ,

    60

    90 135

    Hydroidea 2-3 , (Serpullidae gen.sp.), ,

    Serpullidae, Balanus, Bryozoa, Hydroidea. , .

    . 3.8

    [, , 1997; ., 2002; , ., 2004].

    ,

    ,

    , .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    121810 (100x150%! ) 1-2

    (. 3.9).

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    84

  • .

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    29

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    5700

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    582.5

    0.685

    85

  • . 3.11.

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    Youschimizu-Kimura 86

  • [Youschimizu, Kimura, 1976] 0.1-0.3 .

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    . , 2008 .

  • -

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    0.159

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    1.939

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    1.5

    34.9

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    8.6

    1.7

    3.1

    1.9

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    8.5

    2.2

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    F

    0.290

    0.285

    0.164

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    0.154

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    0.152

    0.153

    ,

    0.235

    0.232

    0.202

    0.223

    0.244

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    88

  • 15-

    :

    ,

    . 4

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    (. 3.13).

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    [, , 1997; ., 2003].

    XV

  • "

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    121810.

    . 3.14

    . ,

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    :

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    90

  • .

    [ ., 1998; ., 1998],

    .

    ,

    (. 3.15). ,

    , ,

    .

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    , (.. 3.10). ,

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    .

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    (. 3.16).

    91

  • .3.15. 121810

    : ) 8 ; ) 10 . .

    42

  • , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    800

    600

    400

    200

    0

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    -400

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    m

    0,00001 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1

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    . 3.16. 12110

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    .

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    . ,

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    93

  • . 3.17.

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    1 1 1 1 1 -800

    0,00001 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 Lg i, /2

    . 3.17.

    121810 .

    ,

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    ,

    .

    121810

    94

  • , 4

    .

    E,mV

    1300

    800

    300

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    - -700 0,00001 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1

    Lg i, /2

    () (7 ) 14 30 4 5 . 3.18. 121810

    .

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    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

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    .

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    0,

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    -25

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    55

    53

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    0.316

    0.363

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    2071

    868

    712

    780

    455

    222

    164

    189

    236

    189

    7

    1.1

    1.8

    1.5

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    1.7

    3.1

    3.1

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    0 - ;

    1

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    95

  • ba b

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    ;

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    .

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    ,

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    :

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    .

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    ,

    [, 1976].

    96

  • . . ,

    , 6.1-6.7 /.

    121810

    0 2 .

    - Na2SOg

    - .

    . 3.19 ,

    . . 3.19,

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    .

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    R2 =

    0.8925 (. 3.20). 3.12.

    ( 7.6, +27).

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    2

    3

    4

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    /

    4.9

    3.5

    3.0

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    27

    60

    66

    -52

    ';

    243

    254

    254

    251

    ,

    216

    194

    188

    303

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    2.219

    1.909

    1.876

    4.101

    1

    /2

    25

    22

    18

    8

    ?

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    0.206

    0.396

    0.407

    0.505

    ,

    421

    447

    466

    365

    ,

    187

    188

    175

    266

  • 400

    1

    0,00001 0,0001 0,001 0,01

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    . 3.19. 121810,

    .

    -

    5 .

    0,6

    0,5

    0,4

    0,3

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    0

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    0 1 2 3 4 5 ,/

    . 3.20.

    .

    98

  • 3.4.2.

    . . ,

    , 7.9 - 8.1.

    121810

    . . 3.21 .

    3.13

    121810 .

    ,

    ,

    (. 3.22). (. 3.226).

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    ( 7 . 3.13).

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    . 3.21.

    , .

    99

  • 3.13.

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    1

    5

    6

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    7.9

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    3.2

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    4.1

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    ,

    27

    33

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    -108

    F

    243

    243

    175

    -26

    ,

    216

    210

    203

    82

    1,

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    3.681

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    75

    270

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    169

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    621

    )

    ) . 3.22. ()

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    100

  • 3.4.3. 1-

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    121810 NaCl

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    0,1

    1 % NaCl 2% NaCl 3% NaCl

    . 3.23. 121810,

    NaCl .

    3.14.

    121810 NaCl ( - 5.0-5.7 /, - 6.0-6.5, - 27 ).

    8 9 10

    NaCl 1% 2% 3%

    ,

    66 24 -25

    ',

    302 264 165

    ,

    236 240 190

    1,

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    1.966 3.512 3.994

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    27 37 48

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    0.187 0.326 0.916

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    188 321 393

    ,

    243 178 168

    10!

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    . 3.24. 121810

    1- .

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    121810

    ,

    .

    72

    .

    . . 3.15

    . 3.25, 3.26 ,

    .

    ,

    2-3

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    102

  • .

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    ^ ^ \ ( 1 i i i i

    0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 lg i, /2

    500

    300

    100

    -100

    -300

    -500

    -700 1

    . 3.25. 121810,

    .

    0,00001 0,0001 0,001 0,01 lg i, /2

    12-12 12-01

    12-15

    0,1

    11-95

    .3.26. ,

    .

  • 3.15.

    121810

    .

    11

    12

    13

    14

    15

    1212

    1215

    1195

    1201

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    4.7

    1.0

    1.0

    1.0

    1.3

    1.0

    7.6

    7.4

    7.4

    7.0

    6.9

    7.8

    ,

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    -116

    -67

    -86

    -156

    -144

    F

    195

    248

    212

    261

    164

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    279

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    99.5=9.3

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  • 3.22.

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    126

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    132

  • :

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  • .

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    1095 1102 498 1151

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    1,781 1,779 1,057 1,006 0,866

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    256 270 248 153 273

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    . 3.27

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  • 3.28.

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  • -

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  • 22 (. 1, 1), [Kelly, Chistoserdov, 2001]. , , ,

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  • (. 1-3, 1) . ,

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    139

  • 3.9.

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    140

  • - ,

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    ,

    .

    5. ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    6. ,

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    141

  • 4.

    ,

    [ ., 1989; , , 1991; , 1998; 2008; , 2008]. ,

    (), . ,

    / . 4.1

    .

    4.2 ,

    .

    4.1.

    () ,

    ,

    .

    -

    (), , ; -

    ; -

    , .

    . . [Ferry, Ketchum, 1946], ,

    , ,

    .

    142

  • ,

    ,

    - .

    ,

    74%,

    - 74 100%.

    , ,

    , .

    , ..

    - .

    (

    ) , .. , 100% .

    > LD1 0 0 (LCioo), LD1 ()- [ ., 1989]. ,

    , , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    , ,

    , ,

    [ ., 1992]. ,

    .

    .

    143

  • , ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    : , ,

    , .

    [ ..., 1957; ., 1989] - V(t) V t tKp,

    VKp, . tKp

    .

    :

    ,

    , -

    ,

    , ,

    . ,

    , , , ,

    .

    . ,

    .

    :

    - ( 144

  • ) () - (

    ) [ ., 1989]

    .

    - ,

    (/ 2-.) [Marine fouling..., 1952;., 1999].

    .

    .

    -

    ,

    [ ., 1989].

    [ ., 1973]. ,

    , [ ., 1978]. , ,

    .

    ,

    [ ., 1973; ., 1978; ., 1991]. .

    145

  • .

    52.4-74.0% (),

    [Partington, 1964; ., 1982; , 1987].

    ,

    ,

    , .

    ,

    . ,

    .

    , , ,

    ,

    , ,

    .

    , -

    .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    , 5.4 / 8.1,

    ,

    60-70 . 146

  • 30-35%

    [, 1987].

    ,

    , 1- [, 1987].

    [ ., 1988]. 840

    , [ ., 1991].

    , .

    . . [Ferry, Ketchum, 1946],

    ().

    () 45%,

    .

  • .

    - .

    [Marson, 1969], , ,

    ( ) .

    , ,

    .

    , . ,

    . ,

    , .

    . . [Londen et al., 1975]

    ,

    .

    .

    . . [Court, Vries, 1973] ,

    .

    ,

    , , .

    A.M. , . .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    148

  • [ ., 1989]: d d

    j = = - D - ( ),

    d d ( ).

    D

    , j dc/dx.

    :

    Q, 1- 8

    2 2 (2 + 1)27

    (2 + 1) 2

    (=0);

    QT - , ; Qo -

    D - ;

    5 - .

    :

    Qo 1 8

    71

    72

    , (dq/dx)=j, :

    7i2Dx J = Jo

    j=dq/dx) ( );

    149

  • jo - . [ ., 1987; . 1989]

    :

    In (j/jo) =-kDx (4.1).

    .

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , -

    -

    , .

    (/2*.) m () 1 2, t, :

    t = / , . (4.2).

    :

    I f l C ^ / C , t = ^ , . (4.3) .

    -

    ,

    .

    150

  • -

    ,

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    , 90- ,

    .

    4.2.

    (/2*.)

    .

    , :

    - ;

    - ;

    - .

    -

    , ,

    ,

    .

    .

    -

    ,

    151

  • .

    :

    1.

    , ,

    .

    2.

    V(t), .

    3. tKp:

    - vKp,

    ( % SKp, ) tKp;

    - V(t), , tKp;

    - -

    S(i), ..

    4. ,

    ,

    , /

    .

    5. .

    4.2.1.

    : -

    10 , - 2 ,

    152

  • - 3 ( 700 ). ( 15 ) , -

    , -

    , ,

    .

    2

    .

    - 1994-1995 .

    . -

    , .

    ,

    -

    .

    [Marson, 1969; Londen et al., 1975].

    . , ,

    (-5153, -5225), 120-210 ; , - - 90-100 .

    (-, .), C(t) - [ ., 1989]:

    C(t) = A-t b-e" k t (4.4), A, b :

    InC = InA + b lnt - kt (4.5). 153

  • InA, b

    . [ , 1983],

    ,....

    [ , 1989]

    .

    [ , 1983]

    = , , =1 (4.6) 1=0

    ;,

    :

    Q=Z(yj- i>x,y (4-7), J 1=0

    N - ,

    i - ,

    j - , Yj - ]-

    ,

    x,j - i- j- ,

    , - ;,

    .

    ;

    ,

    = [\']^ (4.8), Y=(yi...yN) - - ,

    154

  • a=(ai...an) - - ,

    =

    %oi.

    X-0N-

    Xin

    X-nN

    , 0=1 (4.9), - .

    , ,

    (4.8) . , -

    () ,

    t. (3.5) (3.6) :

    y=lnC, xi=lnt, x2=t,

    a0=lnA, a,=b, 2=-k (4.10).

    (4.5) (. , ) -5153, -5225 [ ., 1991].

    t R

    S ( R 1 S, ):

    -5153

    lnCi=l .427 + 0.806 hit - 0.0082 t (4.11), R= 0.879, S = 0.202;

    155

  • -5225

    2=12=2.709 + 0.477 hit - 0.0049 t (4.12), R= 0.814, S = 0.159;

    =13=1.359 + 0.622 lnt - 0.0062 t (4.13), R= 0.743, S=0.25.

    R

    S , -

    .

    ,

    ,

    -

    .

    -,

    .

    .

    t,

    C(t) :

    m = | C ( t ) d t (4.14).

    C(t) t,

    .

    156

  • ,

    .

    , - .

    , ,

    [ ., 2003; ., 20036].

    , -

    (. ). , -01, -02, -03, -05 1, 30, 51, 100,

    130, 190 . , ,

    .

    [, , 1978].

    ;=+

    i=1...6 (4.15), 0 - ,

    ; - i- ,

    i - .

    : i=l, t=l; i=2, t=30; i=3, t=51; i=4, t=100; i=5,

    t=130; i=6,t=190.

    (. 4.1) ,

    .

    .

    7 17 .

    .

    157

  • -

    5153, ,

    () -5225, - ,

    .

    4.1.

    (/2,.)

    t,

    1

    30

    51

    100

    130

    190

    , S

    -01 52.1725

    53.61

    91.6175

    59.945

    52.7775

    58.875

    8.1

    -02 55.34

    55.09

    94.9675

    82.7075

    70.45

    56.6425

    9.1

    -03 47.25

    50.275

    60.49

    70.6

    63.37

    58.2

    5.18

    -05 37.8433

    45.95

    78.47

    64.7133

    51.14

    48.7533

    4.9

    . ,

    -5153

    1,=1.427 + 0.806 lnt - 0.0082t

    ( 0.879 0.202).

    .

    , , -

    (. 4.1-4.7). ,

    ( ),

    158

  • ,

    , 2 (~ 60 / .), 20-23 /2 .

    3-4 (. 4.1) [ ., 1991]. -5153 -5225,

    ,

    140 170 (85.5 100.9 /2 ) (. 1, 2 2).

    3-5 (>120 /2 ).

    (. 3, 2). - 3 67.6-80.0 106-145 /2

    . ,

    16-19 /2 ,

    ., (10 /2 ) [Marine fouling..., 1952; ., 1989].

    , ,

    .

    , 3.5.

    , -5226

    () Rabamarine AF () (. ), - (. ) (. ) (. 4.2-4.7). 4.2-4.7

    .

    159

  • 4

    - 120-125 /2 5 -

    135-150 /2 (. 4.2-4.3). 40 , 56 -

    . 16.3-16.7

    /2 .

    7 0

    6 0 50 40 30 20 10 +

    ,

    . 4.1.

    (. , ).

    v, / .

    . 4.2. -5226

    ( - 11, 12, 13)

    160

  • v, / .

    t, .

    . 4.3. Rabamarine AF

    ( - Tl, 2) .

    , . 4

    130-150 /2 160

    /2 (. 4.4-4.5). , , 18.3-18.6

    / .

    - 2

    146.0-146.7 /2 135.2-135.4

    /2 (. 4.6-4.7).

    161

  • , /

    . 4.4.

    .

    v, / .

    -21 -22 -23

    300

    t, .

    . 4.5.

    .

    162

  • v, / -.

    250 t, .

    . 4.6. -

    .

    v, / .

    -31 -32

    250

    t, .

    . 4.7. -

    .

    . 4.8 ( ) -5226 () (, -). ,

    163

  • , -

    - . .

    , ,

    ( )

    . ,

    ,

    , ,

    .

    V, /(2.)

    14

    120

    100

    80-

    60

    40

    20

    100 200 300 400 500 600 t, .

    700

    .4.8. -5226 () (1), (2) - (3) (4).

    . 4.8,

    -5226

    164

  • (88 - 150 /2 ). ,

    21-27 /2 .

    .

    .

    ,

    , ,

    , v(t) .

    4.2.2.

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    21 9-

    . ,

    , .4.2-4.8,

    ,

    [ ..., 1957; Marson, 1969; Londen, 1975; ..., 1987; ., 1989].

    , V(t) ( ,

    ), , . 165

  • (3.1), , , .

    , , ( , ), ,

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    ( ) [ ., 2003] . , ,

    .

    ,

    (), . ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    , .

    - ,

    ,

    . ,

    , , (. 4.2.1).

    166

  • .

    ( ) :

    .

    -

    v(f)e{y(f) = af*exp(-&f),&>0} (4.16), a, b - ,

    , .

    V,

    . b

    V(t). .

    R -

    -

    ( 0.7 0.95), .

    (r(t)}-, (4.4)

    .

    T(t) {F(t)}= { + (/ - ' exp(-Af")} (4.17).

    (4.17) ,

    , , ,

    .

    , (t>0) (4.17) ao=t0=0, (3=1:

    167

  • {(0=;*(-&} (4.18).

    .

    (r0(t)} ( ao=t0=0, (3=1), ((()} ( t0=0, =1)

    {1(1)= + ;*(-&+(1)}, >0 (4.19). r,(t) r0(t) ,

    v0 0.

    .

    r0(t), ao=to=0, (3=1, :

    Ts(t) = atb, (ao=t0=k=0, (3=1) (4.20);

    Te(t)= a exp(-kta), (ao=t0=b=0, (3=1) (4.21);

    Yh(t)=ao + a(tfi -toy1, (k=0, b= -1) (4.22). (3

    t.

    - F(t) (4.17), v ( #0) t (to#0).

    (4.18)-(4.22) (4.17) .

    , ,

    .

    168

  • 4.2.3

    (4.17), , , ,

    , .

    ,

    ( ),

    - (), (), , .. [ , 1983; , 1984; , 1989; ., 1989].

    , ,

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    [, 1986]. ,

    .

    (4.18) - (4.22). (4.18), (4.19), (4.21), (4.22)

    .

    ( (4.18), (4.19), (4.21)) ( (4.22)) - .

    (4.18) In v(t)e {In 0 = In a +b lnt- kt a} (4.23),

    169

  • In , , ,

    .

    =[0.1... 4] ( , ) h> 0.1. (4.23) In a, b, , .

    ,

    (. ). (4.19):

    In (v(t) - ao)G {In (r0(t)= In a +b lnt- kt a} (4.24). (4.24) In a, b, k,

    ao .

    (, ), , 0 Vo h>l.

    L , , 20: A0=[v0-L, v0], L

  • v'(t)e {r(t) ' = m + ^ } (4.27),

    ao, a, t0

    :

    ao = l/ai; = -ai/m ; \.$=-1\ (4.28).

    \

    . (3 =[0.2... 1] h > 0.2.

    4.2.4.

    -

    (4.23) - (4.27).

    [ , 1983; , 1989].

    .

    ,

    {lnvj, i=l-kN}, N - [ , 1989]. ,

    [, 1984; ., 1989].

    . (4.23) . , = 0.2

    :

    (0.2, t) = lnv(t) = In + bint - kt0 2

    171

  • \,, .

    ,

    , ,

    RQ 2 So.2 .

    {(,%)} R

    a S.

    ( ) y(oto, t).

    4.2.5.

    ,

    R.

    .

    R

    . R ( 0.9) v(t)=exp y(t) (v, t) v, R

    v(t) .

    S

    .

    - .

    , t

    , R, S, Atm, Av

    m.

    172

  • (y=lnv,t), - (v, t) . At

    m, Av

    m

    (tm, v

    m) t v Zt t

    Zv v -

    :

    Atm = p(tm, Zt) , AVm = p(Vm, Zv) .

    (3.23) b 1/

    vm

    = a o + e x p [ - ( l n - 1 ) ] = ( ^ ^ ) / + .

    L= () ak

    vm

    = e x p [ - ( l n ~ - l ) ] = ( - ^ - ) b / a , Atm, Avm63au.

    a ak ake ,

    (4.26), tm

    ; ( 1 1 ) ] = ( a ak ake

    (4.25) (4.26) R, S, Atm, Av

    m

    , .

    y(a, t) (4.23) (, a, t) (4.24) .

    ao p t

    aoopt

    , ao p t

    R,

    S, Atm Avm ( (t

    m,v

    m)e (Zt; Zv)),

    .

    173

  • (4.25) - (4.27)

    R, , .

    ,

    ,

    R

    (4.25), (R(a)}, (4.26) {R((3)} (4.27) , R .

    .

    ( ) .

    .

    : (. ), -5153 -5225 (. ), (1), (. ), (1), (. ), (2), (. ), (3), (. ).

    :

    (1), , , 20% , 1988 .; (2) , 25% , 1978-1980 .; (3) , , 25% , 1978-1980 .

    (1). - 364 , - 36.

    ,

    Z, =56-71, Zv=50-H50.

    ,

    174

  • . 4.1.

    -

    .

    (3.16) . :

    y = lnv=a + bint -kt (4.29) .

    . 4.2.

    , ,

    (4.29). , : , ""

    ,

    (4.17), .

    (t

  • a

    1.0

    2.0

    3.0

    0.2

    1.0

    a 0

    0

    0

    0

    10

    10

    In a

    0.6447

    1.7844

    2.307

    9.059

    -1.871

    b

    0.911

    0.4683

    0.3077

    7.279

    1.576

    0.0108

    2.24-10^

    6.4-10*

    15.548

    0.0182

    R

    0.9158

    0.842

    0.762

    0.958

    0.931

    S

    0.157

    0.211

    0.253

    0.122

    0.156

    tm

    84.4

    102.3

    116.9

    70.0

    86.4

    ym

    43.6

    41.2

    39.2

    47.3

    45.92

    . 4.2 ,

    ( R 0.745 0.9158), : ( =0.2) R,

    S,

    .

    (4.24) y=ln(v - ) = In + bin t -kta,

    0, .

    -, v0

  • , (t>T2), t

    m: t

    m

  • , ,

    ,

    .

    (()) 2)). - 819 , - 82.

    TnK(3)Zt =32-48, Zv=44-50; TnK(2)Zt=15-30, Zv=54-60.

    ,

    .

    (4.16), , , (4.17) .

    . 4.4 4.5

    (t

  • :

    =0.2 R,

    S, (tm,

    vm) .

    . tm t (1)

    Zt (. . 4.4), . v

    m

    Zv ^0.2. , =0.2

    (tm, v

    m) (Zt, Zv)

    (t, v).

    4.5.

    ( ). (t0=0, 0=1).

    0.2

    0.5

    1

    0.2

    1

    0

    0

    0

    0

    10

    10

    In

    9.484

    2.0737

    2.137

    12.546

    0.811

    b

    3.757

    1.333

    0.6985

    5.143

    1.193

    8.394

    0.481

    0.0194

    13.286

    0.0356

    R

    0.974

    0.959

    0.924

    0.959

    0.896

    S

    0.086

    0.1075

    0.144

    0.085

    0.141

    tm

    27.47

    30.73

    36

    27.3

    33.5

    55

    53.17

    51.5

    55.9

    54

    . 4.5 , (2), =0.2 (4.23) : (t

    m, v

    m)e (Zt, Zv).

    (4.24), a0G 0=(5, 10, 15), . (

    179

  • . 4.4 4.5 (4.24) 0=10, =0.2 1).

    , t>55

    () t>35 (2). . 4.6 4.7,

    , -

    , - .

    ( ) ,

    (1) (2) - , . 4.6 4.7 .

    4.6.

    (=1, (3=1). to

    21.96

    0

    0

    0

    21.683

    0

    0

    476.105

    47.585

    27.058

    b

    -1

    -0.118

    0

    0

    0

    0.0003

    R

    0.806

    0.724

    0.612

    S

    0.00253

    0.078

    0.089

    4.7.

    (1) (2) (=1, =1).

    to

    24.084

    0

    0

    0

    21.061

    0

    0

    507.24

    69.704

    28.64

    b

    -1

    -0.1846

    0

    0

    0

    0.0004

    R

    0.915

    0.788

    0.571

    S

    0.00244

    0.1108

    0.148

    180

  • ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    :

    1.

    , tmax

  • (4.24) - . [0.1...4], 0=[20...40] - -5153 0=[35...55] - -5225.

    . 4.8 4.9, (0=0) , - . ,

    .

    4.8.

    . -

    5153 (t0=0,P=l).

    1

    2

    2.5

    1

    2

    2.5

    2.75

    3

    0

    0

    0

    0

    40

    40

    40

    40

    40

    In

    0.4625

    1.9945

    2.3847

    -11.7696

    -7.4463

    -6.3615

    -5.9417

    -5.5796

    b

    1.0595

    0.532

    0.4204

    4.125

    2.551

    2.225

    2.1038

    2.0011

    0.00988

    1.6-10-5

    6.32-10-"

    0.03583

    7.4-10"5

    3.94-10"

    9.24-10"7

    2.18-10"7

    R

    0.917

    0.955

    0.953

    0.9225

    0.9567

    0.9644

    0.9637

    0.9632

    S

    0.154

    0.13

    0.133

    0.1168

    0.088

    0.082

    0.081

    0.081

    L

    107

    129

    147.8

    115.1

    131.3

    138.5

    141.9

    145.1

    78

    74.9

    75

    79.9

    81.3

    83.3

    82.2

    81

    .

    ,

    R, S

    Zt, Zv, =2.5

    -5153 =3.5 -5225. ,

    Atm = p(tm,Z,)

    Avm = p(v

    m,Zv)

    0 = 2 5 -5153

    ^=2.7, Avm=1.6 =3.5

    -5225. 182

  • . 4.8 4.9

    ,

    , ,

    .

    (4.20), (4.21) =1 (4.22), [0.1...1] \

    . 4.8 4.9 ( - (3=0.2 1, - ).

    ,

    -5225 ,

    -5153 ( ) , -, .

    ,

    .

    ,

    VQ.

    183

  • 4.9.

    .

    -5225 (to=0, =1).

    1

    2

    3

    3.5

    1

    2

    3

    3.25

    3.5

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    35

    35

    35

    35

    35

    In

    2.7097

    3.2085

    3.45399

    3.5423

    0.44258

    1.24209

    1.65118

    1.77107

    1.80006

    b

    0.4887

    0.2861

    0.209

    0.1834

    0.9729

    0.6329

    0.4995

    0.476

    0.4548

    0.00516

    1-10"

    2.56-10*

    1.32-10"

    9.64-103

    2.127-10"5

    6.1-10'*

    1.429-10*

    3.35-10"

    R

    0.85

    0.917

    0.929

    0.94

    0.80

    0.92

    0.936

    0.945

    0.952

    S

    0.145

    0.11

    0.095

    0.094

    0.1395

    0.105

    0.077

    0.072

    0.068

    tm

    94.7

    119.6

    133.

    142.3

    100.9

    122.2

    139.8

    143.6

    147.3

    85.2

    84.3

    82.8

    80.5

    87.4

    87.8

    88.05

    88.7

    88.4

    4.10.

    . -5153 (=1). to

    138.56

    2.56

    1

    1

    1

    0.2

    1

    1

    0

    16.815

    4.766

    0

    ..

    2329.9

    12.632

    219.313

    168232.12

    b

    -1

    -1

    0

    -1.4956

    0

    0

    0.0062

    0

    R

    0.81

    0.85

    0.953

    0.932

    S

    0.0073

    0.0066

    0.137

    0,164

    4.11.

    . -5225 (=1). to

    153.89

    2.687

    0

    0

    1

    0.2

    1

    1

    0

    23.2

    6.77

    0

    0

    3569.8

    18.18

    275.338

    276613.75

    b

    -1

    -1

    0

    -1.5081

    0

    0

    0.0057

    0

    R

    0.931

    0.947

    0.966

    0.963

    S

    0.002

    0.00177

    0.081

    0.085

    184

  • ,

    -5153 -5225 (tm/TH> 1/2), (tm/T1/2, >2,

    ,

    .

    (-5225 ) .

    ,

    ( ).

    -01, -02, -03, -05,

    - , -

    / .

    .

    ,

    .

    (I ) (. ).

    - 1458 , - 14.

    :

    -01: (Zt=180-230, Zv= 116-124), -02: (Z,=190-240, Z

    v=70-78),

    -03: (Z,=180-210, Zv=73-81),

    -05: (Zt=110-180, Zv=102-112).

    185

  • (4.23) [0.2...3] .

    ( R>0.82 >0.5). t

    m ,

    (. 4.12-4.15) (t0=0, =1, 0=0)).

    4.12.

    . -01 (. ) (t0=0, |3=1).

    0.2

    0.5

    1

    2

    0.2

    0.5

    1

    2

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    64

    64

    64

    64

    In

    4.72757

    4.07363

    4.07898

    4.15212

    1.5422

    -0.9752

    -1.1283

    -1.0460

    b

    0.3382

    0.1761

    0.1189

    0.0795

    1.8698

    1.3316

    1.1614

    1.0551

    0.68484

    3.023-10'"

    5.5-10'"

    3 -10"7

    2.6473

    0.1581

    5.52-10"

    1.2-10'5

    R

    0.751

    0.8213

    0.8626

    0.8211

    0.977

    0.983

    0.9898

    0.9943

    S

    0.146 "

    0.126

    0.1119

    0.126

    0.091

    0.0791

    0.061

    0.045

    tm

    91.8

    135.7

    216.2

    364

    549.3

    283.6

    210.4

    209.7

    96.07

    98.1

    99.4

    97.6

    118

    102.5

    114.5

    122.36

    4.13.

    . -02 (. ) (t0=0, (3=1).

    0.2

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    In

    4.64284

    3.2554

    3.2675

    3.3552

    b

    0.6384

    0.2923

    0.171

    0.1185

    1.4555

    0.06394

    1.17-10'

    2.53-10-5

    R

    0.799

    0.8613

    0.899

    0.8841

    S

    0.2844

    0.2404

    0.2071

    0.2211

    tm

    50.7

    83.6

    146.2

    213.6

    Ym

    52.32

    52.7

    51.9

    50

    186

  • a

    2

    0.2

    0.5

    1

    2

    a0

    0

    30

    30

    30

    30

    In a

    3.4275

    0.8485

    -2.1937

    -2.3306

    -2.2243

    b

    0.0858

    2.2724

    1.5801

    1.3616

    1.2388

    6.31-10"

    3.2285

    0.18136

    5.93''

    1.3-10'

    R

    0.8503

    0.9921

    0.9943

    0.997

    0.998

    S

    0249

    0.0821

    0.0694

    0.05

    0.0375

    tm

    213

    539.8

    303.6

    229.6

    218.3

    Ym

    46.7

    73.9

    65.4

    70.85

    76

    4.14.

    . -03 (. ) (t0=0, (3=1). a

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    0.2

    0.5

    1

    2

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0