-
-
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2005
-
-
.
.
,
.
.
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.
- .
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
77 , 27 19
. 23 ,
.
-
:
. 1. ....................................18
. 2 . ...................23
. 3 2002-04 .. ( US
Geological Survey).
...........................................................................................................25
. 4
.
..................................................................26
. 5 . ............................26
. 6 . ..........................................29
. 7 ......................................................41
. 8 ..42
. 9 ..............................43
. 10 . .......................44
. 11 ........................................45
. 12 .
...................................................................46
. 13 . .................................47
. 14 . .................................48
. 15 .
............................................................48
. 16 .
.....................................................................................49
. 17 .
...........................................................................................................49
. 18 .
...............................................................................50
. 19 .
..............................................................................50
. 20 ,
.
............................................................................................................................51
. 21 . ...............................55
. 22 ......................60
. 23 .........................65
. 24
.
............................................................................................................................66
. 25 .67
. 26 .......................69
. 27 , . ..........................................73
-
- 1 -
:
1. .
....................................................................................................................3
1.1. .
.............................................................................................3
1.2. .
.......................................................................................................5
1.3.
..........................................................................................5
2. .
..................................................................................................8
2.1. .
................................................................8
2.2. ....................................9
2.3. .............................13
2.4. . ...............................13
2.5.
.
................................................................................................................15
2.6.
.......................................................................16
2.7. .
...................................................................................17
2.8. . ...............................18
3. . ..............................................20
3.1. .
.........................................................20
3.2. .
............................................................23
3.2.1. , ..................23
3.2.2. .
...........................................................26
3.2.3. .
.........................................................27
3.2.4. . .............................28
4. . ....................................................29
4.1.
.
.............................................................................................29
4.2. . ............................................30
4.3. .
.........................................................31
5. .
......................................................................................................33
5.1.
...............................................................................33
5.2. . .................................35
5.2.1. .
...............................................................................................35
5.2.2. .
....................................................................36
5.2.3. .
.................................................................36
-
2
5.2.4. .
.....................................................................36
5.2.5. ...................37
5.2.6. .
........................................................................37
5.2.7. ...................37
5.3. .
...................................................................38
6. .
.............................................................................41
6.1. . .........................................42
6.1.1.
......................................................43
6.1.2. .
................................................................................44
6.1.3. .
...................................................................45
6.1.4.
.................................................................................46
6.2.
.............................................................................47
7. .
............................................................53
7.1. ...53
7.2. .
..................................................................................57
7.3. .
.........................................................................58
7.4. . ......................................59
7.5. .
..................................................................59
7.6.
-........................................................63
7.7. .
....................................................................................65
7.7.1. .
..............................................................................65
7.7.2. .....65
7.7.3. . ....66
7.7.4. . .........................................66
7.7.5.
..............................................................................................67
7.7.6.
....................................................69
7.7.7. /
...................................................................70
8. .
..........................................................72
9. .
..............................................................................................................73
-
3
Re 75 186,207 (/3) 21,01 toC 3180 t.oC 5627
1. .
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,
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2800
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50-
100 /. ,
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20 .
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, .
Purolite International Limited ()
,
.
, ,
.
90%.
,
.
,
.
-
.
2500 .
. ,
.
19%
, 900 .
,
, ()
.
.
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3000 .
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2,000
4,000
6,000
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10,000
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14,000
16,000
18,000
2004. 2005. 2006. 2007. 2008. 2009. 2010. 2015.
,
.
. 1 .
-
8
2. .
2.1. .
90-
.
.
. 2
.
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.
. ,
.
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-
9
2.2. .
,
, ,
, , , ..
.
.
,
, ..
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
.
,
,
, .
1999 Andrew Brown,
Roskill Co. (), , 80%
,
[1].
Pratt & Whitney General Electric,
. Cannon Muskegon,
,
Rolls Royce 1.
3% .
, 6%.
. ..
1 Anthony Lipmann, Rhenium: - From Copper Mine to Gas Turbine. -
2000.
-
10
-47,
9%. 1000 350
[2].
. 75%
. 1999 74 .
[ 3 ]. 66% , 17% -
, 9% - .
Dale Schenk Pratt & Whitney , 40%
18 27
, [4].
CMSX-4, Cannon Muskegon,
,
Trent 500, Airbus A340-500 600,
Eurofighter Typhoon.
Pratt & Whitney GE 767,
Rolls Royce 777. 767
PW 4184 38,1 , PWA
1484, GE90 40,8 ,
Rene N5 3% . Rolls Royce Trent 892 41,7
Trent 895 43,1
Cannon Muskegon CMSX-10 6% (,
RR3000, Cannon Muskegon Rolls
Royce). Rolls Royce Trent 892 25
1.
, 1998
12,3 . , 2018
26 , 70% [5].
Billie Jones,
Pratt & Whitney, , 15 .
20 ,
1999 [6]. 37 38 .
. Jones ,
1 Anthony Lipmann, Rhenium: - From Copper Mine to Gas Turbine. -
2000.
-
11
,
.
Rolls-Royce 20
18,7 : 17920
100 , 820 ( 15
). 48,1
, .
.
2005
1.
,
. , ,
18%2.
, - ,
.
Joint Strike Fighter, 3 .
, 6 . 3.
.
,
,
.
1650 ,
. ,
, ,
, .
GE
Power Systems, Alstom Gas Turbines, Siemens Westinghouse, ABB
Fiat.
, ,
. 1 Superalloys Fly High. Tom Stundza, Executive Editor,
Purchasing, July 15, 2004. 2 . 3 2004 Roskill Information Services.
All rights reserved.
-
12
. 3 .
. . 4,
10% . ,
.
. 4 [7].
GE, Pratt&Whitney, Rolls Royce .
. ,
Canon Muskegon ,
.
[8].
, ,
. Molymet (), Cyprus
(), Rhenium Alloys (), H.C.Starck (), W.C.Heraeus ().
-
13
. 4 . 2000 100%.
2.3. .
,
.
, .
, ,
.
. ,
.
2.4. .
60-70-
,
. , Chevron
UOP, .
, .
-
14
0,3% 0,3%
, . ,
, , 7 .
, : UOP, Criterion
Catalysts .,
. , 5-10 /,
, ,
, .. .
, ,
. ,
600 , .. 1,8 /,
.
.
1000 / ,
.
.
.
: 1997 220 ; 1998 478 ; 1999 295 ; 2000 70
; 2001 250 . 50-100 /
200
.
,
,
500-800 /.
,
.
.
80-95% . , ,
2-3 / .
.
"" 150-250 (
""). 2 5
-
15
.
300 1250 /. (),
, .. 300-400 .
.
,
300 /, 1 .
, , .
.
80- ,
, .. -
-. , ,
,
, .. 200
1995 . 2000 1996 .
,
,
4 [9].
,
.
, BASF, DuPont Zeneca/ICI
Lycra Spandex.
2.5.
.
( 50:50).
.
, 5 26% ,
-
16
.
41-47,5% .
,
.
( . ,
), , - 48-
19-510-91, 48-19-512-91,
- -27 48-19-274-91,
- -47 48-19-254-91.
100-1000 .
,
.
.
(60 120-140)
" ".
, , -,
.
2.6. .
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
-
17
Super Alloys
, .
[10]. -
,
,
.
[11].
2.7. .
,
NH4ReO4.
,
, ,
.
.
Re 69,4%.
100 ppm1 "" .
,
.
150. 360 .
, ..
600.
. . 1,3-1,5 /,
100 ppm. ,
70 ppm.
(VII),
, .
,
( ),
1 ppm parts per million, .. .
-
18
,
..
2.8. .
. 1. .
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 , 6,600 7,500 6,300 4,400 4,600 ,
14,700 15,900 23,400 16,600 14,500
, 21,300 23,400 29,600 21,000 19,100 , :
, 99.99% 1,100 1,010 910 1,030 1,110
610 510 790 810 840
. 1
.
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.
,
, ,
, 2023 43-54 .
.
,
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537,5- 675
20 , 26,9 - 33,75 .
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5 800 .
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19
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.
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36,9 43,75 .
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41 ,
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60 75% , 1-2
24,6 30,75 . ,
.
4 .
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.
,
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.
70%.
,
10 52,7 62,5 .
, .
-
20
3. .
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, ,
,
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, (4+),
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.
.
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.
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.
. 3,
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,
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, -,
.
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-
21
Cu, Mo, Re
Cu, Mo, Re
Cu, Re
-
Mo, Re
Cu, Re
Re
Re
Cu
Cu
Cu
Mo
Re
Re
. 5 - .
-
22
,
.
.
3383
2885
2751
2278
2692
3262
2498
2395
1734
1638
1841
1559
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
,
.
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
,
$
, .
, $
. 6 ,
.
. 6 ,
.
.
, , ,
.
-
23
3.2. .
(The Economics of Rhenium, Roskill
Information Service), 41
.
35,5 37 ,
[13].
. 7 ,
,
.
.
. 8
2004 . ,
,
.
. 2 1.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 , 7100 5500 4000 3900 4200
, 16400 23400 16600 14500 15700
, 23500 28900 20600 18400 19900
, , ():
, 99.99% 940 910 1030 1090 985 510 790 810 790 840
3.2.1. , .
,
( ).
.
-
Molymet, Sierrita (Phelps Dodge), Fort Madison (Phelps Dodge),
Cyprus ,
Sadaci .
1 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January
2005.
-
24
9.5
13.7
13.5
9.6
15.2
18.4 19
24.4 2
6.7
35.2
33.6
36.6
32
24.2 2
6.7 28
.2
22.7
35.6
46
43 43
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
,
$
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
,
, $/ ,
. 7 .
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
1,600.00
31.12.2004 02.11.2004 20.08.2004 09.07.2004 04.06.2004
01.05.2004 01.04.2004 15.03.2004 13.02.2004
,
$
(69,4% ) , US$/
, US$ /
. 8 2004 .
-
25
(Molymet Cyprus Amax) . , ,
Kennecott Huckleberry (
) Sadaci,
.
. 3 8 2002-04 .. ( US Geological Survey).
, 2002 2003 2004
9, .
10, .
4,4 3,9 4,2 0,39 4,5 0,8 1,0 1,0 0,095 0,12 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,5 14,1
15,6 15,6 1,3 2,5 2,6 2,6 2,9 0,19 0,25 5,0 5,0 5,0 0,045 0,55 1,4
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Molymet ,
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, 12
.
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-
26
.
Roskill , Molymet,
,
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- .
.
,
1,5 .
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Molymet 15-17
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Cyprus Amax 6
2,5-3
. 5 .
H.C. Starck 2
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Cyprus Amax Rotterdam 1.5
Cannon Muskegon 2
Gemini, Ultramet, Rhenium Alloys 2
3.2.2. .
, .
, .
UK 11 Rhenium: - From Copper Mine to Gas Turbine. By Anthony
Lipmann Lipmann Walton & Co Ltd.,
-
27
(. )
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.
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20
.
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Asia Rhenium Resource.
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Sadaci, . ,
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28
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29
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-
30
, ,
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(1 2 3). . Molymet Cyprus Amax.
,
.
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(2 3). . , Cyprus Amax
Rotterdam, Cannon Muskegon, Gemini, Ultramet, Rhenium Alloys .
,
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.
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.
.
(3 4). . Molymet, Cyprus, Rhenium Alloys, H.C.Starck and W.C.
Heraeus Cannon
Muskegon, , ,
Rolls Royce. ,
.
4.2. .
,
.
,
.
-
31
,
. , ,
,
.
,
. Alex Stewart (Assayers)
Ltd ().
, London Metal Exchange (LME), Commodity Exchange -
(COMEX), Minor Metals Traders Association (MMTA) .
, , Societe
Generale de Surveillance (SGS), Sheffield Assay Office .
,
,
3 . 6.
, ,
, . ,
.
. -
.
. .
,
, , ,
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UOP Criterion Catalysts ,
.
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-
32
. . ,
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.
.
,
.
, .
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. : Molymet,
Cyprus, Rhenium Alloys, H.C.Starck W.C. Heraeus,
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33
5. .
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5.3. .
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42
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.
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-
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.
,
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. 15 .
1 2 3 4 5
3 -323,716 -323,716 -323,716 -323,716 -323,716
:
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-25,580 -25,580 -25,580 -25,580 -25,580 -3,019 -3,019 -3,019
-3,019 -3,019 -6,284 -6,284 -6,284 -6,284 -6,284 -41,376 -41,376
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-818 -818 -818 -818 -818
-
49
. 16 .
1 2 3 4 5 4 -482,599 -482,599 -482,599 -482,599 -482,599
:
- -92,400 -92,400 -92,400 -92,400 -92,400
-27,720 -27,720 -27,720 -27,720 -27,720
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:
1 . Andrew Brown , US said to lead aerospace production,
consumption, Roskill Co.
London American Metal Market, April 20, 1999 .
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Academy of
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4 . .
5 . .
6 . .
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.., - .: , 1976.
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15 . .., .., .., ..
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II- -
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-
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147, . , 10-13.07.2002
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+7-095-363-50562005-06-06T17:25:57+0400Moscow, Russia I am the
author of this document
