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KiwQ †mUv AZ¨šÍ Ô†mbwmwUfÕ| KviY, e ‧i m~ÿvwZm~ÿ KYv wb‡q Gm‡ei Kvievi| d‡j †h cwiw wZ‡Z, GgbwK †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨

GBme cixÿv-wbixÿv Kiv nq, cwiw wZi we›`ygvÎ cwieZ©b n‡j Gme †ÿ‡Î Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e GKUv weivU cwieZ©b N‡U hvq| GgbwK

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wcÖwÝc&j‡K Ôg¨v_v‡gwUK¨vj BKz‡qkbÕ-Gi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq| myZivs GKUv welq †evSv `iKvi †h, †Kvb wbqgB hw` KvR bv K‡i,

Zvn‡j GB wcÖwÝc&j‡K g¨v_v‡gwU‡Kj wi‡jkb-Gi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv wKfv‡e m¤¢e? d‡j GLv‡b indeterminate factor Gi A‡_©

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NU‡e, we‡kl K‡i GB mg Í m~ÿvwZm~ÿ e ‧KYv‡K Rvbevi gZ Dchy³ hZ m~ÿ h‡š¿i Avwe®‥vi n‡e, ZZ GBme welq m¤ú‡K© gvbyl

Av‡iv DbœZ I mg„× aviYv AvqË¡ Ki‡e| GB m¤ú‡K© †Kvb m‡›`‡ni AeKvk †bB|Ó [wke`vm †Nvl iPbvejx, 2q LÛ, c„ôv-149, 150]

GLv‡b wke`vm †Nvl m~ÿ hš¿cvwZi welqwU †hfv‡e G‡b‡Qb Zv cÖvmw½K bq| KviY B‡jKUªb ev gvB‡µvcvwU©Kj Gi Ae vb Ges

fi‡e‡Mi ci®úi cwic~iK ag© _v‡K †h GKBm‡½ G‡`i cwigvc Kiv hv‡e bv, GUv GKUv e ‧MZ wbq‡gi AšÍM©Z| 2005 mv‡j Rvcvbx

c`v_©we` gvmvbvI IRvIqv Ges 2007 mv‡j U‡i‡›Uvi c`v_©we` †iv‡Rgvmn wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ weÁvbx‡`i M‡elYv †_‡K jÿ¨ Kiv hvq

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system still has the uncertainty in it that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle says it does. But you

don't have to add more uncertainty to the quantum system by measuring it." (A_©vr ÒGLbI †Zvgvi

†Kvqv›Uvg e¨e vq AwbðqZv Av‡Q †hgb K‡i nvB‡RbevM© Zvi ÒAwbðqZvi bxwZÓ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb wKš‧ G‡K cwigvb Ki‡Z wM‡q

†Kvqv›Uvg e¨e vq Av‡iv †ekx AwbðqZv †hvM Kivi `iKvi †bB)Ó GmBDwmAvB (KwgDwb÷) cvwU© I Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nv‡li

Av‡jvPbvi mxeve×Zv ai‡Z †c‡i 2006 mv‡j wke`vm †Nvl wbev©wPZ iPbvejx 2q L‡Ð ZviKvwPý w`‡q ms‡kvabx G‡b wj‡L‡Qb,

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complementary property- (A_©vr cwic~iK mËv ev •ewkó) †h Kvi‡Y GKB m‡½ G‡`i Ae vb I MwZ‡e‡Mi cwigvc mywbwðZ

K‡i Kiv m¤¢eci bq| GKB cixÿvq GKB m‡½ gvc‡Z †M‡j cwigv‡ci fz‡ji gvÎvi †ni‡di Ggb n‡e †h †Kvb Dcv‡qB Zv‡K GKUv

b~¨bZg gvb †_‡K Kgv‡bv m¤¢eci bq| GUvB nvB‡mbev‡M©i Avbmvi‡UwbwU wcÖwÝc&†j cÖKvwkZ| hš¿cvwZi DbœwZi Dci G welqUv wbf©i

K‡i bv|Ó [wke`vm †Nvl iPbvejx, 2q LÐ, c„ôv-150] G cÖm‡½ ejv hvq †h, weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ I weÁvbx‡`i Avwe®‥vi‡K wZwb 1967

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bv|Ó [wke`vm †Nvl wbe©vwPZ iPbvejx, 2q LÐ, c„ôv-150]

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Ges B‡j±ª‡bi MwZ Av‡jvi MwZi KvQvKvwQ| Av‡jvi MwZ 3 x108 Kms-1) Kvh©Ki bq| wKš‧ Ab¨ wbqg Kvh©Ki| †hgb wbDU‡bi

MwZ m~Î `„k¨gvb e ‧i MwZi †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Ki wKš‧ B‡jKUªb-hv kw³kvjx AbyexÿY h‡š¿I †`Lv hvq bv †mLv‡b Kvh©Ki bq| Gi A_© GB

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wK h_v_© ?

2) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒÔj Ae †cÖvevwewjwUÕ wba©viYev`‡K c~e©wba©viYev‡`i wbqwZev`x aviYv †_‡K gy³ K‡i‡Q|Ó

Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl e‡j‡Qb, ÒÔj Ae cÖevwewjwUÕ wba©vibev`‡K cye©wba©vibev‡`i wbqwZev`x aviYv †_‡K gy³ K‡i‡Q|Ó divwm

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wewa _vKv DwPZ hvi mvnv‡h¨ gnvwe‡k¦i †h †Kv‡bv GK mgqKvi Ae v hw` m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Rvbv _v‡K, Zvn‡j fwel¨‡Z gnvwe‡k¦ Kx NU‡e

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wbDU‡bi wewa¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ †m․iZ‡š¿i Ab¨ †h‡Kvb mgqKvi Ae v MYbv Kiv m¤¢e| c~e©wba©viYev`x GB aiYvwU cÖkœwe× n‡q c‡o

AvBb÷vB‡bi Av‡cwÿKZv Z‡Ë¡i ga¨ w`‡q| Avi 1927 mv‡j nvB‡Rbev‡M©i uncertainty principle G‡K cy‡ivcywi LvwiR K‡i

†`q| 1964 mv‡j Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl GmBDwmAvB †bZv-Kg©x‡`i mvg‡b GB welqwU Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|

K¬vwmKvj Probability Theory M‡o IVvi mswÿß BwZnvm:

Ryqv †Ljv‡Z dice (Q°v) Gi ZË¡ msµvšÍ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z wM‡q BZvjxq MwbZwe` M¨vwjwjI (1564-1642) Probability-i

msL¨vZ¥K cwigvY †ei Kivi †Póv K‡ib| wKš‧ mß`k kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M Probability Theory‟i cÖ_g MvwbwZK wfwË cÖ`vb K‡ib

`yÕRb †d«Â MwbZwe`- †eøBR c¨vm‡Kj (1623-1662) Ges cx‡q‡i dvg©vU (1601-1665) †d«Â Ryqvwi I m¤£všÍ e¨w³ †Pfvwjqvi wW

†gqv‡ii c¨vm‡K‡ji Kv‡Q †`qv wKQz mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z wM‡q|

KvwmKvj †cÖvevwewjwUi Dci †R.ev‡b©vwj (1640-1705) GKwU eB wj‡Lb “Treatise on Probability” hv Zvi g„Zz¨i ci 1713

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Zviv †`Lvb †h, †Kvb game †K hw` 10 evi repeat Kiv hvq, 6 evi hw` Kvw•ÿZ dj (favourable outcome) cvIqv hvq

Zvn‡j 11 Zg evi game †K repeat Ki‡j Kvw•ÿZ dj Avmvi m¤¢vebv n‡e- 60%

Probability = x 100%= x 100%= 0.6 x 100% = 60%Gfv‡eB mß`k kZvãx‡Z

MwYZwe` I Ryqvwo‡`i cÖZ¨ÿ mn‡hvwMZvq M‡o I‡V K¬vwmKvj cÖevwewjwU w_Iwi| 250 eQi ci 1964 mv‡j Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl

law of Probability-Gi Dci Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| GB AvovBk eQ‡i Probability law Gi Av‡iv A‡bK development

n‡q‡Q| K‡qKwU kvLvq fvM n‡q‡Q Probability. weÁv‡bi mg Í kvLvq (MwbZ, c`v_©, imvqb, RxeweÁvb, GgbwK mgvR weÁvbI)

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bZzb aviYv wb‡q Avmvi cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z bv cvivi mgm¨vi Kvi‡YB Kg‡iW nvq`vi G `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb|

3) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q ÒcøyivwjwU Ae K‡RmÓ|

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GKUv g Í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq nj Kvh©KviY m¤úK©, A_©vr j Ae KRvwjwU m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv M‡o †Zvjv|Ó wZwb Awbw ©óiƒ‡c

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†m¸‡jv ÔKRÕ ev KviY bq; †m¸‡jv‡K ejv DwPZ Ôd¨v±iÕ ev KwÛkb| wewfbœ NUbv ev cwiw wZi wgj‡bi cÖwµqvq †h g~û‡Z©

KviYUv cwic°Zv (Maturity) jvf K‡i †mB g~û‡Z©i Kvh© ev ÔG‡d±ÕUvI N‡U| GB w`KUv †evSv‡Z wM‡qB ejv nq, what

is cause that is effect, or, cause is the immediate antecedent of effect- hvnv KviY ZvnvB dj, A_ev,

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LÛ, gvK©mev` I Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘ev‡`i K‡qKwU w`K cÖm‡½, c„ôv-143-144]

cÖvPxbKv‡j fvi‡Z Ges wMÖ‡m `vk©wbKiv g‡b Ki‡Zb, KviY n‡”Q Pvi cÖKvi: 1) Dcv`vb KviY (material cause); 2)

wbwgË KviY (efficient cause); 3) D‡Ïk¨ KviY (purposive cause); 4) Avw`/P~ovšÍ KviY (first/final cause)|

†i‡bkuvm DËiKv‡j Bsj‡Û †eKb Avi BZvwj‡Z M¨vwj‡jI wbtk‡ã cÖ_g ywU‡K wgwj‡q w`‡q (GKUvB) KviY wnmv‡e m~wPZ

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IVvi mswÿß BwZnvm|

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cÖwµqvq A‡bK¸‡jv Ø›Ø Av‡Q, Ges G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKUv ¯fveZtB cÖavb Ø›Ø hvi Aw ÍZ¡ I weKvk Ab¨vb¨ ؇›Øi Aw ÍZ¡ I weKvk‡K

wba©vwiZ ev cÖfvweZ K‡i|Ó d‡j wke`vm †Nv‡li c~‡e©B G m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv gvK©mev`x `vk©wbKiv K‡i‡Qb| ZvB G wel‡q wke`vm

†Nv‡li †g․wjKZv `vwe Kiv hZv_© bq|

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G‡d± wi‡jkvb ev ÔjÕ Ad KRvwjwU, A_©vr Kvh©KviY m¤úK©‡K †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb| Aek¨ G‡ÿ‡ÎI GKwU welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i GKUv weåvwšÍ

Avwg jÿ K‡iwQ| †Kvb †Kvb •eÁvwbK g‡b Ki‡Qb †h, ÔwWUviwgwbRgÕ ev ÔwWUviwgwb÷ jÕ‡K, †hUv Ôj Ad KRvwjwUÕ-iB wfbœ

Awfe¨w³, †g‡b wb‡j Ô†cÖv‡ewewjwUÕ‡K gvbv hvq bv| wVK GKB fv‡e GB mg Í •eÁvwbKiv e‡jb, †cÖv‡ewewjwU‡K †g‡b wb‡j

wWUviwgwbRg gvbv hvq bv| GBfv‡e welqwU‡K †K› ª K‡i ïay mvaviY ͇ii •eÁvwbK‡`i g‡a¨B bq, GgbwK wW-eªMwjÕi gZ cÖL¨vZ

•eÁvwbK‡`i †ÿ‡ÎI h‡_ó weåvwšÍ i‡q †M‡Q|Ó [wke`vm †Nvl iPbvejx, 2q LÐ, gvK©mev` I Ø›Øg~jK e ‧ev‡`i K‡qKwU w`K cÖm‡½,

c„ôv-144]

1924 mv‡j wW-eªMwji M‡elYvi ga¨ w`‡q Ôwave-perticle duality theory of matter‟ ZË¡ cÖKvwkZ nq| GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i

B‡jKUª‡bi KYv I Zi½ Dfq ag©B we`¨gvb| KLbI Gi KYvag© cÖavb, KLbI Zi½ ag© cÖavb| Ges wZwb †`Lvb, Ô†h †Kvb MwZkxj

e ‧i mv‡_B Zvi Zi½ hy³ _v‡KÕ| GB ZË¡ c`v_© weÁv‡b GK bZzb Øvi D‡b¥vPb K‡i| GB „wave-perticle duality theory of

matterÕ Gi Rb¨ 1929 mv‡j wW-eªMwj c`v_© weÁv‡b †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| probability †K †g‡b wb‡j determinism

gvbv hvq bv| wW eªMwj Ggb †Kvb aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Zb e‡j Avgv‡`i Rvbv †bB| cÖL¨vZ weÁvbx wW eªMwj m¤ú©‡K Ggb GKwU gšÍe¨

Kivi Av‡M reference †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb wQj|

4) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒmvaviY A‡_© G K_v fzj n‡e †h, A¨v›UvMwbRg BR †U‡¤úv‡iwi, KbUªvwWKkb BR cvg©v‡b›UÓ|

(ÁvbZË¡)

wke`vm †Nvl ÔÁvbZË¡, Ø›Øg~jK e ‧ev` I wecøe cÖm‡½Õ eB‡q †jwbb‡K D×…Z K‡i‡Qb GBfv‡e,ÒA¨v›UvMwbRg A¨vÛ K›UªvwWKkb Avi

bU A¨vU Aj Iqvb A¨vÛ `¨ †mg| AvÛvi †mvm¨vwjRg `¨ dv÷© DBj wWmA¨vwcqvi `¨ †m‡KÛ DBj wi‡gBb|Ó (Ø›Ø Ges we‡iva GB

`y‡Uv KLbB GK bq| mgvRZ‡š¿ cÖ_gUv AšÍwn©Z n‡e, wØZxqUv _vK‡e|) [ c„ôv-116] gvI †mZzs †K D×…Z K‡i‡Qb GBfv‡e,

ÒA¨v›UvMwbRg BR Iqvb dg©, evU bU w` Ibwj dg© Ae `¨ óªvMj Ae A‡cvwRUm; `¨ dg©yjv Ae A¨v›UvMwbRg K¨vb bU we AviweUªvwiwj

A¨vcøv‡qW Gfwi †nvq¨vi|Ó ( yB we‡ivax kw³i ؇›Øi GKUv iƒc n‡”Q we‡iva| wKš‧ Zv GKgvÎ iƒc bq; we‡iv‡ai dg©~jv‡K †Lqvj

LykxgZ me©Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv)| [ c„ôv-116] Gici wZwb ej‡Qb, ÒcyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri D`vniY‡K mvg‡b †i‡L hw` Avgiv wePvi Kwi

Z‡e Zvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z cyuwRev`‡K DrLvZ Kivi ga¨ w`‡q cÖ_‡g mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯'vi cˇbi ga¨ w`‡q †h‡nZz& GB we‡kl Ø›Ø, A_©vr

Drcv`b I e›Ub‡K †K› ª K‡i †h we‡kl we‡ivavZ¥K Ø›Ø Zvi Aemvb N‡U- †mB A‡_© †mUv‡K mvgwqK ejv nq| Gfv‡e ejvi g‡a¨

†K‡bv fzj †bB|Ó [ c„ôv-117] GLv‡b jÿ¨bxq ‡h, A¨v›UvMwbRg BR †U‡¤úv‡iwi K›UªvwWKkb BR cvg©v‡b›U- ‡jwbb wKsev gvI †mZzs

Kv‡iv Av‡jvPbvq G e³e¨ GBfv‡e cvIqv hvq bv| ZviciI G K_vwU‡K D‡jøL K‡i wke`vm †Nvl Ø›Ø wePv‡i mZK© _vKvi Rb¨ ej‡Qb,

ÒwKš‧ †jwbb ev gvI Gi GB e³e¨‡K me©Rbxb Ki‡j gvivZ¥K fzj Kiv n‡e| †Kbbv Avgiv hLb ewj Ø›Ø, †mB Ø›Ø Ae vb Ki‡Q

gv‡bB nj ‡m A¨v›UvMwbRg (we‡iva) Ges bb-A¨v›UvMwbRg (wgjb) `y‡Uv wb‡qB Ae vb Ki‡Q| myZivs mvaviY A‡_© GK_v ejv fyj

n‡e †h, A¨v›UvMwbRg BR †U‡¤úvivwi KbUªvwWKkb BR cvg©v‡b›U (we‡iva n‡”Q mvgwqK, Ø›Ø n‡”Q vqx)| Avevi GK_vI †Lqvj ivL‡Z

n‡e, ؇›Øi g‡a¨ we‡iva Ges wgjb GB y‡UvB Ae vb Ki‡Q BDwbfvm©vwjwU A¨vÛ cvwU©KzjvwiwU Ae K›UªvwWKkb -Gi (؇›Øi mve©Rbxb

I we‡kl iƒ‡ci) g‡a¨B| A_©vr e ‧gq GB RM‡Z Ggb †Kv‡bv e ‧mËv †bB †hLv‡b Ø›Ø †bB, NvZ-cÖwZNvZ †bB|Ó [c„ôv-117] gvI

†mZzs e‡jwQ‡jb Ò؇›Øi me©RbxbZv I mywbw ©óZv‡K Dcjwä Kivi ci Avgv‡`i Aek¨B ؇›Øi w`K¸‡jvi AwfbœZv I msMÖv‡gi (

Identity and struggle) cÖk œ‡K Aa¨qb Kivq Aek¨B AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e| AwfbœZv, mg vwbKZv, AvšÍtAbycÖ‡ek, AvšÍtAšÍi‡f`,

ci¯úi wbf©ikxjZv (ev Aw ͇Z¡i R‡b¨ cvi¯úwiK wbf©iZv), AvšÍtms‡hvM ev ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv -GB mg Í wfbœ wfbœ K_vi A_© GKB

Ges †m¸‡jv wb¤œwjwLZ ywU wel‡qi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©b K‡i: cÖ_gZ, †Kv‡bv e ‧i weKv‡ki cÖwµqvq ؇›Øi ywU w`‡Ki ... cÖ‡Z¨KwU

wb‡R‡K Zvi wecixZwU‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| GUvB n‡jv AwfbœZvi A_©|... ev Íe NUbv n‡jv GB †h, †Kv‡bv Ø›Øgvb w`KB wew”Qbœfv‡e

Aw ÍZ¡kxj n‡Z cv‡i bv| wecixZw`‡Ki Aw ÍZ¡ Qvov, cÖ‡Z¨KwU w`K wbR Aw ͇Z¡i k‡Z©B nvwi‡q †d‡j| †f‡e †`Lyb †Zv, †Kv‡bv e ‧ ev

g‡bvRM‡Zi †Kv‡bv aviYvi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU w`K wK ¯vaxbfv‡e Aw ÍZ¡kxj n‡Z cv‡i? Rxeb bv _vK‡j g„Zz¨ _vK‡Z cv‡ibv; g„Zz¨ bv

_vK‡j Rxeb _vK‡Z cv‡ibv| ... ey‡R©vqv †kªYx bv _vK‡j me©nviv †kÖYx _vK‡Zv bv, me©nviv †kÖYx bv _vK‡j _vK‡Zv bv ey‡R©vqv †kÖYx| ...

mg Í wecixZ¸‡jvB n‡jv G iK‡gi; †Kvb wbw ©ó Ae¯'vq, GKw`‡K Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii we‡ivax, Avevi Ab¨w`‡K Zviv ci®úi mshy³,

ci®úi AšÍ‡f©`¨, ci®úi-AbycÖweó Ges ci®úi-wbf©ikxj , Avi GB •ewkó¨‡K ejv nq AwfbœZv (identity)| †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó Ae vq,

mKj Ø›Øgvb w`K¸‡jvi _v‡K wfbœZvi (Non-identity) •ewkó¨ Avi †m Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq †h Zviv Ø›ØiZ|Ó [Abykxjbx

m¤ú‡K©, Ø›Ø m¤ú‡K©; c„ôv-45-46] GQvov gvK©m-G‡½jm, †jwbb-÷¨vwj‡bi Ø›Øg~jK e ‧ev` welqK mvwe©K Av‡jvPbvq g‡bvwb‡ek

Ki‡j †KD wb‡R‡`i gbMov e¨vL¨v `uvo bv Kiv‡j Am½wZ Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡ebv| hv wke`vm †Nv‡li cÖviw¤¢K e³‡e¨i g‡a¨I i‡q‡Q|

d‡j Ø›Ø Z‡Ë¡ bZzb ms‡hvRb ev weåvwšÍi nvZ †_‡K Ø›ØZË¡‡K gy³ Kivi †Kvb bRxi wK wZwb vcb Ki‡jb? wZwb Ø›ØZË¡‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i

Zvi Av‡jv‡K mgv‡Ri Ø›Ø msNvZ‡K eySevi gb •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|

5) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q ÒBbwdwbwUi aviYv Av‡cwÿKÓ|

BbwdwbwUi aviYv Av‡cwÿK| GB wel‡q Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl-Gi Av‡jvPbv cÖ_g ev bZzb bq| mß`k kZvãx‡Z BbwdwbwU wel‡q

MvwbwZK aviYv weKvk jvf K‡i| ÔBbdvBbvBU K¨vjKzjvmÕ bv‡g K¨vjKzjv‡mi GKwU kvLv cÖwYZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z (ÔcÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvÕ-

iPbvKvj 1873 mvj †_‡K 1886 mvj) G‡½jm BbwdwbwUi Av‡cwÿKZv m¤ú‡K© `vk©wbK e¨vL¨v Dcn vcb K‡ib|

ÔcÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvÕq †d«WvwiK G‡½jm BbwdwbwUi aviYv †h Av‡cwÿK G wel‡q wek` Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| e„nr Gi w`‡Ki Amxg

(+∞), ÿz‡`ªi w`‡Ki Amxg (-∞) Ges G `Õy‡qi mv‡_ k~Y¨ (0) Gi m¤úK© wb‡qI G‡½jm Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|

G‡½jm e‡j‡Qb, Ò†Kej c„w_ex bq, †MvUv †m․iRMr Ges †m․iRM‡Zi wewfbœ As‡ki ga¨Kvi ~iZ¡ Acwimxg ÿz`ª e‡j g‡b nq hw`

†Uwj‡¯‥v‡ci gva¨‡g „k¨gvb †h †R¨vwZ®‥gÛj Zvi cwigvcUv nq ÔAv‡jvKel©Õ Gi Øviv| myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv GKwU Amxg‡K cvw”Q,

†Kej cÖ_g bq wØZxq gv‡bi Amxg‡K cvB|Ó [cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv, c„ôv-169]

†hgb-c„w_exi cwiwa = 40 nvRvi 70 wK‡jvwgUvi

ev c„w_ex †_‡K m~‡h©i `~iZ¡ = 14 †KvwU 95 jÿ wK‡jvwgUvi

wKš‧ †R¨vwZ®‥gÛjxi †ÿ‡Î cwigv‡ci GKK n‡”Q Av‡jvKel©| GKwU †R¨vwZ®‥ †_‡K Ab¨ †R¨vwZ‡®‥i ~iZ¡ K‡qK nvRvi †KvwU

Av‡jvKe‡l©i `~i‡Z¡i mgvb|

1 Av‡jvKel© = 3 x 108 x 60 x 60 x 24 x 30 x 12 wgUvi

= 93312 x 1011 wgUvi

= 93312 x 108 wK‡jvwgUvi [A_©vr 9 †KvwU 33 jÿ 12 nvRvi jÿ]

d‡j †m․iRM‡Zi †h‡Kvb As‡ki `~iZ¡ AwZ ÿz`ª e‡j g‡b n‡e †R¨vwZ®‥gÛ‡ji †h †Kvb `~i‡Z¡i Kv‡Q| GUv wZwb Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb

e„nr-Gi w`‡K Amx‡gi Av‡cwÿKZv wel‡q|

Avevi wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb ÿz‡ ªi w`‡Ki AmxgI Av‡cwÿK| Òÿz`ªZg AYyi e¨vm GK wgwjwgUv‡ii cÂvk wgwjq‡bi GKfvM| wKš‧ hw`

e„nËg e ‧i e¨vm GK wgwjwgUv‡ii cuwPk wgwjqb fv‡Mi GK fvM Kiv nq, Zvn‡jI Zvi AvqZb Acwimxg ÿz`ª †_‡K hvq †mB e ‧i

Zzjbvq hv wb‡q ejwe`¨v, c`v_©we`¨v A_ev imvqbkv ¿ Av‡jvPbv K‡i|Ó [cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv, c„t-169]

Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl e‡j‡Qb, Ò†h wek¦RMZ‡K Avgiv RvbwQ †m wb‡RB †Zv BbwdwbU (AbšÍ)| Avevi GB Ab‡šÍi aviYvI GKiKg

_vK‡Z cv‡i bv| †mUvI cwieZ©bkxj| †mB cwieZ©bkxj aviYvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z BbwdwbU ev Ab‡šÍi cyi‡bv aviYv mxgvwqZ n‡q hvq| Zvi

d‡jB †`Lv hvq, GB mxgvwqZ AbšÍ I mxgvnxb Ab‡šÍi g‡a¨ GKUv Ø›Ø-msNvZ µgvMZ KvR Ki‡Q| ZvB Avevi ejwQ, Rvbvi †kl

†bB| AvR‡K †hme welq Avgv‡`i Rvbv †bB, hLbB †m¸‡jv Rvbv n‡q †Mj ZLb †`Lv †Mj AviI A‡bK wKQz ARvbv wRwbm Avgv‡`i

mvg‡b fxo K‡i uvwo‡q Av‡Q| ZvB ÁvbI kvk¦Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| †mB Kvi‡YB mZ¨ ïay we‡kl mZ¨B bq, mZ¨ Av‡cwÿK mZ¨|Ó

[wke`vm †Nvl iPbvejx, 4_© LÐ, ÁvbZË¡, Ø›Øg~jK e¯'ev` I wecøex Rxeb cÖm‡½, c„ôv-99]

G Av‡jvPbvI bZzb bq| G‡½jm, †jwbb, ÷vwjb, gvI †mZzsmn A‡bK gvK©mev`x `vk©wbK Ávb-RM‡Zi Av‡cwÿKZv wel‡q Av‡jvPbv

K‡i‡Qb|

gwim KY©‡dv_© Zvi Ø›Øg~jK e ‧ev` eB‡Z e‡j‡Qb, ÒZvn‡j gvby‡li Áv‡bi wK †Kvb mxgv-cwimxgv Av‡Q, bvwK Zvi †Kvb mxgv-

cwimxgv †bB? gvbeZvi weKv‡k †h ‡Kvb GKwU ch©v‡q Ávb wKQz wKQz mxgve×Zvi mb¥yLxb nq Ges cÖvß AwfÁZvi Avewk¨K A‡_© mxwgZ

PwiÎ I ÁvbvR©‡bi eZ©gvb Dcvqmg~‡ni mxwgZ PwiÎB GB mxgve×Zv iPbv K‡i| wKš‧ cÖK…Z A‡_© GB mxgve×Zv AwZµg K‡iB

gvbeZvi AMÖMwZ nq| bZzb AwfÁZv cyi†bv AwfÁZvi mxgve×Zv‡K Qz‡uo †d‡j; bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³, ÁvbvR©‡bi bZzb bZzb Dcvq

ÁvbvR©‡bi cyi‡bv me cÖhyw³ I Dcvq¸wj‡K AveR©bv¯iƒc wb‡ÿc K‡i| ZLb bqv mxgve×Zv cybivq Avwef©zZ nq| wKš‧ cyi‡bv

mxgve×Zv¸wj‡K †hgb Pig I AwšÍg e‡j g‡b Kivi †Kvb KviY wQj bv, †Zgwb bZzb mxgve×Zv¸wj‡KI Pig I AwšÍg e‡j g‡b Kivi

†Kvb e"nËi KviY †bB|...myZivs Ávb memgqB mxwgZ, Avevi GKB m‡½ mxgvnxbI| A_©vr ÁvZ e ‧ me©`v AÁvZ e ‧ Øviv mxwgZ

_vK‡jI ÁvbvZxZ e ‧ Øviv bq| D`vniYmiƒc, mvgšÍ mgv‡Ri gvby‡li c‡ÿ mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR I Zvi wbqgvejx m¤ú‡K© †Kvb wKQz

Rvbv, mgvRZš¿ m¤ú‡K© Ges mgvRZš¿ †_‡K mvg¨ev‡` DËiY m¤ú‡K© cÖK…Z mZ¨‡K myÎvwqZ Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| GKgvÎ cuywRev`x

mgv‡Ri weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½B GUv m¤¢e n‡qwQj; mgvRZš¿ m¤ú‡K© •eÁvwbK aviYv MV‡bi Dchy³ DcKiY GKgvÎ ZLbB nv‡Z

G‡mwQj| Abyiƒcfv‡e GKwV c~Y© weKwkZ mvg¨ev`x mgvR cÖwZwôZ nevi ci wKfv‡e Zvi Av‡iv DbœwZ I weKvk NU‡e Zv AvR Avgv‡`i

c‡ÿ Rvbv Am¤¢e| wKš‧ h_vmg‡q Gi DˇivËi weKvk I Zvi wbqgvejx m¤ú‡K© mZ¨Zv wba©viY Kiv RbM‡Yi c‡ÿ m¤¢e n‡e|Ó

[Ø›Øg~jK e ‧ev`, gwim KY©‡dv_©-c„ô-433]

d‡j Mwb‡Zi RM‡Zi BbwdwbwUi Av‡cwÿKZv I Ávb-RM‡Zi BbwdwbwUi Av‡cwÿKZv †KvbUvB bZzb †Kvb Av‡jvPbv bq| eis Kg‡iW

wke`vm †Nvl MwY‡Zi Amxg Avi Amxg gnvwek¦‡K GKvKvi K‡i w`‡q wKQz gšÍe¨ K‡i †M‡Qb| K_v¸wj fzj bq; wKš‧ Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q Zv

Ggb †Kvb w`K wb‡ ©kbv †`q bv hv AZx‡Z †KD D‡jøL K‡ibwb|

6) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q- ÒweM e¨vs Z‡Ë¡i weiƒ‡× Kg‡iW †NvlB cª_g AvcwË Zz‡j e‡jb, GUv gvb‡j we‡k¦i ïiæ Av‡Q

ej‡Z nq, †hUv fzj|Ó

Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl weM e¨vs m¤ú‡K© wKQy e‡jbwb| ZviciI Kg‡iW gwebyj nvq`vi †P․ayix wke`vm †Nvl‡K wek¦ mvg¨ev`x

Av‡›`vj‡bi A_wiwU †NvlYvi †ÿ‡Î ÔweM e¨vs ZË¡ fzjÕ GwU GKwU c‡q›U K‡i‡Qb| wKfv‡e I †Kb G e³e¨ wb‡q Avm‡jb Zv Avgv‡`i

†evaMg¨ bq|

G·c¨vwÛs BDwbfvm© (m¤úªmviYkxj wek¦) m¤ú‡K© Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvgiv †W‡fjvwcs BDwbfvm©-Gi (weKvkkxj we‡k¦i)

†h K_v ewj †mB aviYv ev gZUv wVKB Av‡Q| Gi A_© n‡”Q, Av‡M eû wRwbm wQj bv, wKš‧ cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqvq eû bZzb wRwbm G‡m

†M‡Q| weKvkkxj wek¦ ej‡Z GUvB †evSv‡bv nq| G·c¨vwÛs BDwbfvm© (m¤úªmviYkxj wek¦) ej‡j ¯vfvweKfv‡e †hUv P‡j Avm‡e, Zv

n‡”Q, wek¦ GLb hv Av‡Q, Av‡M Zvi †P‡q †QvU wQj, Zvi Av‡M AviI †QvU wQj, Gfv‡e †h‡Z †h‡Z †MvUv we‡k¦i †Mvovi cÖkœwU G‡m

†h‡Z eva¨, †h aviYv A‣eÁvwbK Ges Ø›Øg~jK e¯'ev‡`i wm×v‡šÍi we‡ivax|Ó [wke`vm †Nvl iPbvejx, ÁvbZË¡, Ø›Øg~jK e ‧ev` I

wecøex Rxeb cªm‡½, PZz_© LÐ, c„ôv-112]

G·cvwÛs BDwbfvm© GLb cÖgvwYZ| weM e¨vs GLb ch©šÍ G wel‡q me‡P‡q cÖwZwôZ nvB‡cvw_wmm| Avi weMe¨vs NU‡jB mgMÖ

gnvwek¦ivwR k~b¨ †_‡K ïiæ Zv †evSvq bv| (k~b¨Zv gv‡b AvÿwiK A‡_© k~b¨ bq, GwU GKwU mvg¨ve v Zvi m~ÿ ͇i memgq bvbvb

cÖwµqv N‡U P‡j‡Q|) Avevi GKwU gnvwe‡k¦i ïiæ ev †kl _vK‡ZB cv‡i Zv‡Z mgMÖ gnvwek¦ivwR ïiæ ev †kl n‡q hvq bv| d‡j G

m¤ú‡K© Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nv‡li Av‡jvPbv h_v_© bq| G·c¨vwÛs BDwbfvm© m¤ú‡K© AviI GKUz Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

m¤úªmviYkxj gnvwek¦ aviYvi welqwU Av‡jvPbvq Av‡m AvR †_‡K cÖvq GK‡kv eQi Av‡M| AvBb÷vB‡bi "Theory of relativity"

cÖgvY Ki‡Z wM‡q- c`v_©weÁvbxiv gnvwe‡k¦i m¤úªmvi‡Yi m¤¢vebvi welqwU Av‡jvPbvq Av‡bb| wKš‧ ZLb Gi ¯c‡ÿ Dch y³ cÖgvYvw`

wQj bv| cieZx©‡Z 1929 mv‡j weÁvbx GWzBb nvej (Ônvej †Uwj‡¯‥v‡ciÕ RbK) gnvKvk ch©‡eÿ‡Y †`L‡Z cvb wewfbœ `~ieZx©

M¨vjvw·¸wj Avgv‡`i wgwéI‡q M¨vjvw· †_‡K µgkB ~‡i m‡i hv‡”Q| ~ieZx© M¨vjvw·¸wj †_‡K Avmv Av‡jvKiwk¥i Wcjvi miY

cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g wZwb GB Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| GB Avwe®‥vi gnvwe‡k¦i m¤úªmviY‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i Ges †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi M‡elYvq GK

bZzb Øvi D‡b¥vPb K‡i, hvi avivevwnKZvq GKmgq gnvwe‡ùviY ev Big bang ZË¡ cªwZwôZ nq| eZ©gv‡b myBRvij¨v‡Ûi mv‡b© †h

Av‡jvob m„wóKvix ÔwnMm †evmb KYvÕ Avwe®‥„Z n‡q‡Q, ZvI GB Big bang Z‡Ë¡iB GKwU ch©v‡qi c‡ÿ cÖgvb •Zwi Ki‡Q Ges

weÁvbxiv GLbI G wel‡q M‡elYv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Qb|

ïay ZvB bq, m¤úªmviYkxj gnvwe‡k¦i aviYv AvR‡Ki hy‡M GZUvB cÖwZwôZ †h AvR‡Ki weÁvbxiv gnvwe‡k¦i m¤úªmvi‡Yi MwZ wb‡qI

M‡elYv Ki‡Qb| weÁvbxiv cixÿv-wbixÿvi gva¨‡g Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb †h- gnvwe‡k¦i m¤úªmvi‡Yi MwZ e„w× cv‡”Q| GB MwZe„w×i KviY

e¨vL¨v K‡i 2011 mv‡j mj cvj©gyUvi I A¨vWvg wim c`v_©we`¨vq †bv‡ej cyi®‥vi †c‡q‡Qb| Kv‡RB G·c¨vwÛs BDwbfvm© wb‡q m‡›`‡ni

AeKvk †bB| GK_v weÁvbgb¯‥ gvbyl gvÎB Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

GB Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hvq, Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl G·c¨vwÛs BDwbfvm© wb‡q †h Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Zv h_v_© bq| Kvib †Kvb

cÖwZwôZ ZË¡‡K bvKP Ki‡Z n‡j Avi GKwU ZË¡ jv‡M, Zv Qvov cyi‡bvwU bvKP Kiv A‣eÁvwbK| Avevi †Kvb welq‡K `vk©wbK fv‡e

e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z n‡jI •eÁvwbK „wófw½ Qvov Zv m¤¢e bq| †hgb •eÁvwbK `„wófw½ AvqË K‡iwQ‡jb e‡jB G‡½jm& `vk©w`K fv‡e e¨vL¨v

K‡i‡Qb e ‧ RMZ‡K|

7) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òwke`vm †Nvl †`wL‡q‡Qb-cwigvbMZ cwieZ©b †_‡K ¸bMZ cwieZ©b-Gi mv‡_ fvBwm-fvm©v bv

ej‡j, aviYvUv m¤ú~Y© nq bv|Ó

GUvwK Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl cÖ_g e‡j‡Qb bvwK G‡½jm& eû c~‡e©B Zv e‡j †M‡Qb ? G‡½jm ÔcÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvÕ eB‡Z ÔØvw›ØKZvev`Õ

Aa¨v‡q wj‡L‡Qb, Ò1) cwigvbMZ cwieZ©b †_‡K ¸bMZ cwieZ©b I Z`&wecixZ (Vice versa )| Avgv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx, Avgiv

GUv‡K GBfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi †h, cÖK…wZ‡Z, cÖwZwU we‡kl †ÿ‡Î mywbw ©ó ai‡Y , †Kej e ‧ ev MwZi (Z_vKw_Z kw³) cwigvbMZ

ms‡hvRb I cwigvbMZ we‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡gB ¸bMZ cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i|...Awawe`¨vi wecixZfv‡e Øvw›ØKZvev‡`i mvaviY PwiÎ M‡o

Zzj‡Z n‡e GKwU AvšÍm¤úK©mg~‡ni (inter-connection) weÁvb wnmv‡e| myZivs cÖK…wZ I gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnvm †_‡KB Øvw›ØKZvi

wbqg¸wj wb®‥vwkZ|Ó [cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv, G‡½jm; c„ôv-37] wke`vm †Nvl ÔcwigvbMZ cwieZ©b †_‡K ¸bMZ cwieZ©b I fvBwm-fvimvÕ

wk‡ivbv‡g e‡j‡Qb, Ò...GLb cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i, GLv‡b †h, fvBwm-fvimv K_vUv D‡jøL K‡i‡Q Zvi A_© wK? ...e¨vcviUv Ggb bq †h,

fvBwm-fvimv ej‡Z ¸bMZ cwieZ©b †_‡K Avevi cwigvbMZ cwieZ©‡b wd‡i Avmv †evSvq, A_©vr wVK D‡ëv cÖwµqv †evSvq| welqUv

†gv‡UB †m iKg bq|Ó GLv‡b hw`I cvwb, eid I ev®ú BZ¨vw`i D`vni†Y GK Ae vb †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ Ae v‡ZI Avbv-‡bIqv Kiv

hvq| wKš‧ mKj ¸bMZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î Zv nqbv| Avi cwigvbMZ †_‡K ¸bMZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii †h `„óvšÍ G‡½jm D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi

cybiæ‡jøL K‡i wke`vm †Nvl e‡j‡Qb , ÒRj †_‡K ev‡®ú cwibZ nIqvi †h D`vniY †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB GB fviwm-

fvimv welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| weÁv‡bi QvÎiv Rv‡bb †h, 100 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎvq bv †cu․Qv‡j cy‡iv RjUv ev‡®ú

cwibZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‧ welqUv Ggb bq †h, cy‡iv RjUv ev‡®ú cwiYZ n‡Z bv cvi‡jI R‡ji †Kvb AYy (molecule) Zvi Av‡M

ev®úxf~Z nq bv, ev n‡Z cv‡i bv| ...A_©vr R‡ji we‡kl we‡kl AYy mgMÖ Rj 100 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎvq †cu․Qvevi Av‡MB

ev®úxf~Z n‡Z cv‡i- †hLv‡b 100 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv m„wó n‡e| myZivs R‡ji ZvcgvÎv †hgb †hgb e„w× cvq, hv‡K cwigvbMZ

cwieZ©b ejv nq-†mB cwigvYMZ cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqvi g‡a¨B Avevi R‡ji wKQz wKQz AYyi †ÿ‡Î mgMÖRj 100 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW

ZvcgvÎvq †cu․Qv‡bvi Av‡MB ¸bMZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| GUv weÁv‡b ¯xK…Z| Avevi we‡kl we‡kl AYy¸‡jv GBfv‡e †hgb †hgb

ev®úxf~Z nq †mUv Avevi R‡ji ZvcgvÎv e„w× Z_v cwigvYMZ cwieZ©b‡K ªæZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GUv‡KB fvBwm-fvimv ejv nq|Ó

[wke`vm †Nvl wbe©vwPZ iPbvejx, 2q LÐ, gvK©mev` I Ø›Øg~jK e ‧ev‡`i K‡qKwU w`K, c„ôv-159-160] GB e¨vL¨vq G‡½jm ewY©Z

cwigvY I ¸bMZ cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î fvBwm-fvimvi aviYvi †Zgb †Kvb †g․wjK cwieZ©b N‡Ubv|

Avevi †h D`vniY GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b y‡Uv fzj jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| R‡ji we‡kl we‡kl AYy ev®úxf~Z nIqvi Rb¨ 100 wWwMÖ

†mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎvi `iKvi nq bv, ¯vfvweK ZvcgvÎv‡ZB Rj (ev Ab¨ Zij c`v_©) ev®úxf~Z n‡Z cv‡i hw` Avkcv‡ki evqy Am¤ú„³

Ae vq _v‡K| R‡ji we‡kl we‡kl Aby ev®úxf~Z n‡j Zv evwK R‡ji ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ K‡i bv, †Kb bv Zviv Rj †_‡K ev®ú

nIqvi mgq cª‡qvRbxq jxb Zvc (latent heat) msMÖn K‡i Avkcv‡ki R‡ji AYy †_‡KB, hvi d‡j evwK R‡ji ZvcgvÎv n«vm cvq

(GB Kvi‡YB MÖx®§Kv‡j gvwUi Kuy‡Rvi Rj VvÛv nq)| µgvMZ Zvc w`‡q hvIqv nq e‡jB Zv m‡Ë¡I Rj †dv‡U| d‡j, cy‡iv Rj dzU‡Z

ïiæ Kivi Av‡M `ÕyPvi KYv K‡i Rj ev®úxf~Z nIqvi Øviv Rj †dvUvi NUbvwU Z¡ivwš^Z nq bv, eis g›`xf~Z nq| GKUv †Lvjv evwU‡Z

Ges GKUv XvKv evwU‡Z Rj wb‡q Nwo a‡i Mig Ki‡j †Kvb evwUi Rj Av‡M dzU‡Z ïiæ K‡i, GUv mn‡RB cixÿv K‡i †`Lv hvq|

Avevi GKB wel‡q Avgiv G‡½jm ÔcÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvÕ eB Gi †jLvq †`L‡Z cvB, GKwU wm×v‡šÍ Avmvi Rb¨ wZwb KZ we Ív‡i KZ

w`K‡K cwie¨ß K‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb ÒcwigvYMZ cwieZ©b †_‡K ¸bMZ cwieZ©b I vice versaÓ GB wbqgwU

kw³i iƒ‡ci cwieZ©‡b, imvq‡b, c`v_©we`¨vq, ejwe`¨vq I Rxewe`¨vq wKf‡e wµqvkxj| GB mg Í Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ †_‡KB wZwb wm×všÍ

†U‡b‡Qb|

8) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òwke`vm †Nvl †`wL‡q‡Qb hyw³kv‡ ¿i Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ Av‡ivn n‡”Q cÖvqi, Zvi

weKv‡ki avivq G‡m‡Q Ae‡ivn|Ó

Ôdg©vj Ges Wvqv‡jKwUK¨vj jwR‡Ki cv_©K¨Õ wk‡ivbv‡g ÔÁvbZË¡, Ø›Øg~jK e ‧ev` I wecøex Rxeb cÖm‡½Õ cÖe‡Ü wke`vm †Nvl e‡j‡Qb,

Ò Avevi GK_vI wVK, Av‡iv‡ni g‡a¨ Ae‡ivn Av‡Q Ges Ae‡iv‡ni g‡a¨ Av‡ivn Av‡Q| G ch©šÍ meB wVK Av‡Q| mg Í hyw³we`B

G¸‡jv gv‡bb| wKš‧ hyw³we`‡`i Kv‡Q Avgvi cÖkœ n‡”Q, GB Av‡ivn Ges Ae‡iv‡ni cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ cÖvqwiwUi aviYv e‡j wKQz Av‡Q wK?

A_©vr GB `y‡Uv cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ †Kvb cÖwµqvq gvbyl wPšÍv K‡i‡Q cÖ_g? A_©vr ïiæUv †KvbUv-Av‡ivn bv Ae‡ivn? K_vUv GLv‡b †mfv‡eB

eyS‡Z n‡e| cÖvqwiwUi GB cÖkœUv gvK©mev`x `k©b I ZË¡ Av‡jvPbvi †ÿ‡Î †KD Gi Av‡M Zz‡j‡Qb e‡j Avgvi bR‡i c‡owb| wKš‧ Avwg

Zzj‡Z PvBwQ| cÖ_gZ Avgiv Rvwb, bvbv NUbvi NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li gw ͇®‥ wPšÍvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb M‡o DV‡Q Ges wPšÍvi

GB wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ †h Ø›Ø-msNvZ N‡U †m Ø›Ø msNv‡Zi cÖwµqv‡ZB wPšÍvi weKvk nq| gvbyl Avmvi ci wPšÍv cªwµqv ïiæ nIqvi

G‡Kev‡i cÖ_g Ae vq Zvi mvg‡b †KvbI wKQzB Rvbv wQj bv| Ges ¯vfvweKfv‡eB wPšÍv cÖwµqv ïiæ nIqvi †mB cÖ_g Ae vq gvby‡li

mvg‡b Ggb †KvbI mvaviY mZ¨ aviYv M‡o I‡Vwb hvi mvnv‡h¨ ev Av‡jv‡K †m we‡kl we‡kl NUbv‡K wePvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j,

mf¨Zvi ïiæ‡Z, Avgvi g‡Z, gvby‡li wPšÍvcÖwµqv‡Z jwR‡Ki †h wePvic×wZ cÖ_g KvR K‡i‡Q †mUv cªavbZ Av‡ivn|Ó [wke`vm †Nvl

wbe©vwPZ iPbvejx, 4_© LÛ, c„ôv-60] gvbyl Zvi cÂBw› ª‡qi mvnv‡h¨ Pvwicv‡ki RMZ Z_v e ‧mvgMªx I NUbvcÖev‡ni mv‡_ gw Í®‥ bvgK

e¯'i wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q fvebv ev wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Qvq| ïiæ‡Z GKUv we‡kl e ‧ ev NUbv gb‡hv‡Mi †K› ªwe›`y‡Z Avm‡Z cv‡i wKš‧

GB we‡kl e ‧ ev NUbv P~ovšÍ bq, Zv eûm~‡Î Acivci e ‧mvgMÖxi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| †mRb¨ Avgiv hw` a‡i †bB Av‡ivnB ïiæ Zv wKš‧

mvaviY ev Ae‡iv‡ni †_‡K m¤ú~Y© †hvMm~Înxb _v‡K bv| †mRb¨ GB wew”QbœZvi ÎæwU D‡jøL Ki‡Z Ges Av‡iv‡ni gva¨‡g wm×v‡šÍi

mxgve×Zv †`Lv‡Z G‡½jm ÔAv‡ivnev`x msnwZIqvjv‡`i cÖwZÕ wk‡ivbv‡g wj‡L‡Qb, Ò ywbqvi me Av‡ivn w`‡qI Avgiv Av‡ivn cÖwµqvi

m¤^‡Ü cwi®‥vi aviYvi av‡i Kv‡Q (to the point) †cu․Q‡Z cvie bv| GB cÖwµqvi we‡kølYB †Kej GUv m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i- Av‡ivn

I Ae‡ivn c×wZ Avewk¨Kfv‡e mgš^q (synthesis) Ges we‡kølY (analysis) wnmv‡e GK‡Î weivR K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU‡K

Ab¨wU RjvÄjx w`‡q, GK‡c‡kfv‡e evnev w`‡q AvKv‡k †Zvjvi †P‡q, Avgv‡`i DwPZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K h_v v‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv Ges †mUv Kiv

hvq †Kej GB K_v g‡b ivL‡j ‡h ywU GKÎ-MÖw_Z, Df‡q Df‡qi cwic~iK|Ó [cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv, G‡½jm, c„ôv-144] Av‡ivn ïiæ

wKbv wVK GBfv‡e bv n‡jI Av‡ivn Ae‡ivn‡K †K›`ª K‡i GKUv weZK© †h G‡½jm-Gi Av‡MI wQj Zv eySv hvq hLb wZwb e‡jb,

ÒAv‡ivnev`x‡`i g‡Z, Av‡ivn c×wZ GKwU AåvšÍ c×wZ| GUv GZ Kg AåvšÍ †h Gi AvcvZ mwVK Avwe®‥vi¸wj cÖwZw`bB bZzb

Avwe®‥v‡ii Øviv evwZj n‡q hv‡”Q| Av‡jvi KwYKv (corpustles) I K¨vjix (calorie) wQj Av‡ivn c×wZ Øviv jä| †m¸wj

GLb †Kv_vq †Mj? Av‡ivnx c×wZ Avgv‡`i wkwL‡q‡Q ‡h me †giæ`Ûx cÖvYxiB GKwU †K› ªxq œvqzZš¿ Av‡Q hv gw Í®‥ I

†giæ`‡Ûi g‡a¨ c„_KxK…Z Ges †giæ`ÛwU big nvoIqvjv (cartelaginous) ev nvoIqvjv K‡kiæKvi (Vertebrata)

g‡a¨ Aew wZ-‡h fviwUeªv kã †_‡K Avm‡j fviwU‡eªU bvgwU G‡m‡Q| Zvici G¨vgwdI·vm (amphioxas) bv‡gi GKwU

†giæ`Ûx cvIqv †Mj hvi Ac„_KxK…Z ¯œvqyZš¿ i‡q‡Q I K‡kiæKv (Vertebrae) ‡bB| Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv †h

gv‡Qiv n‡”Q ‡mBiKg †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx hviv mvivRxeb †Kej dyjKvi (gills) mvnv‡h¨ wbtk¦vm †bq| Zvici Ggb cÖvYx‡`i

mÜvb wgjj †h¸wji grm PwiÎ me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| wKš‧ ‡h¸wji dzjKv Qvov myMwVZ dymdzmI Av‡Q Ges †`Lv hvq †h cÖ‡Z¨K

gv‡Qi mvZv‡ii _wj‡Z (swim bladder) GKwU AcwiYZ (potential) dzmdym _v‡K| †Kej weeZ©b Z‡Ë¡i ytmvnmx

cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv wn‡Kj Av‡ivnev`x‡`i D×viKvh© K‡iwQ‡jb, huviv GBme ¯^we‡iva wb‡q †ek ¯”Q‡›`B wQ‡jb| hw` Av‡ivn

c×wZ GZB AåvšÍ n‡e, Zvn‡j RxeRM‡Zi †kÖYxwefv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î ciúi GZ ªæZ GZ Avg~j cwieZ©b (revolution) ‡Kv_v

†_‡K G‡jv? †m¸wj n‡”Q Av‡ivnx c×wZi me †_‡K •ewkó¨c~Y© Ae`vb Ges ZeyI †m¸wj ci®úi‡K aŸsm K‡i|Ó [cÖK„wZi Øvw›ØKZv-

G‡½jm c„:144-145]

Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl hw`I Av‡ivn‡K GKgvÎ c×wZ ej‡Z Pvbwb, wKš‧ Av‡ivn c×wZ‡K cÖvqi e‡j‡Qb| G‡Z Av‡ivn-Ae‡iv‡ni

AvšÍtm¤úK©, cvi®úwiK mswkøóZvi welqwU D‡cwÿZ n‡q weåvwšÍI m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

Avgiv Rvwb, cwigvYMZ cwieZ©b †_‡K ¸YMZ cwieZ©b I fvBm-fvimv| gvby‡li wPšÍv cÖwµqvi weKvkI GB cÖwµqvq N‡U‡Q| d‡j

wPšÍv cÖwµqvq ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡bi K‡qKwU avc †cwi‡qB AvaywbK gvbyl-Homo sapiens| gvby‡li wPšÍv cÖwµqv ïiæ nIqvi G‡Kev‡i

cÖ_g Ae vq Zvi mvg‡b †Kvb wKQzB Rvbv wQj bv, GB gšÍ‡e¨i ga¨ w`‡q c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Avwef©ve wb‡q GK ai‡bi AvKw¯§KZvi

aviYv •Zwi nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| gvby‡li Avwef©ve ev wPšÍv c×wZi ïiæ †KvbUvB c„w_ex‡Z †Kvb AvKw¯§K NUbv bq| GUv avivevwnK

cwieZ©b Ges Djøç‡bi dj| d‡j G ai‡bi gšÍ‡e¨i ga¨ w`‡q cÖvwYi wPšÍv cÖwµqv I gw ͇®‥i MVb Ges weKvkI †h weeZ©‡bi djvdj

GB welqwU Avovj n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| g‡b n‡Z cv‡i †Kvb we‡kl g~û‡Z©B gvbyl wPšÍv Ki‡Z wkL‡jv| A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW †_‡K gvby‡li

weeZ©b GB `xN© cÖwµqv †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i gvbyl †Kvb w`b fvebv Ki‡Z wk‡L‡Q GBfv‡e ejvi ga¨ w`‡q myÿfv‡e fveev`x wPšÍvi Rb ¥

n‡Z cv‡i| AvR‡Ki †h AvaywbK gvbyl (Homo sapiens) †mB gvby‡li Avwef©ve jÿ jÿ eQ‡ii weeZ©‡bi djvdj| GK †Kvlx

cÖvY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †h weeZ©b cÖwµqvq µgvš^‡q Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi D™¢e, †mB weeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q gw Í®‥, wPšÍv cÖwµqv MwVZ I weKwkZ

n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK gvby‡li Avwef©v‡ei c~‡e© gvby‡li wbKUeZ©x †h cÖRvwZ¸wj wQj Zv‡`i g‡a¨I gw ͇®‥i weKvk Abyhvqx wPšÍv kw³i

DcKi‡Yi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| †hgbÑgvby‡li Avw` c~e© c~iæl Homo habilis (24 jÿ eQi Av‡M) nvZ w`‡q †Kvb wRwbm e¨envi

Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv Ges gyL w`‡q kã •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| gvby‡li me©‡kl c~e©cyiæl Homo erectus (AvVvi jÿ eQi Av‡M) Av¸‡bi

e¨envi wk‡LwQj Ges wkKvi Ki‡Z cviZ| Gi cieZ©x‡Z gw ͇®‥i AviI weKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q D™¢e nq wbqvbWv_©vj cÖRvwZi (Homo

neandertalemis-1.5 jÿ †_‡K 35 nvRvi eQi c~‡e©)| GB cÖRvwZ wkKvii cvkvcvwk hy_e× emevmI ïiæ K‡i| Gic‡i GB

weeZ©‡bi avivevwnKZvq AvaywbK gvby‡li (Homo sapiens) D™¢e N‡U| Kv‡RB gvby‡li Awefv©e †hgb †Kvb AvKw¯§K e¨vcvi bq,

wVK †ZgbB wPšÍv cÖwµqvi ïiæI †Kvb AvKw¯§KZvi ga¨ w`‡q nqwb| gw ͇®‥i µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ wPšÍv cÖwµqvI weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| G

Kvi‡YB wPšÍv cÖwµqv †hgb ewn©RM‡Zi e ‧i Dci wbf©ikxj wVK †Zgwb gw Í®‥wU †mB e ‧wU wb‡q KZLvwb wePvi we‡ePbv Ki‡Z mÿg

†mB ÿgZvi Dc‡iI wbf©ikxj| Avi GB Kvi‡YB Av‡ivn ev Ae‡ivn‡K m¤ú~iK wn‡m‡e †`LvUvB †kªq|

9) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒmvaviY mZ¨ m¤‡Ü †KvbI GKwU we‡kl aviYv ev Dcjwäi K¨vUvMwiB kvk¦Z ev me©Kv‡ji Rb¨

bq|Ó

GB K_vwU Avgiv A‡bK e ‧ev`x `vk©wbK, ‣eÁvwbK I BwZnvmwe‡`i Kv‡QI cvB| †hgb Ñ1954 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔØ›Øg~jK e ‧ev`Õ

eB‡Z gwim& KY&©‡dv_© e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvgiv †h mg Í gšÍe¨ Kwi Zv‡`i AwaKvskB, †h GB A‡_© cig mZ¨ †m K_v ejv hvq bv| †Kbb v

Avgiv ÔmvaviYfv‡e mZtwm× mZ¨Õ Ges mycªwZwôZ NUbvi bxim †NvlYvi g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i gšÍe¨¸wj‡K mxgve× ivwL bv| Avgiv †h

gšÍe¨¸wj Kwi, Zv †m we‡kl we‡kl NUbv m¤ú‡K©B †nvK ev mvaviY wm×všÍ m¤ú‡K©B †nvK, †m¸wji AwaKvskB nqZ wKQz wbw ©ó

D‡Ï‡k¨i LvwZ‡i mZ¨, wKš‧ gšÍe¨ I ev ÍeZvi g‡a¨ cig mvhy‡R¨i A‡_© Zviv ZLbI cig mZ¨ bvI n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| eis

wecixZc‡ÿ bZzb AwfÁZv I bZzb Áv‡bi Av‡jv‡K Zv‡`i ms‡kvab Kiv, DbœZ Kiv Ges bZzb K‡i ejv cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‧ †mB Kvi‡YB

Zviv AmZ¨ bq; Zviv nj AvswkK, Av‡cwÿK, mwbœKUeZ©x mZ¨|

m‡Z¨i GB •ewkó¨ †h AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Zv Pig bq, AvswkK; mwVK bq, cÖvq mwVK; PzovšÍ bq, mvgwqK I kZ©vaxbÑweÁv‡bi Kv‡Q LyeB

cwiwPZ| weÁvb †h weavb¸wj‡K cÖwZôv K‡i †m¸wj Aek¨ welqMZ cÖwµqvmg~‡ni cÖwZdjb NUvq evwn¨K RM‡Z e ‧ I NUbvcÖev‡n †h

ev Íe MwZ I AvšÍ‡hvMv‡hvMmg~n eZ©gvb †m¸wj Zv‡`iB Abyiƒc| ZeyI weÁvb Ggb weavb Lye KgB cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q hv cig m‡Z¨i `vwe

Ki‡Z cv‡i|

D`vniY ¯iƒc, wPivqZ ejwe`¨vi †h weavb¸wj wewfbœ e ‧i g‡a¨ hvwš¿K wg_w®…qv msµvšÍ bxwZ¸wj‡K m~ÎvwqZ K‡i Ges hveZxq cÖhyw³

cÖK‡í hv‡`i cÖwZwbqZ wbf©‡q cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, †m¸wj †h Dc-cvigvYweK ͇i e Íi MwZi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© bq Zv GLb Rvbv †M‡Q|

Nywi‡q K_vUv ej‡j GB uvovq †h, †m¸wj cig mZ¨ bq| wKš‧ †mB Kvi‡YB Avgiv GK_v ewj bv †h wPivqZ ejwe`¨v GLb fzj cÖgvwYZ

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Kiv nq Zvn‡j †mLv‡b hveZxq bZzb AbymÜv‡bi Aemvb N‡U, KviY cig mZ¨‡KB hw` Rvbv n‡q hvq Zvn‡j AwZwi³ AbymÜv‡bi Avi

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ai‡Yi AbymÜvb Kiv †_‡K, Avgv‡`i Ávb‡K AviI GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqv †_‡K, m‡Z¨i Kg mwbœKUeZ©x Ae v †_‡K †ewk mwbœKUeZ©x

Ae vq G¸‡bv †_‡K, GK K_vq weÁv‡bi c_ AbymiY Kiv †_‡K weiZ Ki‡e|Ó [Ø›`g~jK e ‧ev`, gwim KY©&‡dv_©; `kg Aa¨vq, c„ôv-

394-395]

G cÖm‡½ G‡½jm wj‡LwQ‡jb, ÒmyZivs cÖK…Z A‡_© †h¸wj •eÁvwbK M‡elYv Kg© †m¸wj mvaviYZt ÔfzjÕ I ÔmZ¨Õ, Giƒc gZvÜ •bwZK

kã¸wj‡K Gwo‡q P‡j, wKš‧ GB kã¸wji †`Lv me©ÎB Avgiv cvB †mB mg Í MÖ‡š... †hLv‡b Amvi evMvo¤^i wb‡R‡K mve©‡f․g wPšÍvi

mve©‡f․g dmjiƒ‡c Avgv‡`i Ici Rvwni Ki‡Z †Pó K‡i|Ó Ò...m¤ú~Y© wecixZ †giæ‡Z Ae vbKvix mg Í aviYvi gZ ÔmZ¨Õ I ÔågÕ

GB ywU aviYviI †KejgvÎ AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ †ÿ‡ÎB Pig wm×Zv we`¨gvb|...Avgiv †h gyn~‡Z© mZ¨ I å‡gi we‡iva‡K H msKxY© MÐxi

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mZ¨|Ó [Gw›U-Wzwis (1873-1886 mgqKv‡j iwPZ), cÖ_g ce©, beg Aa¨vq]

G cÖm‡½ ÷¨vwjb e‡jwQ‡jb, ÒØ›ØZË¡ Avgv‡`i GB K_vB e‡j †h RM‡Zi †Kvb wKQzB kvk¦Z bq, RM‡Zi cÖwZwU e ‧B ÿY vqx I

cwieZ©bxq; cÖK…wZ e`jvq, mgvR e`jvq, Af¨vm I cÖ_v e`jvq, b¨v‡qi aviYv e`jvq, mZ¨ wb‡RI e`jvq-GB Kvi‡YB Ø›ØZË¡ cÖwZwU

e ‧B I NUbv‡KB hyw³ w`‡q wePvi K‡i; GB Kvi‡YB Zv gvÎ GKevi cÖwZwôZ m‡Z¨i Aw ÍZ¡‡K A¯xKvi K‡i|Ó [•bivR¨ev` bv

mgvRZš¿?, cÖ_g Aa¨vq]| Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl 1967 mv‡j G e³e¨ iv‡Lb (ÁvbZË¡, Ø›Øg~jK e ‧ev` I wecøex Rxeb cÖm‡½)| G

e³e¨ gvK©mev`x ÁvbfvÛv‡i bZzb ms‡hvRb bq| cwieZ©bkxj RM‡Z mZ¨ mg‡Ü •eÁvwbK aviYv‡KB wZwb Dc vcb K‡i‡Qb|

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wVK| wKš‧ ZvB e‡j ag©xq wPšÍv ev fveev`x wPšÍvaviv mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb mgq f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwb, GK_v Avwg †Kvbw`b

†g‡b wb‡Z cvwiwb|Ó

mgv‡Ri HwZnvwmK weKv‡ki wewfbœ ͇i I c‡e© †kªYx wefvM Kiv mgv‡R †Kvb bv †Kvb †kªYx ev †Mvôx ¯v_©‡K †K›`ª K‡i ag© wPšÍv ev

ag©xq Abykvmb-weavb Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q| `vm mgvR †_‡K mvgšÍ ch©šÍ eû wewPÎ weavb wek¦vm ms¤^wjZ ag© mg~‡ni DÌvb, iƒcvšÍi I cZb

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c‡_) wU‡K i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU wbw ©ó mg‡qi Drcv`b e¨e v‡K †K›`ª KLbI †kvwlZ †kªYx G‡K Ag½j, AwbðqZv, Afve, wbcxob,

cÖvK…wZK-mvgvwRK `~‡h©vM, `vmZ¡-AaxbZv †_‡K gyw³ jv‡fi Dcvq †f‡e‡Q Avevi †ewki fvM mg‡qB RbM‡Yi AÜ wb‡e`‡bi my‡hvM

Kv‡R jvwM‡q kvmK †kvlK †kªYx G‡K Zv‡`i kvmb †kvl‡Yi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi wnmv‡e Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Q|

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Rx‡ei `xN©k¦vm, ü`qnxb RM‡Zi ü`q, wVK †hgb †mUv nj AvZ¥vwenxb cwi‡e‡ki AvZ¥v|Ó Avevi GKB m‡½ ejv n‡q‡Q, Òag© nj

RbM‡bi R‡b¨ Avwdg|...gvbyl ag© ‣Zwi K‡i, ag© gvbyl‡K •Zwi K‡ibv| †h-gvbyl nq GLbI wb‡R‡K Lyu‡R cvqwb wKsev wb‡R‡K Avevi

nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q B‡Zvg‡a¨, ag© nj Zvi AvZ¥‡PZbv Ges AvZ¥m¤§vb| wKš‧ gvbyl †Zv RM‡Zi evB‡i Zuvey LvwU‡q _vKv †Kvb weg~Z© mËv

bq| gvbyl nj gvby‡li RMr, ivóª mgvR GB ivóª GB mgvR cq`v K‡i ag©...Ó [ag© cÖm‡½, gvK©m-G‡½jm; c„ôv-40] ÒReligious

suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real

suffering.Ó [Critique of Hegels Philosophy of Right-Marx ] A_©vr-ag©xq hš¿bv ev Kó, GKwU wbw ©ó Ges GKB

mg‡q mwZ¨Kv‡ii hš¿bvi ewntcÖKvk Ges cÖK…Z hš¿bv ev K‡ói weiæ‡× cÖwZev`|

G‡½jm A¨vw›U Wz¨wis (K‡qKUv Ask) †Z wj‡L‡Qb, Ò...L„óa‡g© †Kej GKUv wel‡q mg Í gvby‡li mgZv ¯xK…Z wQj; †mUv nj GB †h,

mgvbfv‡eB mevi Rb¥ Avw` cv‡c-GUv `vm Avi DrcxwoZ‡`i ag© wn‡m‡e GK cÖK…wZi m‡½ h_vh_fv‡eB gvbvbmB wQj| ZvQvov GB ag©

gvbZ eo‡Rvi evQvB Kiv †jv‡K‡`i mgZv, †mUvi Dci †Rvi †`Iqv nZ wKš‧ ïay G‡Kev‡i ïiæ‡Z| GB bZzb a‡g©i †Mvovi w`KKvi

ce©¸wj‡Z †h-mvavi‡Yi gvwjKvbvi wKQz wKQz jÿYI †`Lv hvq †mUv‡K mwZ¨Kv‡ii mg-AwaKv‡ii aviYvi †P‡q eis mgvRPz¨Z‡`i g‡a¨

msnwZi m‡½ mswkøó e‡j aiv hvq| AwZ ¯íKv‡ji g‡a¨B hvRK Avi AhvRK‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ vwcZ nevi d‡j GB RvqMvq L„óvbxq

mgZviI Aemvb N‡U|Ó Ab¨Î Ôeªæ‡bv evD‡qi Ges †Mvovi L„óag©Õ‡Z G‡½jm †j‡Lb, Ò†h ag© †ivgK wek¦ mvgªvR¨Uv‡K Aaxb K‡iwQj

Ges 1800 eQi a‡i mf¨ wek¦R‡bi GKUv eo As‡ki Dci AvwacZ¨ Pvwj‡qwQj †mUv‡K †Kej cÖZviK‡`i R‡ov Kiv A_©nxb wRwb‡mi

‧c e‡j PzwK‡q †`Iqv hvq bv| †h HwZnvwmK cwi‡e‡k †mUv †`Lv w`‡qwQj Ges AvwacZ¨kvjx Ae vq †cu․‡Q wQj Zvi †_‡K †mUvi

D™¢e Avi weKv‡ki e¨vL¨v w`‡Z K…ZKvh© bv nIqv Aewa †mUv‡K PzwK‡q †`Iqv hvqbv| L„óag© m¤^‡Ü GUv wK K‡i NUj †h, †ivg-

mv¤ªv‡R¨i RbmvaviY Ab¨vb¨ mg Í a‡g©i †P‡q GB A_©nxb wRwbmUv‡K-†hUv‡K Dciš‧ cÖPvi K‡iwQj `vm Avi Drcxwo‡Ziv-GZB †ewk

cQ›` Kij hv‡Z D”Pvwejvkx Kmb÷¨vw›Ub †kl ch©šÍ we‡ePbv Ki‡jb A_©nxb wRwb‡mi GB ag©Uv MÖnY KivB †ivgK ywbqvi

GK”QÎvwacwZi Avm‡b wb‡R‡K gwngvwšZ Kivi m‡e©vËg Dcvq|Ó GBfv‡e Avgiv gvK©m-G‡½jm †jwbb Gi e³e¨ †_‡K cvB †h,

fveev`x wPšÍv`k© n‡jI wbcxwoZ †kÖYxi c‡ÿ KL‡bvB †Kvb f~wgKv Zv cvjb K‡i wb GgbUv BwZnvm m¤§Z bq| d‡j wke`vm †Nv‡li

we‡kølY G aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv bv eyS‡j Avevi a‡g©i DrcwË weKvk Ges we‡kl mgv‡R Zvi f~wgKv wb‡q weåvwšÍ

m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

11) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡”Q, gvK©mev`‡K ejv nZ ÔkªwgK‡kÖYxi wek¦ „wófw½Õ| Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl †`Lv‡jb, ÔmZ¨vbymÜv‡bi

`k©bÕ| mvg¨ev`x mgv‡R hLb kÖwgK‡kÖYx _vK‡e bv, ZLbI mZ¨vbymÜv‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB weÁvbm¤§Z `k©b _vK‡e| †mRb¨B G‡K ejv

DwPZ ÔweÁvbm¤§Z wek¦ `„wófw½Õ|

G `vwewU KZUv †h․w³K Zvi wek` Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i ïay ÔgvK©mev‡`i wZbwU Drm I wZbwU A½Õ cÖe‡Ü †jwbb Gi †jLv †_‡K wKQz Ask

D×…Z KivB h‡_ô n‡e e‡j Avgiv g‡b Kwi| †jwbb wj‡L‡Qb, ÒgvK©mev‡`i `k©b-e ‧ev`| BD‡iv‡ci mgMÖ AvaywbK BwZnvm †_‡K Ges

we‡kl K‡i Aóv`k kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K, d«v‡Ý, hLb meiK‡gi ga¨hyMxq RÄv‡ji weiæ‡×, cÖwZôvb I a¨vb-aviYvq wbwnZ mvgšÍZ‡š¿i

weiæ‡× P~ovšÍ msMÖvg R¡‡j D‡VwQj, ZLb †_‡K e ‧ev`B †`Lv w`‡q‡Q GKgvÎ m½wZcivqY `k©b wnmv‡e, hv cªvK…wZK weÁv‡bi mg¯Í

wm×v‡šÍi cÖwZ wek¦ Í Ges Kzms¯‥vi, fÛvwg cÖf…wZi kÎæ| MYZ‡š¿i kÎæiv ZvB e ‧ev`‡K ÔLÐb Kivi Rb¨Õ, Zv‡K a~wjmvr I wbw›`Z

Kivi AvcÖvY †Póv K‡i‡Q Ges mg_©b K‡i‡Q bvbv ai‡bi `vk©wbK fveev` hv me©`vB ch©ewmZ nq †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv fv‡e a‡g©i

iÿYv‡eÿY A_ev mg_©‡b|

gvK©m I G‡½jm& AwZ „pZvi m‡½ `vk©wbK e ‧ev‡`i mg_©b K‡i‡Qb Ges GB wfwË †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨KwU wePy¨wZB †h Kx `viæY fzj Zv

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ZË¡, A_©vr MfxiZg, c~Y©Zg, GK‡`k`wk©ZvewR©Z weKv‡ki ZË¡, †h gbyl¨ Áv‡b Avgiv cvB wbišÍi weKvkgvb c`v‡_©i cÖwZdjb Zvi

Av‡cwÿKZvi ZË¡| RivRxY© cyi‡bv fveev‡` Ôbe beÕ cÖZ¨veZ©bmn mg Í ey‡R©vqv `vk©wbK gZev` m‡Ë¡I, †iwWqvg, B‡jKUªb, †g․wjK

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Áv‡b| •eÁvwbK wPšÍvi me©‡kÖô KxwZ© n‡jv gvK©‡mi HwZnvwmK e ‧ev`| BwZnvm I ivRbxwZ-welqK gZvg‡Z †h wek„•ÿjv I Lvg‡Lqvjx

Ghver P‡j AvmwQj Zvi mgvwß NwU‡q GwM‡q Gj GK Avðh© iK‡gi me©v½xY I mymgÄm •eÁvwbK ZË¡, hv †`Lvj Kx K‡i Drcv`b

kw³¸wji weKv‡ki d‡j mgvRRxe‡b GKwU e¨e v †_‡K D™¢e nq D”PZi e¨e vi -`„óvšÍ¯iƒc, Kx K‡i mvgšÍZš¿ †_‡K weKwkZ nq

cyuwRev`|

gvby‡li Ávb †hgb gvby‡li Aw ÍZ¡-wbi‡cÿ cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi, A_©vr weKvkgvb c`v‡_©i cÖwZdjb, †Zgwb mgv‡Ri A_©‣bwZK e¨e vi

cÖwZdjbB n‡jv gvby‡li mvgvwRK Ávb (A_©vr wewfbœ `vk©wbK, ag©xq, ivR‣bwZK cÖf…wZ gZvgZ I ZË¡)| ivR‣bwZK cÖwZôvb¸wj n‡jv

A_©‣bwZK ewbqv‡`i DcwiKvVv‡gv| `„óvšÍ¯iƒc †`Lv hv‡e †h AvaywbK BD‡ivcxq ivóª¸wji ivR‣bwZK iƒc hvB †nvK, Zvi KvR n‡jv

cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi Ici ey‡R©vqv cÖfzZ¡ msnZ Kiv|

gvK©‡mi `k©b n‡jv, mym¤ú~Y© `vk©wbK e ‧ev`-Zv †_‡K gvbemgvR we‡kl K‡i kÖwgK †kÖYx Zvi ÁvbvÄbkjvKv jvf K‡i‡Q|Ó GB

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wek¦`„wó jvf Kiv hvq... Ô†Mvôxev`Õ ej‡Z hw` †evSvq GKUv AvZ¥e× wkjxf~Z gZev`, hvi D`q n‡q‡Q wek¦mf¨Zv weKv‡ki ivRc_

†_‡K eû`~‡i, Z‡e `k©b I mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi BwZnvm †_‡K AwZ cwi®‥vi K‡i †`Lv hvq ‡h, gvK©mev‡`i g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kvb wKQzB †bB|

eis, gvK©‡mi mgMÖ cÖwZfvUvB GBLv‡b †h, gvbe mgv‡Ri AMÖYx fvebvq †h me wRÁvmv Av‡MB †`Lv w`‡qwQj gvK©m ZviB Reve

w`‡q‡Qb|Ó mvgwMÖK wek¦`„wófw½ jvf Kivi •eÁvwbK fvev`k© n‡jI †Kb kÖwgK‡kÖYxi fvev`k© wnmv‡e Zv‡K MÖnb Kiv nq Zv ej‡Z

wM‡q †jwbb e‡jb, Òmf¨ `ywbqvi me©Î ey‡R©vqv weÁv‡bi (miKvwi Ges D`vibxwZK Dfq cÖKvi) cÿ †_‡K gvK©‡mi gZev‡`i cÖwZ

P~ovšÍ kÎæZv I Av‡µvk †`Lv hvq| gvK©mev`‡K Zviv †`‡L GK ai‡bi Ôwelv³ †MvôxÕ wnmv‡e| Aek¨B Ab¨ g‡bvfve Avkv Kiv e„_v,

†Kbbv †kÖYxÑmsMÖv‡gi Ici M‡o IVv mgv‡R Ôwbi‡cÿÕ mgvRweÁv‡bi Aw ÍZ¡ Am¤¢e| me iK‡gi miKvwi I D`vibxwZK weÁv‡bB

†Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e `vm‡Z¡i weiƒ‡× ÿgvnxb msMÖvg †NvlYv K‡i‡Q gvK©mev`| cuywRi gybvdv Kwg‡q kÖwgK‡`i gRywi evov‡bv DwPZ bq

wK-GB cÖ‡kœi wgj gvwjK‡`i KvQ †_‡K wbi‡cÿZv Avkv Kiv mgvb evZzjZv|Ó [gRywi `vg gybvdv gRywi I cyuwR gvK©mev‡`i wZbwU Drm

I wZbwU A½-wf AvB †jwbb, c„:121, 122, 123]| gvK©mev` m¤ú‡K© G‡½jm e‡jb, ÒThe science of the general laws

of motion & development of nature, human society and thoughtÓ (cÖK…wZ, gvbemgvR Ges wPšÍvi MwZ I

weKv‡ki mvaviY wbqgmg~‡ni weÁvb)|

Gi ciI wK GK_v bZzb K‡i ejvi Av‡Q †h gvK©mev` GKwU weÁvb m¤§Z wek¦`„óf½x ? AvR‡Ki hy‡M kªwgK †kªYx G `„wófw½‡K

nvwZqvi K‡i mgvR cwieZ©‡bi msMÖvg Ki‡Q| KviY ZvivB †Zv mgv‡Ri wecøex Ask| Gi c‡iI wK GK_v ejv hvq †h, wke`vm †NvlB

GKgvÎ e‡jwQ‡jb †h gvK©mev` GKwU weÁvb m¤§Z wek¦ `„wófw½ ? AvR‡Ki hy‡M kªwgK †kªYx G „wófw½‡K nvwZqvi K‡i mgvR

cwieZ©‡bi msMÖvg Ki‡Q| Kvib ZvivB‡Zv mgv‡Ri wecøex Ask|

12) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q , Òmv‡Î©i GKwRm‡UbwkqvwjRgÓ|

hw`I mv‡Î©i bvg GKwRm‡UwkqvwjRg Gi mv‡_ hy³ ZeyI wK‡qKMvW©‡K mvaviYfv‡e GKwRk‡Ubwkqvwj÷ wd‡jvmdvi ejv nq| Zvi

g‡Z cÖwZwU gvbyl Zvi Rxe‡bi Rb¨ `vqx (Each individual-not society or religion is solely responsible for

giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely) A_©vr, cÖwZwU e¨w³B mgvR ev ag© bq hv Rxe‡bi

gv‡b Ly‡R †c‡Z Ges GKwU `vwqZ¡kxj I Dc‡fvM¨ Rxeb avi‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L|

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci G aviYv AviI Rbwcªq n‡q I‡V| wK‡qKMvW©, ` ͇qfw¯‥, wbr‡m Ges mvΩ‡K GKwRm‡Ubwkqvwj÷ aviYvi D˜MvZv

g‡b Kiv nq| ey‡R©vqv mgv‡Ri wew”QbœZv, nZvkv, †kvlYRwbZ eÂbv, Rxe‡bi jÿ¨ m¤^‡Ü w`kvnxbZvi mg‡q G aviYvi Rb¥| Kg‡iW

wke`vm †Nvl G welqwU Zvi yÕwU e³…Zvq Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb| G mgm¨vi MfxiZv Ges Zvi djvdj wb‡q AviI wek` Av‡jvPbvi

AeKvk Av‡Q| mgv‡R †Kb wew”QbœZv †`Lv †`q, wecø‡ei gva¨‡g gvbyl wKfv‡e Zv †_‡K gy³ n‡Z cv‡i G `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbv GLbI

Pj‡Q AviI Pj‡e|

13) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q Ôd¨vwmev`Õ| A_©vr wke`vm †Nvl Gi d¨vwmev` m¤úwK©Z e³e¨‡K eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

Ôms¯‥…wZi msKU I d¨vwmev`Õ cÖe‡Ü wZwb e‡jb, ÒcyuwRev`x A_©‣bwZK e¨e vi Drcvw`Kv I mvgwiK kw³ e„w×i ev Íe ZvwM‡` GKw`‡K

weÁv‡bi †UKwbK¨vj (KvwiMwi) w`‡Ki PP©v nB‡Z‡Q, Aciw`‡K fveev‡P¨i wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î hyw³weÁvbwe‡ivax Ôw_Iix Ae wewjdÕ-Gi wfwË

Kwiqv AwZcÖvK…Zev`, Ck¦iev`, •ØZev` cÖf…wZ bvbv cÖKvi fveev`x `k©‡bi PP©v Pwj‡Z‡Q| GKB mv‡_ †UK‡bvjwRK¨vj (cÖhyw³MZ)

DbœwZi †ÿ‡Î weÁv‡bi PP©v Ges wkí, mvwnZ¨ I g~j¨‡eva cÖf…wZ gvby‡li fveiv‡R¨i cÖwZwU ‡ÿ‡Î Ava¨vZ¥ev‡`i PP©v †`‡k cy‡ivcywi

d¨vwmev` Mwoqv DVvi Bw½ZB enb Kwi‡Z‡Q| Avgvi g‡Z `k©b I ms¯‥…wZi †ÿ‡Î d¨vwmev` nB‡Z‡Q AvaywbK weÁvb I Aa¨vZ¥ev‡`i

GK A™¢zZ mswgkÖY|Ó (1949 mv‡ji e³e¨ †_‡K D×…Z) H cÖe‡Üi Ab¨Î ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒMvÜxBRg BR G mvewj‡gwUK UªvÝdi‡gkb Ae

ey‡R©vqv Kvm BÝwUs±, Awi‡R‡b‡UW _ªy `¨ cÖ‡mm Ae wdDkb weUzBb `¨ †mÝ Ae ey‡R©vqv wnDg¨vwbó givj f¨vjyR A¨vÛ A¨vw›U-IqvwKs

Kvm wdqvi Kg‡cø· Ae †ifwjDkb Ae MvÜxwR|Ó (H)

d¨vwmev` k‡ãi DrcwË BZvjxi †ewb‡Zv gy‡mvwjwb KZ…©K cÖ_‡g 1919 mv‡j d¨vmwm hvi AvÿwiK A_© Kzov‡ji djvi Zjvq AvUKv‡bv

GK‡MvQv jvwV hv GKZv I kw³i cÖZxK| G‡Z GKUv ivR‣bwZK †MvôxI eySv‡bv nq| c‡i 1921 mv‡j d¨vwm Í cvwU© MVb Kiv nq| hvi

†_‡K d¨vwmev` G‡m‡Q| hw`I GB d¨vwmev` kãwUi mv‡_ GWj&d wnUjv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ Ôb¨vkbvj †mvk¨vwj÷ IqvK©vm© cvwU©Õ-Rvg©v‡b

ms‡ÿ‡c bvrwm cvwU© (GbGmwWwc) Gi bvgwUI RwoZ| wek¦cuywRev` GK‡PwUqv cyuwRev` A_©vr mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i ͇i D‡V ‡h A_©‣bwZK

msKU‡K Mfxi †_‡K MfxiZi Ki‡Z _v‡K Zvi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvIqv Avi Ab¨w`‡K kÖwgK †kÖYxi wecøex kw³ I msMÖvg weKv‡ki

AcÖwZnZ MwZ wKsev ÿgZv `L‡ji m¤¢vebv iæL‡ZB g~jZt d¨vwmev‡`i Avwef©ve N‡UwQj| BZvjx I Rvg©vbxi d¨vwmev` wek¦bR‡i Av‡m

wØZxq wek¦hy×Kvjxb mg‡q| AvRI d¨vwmev‡`i †Pnviv H yB †`k‡K †K›`ª K‡i eo AvKv‡i `uvwo‡q _vK‡jI ïay H `yB †`‡kB

d¨vwmev` Kv‡qg nqwb| Awóªqv, nv‡½ixmn A‡bK †`‡kB Zv †`Lv w`‡qwQj| A‡bK ‧v‡bB Zv ÿY¯'vqx wQj e‡j †Zgb MY¨ nq bv|

Avevi d¨vwmev‡`i BZvjx-Rvg©vwb-Rvcv‡bi mv‡_ iƒcMZ cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI AvR‡Ki ywbqvq ey‡R©vqv kvm‡bi iƒ‡ci gv‡S d¨vwmev` cÖavb

cÖeYZv wnmv‡e weivR Ki‡Q| Avevi ‡`‡k †`‡k d¨vwmev‡`i iƒc cÖK…wZi wfbœZvI i‡q‡Q| †hgb BZvjx Ges Rvg©vbxi d¨vwmev` Zv‡`i

Drm Ges cªK„wZi cv_©K¨ wb‡qB M‡o D‡V‡Q hw`I GK‡PwUqv cyuwRev‡`i Rxeb iÿv I kÖwgK †kÖYxi RvMiY I wecøe cÖ‡Póv aŸsm Kivi

w`K †_‡K D‡Ï‡k¨i wgj i‡q‡Q| 1932 mv‡j BZvwjqvb GbmvB‡KvwcwWqvi d¨vwmev‡`i ZË¡ (Doctrine of facism) Qvcv n‡qwQj|

`vk©wbK wRIfvwbœ †Rw›U‡ji gymvweav P~ovšÍ K‡i gy‡mvwjwb Zvi P~ovšÍ iƒc †`b| BZvjx‡Z B‡Zvg‡a¨ wdqvU, Awj‡fwÆ, wc‡iwjøi g‡Zv

G‡PwUqv abKz‡ei †Mvôxi wkí cÖwZôvb Avw_©K g›`vi m¤§yLxb Ab¨w`‡K kÖwg‡Ki Afvebxq `vwi ª †eKviZ¡mn Ôwe‡ùviYgyLÕ Ae v mvgvj

w`‡Z d¨vwmev`x ZË¡ Avi †ivgmn ga¨ BZvjxi cÖvq cy‡iv As‡k †cvc Ges f¨vwUKvb‡`i ag©xq fvev`k©MZ cÖfve we Ívi cÖ‡qvRbxq n‡q

D‡VwQj| Rvg©vbx‡ZI cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× civR‡qi Møvwb, Avw_©K ÿwZ I RvZxq A½‡”Q` BZ¨vw`i cvkvcvwk GK‡PwUqv Kvievwi‡`i ªæZ D‡V

`vov‡bvi mv‡_ kÖwgK wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv‡K aŸsm Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b Rvg©vb Rv‡Zi †kÖôZ¡ I Bû`x ag©vej¤^x‡`i cÖwZ Zxeª ag©vÜ mv¤úª`vwqK

N„Yv m„wó Kiv n‡qwQj| BZvjx I Rvg©vbxi d¨vwmev‡`i `vk©wbK Drm divmx `k©b wPšÍvi g‡a¨ Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e| BZvjx AbymiY K‡i‡Q

divmx i¨vwWK¨vj wmwÛKvwj÷ RR© †mv‡i‡ji fveev`x mgvRZš¿ Ges Ôwi‡dKkb Ab fv‡qv‡jÝÕ (Reflection on Violence) †K

Ab¨w`‡K Rvg©vb bvrwm gZv`‡k©i Dr‡m Av‡Q divmx RvZxqZvev`x Av_©vi †Mvweb, wfj‡d«‡Wv c¨v‡i‡Uv, gwim e¨v‡im Ges A¨vKkb d«vÝ

Av‡›`vjb BZ¨vw`‡Z| Z‡e Dfq †`‡ki †ÿ‡ÎB wbr‡mi cÖfve wQj Mfxi| wbr‡mi AwZgvbe (Ubermensch) Ges ÿgZvi B”Qv

(The will power), A_©vr †kÖYxi cwie‡Z© ÔAmvaviY gvbyl‡`iÕ wba©viK f~wgKvi K_vB Gi cÖwZcv`¨| G cÖm‡½ wb‡¤œv³

Av‡jvPbv¸wj we‡ePbvq Avm‡Z cv‡i:

"Facism is the open, terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, most chauvinist and most

imperialist elements of finance capital. Facism tries to secure a mass basis for monopolist

capital among the petty bourgeoisie,...also trying to penetrate the working class." [Theses on

Facism, the War Danger and the Tasks of the Communist Parties; 13th Plenum ECCI; In

J.Degras (Ed): "The Communist International: 1919-1943; Documents", Volume 3; Oxford,

1965; p.296].

"Facism means the destruction of all the democratic rights won by the people, the

establishment of a kingdom of darkness and ignorance and the destruction of culture; it means

nonsensical race theories and the preaching of hatred of man for man, for the purpose of

kindling wars of conquest." [G.Dimitroff,...Spain and the People's Front]

The Program of the Communist International. Comintern Sixth Congress 1929: Side by side

with social democracy, with whose aid the bourgeoisie suppresses the workers or lulls their

class vigilance, stands Facism. The epoch of imperialism war-led to the bankruptcy of

parliamentarism. Hence, the adoption of `new' methods and forms of administration (for

example, the system of inner cabinets, the formation of oligarchical groups, acting behind the

scenes, the deteration and falsification of the function of 'popular representation', the restriction

and annulment of 'democratic liberties', etc.).

Under certain special historical conditions, the progress of this bourgeois, imperialist,

reactionary offensive assume the form of Facism. of considerable de-classed social elements,

the pauperisation of broad strata of the urban petty bourgeoisie and of the intellegentsia;

discontent among the rural petty-bourgeoisie and, finally, the constant menace of mass

proletarian action. A_©vr, Òd¨vwmev`x e¨e v jMœx cuywRi me‡P‡q cÖwZwµqvkxj, AÜ I me‡P‡q †ekx mvgªvR¨ev`x PwiÎ avib K‡i

Ges GKbvqKZvwš¿K fveavivi ewntcÖKvk| G e¨ve v ÿz`ª ey‡R©vqv‡`i g‡a¨ Zvi GK‡PwUqv cÖuwRi cwic~iK MbwfwË •Zix K‡i Ges

GgbwK kªwgK‡kªYx‡KI cÖfvweZ Kivi †Póv K‡i|Ó

Ò•mivPvix e¨ve vq RbM‡bi AwR©Z mKj MYZvwš¿K AwaKv‡ii Kei iwPZ nq| Gi ga¨ w`‡q AÜKvi I †m”PvPvi ivRZ¡ cÖwZwôZ nq

Ges ms¯‥…wZi webvk N‡U| d¨vwmev` ee©i RvwZMZ ZË¡ Zz‡j a‡i, weRqx As‡ki c‡ÿ hy× Pvwj‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ Ges gvby‡li cÖwZ

gvby‡li N„Yv Rb¥ †`q|Ó

14) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒMYZvwš¿K †Kw›`ªKZv e¨vL¨v K‡i †jwbb e‡jb, GUv n‡”Q me©nviv MYZš¿ I †Kw›`ªKZvi wgkÖY|

wKš‧ me©nviv ms¯‥…wZ AR©b Qvov ‡h `‡j me©nviv MYZš¿ h_vh_fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges me©nviv ms¯‥…wZ ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv

†jwbb †`wL‡q hvbwb, †hUv Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl †jwb‡bi wPšÍv‡K we Í…Z I DbœZ K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb|Ó

hyejx‡Mi KZ©e¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q †jwbb ej‡Qb, ÒGB K_vwU Avgv‡`i Aek¨B g‡b ivLv DwPZ, D`vniY¯iƒc, hLb Avgiv me©nviv

ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© K_v ewj**, G mgm¨vwU mgvavb Ki‡Z Avgiv mÿg ne bv hw`-bv Avgiv my¯úófv‡e GUv ü`q½g Kwi †h, gvbeRvwZi

mgMÖ weKv‡ki Øviv m„ó ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© GKUv h_vh_ Ávb Ges Zvi iƒcvšÍi mvabB GKgvÎ GKUv me©nviv ms¯‥…wZ m…wó Kivq Avgv‡`i

mg_© K‡i Zzj‡e| me©nviv ms¯‥…wZ AvKvk †_‡K c‡o bv| hviv wb‡R‡`i me©nviv ms¯‥„wZ m¤ú‡K© we‡klÁ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡K

Zv‡`i †Kvb ¯KwíZ D™¢vebI Zv bq| Zv G‡Kev‡i ev‡R K_v| cyuwRev`x, Rwg`vix I AvgjvZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri †Rvqv‡ji Aax‡b

gvbeRvwZ †h Ávb fvÛvi mwÂZ K‡i‡Q me©nviv ms¯‥…wZ‡K n‡Z n‡e ZviB †h․w³K weKvk| GB mg Í c_B cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q Ges

Ae¨vnZfv‡eB cwiPvwjZ n‡e me©nviv ms¯‥…wZi w`‡K, wVK †hgb gvK©m KZ©„K †X‡j mvRv‡bv ivR‣bwZK A_©kv ¿ Avgv‡`i †`wL‡q w`‡q‡Q

gvbe mgvR‡K †Kv_vq †cu․Qv‡Z n‡e| †hgb †`wL‡q w`‡q‡Q †kªYx-msMÖvg AwfgyLx, me©nviv wecøe AwfgyLx c_|... †h Áv‡bi bq-`kgvsk

n‡jv AcÖ‡qvRbxq Avi GK-`kgvsk n‡jv weK…Z, †mB cÖf~Z cwigvb Áv‡bi Øviv Ziæb‡`i gw Í®‥‡K fvivµvšÍ K‡i †`qvi c×wZwU

Avgiv Aek¨B MÖnY Kie bv| wKš‧ Zvi A_© GB bq ‡h, Avgiv KwgDwb÷ wm×v‡šÍB mxgve× _vK‡Z cvwi Ges KwgDwb÷ †køvMvbB

†Kej wkL‡Z cvwi| †m cšvq KwgDwbRg Mov hvq bv| GKgvÎ ZLbB †Zvgiv KwgDwb÷ n‡Z cvi hLb gvbeRvwZ KZ…©K m„ó mg¯Í

Ávb fvÛvi w`‡q †Zvgv‡`i gw Í®‥‡K †Zvgiv mg„× Ki‡e| Avgv‡`i gyL -we`¨vi †Kvb `iKvi †bB, wKš‧ †g․wjK Z‡_¨i (fundamental

facts) Ávb w`‡q cÖwZwU wkÿv_©xi g‡bi weKvk I c~Y©Zv mvab Avgv‡`i Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©x †h mg Í Ávb AR©b K‡i Zv hw` †m Zvi

g‡bvRM‡Z nRg Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Zv n‡j KwgDwbRg n‡q uvov‡e GK duvKv K_v, wbQK GK mvBb‡evW©, Avi KwgDwb÷iv n‡q uvov‡e

wbZvšÍ `vw¤¢K|Ó me©nviv ms¯‥…wZ I ‣bwZKZv †eva‡K †jwbb AvPiYevw`Zv †_‡K gy³ ivLvi †eva‡KI kvwbZ K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv Rvwb

mgvR Af¨šÍ‡i A_©vr mgv‡Ri •ecøweK ev ÍeZvi gv‡S †h wbqgbxwZ wµqvkxj _v‡K Zvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© RxebvPiY I msMÖv‡gi ga¨

w`‡q me©nviv •bwZKZvi cÖKvk N‡U| †jwbb ej‡Qb, ÒAvgiv ewj Avgv‡`i •bwZKZv cy‡ivcywifv‡eB me©nviv †kÖYxi †kÖYx msMÖv‡gi

¯v‡_©i Aaxb Í| Avgv‡`i •bwZKZvi Drm n‡jv me©nviv †kÖYxi †kÖYx msMªv‡gi ¯v_©|...†m Kvi‡bB Avgiv ewj gvbemgv‡Ri evB‡i

Aew ÍZ •bwZKZv e‡j †Kv‡bv wKQz Avgv‡`i †bB, Zv n‡jv Zv‡K cÖZviYv| Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q •bwZKZv n‡jv me©nvivi †kÖYx msMÖv‡gi ¯v‡_©i

Aaxb Í|Ó m¤úwË Ges m¤úwËi aviYvgy³ bv n‡q me©nviv ms¯‥…wZ AvqË¡ Kiv KwVb, †m welq D‡jøL K‡i †jwbb e‡jb, ÒRvi‡K Zvwo‡q

†`qv KwVb wQj bv Zvi Rb¨ gvÎ K‡qK w`bB †j‡MwQj| Rwg`vi‡K weZvwoZ KivI Lye GKUv KwVb wQj bv- gvÎ K‡qK gv‡mB Zv

m¤úbœ n‡qwQj| cuywRcwZ‡`i Zvov‡bv Lye GKUv yiƒn wQj bv| wKš‧ †kÖYxi we‡jvcmvab AZzjbxq iƒ‡cB AwaK KwVb, kÖwgK I K…l‡Ki

wefw³Uv GLbI Avgv‡`i Av‡Q| K…lK hw` Zvi Rwg‡Z AwawôZ n‡q e‡m Ges Zvi DØ„Ë kl¨ AvZ¥mvr K‡i, A_©vr Zvi wb‡Ri Rb¨ ev

Zvi Miæ evQz‡ii Rb¨ jvM‡Qbv Ggb km¨ †m hw` AvZ¥mvr K‡i A_P evwK †jv‡Kiv QzwU Qvov w`b KvUvq Zvn‡j K…lK n‡q uvovq

†kvlK|... †kÖYx msMÖvg Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q Ges Avgv‡`i KZ©e¨ n‡jv mg Í ¯v_©‡K †m-msMÖv‡gi Aaxb Í Kiv| Avgv‡`i K‡gDwb÷

•bwZKZvI †mB KZ©‡e¨i Aaxb Í|... †jv‡K hLb Avgv‡`i mvg‡b •bwZKZv m¤ú‡K© K_v †Zv‡j, ZLb Avgiv ewj: GKRb KwgDwb‡÷i

Kv‡Q mg Í •bwZKZvB wbwnZ i‡q‡Q †kvlK‡`i weiæ‡× GB HK¨e× k„•ÿjv I m‡PZb MY-msMÖv‡gi g‡a¨| kvk¦Z •bwZKZvq Avgv‡`i

wek¦vm †bB Ges •bwZKZv wb‡q mg Í Avlv‡p M‡íi cÖZviYvi gy‡Lvk Avgiv D‡b¥vPb K‡i w`B| D”PZi ͇i gvbemgvR‡K DbœxZ Kivi

j‡ÿ¨iB †mev K‡i ‣bwZKZv|Ó

(†jwbb GLv‡b ÔcÖ‡jZKvjZÕ (proletcult) bvgK GKwU ¯vaxb kÖwgK msMVb hvi D™¢e N‡UwQj 1917 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤i gv‡m Zv‡`i

D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ej‡Qb| Gi msMV‡bi †bZ…Z¡ wQj eM`vbf I Zvi mg_©K‡Mvôxi nv‡Z hviv A‡±vei wecø‡ei ci wb‡R‡`i ¯vaxb mfv

Rvwni K‡i Ges GK ch©v‡q me©nviv iv‡óªi weiæ‡× uvovq| GB msMV‡b ey‡R©vqv eyw×Rxexiv †kÖYx wbi‡cÿ weï× ms Í…wZ PP©vi bv‡g hy³

nq| Giv g~jZ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ AZx‡Zi mg„× mvs¯‥„wZK DËivwaKvi‡KI A¯xKvi K‡i e‡m| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ mvs¯‥…ZwK I wkÿvg~jK Kv‡Ri

cÖwZ Ae‡njv cÖ`k©b K‡i| ev Íe Rxeb msMÖvg †_‡K wb‡R‡`i wewe”Qbœ ivLv cQ›` K‡i Ges we‡kl ai‡Yi ¯KwíZ Ôme©nviv ms¯‥…wZÕ

cÖwZôv Kivi jÿ¨ †NvlYv K‡i| ÔcÖ‡jZKvjZÕ Gi cÖavb †bZv eM`vbf gy‡L gvK©mev‡`i eywj AvIov‡Zb, wKš‧ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ AvZ¥gyLx

fveev‡`i cÖPvi Pvjv‡Zb| ÔcÖ‡jZKvjZÕ Gi g‡a¨ ey‡R©vqv eyw×Rxexiv †hgb wQj †Zgwb Ziæb kÖwgKivI e¨vcKfv‡e AvK…ó n‡qwQj hviv

†mvwf‡qZ iv‡óª I mgv‡R mvs¯‥…wZK weKvk Kvgbv Ki‡Zv| cÖ‡jZKvjZ 1919 mv‡ji w`‡K e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf Ki‡jI 1932 mv‡j Zvi

mvsMVwbK `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y wejywß N‡U|)

†jwb‡bi Av‡iv wek` e¨vL¨v QvovI gvK©mev`x `vk©wbK‡`i bvbv w`‡K h‡_ó e¨vL¨v we‡kølY i‡q‡Q hv †_‡K eySv hv‡e †h me©nviv ms¯‥…wZ

I •bwZKZv wel‡q wke`vm †Nv‡li Av‡jvPbv I Dcjwäi h‡_ô g~j¨ _vK‡jI gvK©mev`x Av‡›`vj‡b h_v_© Ávb I Dcjwäi †Zgb NvUwZ

wQj bv|

15) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒKg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl †`wL‡q‡Qb wecøex ZË¡ ej‡Z †jwbb ïay ivR‣bwZK I A_©‣bwZK ZË¡

†evSvbwb| Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î gvK©mev`x weÁvb‡K cÖ‡qvM K‡i msMÖv‡gi Øviv m„ó GKwU mvgwMÖK Áv‡bi cwigÐj‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| hviv

w_Iix ej‡Z ïay cwjwUK¨vj GÛ B‡KvbwgK w_Iix g‡b Ki‡Zv Zv‡`i weåvwšÍ †`wL‡q wke`vm †Nvl ej‡jb, gvK©mev`‡K Rxeb msMÖvg

wnmv‡e MÖnY bv Ki‡j h_v_© KwgDwb÷ PwiÎ AR©b Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó

GLv‡b weåvwšÍ `~i Kivi Rb¨ †jwb‡bi D×…Z e³e¨UvB h‡_ó wQj| †jwbb e‡jb, ÒAvgiv Avgv‡`i Kg©x‡`i ivR‣bwZK †bZv wnmv‡e

wkwÿZ K‡i Zzje hv‡Z Zviv me©v½xb msMÖv‡gi cÖwZwU Awfe¨w³‡K c_ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z mÿg nq|Ó [wK Kwi‡Z nB‡e- †jwbb] G‡½jm

hLb e‡jb,Ò Our doctrin...is not a dogma, but a guide to action.Ó A_©vr, ÒAvgv‡`i wPšÍv ev g~jbxwZ mg~n AÜ

Abymibxq wKQz bq eis mKj Kvh©ejx w`K wb‡`©kbvKvixÓ

Gi Øviv wK me©v½xb Rxeb msMÖv‡gi w`K wb‡`©kbv cvIqv hvq bv? me©nviv •bwZKZv m¤ú‡K© hyejx‡Mi KZ©e¨ cyw ÍKvq †jwbb AviI

Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| gvK©mev`x `„wóf½x‡K MÖnY K‡iB Kg‡iW †Nvl KwgDwb÷ PwiÎ AR©‡bi msMÖv‡g Kg©x‡`i DØy× K‡i‡Qb|

16) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒGKwU †`‡k wecøex `j MV‡bi Av‡M, wke`vm †Nvl †`wL‡q‡Qb, Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿÎ e¨vß K‡i

gvK©mev‡`i mwVK cÖ‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q Av`k©MZ Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zz‡j ZviB wfwˇZ Av`k©MZ †Kw›`ªKZv A_©vr mgwPšÍv-c×wZ, mgwPšÍv,

mg-wePvi aviv, mg-D‡Ïk¨gyLxbZv M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| wZwb AviI †`wL‡q‡Qb, mKj †bZv Ges Kg©xi †h․_Áv‡bi hLb `‡ji m‡e©v”P

͇ii GKRb †bZvi ga¨ w`‡q me©‡kªôiƒ‡c e¨w³KiY N‡U, ZLbB ejv hv‡e, †h․_ †bZ…‡Z¡i Afy¨Ìvb N‡U‡Q|Ó

GKUv `j Movi cÖ ‧wZce©, MVbKvj Ges †kªYx I `‡ji AejywßKvj Z_v cyuwRev` †_‡K mvg¨ev‡`i †MvUv ch©vq Ry‡o wfbœ cwiw wZ‡Z

wfbœ gvÎvq wecøex Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L GB msMÖvg Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e| me©nvivi MYZš¿ I Øvw›ØK †Kw› ªKZv wg‡j MYZvwš¿K

†Kw›`ªKZvi PP©v I gvb Pjgvb msMÖv‡g I msMÖvg weKv‡ki gv‡SB DbœxZ n‡Z _v‡K| G cÖm‡½ †jwbb e‡jb, ÒThe Party is the

vanguard detachment of the proletariat and to direct the struggle of working class effectively, it

must be armed with Marxist Theory, and the knowledge of the laws of social development and

the laws of class struggle. An organized detachment, the party is the highest of all forms of

organisation of the proletariat. It can and should guide all the other organization of working

class. It must maintain close contact with the broad masses and win their confidence. Its

organization must be organized on the principle of centralism." [One step forward, two step

back] A_©vr, Ò`j kªwgK †kªYx Ges Gi msMÖvg‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi me‡P‡q AMÖMvgx/†bZ„Z¡`vbKvix Ask, GKwU kªwgK

†kªYxi `j‡K Aek¨B gvK©mev`x ZË¡, mgvR weKv‡ki wbqg msµvšÍ Ávb I †kªYx msMÖv‡gi wbqg Øviv mymw¾Z n‡Z n‡e| GKwU msMwVZ

Ask wn‡m‡e `jB me©nvivi mdj msMV‡bi m‡e©v”P Ask| GB kªwgK †kªYxi Ab¨ mKj msMVb mg~n‡K w`K wb‡ ©kbv †`q Ges †`Iqv

DwPZ| `j‡K Aek¨B MYgvby‡li mv‡_ mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM vcb I Zv‡`i Av v AR©b Ki‡Z nq Ges Gi msMVb cwiPvwjZ nq

†K›`ªxKZvi bxwZmg~‡ni Dci wfwË K‡i|Ó

`‡ji †bZ…Z¡ ev A_wiwU A_©vr `‡ji †h․_ Áv‡bi we‡klxK…Z iƒ‡ci cÖKvk| G‡K me©‡kÖôiƒ‡c bv e‡j `‡ji cwiPvjbv I wecøex msMÖvg

weKv‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡b me©AMÖMY¨ Ae v‡b †bZ…Z¡ `v‡b mÿg e¨w³Z¡‡K eyS‡j me©¸‡b, me©Áv‡b ¸bvšxZ GKK e¨w³‡K gwngvwš^Z Kivi ev

¸iæev`x †SuvK Ae‡PZbfv‡e n‡jI Avmvi cÖeYZv †iva Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

17) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò Constant common association, constant common discussion and

constant common activity Ó

A_©vr wke`vm †Nvl †h․_Zv wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ G welq¸‡jv e‡j‡Qb| Avgiv ÔMYZvwš¿K †K›`ªxKiYÕ wk‡ivbv‡g ÔKwgDwb÷ cvwU© msMV‡bi

g~jbxwZÕ eB‡Z †jwb‡bi e³‡e¨ †`L‡Z cvB, ÒKwgDwb÷ cvwU© msMV‡b MYZvwš¿K †Kw›`ªKZv Aek¨B n‡e †Kw›`ªKZv I me©nviv MYZ‡š¿i

mswgkÖY (wdDkb)-Df‡qi wgj‡bi cªK…Z wbh©vm| GB mswgkÖY, mgMÖ cvwU©i g‡a¨ me©`v GK‡Î KvR, me©`v GK‡Î msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡qB

GKgvÎ AR©b Kiv hvq| KwgDwb÷ cvwU© msMV‡b MYZvwš¿K †Kw›`ªKZv AvbyôvwbK ev hvwš¿K †Kw› ªKZv bq; GB †Kw› ªKZv nj mvg¨ev`x

Kg©Kv‡Ûi †Kw› ªKZv, hvi A_© nj, Ggb GKwU my`„p kw³kvjx †bZ…Z¡ M‡o †Zvjv hv wecøex hy‡×i Rb¨ me©`v cÖ ‧Z, Avevi GKB mv‡_

†h †KvbI cwiw wZi †gvKv‡ejvq cvi`k©x|Ó †h․_ m½ K_vwU Qvov evwK meB GLv‡b Av‡Q| GB †h․_ m½ hw` nq kÖwgK †kÖYx, †kvwlZ

†kÖYx, wbcxwoZ †kÖYxmg~‡ni mv‡_ Zv‡`i msMÖv‡g wbZ¨ m½ Ges ZviB GKUv Ask wnmv‡e msMÖvgx gvbyl‡`i wbR¯ m½; Zvn‡j Zvi

GKUv gv‡b uvovq| Zv bv n‡j Gi GKUv hvwš¿K aviYv •Zwi n‡Z cv‡i hv MYwew”Qbœ AvPiYev`x m½wµqvi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i|

18) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òwke`vm †Nvl †`wL‡q‡Qb, ÔA_wiwUÕ ev †bZ…Z¡ m¤ú‡K© gvK©mev`x aviYvi mv‡_ ¸iæev‡`i †Kvb

wgj †bB|Ó

ÔMYZvwš¿K †Kw›`ªKiYÕ wk‡ivbv‡g ÔKwgDwb÷ cvwU© msMV‡bi g~jbxwZÕ‡Z †jwbb e‡jb, ÒKwgDwb÷ cvwU© msMV‡b MYZvwš¿K †Kw›`ªKZv

Aek¨B n‡e †Kw›`ªKZv I me©nviv MYZ‡š¿i mswgkªY (wdDkb)-Df‡qi wgj‡bi cÖK…Z wbh©vm| GB mswgkÖY, mgMÖ cvwU©i g‡a¨ me©`v

GK‡Î KvR, me©`v GK‡Î msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡qB GKgvÎ AR©b Kiv hvq| KwgDwb÷ cvwU© msMV‡b †Kw› ªKZv AvbyôvwbK ev hvwš¿K

†Kw›`ªKZv bq; GB †Kw› ªKZv nj mvg¨ev`x Kg©Kv‡Ði †Kw›`ªKZv, hvi A_© nj, Ggb GKwU my`„p kw³kvjx †bZ…Z¡ M‡o †Zvjv hv wecøex

hy‡×i Rb¨ me©`v cÖ ‧Z, Avevi GKB mv‡_ †h †Kvb cwiw wZ †gvKv‡ejvq cvi`k©x| AvbyôvwbK ev hvwš¿K †Kw›`ªKZv nj cyuwRev`x

Avgjv‡Mvôxi nv‡Z ÔÿgZvÕi (cvIqvi) †Kw› ªf~Z Ki‡Q †h KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, Zv wecøex me©nvivi Dci Zvi kvmb Kv‡qg Kivi †Póv

Ki‡Q-GK_v GKgvÎ KwgDwb÷‡`i kÎæivB †Rvi Mjvq cÖPvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU GKwU wg_¨v cÖPvi| cvwU©i Af¨šÍ‡i †KvbI cÖKvi

ÿgZvi Ø›Ø ev AvwacZ¨ wb‡q †KvbI cÖKvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv-Gme KwgDwb÷ AvšÍR©vwZK KZ…©K M„nxZ MYZvwš¿K †Kw›`ªKZvi †g․j

bxwZ¸wji m¤ú~Y© we‡ivax|...GKwU mgvRZvwš¿K MYcvwU©‡K KwgDwb÷ cvwU©‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi KvR KLbI cyi‡bv Kg©ixwZ‡K

AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L †KejgvÎ †mB cvwU©i †K› ªxq †bZ…‡Z¡i nv‡Z ÿgZvi (A_wiwUi) †K› ªxfe‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× n‡Z cv‡i bv| †K› ªxKZv

†KejgvÎ KvM‡R-Kj‡g _vK‡j Pj‡ebv, ev ͇e Zv‡K cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Ges Zv GKgvÎ ZLbB Kiv m¤¢e hLb e¨vcKfv‡e m`m¨iv

Abyfe Ki‡Z cvi‡eb †h GB ÔA_wiwUÕ Zv‡`i mw¤§wjZ Kg©Kv‡Û I msMÖv‡g m‡e©vËg †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ GKwU nvwZqvi| Ab¨_vq RbZvi

Kv‡Q GB we‡K› ªxf~Z †bZ…Z¡ cvwU©i Af¨šÍ‡ii GKwU AvgjvZš¿iƒ‡cB †`Lv ‡`‡e Ges Gi d‡j Zv mKj cÖKvi, †Kw› ªKZv, mKj ai‡Yi

†bZ…Z¡ I mg Í iKg K‡Vvi wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi weiæ×Zv Kivi gvbwmKZv RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z cv‡i| AvgjvZvwš¿KZvi wecixZ †giæ‡ZB

•bivR¨evw`Zvi Ae vb|Ó GQvovI Ab¨Î †bZ…Z¡ m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv †`L‡Z cve †h me©nviv †kÖYx `‡ji †bZ…Z¡-Kw_Z ¸iæev`x

aviYvi mv‡_ †Kvb Ae v‡ZB GK mv‡_ hvqbv|

19) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒcyuwRev`x †`‡k AvR‡Ki hy‡M KwgDwb÷ Pwi‡Îi DbœZ gvb AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ges wecø‡ei ci

mgvRZš¿‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ ïay e¨w³MZ m¤úwË cwiZ¨vM KivB bq Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ m¤úwËRvZ gvbwmKZv †_‡K

gy³ n‡q †kÖYx, `j I wecø‡ei mv‡_ GKvZ¥ n‡Z n‡e|Ó

GLv‡b ÔmgvRZ‡š¿ cuywRev‡`i wec` m¤ú‡K© ÷¨vwj‡bi ûuwkqvwiÕ eB‡Z 25 bs c„ôvq Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB ÷¨vwjb ej‡Qb, ÒAvgv‡`i

†`‡k mgvRZvwš¿K Av`‡k©iB cÖvavb¨ i‡q‡Q, hvi Aciv‡Rq wfwË nj gvK©mev`-†jwbbev`| wKš‧ ey‡R©vqv fvev`‡k©i Ae‡kl

(vestiges) AvRI Avgv‡`i †`‡k Av‡Q| e¨w³ m¤úwˇK wfwË K‡i M‡o IVv •bwZKZv‡eva I gvbwmKZvi aŸsmve‡kl (relies of

private-property mentality and morality) AvRI wU‡K Av‡Q| GwU KLbI Avcbv AvcwbB †kl n‡q hv‡e bv; G¸wji

weiæ‡× „pZvi mv‡_ msMÖvg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i KZ©e¨ cÖm‡½ fvl‡Y eyj‡Mixq IqvK©vm© cvwU©i †bZv RR© wWwgUªd

e‡jwQ‡jb, ÒAvgv‡`i cvwU©‡K Zvnvi HwZnvwmK KZ©e¨ cvjb Kwi‡Z nB‡j GBfv‡e mK‡j mg_©b I wbqg gvwbqv Pjvi Af¨vm Qvov

Dcvq bvB| †mB Rb¨B ¯úó eywS‡Z nB‡e †h cvwU©i D‡Ïk¨ I KZ©‡e¨i Dc‡i e¨w³MZ †Kvb B”Qv Awb”Qv, we‡kl †Kvb ¯v_© ev aviYv‡K

vb †`qv Pwj‡e bv| cvwU©i g‡a¨ †h c‡`B Avgiv AwawôZ _vwK bv †Kb, Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ hvnv wKQz Av‡Q, Zvnvi meUv‡KB cvwU©i

¯v_© I RbM‡Yi ¯v‡_©i Kv‡Q wemR©b w`‡ZB nB‡e|Ó

G cÖm‡½ 8 Rvbyqvwi 1905 mv‡j †`qv Kg‡iW ÷vwj‡bi e³e¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨Ñ Ò†h‡nZz cvwU© n‡jv †bZv‡`i msMVb, †m‡nZz GUv ¯úó

‡h GKgvÎ Zv‡`iB GB cvwU©i I msMV‡bi mf¨ e‡j MY¨ Kiv P‡j hviv GB msMV‡b KvR K‡ib Ges ¯fveZtB cvwU©i B”Qvi m‡½

wb‡R‡`i e¨w³MZ B”Qv‡K wgwj‡q †`Iqv‡K Ges cvwU©i m‡½ GKvZ¡fv‡e KvR Kiv‡K Zv‡`i KZ©e¨ e‡j g‡b K‡ib|Ó (kÖwgK‡kÖYx I

kÖwgK‡kÖYxi cvwU©, ÷¨vwjb iPbvmgMÖ, 1g LÐ, c„ôv-78)

Zvn‡j †`Lv †Mj †h, cÖKvk fw½i wfbœZv ev‡` `‡ji mv‡_ GKvZ¡ nevi msMÖv‡gi K_v bZzb bq| 20) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òey‡R©vqv

MYZš¿ I me©nviv MYZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ †Kv_vq cv_©K¨ Zv †`Lvb Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl|Ó

Kg‡iW †jwbb KvDUw¯‥i ÔLuvwU MYZ‡š¿Õi aviYvi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z wM‡q †j‡Lb, ÒmvaviY eyw×-we‡ePbv I BwZnvm wb‡q hw` Avgiv

VvÆv-we`ªæc Ki‡Z bv PvB, Zvn‡j GUv ¯Zt¯úó †h, †h ch©šÍ wewfbœ †kÖYxi Aw ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q, †m ch©šÍ ÔLuvwU MYZ‡š¿iÕ K_v Avgiv

ej‡Z cvwi bv; Avgiv †Kej ej‡Z cvwi †kÖYx MYZ‡š¿i K_vB|...AvaywbK iv󪸇jvi †g․wjK AvBb-Kvbyb ¸‡jvi K_v aiæb, Zv‡`i

cÖkvmb e¨e vi K_v aiæb, mgv‡e‡ki ¯vaxbZv, msev`c‡Îi ¯vaxbZv, A_ev ÔAvB‡bi „wó‡Z mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgZvÕi K_vB aiæb,

Avcwb cÖwZ c‡` ey‡R©vqv MYZ‡š¿i avàvevwRi cÖgvbB †`L‡Z cv‡eb, hvi mv‡_ cÖwZwU mr I †kÖYx m‡PZb kÖwgKB cwiwPZ| hZ

MYZvwš¿KB †nvK bv †Kb, Ggb †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi mvÿvr wgj‡ebv hvi msweav‡b, Z_vKw_Z ÔRbk„•ÿjv j•N‡biÕ †ÿ‡Î, Avi ev ÍweK c‡ÿ

†kvwlZ †kÖYx KZ…©K Zvi `vmZ¡g~jK Ae vb Ôj•NbÕ I A`vmmyjf AvPiY cÖ`k©‡bi cÖ‡Póvi †ÿ‡Î, ey‡R©vqv †kªYx‡K kÖwgK‡`i weiæ‡×

‣mb¨ †cÖiY, mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kiv, BZ¨vw` BZ¨vw` my‡hv‡Mi wbðqZv cÖ`vbKvix duvK-†dvKi ev iÿvKeP cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb| KvDUw¯‥

wbj©‡¾i g‡ZvB ey‡R©vqv MYZš¿‡K Aj¼vi f~wlZ K‡i‡Qb Ges D`vnib ¯iƒc Av‡gwiKv I myBRvij¨v‡Ûi me‡P‡q MYZvwš¿K I

cªRvZvwš¿K ey‡R©vqviv ag©NUx kÖwgK‡`i mv‡_ wKiƒc AvPiY K‡i Zv D‡jøL KivUv ev` w`‡”Qb| ...me©nviv MYZš¿ ‡h †Kvb ey‡R©vqv MYZš¿

†_‡K jÿ ¸‡b AwaK MYZvwš¿K; †mvwf‡qZ ÿgZv me‡P‡q MYZvwš¿K ey‡R©vqv cÖRvZ‡š¿i †P‡qI jÿ ¸‡b AwaK MYZvwš¿K|...hviv GUv

†`L‡Z e¨_© nq Zviv wbcxwoZ †kÖYxi `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K welqwU‡K Dcw Z Ki‡Z Aÿg: ywbqvq Ggb GKwU †`kI wK Av‡Q, †hLv‡b

MocoZv mvaviY mvwii kÖwgK, MocoZv mvaviY mvwii K…wl-gRyi, ev mvaviYfv‡e MÖvgxY Avav-me©nviviv (A_©vr wbcxwoZ‡`i,

Rbmvavi‡Yi wecyj msL¨vwaK¨ As‡ki cÖwZwbwaiv) Ggb †Kvb ¯vaxbZvi KvQvKvwQI †cuuu․Qv‡Z †c‡i‡Q hv‡Z Zviv m‡e©vËg

AÆvwjKv¸‡jv‡Z mfv-mwgwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ggb †Kvb ¯vaxbZv wK †c‡q‡Q †hLv‡b wb‡R‡`i fvev`k© cÖPv‡ii I wb‡R‡`i ¯v_© iÿv Kivi

R‡b¨ me‡P‡q eo QvcvLvbv¸‡jv I KvM‡Ri gRyZ¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ggb ‡Kvb ¯vaxbZv Kx †c‡q‡Q †hLv‡b ¯-†kªYxi bvix

cyiæl‡K kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv I ivóª‡K ÔM‡o wc‡U iƒc`vbÕ Kivi Kv‡R DbœxZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q, †hgb n‡q‡Q †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqvq?...ey‡R©vqv

msev`cÎmg~‡ni UzK‡iv cwigvb ¯xKv‡ivw³ †_‡K hZUyKz ï‡b‡Q Zv‡ZB †MvUv we‡k¦i kÖwgKiv, mnRvZ g‡bvfve †_‡KB †mvwf‡qZ

cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖwZ †h mnvbyf~wZ ‡`Lvq h_vh_ Zvi KviY nj Zviv GUv‡K me©nviv MYZš¿, Mix‡ei Rb¨ MYZš¿ e‡jB g‡b K‡i-abx‡`i

MYZš¿ bq| †hgbwU nj ev ÍeZ cÖwZwU ey‡R©vqv MYZš¿B, GgbwK me©‡kÖô ey‡R©vqv MYZš¿I|Ó

wZwb AviI e‡jb,Òiv‡óª Av‡Q ¯vaxbZv Ges mK‡ji ¯v_©‡K iÿv KivB Zvi cweÎ D‡Ïk¨-GB ey‡R©vqv wg_¨vPviwU †Kej †h Ávbcvcx,

weÁvbx I cy‡ivwnZivB Zz‡j a‡i I mg_©b K‡i Zv bq, eis hviv cyiv‡bv Kzms¯‥vi‡K g‡b-cÖv‡Y AuvK‡o _v‡K I hviv cuywRev`x mgvR

†_‡K mgvRZ‡š¿ DËiY‡K eyS‡Z cv‡i bv, †mB me eû †jvKI Zv K‡i _v‡K|

†mvwf‡qZ cÖRvZš¿ hLb cÖwZwôZ nq ZLbB †m Gme ey‡R©vqv wg_¨vPvi‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Ges cÖKv‡k¨B †NvlYv K‡i; †Zvgiv ejQ

†Zvgv‡`i iv‡óª ¯vaxbZv Av‡Q, wKš‧ ev ͇e, †h ch©šÍ e¨w³MZ m¤úwË _vK‡e †m ch©šÍ, MYZvwš¿K cÖRvZš¿ n‡jI, †Zvgv‡`i ivóª

kÖwgK‡`i `gb Kivi Rb¨ cuywRev`x‡`i nv‡Zi hš¿ Qvov Avi wKQzB bq...|

cÖRvZš¿ †h AveiYB aviY KiæK bv †Kb, Ggb wK Zv me‡P‡q MYZvwš¿K cÖRvZš¿ n‡jI, hw` Zv nq GK ey‡R©vqv cÖRvZš¿, hw` Zv Rwg,

wgj I d¨v±ixi Dci e¨w³-gvwjKvbv eRvq iv‡L, Avi e¨w³MZ cuywR hw` †MvUv mgvR‡K gRywi `vm‡Z¡ Ave× iv‡L,...Zvn‡j GB ivóª

n‡jv GK `j †jvK‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨ `‡ji nv‡Zi hš¿|Ó †jwbb-Gi we‡kølY †_‡K wK GUv ¯úó nq bv †h, ey‡R©vqv I me©nviv

MYZ‡š¿i cv_©K¨ Zz‡j a‡i Ges G m¤ú‡K© wZwb aviYv †i‡L †M‡Qb ? G aviYv‡K Aej¤b K‡i A‡b‡KB m¤úÖmvwiZ e¨vL¨v we‡kølY

nvwRi K‡i‡Qb| wke`vm †Nvl Zuvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Zv Qvov Z…Zxq AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki wØZxq Awa‡ek‡b †h yÕwU `wjj M„nxZ nq, Gi cÖ_gwU

n‡jv †jwb‡bi †jLv me©nviv GK bvqKZ¡ I ey‡R©vqv GK bvqK‡Z¡i cv_©K¨|

21) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒKwgDwb÷ Av‡›`vj‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i AvšÍR©vwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i m‡½ Acivci †`‡ki cvwU©¸wji g‡a¨

Øvw›ØK m¤ú‡K©i cwie‡Z© †h hvwš¿K m¤úK© Zvi ûwkqvwiI wke`vm †Nvl w`‡qw©Q‡jb (1948)|Ó

wke`vm †Nv‡li GB e³e¨wU h_v_©| KviY RvZxq wKsev AvšÍR©vwZK mvg¨ev`x Av‡›`vj‡b mvaviYfv‡e hvwš¿KZvi GKUv aviYvi cvkvcvwk

mywbw ©ófv‡e †Kvb cwiw wZ‡Z wKfv‡e GB g‡bvfv‡ei cÖKvk †c‡qwQj, wK Zvi Av`wk©K-mvsMVwbK wfwË ev wK wQj ev ÍeZvi mxgve×Zv

Ges Zvi †_‡K †e‡ivevi Av‡`․ †Kvb D‡`¨vM ev msMÖvg wQj wKbv, _vK‡j Zvi cÖK…wZ wK, mvdj¨ KZUzKz ev e¨_©Zvi cwiYwZ djvdj

BZ¨vw` A‡bK wKQzB Av‡iv LuywU‡q LuywU‡q BwZnv‡mi Kvjc‡e©i wePv‡i Avgv‡`i †`L‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z AvgivI AvšÍR©vwZK m¤^Ü m¤ú‡K©i

†ÿ‡Î hvwš¿K `„wófw½i wkKvi bv nB| G cÖm‡½ AZx‡Zi wZ³ AwfÁZvi K_v Avgiv ¯§iY Ki‡Z cvwi| hvwš¿Kfv‡e g‡¯‥vcšx,

wcwKscšx nIqv, †Zvgvi evwo Avgvi evwo b·vjevwo ev Px‡bi †Pqvig¨vb Avgv‡`i †Pqvig¨vb e‡j †køvMvb †`qvi cwiYwZ‡Z evg cšx

Av‡›`vjb wKfv‡e AÜ AbyKi‡Yi †PvivMwj‡Z wbwÿß n‡qwQj|

22) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒweskwZ Ks‡MÖ‡mi wi‡cvU©‡K hLb Px‡bi cvwU© Awfb›`b Rvwb‡q‡Q, Kg‡iW wke`vm †NvlB †`Lvb

†h, GB weskwZ Ks‡MÖ‡m DÌvwcZ ZË¡ I ÷¨vwjb we‡ivax c`‡ÿc mvg¨ev`x Av‡›`vj‡b ms‡kvabev‡`i `iRv Ly‡j †`‡e, mgvRZš¿‡K

wecbœ Ki‡e| Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl ej‡jb, ey‡R©vqv cvj©v‡g‡›Ui iƒcvšÍ‡ii ga¨ w`‡q mgvRZš¿ Avm‡ebv|Ó

6 †m‡Þ¤^i 1963 mv‡j Ôwccjm †WBwjÕ I Ô†iW d¨vMÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`Kxq wbe‡Ü ÔAvgv‡`i m‡½ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi KwgDwb÷

cvwU©i †bZ…‡Z¡i gZ cv_©‡K¨i m~Pbv I weKvkÕ ÔwmwcGmBDÕi †K› ªxq KwgwUi †Lvjv wPwV cÖm‡½ gšÍe¨†Z Px‡bi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© GKwU

cÖev` evK¨ÑÒGKw`‡bB b`x‡Z wZbdz‡Ui †ewk Rj R‡g eid n‡Z cv‡i bvÓ D‡jøL K‡i `vwe K‡i‡Qb †h, ÒmZ¨wU n‡”Q GB †h

AvšÍR©vwZK KwgDwb÷ Av‡›`vjb wb‡q mvgwMÖK gZcv_©K¨ ïiæ n‡qwQj mvZ eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq Av‡M †_‡K| AviI wbw ©ó K‡i ej‡Z

†M‡j Zv ïiæ n‡qwQj 1956 mv‡j wmwcGmBDÕi 20 Zg Ks‡MÖm †_‡KB| wmwcGmBDÕi 20 Zg Ks‡MÖmB wQj ms‡kvabev‡`i c‡_

wmwcGmBD †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖ_g c`‡ÿc|Ó

Avgiv †`wL, †jwb‡bi beŸBZg Rb¥evwl©Kx Dcj‡ÿ 1960 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Pxbv cvwU©i †K›`ªxq KwgwUi gyLcÎ Ô†iW d¨vMÕ mvgwqKx‡Z

†jLv n‡q‡Q, Ò1957 mv‡ji b‡f¤‡i g‡¯‥v‡Z AbywôZ mgvRZvwš¿K †`kmg~‡ni KwgDwb÷ I IqvK©vm© cvwU©¸wji cÖwZwbwa‡`i †NvlYvq

†`wL‡q †`Iqv n‡qwQj †h, Ôms‡kvabev‡`i Avf¨šÍixY Drm n‡”Q ey‡R©vqv cÖfv‡ei Aw ÍÍË¡ Avi Gi ewnt Drm n‡”Q mv¤ªvR¨ev`x Pv‡ci

Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©b|Õ †hLv‡b cyivZb ms‡kvabev` †Póv K‡iwQj gvK©mev`‡K APj cÖgvY Ki‡Z, †mLv‡b AvaywbK ms‡kvabev` †Póv Ki‡Q

†jwbbev`‡K A‡K‡Rv cÖgvY Ki‡Z|Ó hy‡Mvkøvwfqvi gvk©vj wU‡Uvi †kvabev`‡K †K› ª K‡i Av‡iv ejv nq, ÒweMZ eQ‡ii †kl w`‡K

wU‡Uvi GKwU e³…Zvq evi evi D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡K AvaywbK ms‡kvabev`xiv e‡j _v‡K ÔbZzb hyMÕ Gi K_v| wZwb ej‡Qb, ÔAvR wek¦

Ggb GK bZzb hy‡M cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q †hLv‡b RvwZmg~n Abvqv‡m weivg Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Avf¨šÍixY wbg©vY K‡g©i KZ©‡e¨ wb‡R‡`i ¯w ͇Z

wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|Ó [wU‡Uv, RvM‡i‡f cÖ`Ë e³…Zv, 12 wW‡m¤i 1959] wZwb AviI e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvgiv GK bZzb hy‡M cÖ‡ek K‡iwQ

hLb mvg‡b i‡q‡Q bZzb cÖkœ, hy× I kvwšÍi cÖkœ bq, eis, A_©‣bwZK I Ab¨vb¨ cšvq, mn‡hvwMZvi cÖkœ, Avi hLb A_©‣bwZK

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi K_vI i‡q‡Q|Ó

†mvwf‡qU BDwbq‡bi KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i weskwZ Ks‡MÖ‡mi wi‡cvU© cÖm‡½ Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl †kvabev‡`i ¯iƒc bvbv w`K †_‡K

D‡b¥vP‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Zv m‡Ë¡I wZwb cwic~Y© wm×v‡šÍi RvqMvq †cu․Qv‡Z cv‡ibwb| 20 RyjvB 1956 mv‡j wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvgv‡`i

hyM nj mv¤ªvR¨ev` I me©nviv wecø‡ei hyM, mgvRZš¿ I mvg¨ev‡`i weR‡qi hyM-GB mym½Z gvK©mev`x I †jwbbev`x w_wmm‡K evwZj

Kivi cÖ‡Póvq GB `jZ¨vMx e¨w³ we‡k¦i ey‡K †kÖYx-Ø›Ø I †kÖYx-msMÖv‡gi cÖkœ‡K cwic~Y©fv‡eB gy‡Q †d‡j‡Qb|

wKš‧ Avgv‡`i GB mgv‡jvPbv †_‡K Ggb wm×všÍ wVK bq, †h eZ©gvb †bZ…Z¡ BwZg‡a¨B gvK©mev`цjwbbev‡`i g~jbxwZ n‡Z wePz¨Z

n‡q‡Q| †m wPšÍv åvšÍ| ZvB hviv cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb †h, wm wc Gm BD-i eZ©gvb ÎæwU‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j mwZ¨Kv‡ii KwgDwb÷ cvwU© M‡o †Zvjvi

¯v‡_© wm wc Gm BD-†K fvOvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wKbv, Zviv fzj Ki‡Qb| G wPšÍv gvK©mev` we‡ivax UªUw¯‥ev` Øviv cÖfvweZ|

cÖ_gZ, Av‡MB e‡jwQ †h, G‡`i gvK©mev`-†jwbbev‡`i g~jbxwZ n‡Z †g․wjK wePz¨wZ N‡Uwb| wØZxqZ, †mvwf‡qU KwgDwb÷ cvwU©‡K

†g․wjK wePz¨wZ †_‡K iÿv Kivi †ÿ‡Î †mvwf‡qU RbM‡Yi f~wgKv‡K A¯xKvi Ki‡Z cvwi bv| RbM‡Yi f~wgKvi aviYv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki

†ÿ‡Î A‡bKUvB e ‧wbô bq (subjective) wKš‧ †mvwf‡qU BDwbq‡b Zv ev Íe mZ¨| Avgv‡`i GB mgv‡jvPbvi D‡Ïk¨ eZ©gvb †bZ…‡Z¡i

ÎæwU ms‡kvab K‡i Zv‡K kw³kvjx Kiv|

weskwZ Ks‡MÖm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q hw` ïaygvÎ †mvwf‡qU †bZv‡`i fzj †`Lv‡ZB m‡Pó nB, A_ev Zv‡`i Ae`vb †`wL Ges

ewj mg Í wKQyB mg_©b‡hvM¨, A_P Zv‡`i ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ m¤^‡Ü wKQz bv ewj, Zvn‡jI fzj n‡e| GB y‡Uv `„wófw½B wVK bq| †h‡nZz

cvwU©Uv †mvwf‡qU KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, myZivs Zv‡`i fzj n‡Z cv‡i bv-G hyw³ ¸iæev‡`i mgZzj¨| †mw`K †_‡K †mvwf‡qU †bZvivI Avgv‡`i

e³e¨‡K axifv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡eb e‡jB Avgv‡`i wek¦vm|

cwi‡k‡l Avwg eje †h, weskwZ Ks‡MÖ‡m Av‡jvwPZ kvwšÍc~Y© mnve vb bxwZ, hy‡×i Awbevh©Zvi wbqg Ges AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ Av‡›`vj‡K

gvK©mev`x `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi †ÿ‡Î G‡`i e¨vL¨v cÖavbZ mwVK Ges ZvB mg_©b‡hvM¨| Gw`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j eZ©gv‡b

†bZ…‡Z¡i gvK©mev`-†jwbbev` †_‡K †Kvb †g․wjK wePz¨wZ N‡Uwb| ZeyI Avgiv ej‡Z eva¨ †h, Zv‡`i e¨vL¨vi wKQz wKQz w`K AZ¨šÍ

¸iæZi ÎæwUc~Y©| myZivs mg Í welq‡K Av‡eMgy³ g‡b axifv‡e LuywU‡q wePvi Kiv `iKvi| ïiæ‡ZB e‡jwQ †h, Avgv‡`i mgv‡jvPbv †hb

eÜzZ¡c~Y© mgv‡jvPbv wnmv‡eB mK‡j MÖnY K‡ib| eZ©gvb †bZ…‡Z¡i `ye©jZv‡K `~i K‡i Zv‡K kw³kvjx KivB Avgv‡`i GB Av‡jvPbvi

GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨|Ó

G e³e¨ †_‡K wK †evSv †Mj †h Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl ms‡kvabev‡`i wmsnØvi D‡b¥vPb wel‡q wKQz e‡j‡Qb? eis Avgiv bRi w`‡Z

cvwi Px‡bi cvwU©i e³‡e¨i w`‡K| 1957 mv‡ji b‡f¤i g‡¯‥v‡Z AbywôZ ÔmgvRZvwš¿K †`kmg~‡ni KwgDwb÷ I IqvK©vm© cvwU©¸wji

cÖwZwbwa‡`i •eV‡Ki †NvlYvÕq †`wL‡q †`Iqv n‡qwQj †h, Òms‡kvabev‡`i Af¨šÍixY Drm n‡”Q ey‡R©vqv cÖfv‡ei Aw ÍZ¡, Avi Gi ewnt

Drm n‡”Q mv¤ªvR¨ev`x Pv‡ci Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y|Ó

†hLv‡b cyivZb ms‡kvabev` †Póv K‡iwQj gvK©mev`‡K APj cÖgvY Ki‡Z, †mLv‡b AvaywbK ms‡kvabev` †Póv Ki‡Q †jwbbev`‡K APj

cÖgvY Ki‡Z| Ôg‡¯‥v ‣eV‡Ki †NvlYvÕq ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAvaywbK ms‡kvabev` Pvq gvK©mev`-†jwbbev‡`i gnvb wkÿv‡K cÖ‡jc w`‡q †X‡K

w`‡Z, †NvlYv K‡i †h Zv nj ÔAPjÕ Ges Awf‡hvM K‡i †h mvgvwRK cÖMwZi R‡b¨ Zv ¯xq Zvrch© nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q| ms‡kvabev`xiv

gvK©mev‡`i •ecøweK AvZ¥v‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z Pvq, kÖwgK-†kÖYxi Avi mvaviYfv‡e †gnbwZ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ mgvRZ‡š¿i cÖwZ wek¦vm‡K

ÿwZMÖ Ki‡Z Pvq|Ó

G e³e¨ wK h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡en bq? Avgiv Rvwb 1963 mvj ch©šÍ Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl †mvwf‡qZ cvwU©i cÖwZ Av v †i‡LwQ‡jb| Kv‡RB

Kg‡iW †Nvl cÖ_g ms‡kvabev‡`i weiæ‡× K_v e‡j‡Qb Gfv‡e `vwe Kiv BwZnvm m¤§Z wK ?

23) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òms‡kvabev`x wePy¨wZi KviY wnmv‡e wZwbB (wke`vm †Nvl) cÖ_g ey‡R©vqv e¨w³ev` I †PZbvi

wbPz gvb‡K `vqx K‡ib|Ó

G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv 1933 mv‡ji 7 Rvbyqvwi, 10 gvP© 1939 ÷¨vwj‡bi e³e¨ †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvwi, ÒgvK©mev`x wnmv‡e Avcbv‡`i Rvbv

DwPZ, mgvR weKv‡ki c‡_ A_©‣bwZK AMÖMwZi Zzjbvq gvby‡li †PZbvi Íi Av‡cwÿK A‡_© wcwQ‡q _v‡K| †h․_ Lvgv‡ii m`m¨‡`i

A_©‣bwZK Ae vbwU wK? AvR Avi Zviv GK GKRb e¨w³-K…lK bb, Zviv AvR †h․_-Lvgvi Av‡›`vj‡bi mwµq Kg©x| wKš‧ Zv‡`i

†PZbv †mB cyi‡bv ͇iB gv‡b e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ Pvl K‡i †h Pvlx Zvi ͇iB AvRI c‡o Av‡Q| d‡j, GiB my‡hvM wb‡q,

ÿgZvPz¨Z †kvlK‡kÖYxi †h me cÖwZf~iv AvRI i‡q‡Q, Zviv †h․_ Lvgv‡ii Pvlx‡`i e¨w³gvwjKvbvi Af¨vm BÜb RywM‡q RbM‡bi m¤ú`

jyÚb I †mvwf‡qZ iv‡óªi wfwËg~‡j AvNvZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î Kv‡R jvMv‡”Q|...hw` `‡ji cÖPv‡ii KvR †Kvb bv †Kvb Kvi‡Y Lyuwo‡q Lyuywo‡q

P‡j, hw` `‡ji Kg©x‡`i gvK©mev`-†jwbbev‡`i †Uªwbs ye©j n‡q hvq| hw` cvwU© Kg©x‡`i ivR‣bwZK I ZË¡MZ †PZbvi gvb DbœZ Kivi

KvR hw` eÜ K‡i †`b Ges Av`k©nxb msKxY©gbv Kv‡Ri h‡š¿ cwiYZ nb| A‡Üi gZ hvwš¿Kfv‡e ïay Dc‡ii wb‡ ©k cvjb K‡i P‡jb,

Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i cvwU© I iv‡óªi mg Í Kg©KvÛB Awbevh©fv‡e `ye©j n‡e, Zv‡Z ÿq ai‡e|

GK_v aªæe mZ¨ e‡j †R‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, cvwU© I iv‡óªi †h wefv‡M hviv KvR Kiæb bv †Kb, Kg©x‡`i ivR‣bwZK †PZbvi gvb Ges

gvK©mev`-†jwbbev‡`i Dcjwä hZ fv‡jv, hZ DbœZ n‡e, Zv‡`i KvRI ZZ my›`i ZZ djcÖm~ n‡Z eva¨| wecixZ w`‡K Kg©x‡`i

ivR‣bwZK †PZbvi gvb hZ bxPz n‡e, gvK©mev‡`i Dcjwä hZ Kg n‡e, Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î ÿwZ I e¨_©Zvi m¤¢vebvI ZZB evo‡e| ZZB

Kg©x‡`i wPšÍv I Pwi‡Îi MfxiZv bó n‡e|...Ggb GKwU weÁvb Av‡Q hv mgvR weKv‡ki wbqg, me©nviv wecø‡ei RqhvÎvi wbqg,

mgvRZvwš¿K MVbKv‡h©i AMÖMwZ Ges mvg¨ev‡`i P~ovšÍ weR‡qi j‡ÿ¨ †cu․Qv‡bvi c_wb‡ ©kK weÁvb| GB weÁvb nj gvK©mev`x-

†jwbbev`x weÁvb, hv mKj ej‡kwf‡KiB Rvbv Aek¨ KZ©e¨|...cÖK…Z †jwbbev`x n‡Z n‡j...Zv‡K mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK Kg©x n‡Z

n‡e| †`‡ki fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© cÖej AvMÖnx n‡Z n‡e, mgvR weKv‡ki wbqg¸wj Rvb‡Z n‡e I Zv ev ͇e cÖ‡qvM Kivi ÿgZv AR©b Ki‡Z

n‡e Ges †`k‡K ivR‣bwZK †bZ…Z¡ †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î mwµq f~wgKv cvjb Kivi Rb¨ m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|...Zvi R‡b¨B gvK©mev`x-†jwbbev`x

†Uªwbs|Ó

d‡j Av`k©MZ †PZbvi wb¤œgvb Ges Zv †_‡K DËi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i cvwU© Ges ÷¨vwjb eû c~e© †_‡KB mZK© wQ‡jb|

24) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔmgvRZvwš¿K e¨w³ev`Õ A_©vr mgvRZ‡š¿I †h e¨vw³ AvKv•ÿv I e¨w³¯v‡_©i aviYv _v‡K-hv

mgvRZvwš¿K e¨w³ev` e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl|

Avm‡j G welqwU m¤ú‡K© †mvwf‡qZ †bZ…Z¡ mRvM wQ‡jb| e¨w³ m¤úwË I gvwjKvbv wfwËK cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri fve gvbm wnmv‡eB

e¨w³ev`x gb ͇ˡi D`q N‡U| mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡R e¨w³ gvwjKvbv D‡”Q‡`i cÖwµqv ïiæ nq wKš‧ Zv wbg©~j nqbv weavq mgvRZvwš¿K

mgv‡RI e¨w³ m¤úwË I m¤úwËRvZ gvbwmKZv †K›`ªxK e¨w³ AwaKvi †eva ev e¨w³ev` weivR K‡i| G‡K mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri

ey‡R©vqv e¨vw³ev` ej‡j AviI m½Z nq| Avgiv Av‡MB D‡jøL K‡iwQ ÷¨vwj‡bi e³e¨ †hLv‡b ivLv n‡q‡Q, Òe¨w³ m¤úwˇK wfwË K‡i

M‡o IVv •bwZK‡eva I gvbwmKZvi aŸsmve‡kl (relics of private-property mentality and morality) AvRI wU‡K

Av‡Q|...G¸wji wU‡K _vKvi ÿgZv Lye †ewk Ges Giv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i cÖfve kw³kvjx Ki‡Z cv‡i|...Avevi evB‡ii cyuwRev`x

†`k¸wj Ges Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wfZiKvi †mvwf‡qZ ivóªwe‡ivax MÖæc¸wji Aewkóvsk-hv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbg~©j Kiv hvqwb-GB Dfq kw³

†_‡K mgvRZš¿we‡ivax wPšÍv, fvebv-aviYv Ges gvbwmKZv †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b AbycÖ‡ek Ki‡ebv-Ggb M¨vivw›UI Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q †bB|

GK_vI fz‡j hvIqv P‡jbv †h, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi kÎæiv Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri ye©j (unstable) gvbyl‡`i g‡a¨ A¯v ¨Ki wPšÍv cÖ‡ek

Kiv‡Z, †m¸wj D‡¯‥ w`‡Z I Zv‡Z g`Z w`‡q evwo‡q w`‡Z Aweivg †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|Ó

mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR mvg¨ev‡` DËiY NwU‡q A_©vr ivóª I †kªYxi wejywßi ga¨ w`‡q m¤úwË I m¤úwËRvZ gvbwmKZvi wfwËf~wg I

DcwiKvVv‡gv Aejyß Kiv hv‡e| ZZw`b bvbv cÖKv‡i e„nr †_‡K m~ÿ, cÖKvk¨ †_‡K †Mvcb bvbv iƒ‡c Zv Avm‡Z _vK‡e Ges m‡PZb

msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g Drcv`b e¨e vi Avg~j iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvq Zv †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GwM‡q hv‡e|

25) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òwke`vm †Nvl †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e vq DbœxZ nevi ci e¨w³¯v_© Ges mvgvwRK

¯v‡_©i we‡ivavZ¥K ؛؇K wgjbvZ¥K ؇›Ø iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi IciB iv‡óªi Aejywßi cÖkœwU I‡Zv‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ|Ó

Ôivóª I wecøeÕ eB‡Z †jwbb †`Lvb gvK©m wKfv‡e KwgDwb÷ mgv‡Ri cÖ_g ch©vq (The first phase of communist society)

Ges KwgDwb÷ mgv‡Ri D”PZi ch©vq (The higher phase of communist society) †Z fvM K‡i‡Qb| gvK©m Av‡iv

e‡j‡Qb, ÒKwgDwb÷ mgv‡Ri D”PZi ch©v‡q, hLb kÖg-wefv‡Mi wbKU e¨w³i `vmmyjf AaxbZv Avi Zvi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbwmK I KvwqK

kÖ‡gi g‡a¨Kvi we‡iva •ewPÎ wbwðý n‡q hv‡e, hLb kÖg †Kej RxweKvR©‡bi Dcvq bv n‡q cwiYZ n‡e Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK cÖ‡qvR‡b,

hLb e¨w³i me©v½xb weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Drcvw`Kv kw³¸wjI e„w× weKvk jvf Ki‡e, Avi mgevqx m¤ú‡`i mg Í Drm DrmvwiZ n‡e

cÖejZi avivq-GKgvÎ ZLbB ey‡R©vqv AwaKv‡ii msKxY© w`MšÍ (horizon) AwZµg Kiv m¤¢e n‡e m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ges mgvR Zvi cZvKvq

DrKxY© Ki‡e; cÖ‡Z¨‡K KvR Ki‡e Zvi mva¨g‡Zv cÖ‡Z¨‡K cv‡e Zvi cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv|Ó Ô¯vaxbZvÕ I ÔivóªÕ K_v `ywU‡K GKm‡½ Ry‡o

†`evi evZzjZv‡K wbg©gfv‡e Dcnvm K‡i G‡½jm †h me gšÍe¨ K‡iwQ‡jb, †mme gšÍ‡e¨i h_v_Zv© Avgiv †Kej GLbB cwic~Y©fv‡e

Dcjwã Ki‡Z cvwi| ÒhZÿY iv‡óªi Aw ÍË¡ i‡q‡Q ZZÿY †Kvb ¯vaxbZv †bB| hLb ¯vaxbZv _vK‡e ZLb †Kvb ivóªB _vK‡ebv|

...cyuwRcwZ‡`i AwaKvi Py¨wZi d‡j Awbevh©fv‡eB gvbe-mgv‡Ri Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~‡ni mywecyj weKvk ‡`Lv †`‡e| wKš‧ KZ `ªæZ GB

weKvk GwM‡q hv‡e, kÖg-wefv‡Mi mv‡_ m¤úK©‡”Q‡`i mwÜÿ‡Y, gvbwmK I KvwqK kÖ‡gi g‡a¨Kvi •ecixZ¨ AšÍwn©Z Kivi mwÜÿ‡Y Zv

KZ `ªæZ †cu․Qv‡e, Zv Avgiv Rvwbbv Ges Rvbv m¤¢e bq| †m Kvi‡YB Avgiv †Kej iv‡óªi ÿq nIqvi ga¨ w`‡q wejxb nIqvi

Awbevh©Zvi K_vB ej‡Z cvwi, GB cÖwµqvwU †h `xN© vqx cÖK…wZi Ges KwgDwbR‡gi D”P ch©vqwUi weKv‡ki ªæZZvi Dci Zv wbf©ikxj,

†mUvi Ici Avgiv †Rvi w`‡Z cvwi, Avi ÿq nIqvi ga¨ w`‡q wejxb nIqvi R‡b¨ KZ Kvj jvM‡e, wKsev Zvi g~Z© wbw ©ó iƒc¸wj wK

n‡e, †m cÖkœwU Avgiv cy‡ivcywi †Lvjv †i‡L †`e, KviY Gme cª‡kœi DËi †`qvi gZ gvjgmjv †bB|Ó

d‡j e¨w³¯v_© Ges mvgvwRK ¯v‡_©i we‡ivavZ¥K ؛؇K wgjbvZ¥K ؇›Ø iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Dci iv‡óªi Aejywß Gfv‡e bv †f‡e iv‡óªi

wejxb nIqvi welqwU‡K eySvi Rb¨ D³ Av‡jvP¨ welq AviI Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q fvev cÖ‡qvRb|

26) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒA_wiwU wnmv‡e ÷¨vwj‡bi wPšÍvi h_v_© g~j¨vqb|Ó

÷¨vwjb m¤ú‡K© bvbv cÖm‡½i Av‡jvPbv A‡bK wel‡qi mwVK Dc vcbv _vK‡jI wKQz RvqMvq Av‡jvPbv h_v_©fv‡e Av‡mwb| †hgb,

Px‡bi mvs¯‥…wZK wecøe cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbvq wke`vm †Nvl e‡j‡Qb, Ò...†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b GB AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvs¯‥…wZK wecø‡ei

KvRwU‡K Ae‡njv Kiv n‡q‡Q| LvwbKUv AvZ¥-mš'wói g‡bvfv†ei Rb¨ ÷¨vwj‡bi gZ gnvb gvK©mev`x †bZviI G‡ÿ‡Î wKQz wKQz ÎæwU

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ZZ Zxeªiƒc aviY Ki‡eÕ-†mB ÷¨vwjbB Avevi †mvwf‡q‡Zi 18 Zg Ks‡MÖ‡m †mvwf‡qZ mgv‡Ri Ggb e¨vL¨v w`‡qwQ‡jb, hvi †_‡K g‡b

n‡Z cv‡i †h, †mvwf‡qZ mgv‡R Avi †kªYx wefw³ †bB, Zv †kÖYxnxb mgvR| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb, Ô†mvwf‡qZ bvMwiK GK bZzb ai‡Yi

bvMwiK, mgvRZvwš¿K bvMwiK| †mvwf‡qZ mgvR Af¨šÍixY †ÿ‡Î †kÖYxØ›Ø †_‡K gy³ mgvR| mgv‡Ri Af¨šÍ‡i AšÍØ ©‡›Øi

G¨vbUvMwbw÷K ev we‡ivavZ¥K PwiÎ †mLv‡b Avi †bB|Õ- K_vUv Gfv‡e ejv wbðqB fzj|Ó

wKš‧ G‡ÿ‡Î †mvwf‡qU cvwU© I ÷¨vwj‡bi e³e¨ we‡ePbv Kiv hvK t- †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi KwgDwb÷ (ej‡kwfK) cvwU©i Aóv`k

Ks‡MÖ‡m ÷¨vwjb KZ„©K DÌvwcZ †K› ªxq KwgwUi wi‡cv‡U©i Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡qi PZz_© Dc-Aa¨v‡q ejv n‡q‡Q; Ò†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq cÖkœ

†Zvjv nq: ÔAvgiv †Zv †kvlK‡kÖYx¸wji we‡jvc mvab K‡iwQ| Avgv‡`i †`‡k Avi †Kv‡bv •eix †kÖYx bvB; `gb Kivi g‡Zv †KD †bB;

myZivs iv‡óªi Avi `iKvi †bB| Aek¨B Gi we‡jvc mvwaZ nIqv DwPZ|...Zvn‡j †Kb Avgiv Avgv‡`i mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª‡K ÿq nIqvi

cÖwµqvq we‡jvc n‡q †h‡Z mvnvh¨ KiwQbv| †Kb Avgiv Gi cwimgvwß NUvevi Rb¨ cª‡Póv wbw”Q bv? Uvbv-wnPov bv K‡i ivóª †_‡K gy³

nIqvi GUvB wK h_vmgq bq?Õ

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Avgiv Avgv‡`i mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª‡K ÿq nIqvi cÖwµqvq wewjb n‡q †h‡Z w`w”Q bv? ivóª‡K cyivZ‡Ë¡i hv`yN‡i vb K‡i †`qvi GUvB wK

Dchy³ mgq bq?Õ

Gme cÖkœ †`wL‡q w`‡”Q †h, hviv G¸wj DÌvcb Ki‡Qb, Zviv bxwZ ZvwoZ n‡qB ¯§i‡Y Avb‡Qb ivóª m¤úwK©Z gvK©m I G‡½jm Gi

ZË¡g‡Zi K‡qKwU g~jm~Î (tenets) wKš‧ Gm‡e GUvI cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q †h, Gme Kg‡iW GB ZË¡g‡Zi mvie ‧MZ A_© AvZ¥ Ki‡Z

cv‡iwb| Ò÷¨vwj‡bi RxeÏkvq me©‡kl Z_v wmwcGmBDÕi Ebwesk cvwU© Ks‡MÖ‡mi ivR‣bwZK wi‡cv‡U© cvwU©‡K AviI kw³kvjx Kivi

KZ©e¨ K‡g©i 2 bs c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAvgv‡`i Av`‡k©i c‡ÿ ÿwZKi AvZ¥cÖmv` I K…wZZ¡ wb‡q wb‡e©va eovB‡qi Aemvb NUv‡Z n‡e;

cvwU© mf¨‡`i g‡a¨ mvdj¨ m¤ú‡K© k~Y¨ Mf© Avùvjb I Mv †X‡j †`evi fve wbg~©j Ki‡Z n‡e|...Avgv‡`i msMVb I cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi

Kv‡Ri ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ wbf©‡q AKzÚwP‡Ë mgv‡jvPbv Kivi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e mg Í mr †mvwf‡qZ bvMwiK‡K,...|Ó

GiKg wKQz †ÿ‡Î ÷¨vwjb‡K g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Z_¨MZ weåvwšÍi d‡j g~j¨vqbI h_v_© nqwb eis ÷¨vwjb‡K mgv‡jvPbv Kivi †h †SuvK

ZvI cwijwÿZ n‡q‡Q|

cÖK…Z mZ¨wU Avgiv †`LeÑgvI-†m-Zzs Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Px‡bi KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i g~j¨vqb| Ò†jwb‡bi Rxebvemv‡bi ci cvwU© Ges iv‡óªi

m‡e©v”P †bZv wnmv‡e, ÷¨vwjb m„Rbkxj cÖ‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q gvK©mev`-†jwbbev`‡K mg„× K‡ib| UªU¯‥xev`xiv wR‡bwf‡qf cwšiv Ges

ey‡R©vqv‡`i Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZf‚iv, hviv †jwbbev`‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj, †mB kÎæ‡`i weiæ‡× uvwo‡q †jwbbev‡`i gnvb HwZn¨ iÿvi

msMÖv‡g wZwb RbM‡Yi cÖK…Z AvKv•ÿviB mv_©K cÖwZdjb NUvb, Ges GB c‡_B gvK©mev`-†jwbbev‡`i †hvM¨ DËimvaK I gnvb

msMÖvgx †hv×v wn‡m‡e Avwef‚©Z nb| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b wkívqb Ges K…wl‡Z †h․_ Lvgvi M‡o †Zvjvi †jwbbxq bxwZ ev ͇e iƒcvwqZ

Kivi msMÖv‡g ÷¨vwjb BwZnv‡m GK Abb¨ mvaviY f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| GB †jwbbxq bxwZ Kvh©Ki Kivi ga¨ w`‡q †mvwf‡qZ

mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e vi weRq m~wPZ n‡qwQj Ges „p wfwËi Dci `uvwo‡qB wnUjv‡ii weiæ‡× hy‡× †mvwf‡q‡Zi weRqI mywbwðZ n‡qwQj|

¯vfvweKfv‡eB ZvB ÷¨vwjb mgMÖ we‡k¦ Af‚Zc~e© kª×v I m¤§v‡bi Avm‡b AwawôZ n‡q‡Qb|Ó [kgxe„ÿ; we‡kl msL¨v, †g Õ92, c„ôv 121]

27) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒPx‡bi me©nviv wecø‡ei ZvwË¡K mxgve×Zv|Ó

Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl Px‡bi mvs¯‥…wZK wecøe cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbvi ïiæ‡ZB e‡j‡Qb, ÒgvK©mev`x `„wó‡Kvb †_‡KB GB mvs¯‥…wZK wecø‡ei

GKUv weÁvbm¤§Z wfwË Av‡Q Ges Pxb †hfv‡e GB mvs¯‥…wZK wecøe cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q Zv mwZ¨B g¨vMwbwd‡m›U (gnvb) I Mfxi

Zvrch©c~Y©| `ywbqvi me©Î †hLv‡bB Kgy¨wb÷iv h_v_©B wecøex Av‡›`vj‡b AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡`i mK‡ji Kv‡QB GUv GKUv †kLevi

welq| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨I ÎæwU wePz¨wZ ev wKQz wKQz `ye©jZvi w`K Av‡Q Ges Giƒc GKUv weivU e¨vcv‡i wKQz ÎæwU wePz¨wZ †Zv _vK‡ZB

cv‡i, wKš‧ Zvi cÖK…wZ, ey‡R©vqv ev ms‡kvabev`x †cÖmgnj †hfv‡e †`Lv‡”QцZgb †gv‡UB bq| mvs¯‥…wZK wecø‡ei mvgwMÖK cwi‡cÖwÿ‡ZB

Avgv‡`i GB me cÖkœ wePvi ev Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

Z‡e wZwb mvs¯‥…wZK wecø‡e ZË¡MZ w`‡Ki wKQz `ye©jZvi K_vI D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb GBfv‡e, Ò...cvwU©i wPšÍv I e¨enviMZ †ÿ‡Î †h

hvwš¿KZvi cªfve i‡q‡Q A ~i fwel¨‡Z †m¸wj ~i Ki‡Z cvi‡j GKUv AvksKv †_‡KB hv‡e| †hgb, mwZ¨Kv‡ii KwgDwb÷iv mK‡jB

Rv‡bb †h µgvMZ ms¯‥viev‡`i PP©v Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GKUv mgvRZvwš¿K †`kI cuywRev‡` wd‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| G m¤ú‡K© Px‡bi cÎ cwÎKvq

†h e³e¨ Av‡Q, Zv‡Z GB ai‡Yi cwieZ©b, weeZ©‡bi c_ †e‡qI n‡Z cv‡i e‡j bvbv RvqMvq D‡jøL Kiv Av‡Q| Zviv †mvwf‡qZ

BDwbq‡b mgvRZš¿ †_‡K cuywRev‡` wcwQ‡q Avmv ÔB‡fvwjDkbÕ (weeZ©b) Gi c_ †e‡qB n‡Z cv‡i e‡j‡Qb| Avgvi g‡Z Gfv‡e ejv

fzj| mgvRZš¿ †_‡K cuywRev†` wcwQ‡q AvmvUvI mgv‡Ri GKUv Avg~j cwieZ©b| †mUv †KejgvÎ weeZ©‡bi c‡_ NUv m¤¢e bq| Av‡iKwU

ZvwË¡K åvwšÍ D‡jøL Ki‡Z wM‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒwKš‧ †h RvqMvq mvs¯‥…wZK wecø‡ei ZË¡MZ `ye©jZv Zv nj, †bZvivI hviv-gvI Gi Ô_UÕ

(wPšÍv)Ñe‡j MxZv AvIov‡”Qb, ZvivI †Kb †Kb GUv Ki‡Qb, Zvi GKUv ZË¡MZ mwVK aviYv Ges e¨vL¨v bv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨, bv `ywbqvi

mvg‡b ivL‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| B`vbxsKv‡j gvI †m Zzs Gi †bZ…Z¡ wb‡q hLbB e¨w³ c~Rvi Awf‡hvM D‡V‡Q, ZLb G‡i DËi Ki‡Z †`Lv

†M‡Q †h, Ô†hgb jovB‡q †mbvcwZ `iKvi nq, †Zgwb cÖ‡Z¨K jovB‡q GKRb †bZvi `iKvi nqÑGi Avevi ¸iæev` wK?Õ wKšÍz Gfv‡e

ej‡j Zv cy‡ivcywi ZË¡MZ w`K †_‡K cÖwZwôZ nq bv| Ó G wel‡q Ab¨Î Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q|

Px‡bi mvs¯‥…wZK wecøe hZ wekvj gv‡ci GKwU Kg©hÁ wQj Zv mswÿß Av‡jvPbvq Kiv hv‡e bv| †hgb weÁvb (mass science) Gi

†ÿ‡Î RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ weÁvbgb®‥Zv, Drcv`‡b MwZkxjZv, RbM‡Yi Rb¨ weÁvb‡K RbM‡Yi weÁv‡b cwiYZ Kiv, M‡elYv cÖv‡qvwMK

`ÿZv I e¨envwiK Dc‡hvwMZvi gv‡S wbweo ms‡hvM I MYm¤ú„³Zv NUv‡bv BZ¨vw`i g‡ZvB `k©b, BwZnvm, mvwnZ¨, A‡civ-Wªvgv,

wm‡bgvmn mKj †ÿ‡Î †hgb †Zgwb cvwU©, miKvi, cÖkvmb, cÖ_v-cÖwZôvb, AvBb-weavb, AvšÍR©vwZK m¤^Ü msMÖvg mewKQzi GK Avg~j

iƒcvšÍi wQj H wecø‡ei jÿ¨| mgxiY gRyg`v‡ii †jLv ÔPx‡bi mvs¯‥…wZK wecøe m¤ú‡K©Õ eB‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q, Òmvs¯‥…wZK wecøe K_vwU

AvÿwiK A‡_© mvs¯‥…wZK RM‡Zi wecø‡ei g‡a¨ mxgvwqZ bq| ms¯‥…wZ A_©vr DcwiKvVv‡gvi †m․a †h‡nZz KvVv‡gvi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ myZivs

mvs¯‥…wZK wecøe‡K †mB Rb¨ Zv‡`i fvlvq ejv nq, ÔD Pvb wP‡q wP I‡qb ûqv Zv †KvwgsÕ A_©vr kÖwgK †kÖYxi ms¯‥…wZ cÖwZôvi Rb¨

GKwU wecøe|...gvI †m Zzs my¯úófv‡e ZvB 1968Õi GwcÖ‡j GK e³…Zvq e‡j‡Qb, mvs¯‥…wZK wecøe n‡jv gg©e ‧‡Z mgvRZ‡š¿i ch©v‡q

ey‡R©vqv I Ab¨vb¨ mg Í †kÖYx¸‡jvi weiæ‡× me©nvivi gnvb ivR‣bwZK wecøe| GwU n‡jv GKw`‡K Pxbv KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I RbMY Avi

Kz‡qvwgbUvs cÖwZwµqvkxj‡`i †fZ‡i P‡j Avmv jovB-Gi avivevwnKZv, avivevwnKZv me©nviv I ey‡R©vqv‡`i †fZi P‡j Avmv †kÖYx

msMÖv‡gi|Ó [c„ôv-18]

Ab¨vb¨ eû wel‡qi gv‡S 4wU welq‡K †K‡› ª †i‡L †hfv‡e mvs¯‥…wZK wecøe cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj Franz Schurmann Zvi

Ideology and Organization of Communist China-†K D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb GBfv‡eÑÒmvs¯‥…wZK wecøe cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj

†h mg Í gZv`k© Ges cwiKíbv I cÖ‡qvMMZ welq m¤ú‡K©i Ø›Ø †_‡K †m¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ PviwU †ÿ‡Î fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-A_©‣bwZK,

mvgwiK, ivR‣bwZK I mvs¯‥…wZK| A_©‣bwZK Ø›Ø: AvaywbK Drcv`b c×wZ ebvg cÖPwjZ Drcv`b c×wZ, K…wl Drcv`b ebvg wkí

Drcv`b, wkí‡ÿ‡Î fvix wkí ebvg nvjKv wkí, wkí cÖavb A‡ji wkí weKvk ebvg wk‡í AbMÖmi A‡ji wkí weKvk, `xN©‡gqv`x

DbœwZ ebvg ¯í‡gqv`x DbœwZ, mvgwMÖK DbœwZ ebvg AvswkK (AvÂwjK ev Rb‡Mvôxi) DbœwZ, cuywR cÖavb Drcv`b ebvg kÖg-cÖavb

Drcv`b e¨e v, Drcv`b ebvg e¨q, Drcv`b ebvg mÂq, mÂq ebvg e¨q, †`kxq Drcv`b cÖhyw³ ebvg we‡`wk cÖhyw³, gvbwmK Drmvn

ebvg •elwqK Drmvn, †eZb ebvg eÈb, ivóªxq †ÿÎ ebvg e¨w³MZ/mgwóMZ †ÿÎ, Dc‡hvwMZv ebvg gybvdv| mvgwiK Ø›Ø; A‡ ¿i

cÖvavb¨ ebvg gvby‡li cÖvavb¨, AvaywbK A ¿ ebvg cÖPwjZ A ¿, cÖPwjZ hy×c×wZ ebvg Rbhy‡×i cÖ ‧wZ, mvgwiK KvR ebvg ivR‣bwZK/

Drcv`bg~jK KvR, MY‡d․R ebvg MYiÿx `j (wgwjwkqv)| mvgwiK e¨q ebvg Dbœqbg~jK e¨q, MY‡d․‡Ri cÖvavb¨ ebvg cvwU© I

miKv‡ii cÖvavb¨, †mbvevwnbxi K‡Vvi k„•ÿjv civqbZv ebvg ivR‣bwZK †PZbv| ivR‣bwZK Ø›Ø; †K› ªxq wbqš¿Y ebvg AvÂwjK

wbqš¿b, cvwU© ebvg cyuwRev‡`i cw_K, Dj¤ wbqš¿Y e¨e v ebvg Avbyf~wgK wbqš¿Y e¨e v, MÖv‡gi ¯v_© ebvg kn‡ii ¯v_©, cvwU© ebvg

RbmvaviY, wecøe ebvg Drcv`b, RvZxq `vwqZ¡ ebvg AvšÍR©vwZK `vwqZ¡, cvwU© ebvg MY‡d․R| mvs¯‥…wZK Ø›Ø : e¨w³¯v_© ebvg mgwóMZ

¯v_©, KvwqK ebvg gvbwmK kÖg, bvix ebvg cyiæl, eyw×Rxex-we‡klÁ cÖhyw³we` ebvg RbmvaviY, Avgjv ebvg RbmvaviY, ey‡R©vqv

ms¯‥…wZ ebvg wecøex ms¯‥…wZ, wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î msL¨vjNy ebvg bvw ÍK¨ev`, fveev` ebvg e ‧ev`|Ó Pxbv wecø‡ei †h RwUjZv I eû wewPÎ

•ewkó¨ Zv A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q †hgb GKUv we¯§q †Zgwb GKUv eo wkÿvI we‡k¦i mKj wecøex‡`i Kv‡Q| †gvU 56 wU AMÖmi AbMÖmi RvwZ

m¤^wjZ Pxb GKUv †K› ªxq kvm‡bi Aax‡b _v‡Kwb KLbI| GKvwaK mv¤ªvR¨ev` `xN© mgq Ry‡o Px‡bi †Kvb bv †KvbI Ask `Lj K‡i

wQj| mvgšÍ cÖfz‡`i †¯”QvPvi, we‡`kx jyÉb, eb¨v, ywf©ÿ, hy‡×i AvNv‡Z aŸs‡mi ØvicÖv‡šÍ `uvov‡bv †`‡k gvI †m Zzs-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ wecøe

GK bZzb ¯cœ RvMv‡jI 96 jÿ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi AvqZ‡bi †`‡k gvÂzwiqv, nviweb, wUª‡qbwmb, †kO Bqvs I mvsnvB A‡j mvgvb¨ wKQz

wkí wQj| kÖgRxex gvby‡li 5 fv‡Mi g‡a¨ 4 fvMB wQj K…wlRxex| 1917 mv‡ji ivwkqv I 1947 mv‡ji fvi‡Zi †P‡qI Px‡bi Ae v

Lvivc wQj| (†Rbv‡ij mv‡f©-Pxbv `wjj) Px‡bi mxgvšÍRy‡o wN‡i Av‡Q †QvU-eo 12 wU †`k| ZvQvov mgy‡`ªi wbKUeZ©x I `y‡i Av‡Q

Rvcvb, wdwjcvBb, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, cZz©Mv‡ji g¨vKvI, Bsj¨v‡Ði nsKs gvwK©b `LjxK…Z ZvBIqvb (eZ©gv‡b g¨vKvI, nsKs I ZvBIqvb

Px‡bi Ask)| Gi g‡a¨ Pxb‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡Zv 3,400 wU Øxc| mewKQz wg‡j 60 †KvwU gvby‡li †`‡k RbMY‡K hy³ K‡i mvs¯‥…wZK

wecøe cwiPvjbvi welqwU wb‡q AviI eûKvj M‡elYv Pj‡e| GB †h eû we Í…Z Ges e¨vcK welq wb‡q mvs¯‥…wZK wecøe ïiæ n‡qwQj

Zv‡K fzj eyS‡j Gi mxgve×Zv I mvdj¨ `y‡UvB Av‡jvPbv Kiv hv‡e| Zv bv n‡j evB‡i †_‡K Kiv gšÍe¨ wnmv‡e g‡b n‡Z cv‡i|

28) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒPx‡bi KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i beg `kg Ks‡MÖmÓ| A_©vr beg Ges `kg Ks‡MÖm wi‡cvU©‡K †K› ª K‡i

wke`vm †Nvl †h Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi g‡a¨ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K ms‡kvabev`x bv e‡j mvgvwRK mv¤ªvR¨ev` ejv, gvI †m Zys Gi

wPšÍv‡K beg Ks‡MÖ‡m gvIev` Z_v G hy‡Mi gvK©mev`-†jwbbev` ejvi åvwšÍ wPwýZ Kiv (hw`I beg Ks‡MÖ‡mi †m åvwšÍ †_‡K †h Pxbv

cvwU© 10g Ks‡MÖ‡m m‡i G‡mwQj Zvi D‡jøLmn) Ges †bZv‡`i gb ÍvwZ¡K we‡kølYmn †ek wKQz Am½wZ Zz‡j aiv BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

wkÿYxq welq i‡q‡Q| Z‡e 1g Ks‡MÖm †_‡K beg `kg Ks‡MÖm ch©šÍ Ges ZrKvjxb mg‡q weivRgvb †`kxq ev ÍeZv I AvšÍR©vwZK

mvwe©K cwiw wZi wbwi‡L AviI eû welq AbymÜv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mvwe©K wkÿv I AwfÁZv AviI mg„× n‡Z cv‡i| G e¨vcv‡i wke`vm

†Nv‡li Av‡jvPbvi welqe ‧ Avgv‡`i Rb¨ mnvqK e‡j Avgiv g‡b Kwi|

29) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒZ…Zxq we‡k¦i m`¨ ¯vaxb beRvMÖZ RvZxqZvev`x †`k¸‡jvi mevi wecø‡ei Íi n‡jv RbMYZvwš¿K-

Px‡bi cvwU©i GB XvjvI MvBW jvBb mwVK bq|Ó

GBfv‡e gšÍe¨ ev Awf‡hvM AvbvUv mwVK n‡e bv GB Kvi‡Y †h Avgiv 1960 mv‡ji 16 GwcÖj Pxbv cvwU©i †jLvq †`L‡Z cvB,ÒAvgiv

njvg gvK©mev`x- †jwbbev`x| Avgiv memgqB GB gZvgZ †cvlY K‡i G‡mwQ †h, wecøe nj cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki wbR¯ e¨vcvi| Avgiv

memgqB g‡b K‡i G‡mwQ, †h wb‡R‡`i gyw³i Rb¨ kÖwgK †kÖYx †Kej wb‡Ri DciB wbf©i Ki‡Z cv‡i, †Kvb wbw ©ó †`‡ki RbM‡Yi

gyw³ wbf©i K‡i Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i RvMÖZ nIqvi Dci Ges H †`‡k wecø‡ei Ae v mg~‡ni cwic°Zv jv‡fi Dci| wecøe ißvwb Kiv hvq

bv, Avg`vwbI Kiv hvq bv| Ab¨ †`‡ki RbMY‡K wecøe Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi K_v †hgb †KD ej‡Z cv‡i bv, †Zgwb, ÔwcwU‡q KuvVvj

cvKv‡bviÕ g‡Zv c×wZ e¨envi K‡i Ab¨ †`‡k wecøe NwU‡qI †`qv hvq bv| 1918 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m †jwbb G K_vwU PgrKvifv‡e

Dcw Z K‡iwQ‡jb t ÔGgb wKQz †jvK Av‡Q hviv wek¦vm K‡i †h, Av‡`k w`‡q ev Pyw³c‡Îi gva¨‡g GKwU evB‡ii †`‡ki wecøe ïiæ K‡i

†`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gme †jvK nq cvMj, bv nq ¸ß D¯‥vbx`vZv| weMZ 12 eQ‡i Avgiv `Õy`ywU wecø‡ei AwfÁZv jvf K‡iwQ| Avgiv

Rvwb †h Av‡`k w`‡q ev Pyw³c‡Îi gva¨‡g wecøe Kiv hvq bv, jÿ †KvwU †jvK hLb GB wm×v‡šÍ †c․Qvq †h cy‡iv‡bv cšvq Avi evm Kiv

Am¤¢e GKgvÎ ZLbB wecøe †`Lv hvq (g‡¯‥vi †UªW BDwbqb I d¨v±ix KwgwU¸‡jvi PZz_© m‡¤§j‡b cÖ`Ë wi‡cvU©) iæk wecø‡ei AwfÁZv

Pxb wecø‡ei AwfÁZv wK Gi m‡e©vËg cÖgvY bq| Pxbv KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i †bZ…‡Z¡ Avgv‡`i Pxbv RbM‡YiI i‡q‡Q †ek K‡qKwU

AwfÁZv| mv¤ªvR¨ev`xiv I cÖwZwµqvkxjiv me mgqB Db¥‡Ëi gZ e‡j G‡m‡Q †h, we‡`k †_‡K wb‡ ©k w`‡q ev Pzw³c‡Îi gva¨‡gB

Avgv‡`i wecøe NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKš‧ `ywbqvi RbMY Rv‡bb †h we‡`k †_‡K Avgv‡`i wecøewU Avg`vwb Kiv nqwb, eis Zv msNwUZ n‡q‡Q

GB Kvi‡Y †h Avgv‡`i RbMY cyivZb Px‡b evm KivUv Am¤¢e e‡jB †f‡e‡Qb Ges Zviv wb‡R‡`i R‡b¨ GK bZzb Rxeb iPbv Ki‡Z

†P‡q‡Qb|Ó

G Kvi‡bB Avgiv g‡b Kwi wecø‡ei XvjvI MvBW jvBb iPbv Kivi Awf‡hvM h_v_© bq|

30) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò12 cvwU©i I 81 cvwUi `wjj|Ó

Ò1960 mv‡ji b‡f¤‡i g‡¯‥v‡Z 81 wU åvZ…cÖwZg cvwU©i cÖwZwbwa‡`i m‡¤§jb AbywôZ n‡jv| gZcv_©K¨ `~i K‡i HK¨‡K †Rvi`vi Kivi

Rb¨ wm.wc.wm I Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK cÖwZwbwai AvKv•ÿv‡K ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q, m‡¤§j‡bi wVK Av‡M g‡¯‥v‡Z mg‡eZ wewfbœ åvZ…cÖwZg cvwU©i

cÖwZwbwa‡`i g‡a¨ wm.wc. Gm.BD †bZ…Z¡ 127 c„ôvi GKwU wPwV weZiY Ki‡jb Ges Zv‡Z wm.wc.wm‡K Av‡Mi †P‡qI Zxeªfv‡e AvµgY

Kiv n‡jv Ges ZvÕ AviI †ewk weZ‡K©i m„wó Kij| GB AZ¨šÍ A¯vfvweK cwiw wZ‡Z ïiæ n‡qwQj 81 wU åvZ…cÖwZg cvwU©i cÖwZwbwa‡`i

m‡¤§jb|...m‡¤§j‡bi Av‡M I c‡i wm.wc.Gm.BD †bZ…Z¡ K‡qKwU åvZ…cÖwZg cvwU©i cÖwZwbwa‡`i w`‡q wm.wc.wm-i Ici AvµgY

†K›`ªxf~Z Kivi e¨e v K‡iwQ‡jv Ges Z_vKw_Z GK msL¨vMwiôZvi wfwˇZ wm.wc.wm I Ab¨vb¨ gvK©mev`x-†jwbbev`x cvwU©i cÖwZwbwa

`j‡K w`‡q bZRvby n‡q Zv‡`i ms‡kvabev`x jvBb I e³e¨ ¯xKvi Kwi‡q wb‡Z †P‡qwQj| wKš‧ 26 wU åvZ…cÖwZg cvwU©i Lmov KwgwU‡Z

Ges 81 wU cvwU©i cÖwZwbwa‡`i m‡¤§j‡b A‡b¨i Ici gZvgZ Pvwc‡q †`evi Rb¨ wm.wc.Gm.BD †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖ‡Póv e¨_© n‡qwQj|

NUbv wQj GUvB †h, Zv‡`i Lmov wee„wZ‡Z Dc vwcZ eû fzj e³e¨ cªZ¨vL¨vZ n‡qwQj| Zvi wKQz D`vniY †`qv hvK: kvwšÍc~Y©

mnve vb I kvwšÍc~Y© cªwZ‡hvwMZvB n‡”Q mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jvi ciivóªbxwZi mvaviY jvBb-wm.wc.Gm.BDÕi GB fzj ZË¡ cÖZ¨vL¨vZ

n‡qwQj| cyuwRev‡`i mvaviY msK‡Ui GKwU bZzb ͇ii Avwef©ve n‡”Q kvwšÍc~Y© mnve vb I kvwšÍc~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZviB

djkÖæwZÑwm.wc.Gm.BDÕi GB fzj ZË¡ cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡qwQj| kvwšÍc~Y© DËi‡Yi m¤¢vebv µgea©gvb- wm.wc.Gm.BDÕi GB fzj ZË¡

cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡qwQj| mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jvi c‡ÿ ÔGKv GKv PjviÕ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i we‡ivaxZvi ZË¡, Kvh©Zt hv wQj MVbKv‡R

g~jZt wb‡Ri Ici wbf©i Kivi Z‡Ë¡iB we‡ivaxZv, cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡qwQj| AvšÍR©vwZK KwgDwb÷ Av‡›`vj‡b Z_vKw_Z ÔMÖæcMZ Kvh©KjvcÕ

ev ÔDc`jxq Kvh©Kjv‡ciÕ we‡ivaxZv m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i ZË¡ cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡qwQj|...

AvaywbK ms‡kvabev‡`i gvivZ¥K wec`‡K nvjKv K‡i †`Lv m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i ZË¡ cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡qwQj|Ó [AvšÍR©vwZK gnvweZK©,wm.wc.wm-i

Ici wm.wc.Gm.BD †bZ…‡Z¡i Dci AZwK©Z AvµgY, c„ôv-145]

G †_‡K wK cÖgvY nq †h Px‡bi cvwU© ms‡kvabev`x jvB‡bi mv‡_ Av‡cvl K‡iwQj? Px‡bi cvwU© GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi ¯v‡_©

HK¨-msMÖvg-H‡K¨i bxwZ AbymiY K‡iwQj e‡jB mgv‡jvPbv m‡Ë¡I mv¤ªvR¨ev`x AvMÖvmx ZrciZvi weiæ‡× HK¨e× mgvRZvwš¿K ejq

iÿv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| GmBDwmAvB cvwU© RvZxq Ges AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ZLb `vwqZ¡kxj f~wgKv cvjb Kivi gZ Ae vq wQj bv| ZvB

ïaygvÎ Zv‡`i mgv‡jvPbv wek¦ ivRbxwZ‡Z †Zgb cÖfve †d‡jwb| hw`I Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl eûevi Px‡bi f~wgKv‡K cÖavbZ wVK e‡jB

D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

31) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒKwgDwb÷‡`i AvPiYwewa|Ó

†kÖYxwef³ mgv‡R wecixZgyLx `yB †kÖYx `yB wfbœ ev ÍeZv •Zwi K‡i| GKwU Aew Z ev w wZi ev ÍeZv Av‡iKwU iƒcvšÍ‡ii Z_v •ecøweK

ev ÍeZv| †h †kÖYx AMÖmigvb, †mB †kÖYx •ecøweK ev ÍeZv Z_v cÖMwZi c‡_ wµqv K‡i| eZ©gvb hy‡M kÖwgK †kÖYx AMÖmi †kÖYx cyuwRev`

†_‡K mvg¨ev‡` iƒcvšÍ‡ii •ecøweK ev ÍeZvq KvR K‡i hv‡e| †m Rb¨ mgv‡Ri Af¨šÍ‡i †h •ecøweK ev ÍeZv weivR K‡i Ges cÖwZwU

wbw ©ó gyn‚‡Z© Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq KZ©e¨ Kg© wb‡ ©k K‡i, Zvi mv‡_ m½wZ weavb K‡i msMÖvg I msMÖv‡gi cwic~iKB KwgDwb÷‡`i

AvPiYwewa n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨_vq Zv ag©evYx ev •bwZK Dc‡`k evYxi gZ AvPiYev`xZvi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i| †m Rb¨ hvivB GKwU †`‡k

wecøe Ki‡Z PvB‡eb Zv‡`iB cÖwZ gyn‚‡Zi wecøex Kg©Kv‡Ði cwic~iK RxebvPiY‡K †X‡j mvRv‡Z n‡e Ges Gfv‡e mvgwMÖK

Rxeb‡eva‡KI µgvMZ DbœZ ͇i †Zvjv m¤¢e n‡e| †hgb K‡i iæk, Pxb, wf‡qZbvg, †Kvwiqv, wKDevi cvwU© Ges †bZ…Z¡ †mme †`‡ki

wecøex‡`i µgvMZ wkwÿZ K‡i K‡i GwM‡q wb‡q †M‡Qb wecøex weR‡qi ØvicÖv‡šÍ|

d‡j KwgDwb÷‡`i AvPiYwewa †Kvb AvPiYev`xZv bq| †Kvb cuywRev`x †`‡k wecøex ev ÍeZvi wbwi‡LB wba©vwiZ nq wecøex Kg©x‡`i

AvPiYwewa| KwgDwb÷ Kg©x‡`i AvPiYwewa †Kvb kvk¦Z welq bq| GgbwK GKB cvwU©i Af¨šÍ‡iI cvwU© Kg©x‡`i Kv‡Ri Ae v‡bi Dci

wfwË K‡iB †mB Kg©xi AvPi‡Yi mwVKZv wba©vwiZ nq|

†hgb, gvI †m Zzs e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvZ¥gyLxbZvi weiæ‡× Awfhvb Pvjvevi Kv‡R Dc‡iv³ yB ai‡Yi †jvK‡`i eva¨ Ki‡Z n‡e Zv‡`i

ÎæwUwePz¨wZ †kvaiv‡Z; Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Nwbô HK¨ Avgv‡`i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| eB-cov Ávb hv‡`i, Zviv e¨envwiK Ávb AvqË Ki‡eb;

KviY, GKgvÎ Gfv‡eB Zviv AÜ †Muvovwgi †Pviv MZ© Gwo‡q Pj‡Z cvi‡eb| Avi hv‡`i e¨envwiK Kv‡R AwfÁZv Av‡Q, Zviv

GKvMÖZvi m‡½ ZË¡ wePvi Ki‡eb hv‡Z Zv‡`i AwfÁZvi g‡a¨ Ggb k„•ÿjv I mgš^q vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i †h Zviv †m AwfÁZv †_‡K ZË¡

AvniY Ki‡Z mÿg nb| ïay ZLbB Zviv AvswkK AwfÁZv‡K mvwe©K mZ¨ e‡j fzj Ki‡eb bv Avi ZvB nvZz‡owMwii †Pviv MZ© Zviv

Gwo‡q Pj‡Z cvi‡eb| AÜ †Muvovwg I nvZz‡owMwi- GB Dfq Pig cÖeYZvB AvZ¥gyLxbZvi Awfe¨w³| myZivs AvZ¥gyLxbZv Avgv‡`i

cvwU©‡Z cÖKvk cvq `yB iƒ‡c-AÜ †Muvovwg I nvZz‡owMwi iƒ‡c| Avgiv ïay Ask‡KB †`wL, mgMÖ‡K †`wL bv; Ges Avgiv hw` mZK© bv nB,

Avgv‡`i Ávb DbœZ K‡i Zzj‡Z hw` mvMÖ‡n †Póv bv Kwi, Zv n‡j wb‡R‡`i Kv‡R ¸iæZi fzj Kivi `vq Avgv‡`i _vK‡e|Ó

ÒKg‡iWMY! †R‡ji evwn‡i ev †R‡ji g‡a¨ †hLv‡bB Avgiv _vwK bv †Kb, msMÖv‡gi MwZc‡_ cÖwZ c‡` me©`vB Avgv‡`i wkÿv jvf Kiv

cÖ‡qvRb; wkwL‡Z nB‡e, jovB Kwi‡Z nB‡e; jovB Kwi‡Z nB‡e; wkwL‡Z nB‡e|Ó [cvwU© I cvwU© Kg©x‡`i Aa¨qb I wPšÍvaviv- gvI †m

Zzs, c„ôv-61]

Kg‡iW †Nv‡li Av‡jvPbv fvi‡Zi gvwU‡Z me©nviv †kªYxi `j MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖvmw½K n‡jI Gi mve©RbxbZv Av‡Q wK bv Zv we‡ePbv

mv‡cÿ| d‡j G `vwe Kiv m½Z Kiv n‡e bv †h wZwb KwgDwbó AvPiYwewa me©Rbxb iƒc wba©viY K‡i wM‡q‡Qb|

32) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, eo gvK©mev`x wPšÍvbvqK‡`iI †Kb mvwnZ¨ cvV Ki‡Z nq †m wel‡q Zuvi wPšÍv I e¨vL¨v‡K g~j¨evb

wkÿv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

c„w_exi eo mvgvwRK cwieZ©b ev wecøe mvgvwRK gbb m„wó Kiv Qvov m¤¢e bq| mgv‡Ri †kvlK‡kÖYx †hgb Zv‡`i fvev`k© Øviv mgvR‡K

wbqš¿b K‡i †kvwlZ †kÖYx‡KI †Zgwb HK¨e× nevi Rb¨ DbœZ mvs¯‥…wZK gvb AR©b Kivi msMÖvg Ki‡Z nq| †m Kvi‡YB †jwbb‡K

†hgb gvI †m Zzs †KI †Zgwb mvwnZ¨ wkí-ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© g~j¨vqb `uvo Kiv‡Z n‡q‡Q| Kg‡iW gvI †m Zzs-Gi mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjv

m¤ú‡K© B‡qbv‡bi mfv:

1) ÒcÖ_g mgm¨v n‡”Q; Kv‡`i Rb¨ Avgv‡`i mvwnZ¨ I wkí? A‡bK Av‡MB gvK©mev`xiv-we‡kl K‡i ‡jwbb G mgm¨vi mgvavb

K‡iwQ‡jb| 1905 mv‡j †jwbb ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb †h, Avgv‡`i mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjvi DwPZ Òjÿ †KvwU kÖgRxex gvby ‡li

†mev Kiv|Ó... GUv mZ¨ †h †kvlK Avi AZ¨vPvix‡`i Rb¨I mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjv i‡q‡Q|...ey‡R©vqv‡kÖYxi Rb¨ iwPZ wkí-mvwnZ¨ n‡"Q

ey‡R©vqv wkí-mvwnZ¨| jy my¨b hvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb †mB wjqvs wk-wQD‡qi gZ †jv‡Kiv †kÖYx- EaŸ© wkí mvwn‡Z¨i K_v ‡jv‡K e‡j

_v‡K, wKš‧ ev ͇e Zviv ey‡R©vqv‡kÖYxi wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i cZvKvB enb K‡i Ges me©nviv‡kÖYxi wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i we‡ivaxZv K‡i|

2) AvR‡Ki w`‡b hv wKQy mwZ¨Kvifv‡e Rbmvavi‡Yi, Zv meB n‡e Acwinvh©fv‡e me©nviv‡kªYxi †bZ…Z¡vax‡b| Avi ey‡R©vqv‡kÖYxi †bZ…‡Z¡

hv wKQz NU‡e Zv KLbB Rbmvavi‡Yi n‡Z cv‡i bv| GB be¨-ms¯‥…wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½ Avgv‡`i bZzb mvwnZ¨ Ges bZzb wkíKjvI

¯fveZtB Gi e¨wZµg bq| Px‡bi I we‡`‡ki AZx‡Zi wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i mg„× fvÛvi Ges PgrKvi HwZn¨‡K Avgv‡`i DËivwaKvi m~‡Î

MªnY Kiv DwPZ, wKš‧ †m †ÿ‡ÎI jÿ¨ Aek¨B n‡Z n‡e RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mvab| AZx‡Zi wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i iƒc-ixwZ e¨envi Ki‡ZI

Avgiv MiivRx bB, wKš‧ GB me cyiv‡bv iƒc-ixwZ Avgv‡`i nv‡Z bZzb AvKvi, bZzb A_© aviY K‡i RbM‡Yi †mevq wb‡qvwRZ wecøex

wRwbm n‡q uvovq|

GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q RbMY Kviv? †gvU RbmsL¨vi e„nËg Ask-kZKiv 90 fv‡MiI †ewk-n‡”Qb kÖwgK, K…lK ‣mwbK I kû‡i cvwZ ey‡R©vqv|

myZivs Avgv‡`i wkí-mvwnZ¨ n‡”Q cÖ_gZ: kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨, hviv wecøe‡K cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb; wØZxqZ: Zv K…lK‡`i Rb¨, wecø‡e

AskMÖnYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ msL¨vq hviv me©vwaK Ges hviv wecø‡e Avgv‡`i mePvB‡Z `„p wgÎ-evwnbx; Z…ZxqZ: Zv mk ¿ kÖwgK-K…lK‡`i

Rb¨, A_©vr Aóg iæU evwnbx I bZzb PZz_© evwnbx Ges RbM‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ mk ¿ `‡ji Rb¨, hviv wecøex hy‡×i cÖavb kw³; Ges PZz_©Z: Zv

kû‡i cvwZ ey‡R©vqv‡kªYxi kÖgRxex-mvaviY I cvwZ ey‡R©vqv eyw×Rxex‡`i Rb¨, ZvivI wecø‡e Avgv‡`i wgÎ Ges Zviv Avgv‡`i m‡½ `xN ©-

‡gqv`x mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z mÿg| GB Pvi ai‡Yi †jvKB n‡”Qb Pxbv RvwZi e„nËg Ask, e¨vcKZg RbmvaviY|Avgv‡`i wkí-mvwnZ¨

GB Pvi ai‡Yi †jv‡Ki Rb¨B nIqv DwPZ|

3) P~ovšÍ we‡køl‡Y, me iK‡gi mvwnZ¨ I wkíKg© m„wó Kiv nq Zv n‡jv gvbe gw ͇®‥ GKUv wbw`©ó mgv‡Ri cÖwZdj‡bi dmj| •ecøweK

†jLK I wkíx‡`i gw ͇®‥ RbM‡Yi Rxebavivi cÖwZdj‡bi dmj n‡”Q •ecøweK mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjv| RbM‡Yi Rxeb n‡”Q mvwnZ¨ I

wkíKjvi KuvPv Dcv`v‡bi AdzišÍ Drm; GB me Dcv`vb AK…wÎgiƒ‡c weivR K‡i; hw`I †m¸‡jv AgvwR©Ziƒ‡c _v‡K ZeyI †m¸‡jvB

n‡"Q me‡P‡q mRxe, mg„× Ges †g․wjK Dcv`vb, †m¸‡jvi m‡½ Zzjbvq me wkí-mvwnZ¨B ¤øvb n‡q hvq| †m¸‡jvB n‡”Q wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i

AdzišÍ Ges GKgvÎ Drm|

4) hw`I gvby‡li mvgvwRK RxebB mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjvi GKgvÎ Drm Ges welqe ‧i w`K †_‡K AZzjbxqfv‡e mg„× I cÖvYešÍ, ZeyI

gvbyl †Kej Rxeb‡K wb‡qB mš‧ó bq, gvbyl mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjvi cÖ‡qvRbI Abyfe K‡i| Gi KviY wK? KviY, hw`I Rxeb Ges mvwnZ¨

I wkíKjv DfqB my›`i ZeyI mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjvq Rxe‡bi †h iƒc cªwZdwjZ nq Zv n‡Z cv‡i Ges nIqv DwPZ mvaviY ev Íe •`bw›`b

Rxe‡bi †P‡q Av‡iv D”PZi, Av‡iv Zxeª, Av‡iv †K› ªxf~Z, Av‡iv •ewkó¨g~jK I Av`‡k©i Av‡iv KvQvKvwQ Ges †mB Rb¨B †Xi †ewk

wek¦Rbxb| wecøex wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i DwPZ ev Íe Rxeb †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡Yi PwiÎ m„wó Kiv Ges BwZnvm‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqvi Kv‡R

RbMY‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv|...me©nviv‡kÖYxi mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjv mgMÖ wecøex Kg©Kv‡Ûi GKUv Ask; †m¸wj n‡”Q, †jwbb †hgb e‡j‡Qb, mgMÖ

wecøex h‡š¿i ÔPvKv I ¯…zÕ| myZivs, cvwU©i mvgwMÖK •ecøweK Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ cvwU©i wkí-mvwnZ¨ m¤úwK©Z Kv‡Ri mywbw ©ó I mywba©vwiZ vb

i‡q‡Q;

5) wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i ¸iæZ¡‡K AwZwi³ e‡ov K‡i †`L‡Z Avgiv ivwR bB, wKš‧ Avevi G¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i †`L‡ZI Avgiv ivwR

bB| wkí-mvwnZ¨ n‡jv ivRbxwZi Aaxb, wKš‧ †m¸wj Avevi ivRbxwZi Dc‡i weivU cÖfveI we Ívi K‡i _v‡K|

6) mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjvi mgv‡jvPbvi yÕwU gvb`Û Av‡Q-GKUv ivR‣bwZK gvb`Û, Ab¨Uv wkíMZ gvb`Û| ivR‣bwZK gvb`Û Abymv‡i...

hv wKQzB RbZv‡K GKcÖvY GKgb n‡Z DØy× K‡i, cðvØwZ©Zvi we‡ivaxZv K‡i Avi AMÖMwZ‡K ªæZZi K‡i †mUvB fv‡jv;

Acic‡ÿ,...hv wKQzB RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ we‡iva I wbiærmv‡ni m„wó K‡i, AMÖMwZ‡K evav †`q Avi RbZv‡K wcQ‡b Uv‡b †mUvB Lvivc|

...m¤ú~Y© AKviY fvjevmv wKsev AKviY N„Yv ej‡Z c„w_ex‡Z wKQz †bB| Z_vKw_Z ÔgvbeRvwZi cÖwZ fvjevmvÕ m¤ú‡K© ejv hvq †h,

†hw`b †_‡K gvbeRvwZ †kªYxwef³ n‡q‡Q †mw`b †_‡KB me©vZ¥K fvjevmv e‡j wKQzB †bB| AZx‡Zi mKj kvmK †kÖYxB GB ai‡Yi

fvjevmvi evYx cÖPvi K‡i‡Q Avi A‡bK Z_vKw_Z Fwl I Ávbx e¨w³ivI GKB K_v e‡j †M‡Qb, wKš‧ cÖK…Z c‡ÿ Zv‡`i †KDB ev Íe

Rxe‡b Zvi Abykxjb K‡ib wb, KviY †kÖYx-wef³ mgv‡R †mUv Am¤¢e| gvbeRvwZi cÖwZ cÖK…Z fvjevmv ZLbB m¤¢e n‡e hLb mgMÖ

wek¦Ry‡o †kÖYxi Aw ÍZ¡ wejyß n‡e| [mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjv m¤ú‡K© B‡qbv‡bi Av‡jvPbv mfvq cÖ`Ë fvlY; †g,1942, gvI †m Zzs]

mg Í wecøex †bZv‡`i gZ Kg‡iW wke`vm †NvlI ZvB fviZe‡l©i gbb I ms¯‥…wZ eySevi I cvëvevi Rb¨ mvwnZ¨ cv‡Vi

cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q e‡j‡Qb|

33) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òhy³d«›U ivRbxwZ I hy³d«›U miKvi cwiPvjbvi cÖ‡kœ|Ó

hy³d«›U ivRbxwZ I miKvi cwiPvjbvi cÖ‡kœ RR© w`wgÎf wek` we Ív‡i †hgb Av‡jvPbv †i‡L‡Qb †Zgwb wke`vm †NvlI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© eû

welq †`Lvevi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| GmBDwmAvB 1967 mv‡j cwðge½ iv‡R¨ hy³d«›U miKv‡ii kixK `j wnmv‡e wQj| Zviv Zv‡`i bxwZ

†K․kjI AwfÁZv‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wKš‧ MZ 40/42 eQ‡i a‡i evgcš'x kw³mg~‡ni mv‡_ me©fviZxq g‡Â Ges ivR¨ ch©v‡q †Kb

HK¨e× Av‡›`vj‡b _vK‡Z cvi‡Qb bv Zvi bxwZ †K․kjMZ w`K KZUv Avi ivR‣bwZK ev ÍeZv KZUv Zvi g~j¨vqb eZ©gvb mg‡qi Rb¨

A‡bK wkÿbxq n‡Zv| KviY Avgiv Avgv‡`i 32 eQ‡ii BwZnvm cÖvq 29 eQi a‡iB bvbv kw³i mgš^‡q HK¨e× Av‡›`vj‡b AvwQ|

34) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒMYAv‡›`vj‡b msMÖvg KwgwU MVb|Ó

A_©vr MYAv‡›`vj‡b RbM‡Yi weRq wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j ïay mZtù~Z©Zv w`‡q wKsev ZvrÿwYK kw³ mgv‡e‡ki wecyjZv w`‡q Zv AwR©Z

nq bv| Avgv‡`i †`‡k cvwK Ívbx Dcwb‡ewkKZv we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b 1969 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ìvb mdj nIqvq cðv‡Z me© ͇i msMÖvg

KwgwU MV‡bi we‡kl Zvrch© i‡q‡Q| GB MYmsMÖvg KwgwU M‡o †Zvjvi †ÿ‡Î ïiæ‡Z evgcšx kw³i f~wgKv _vK‡jI †kl ch©šÍ

ey‡R©vqv‡kÖYxi `j AvIqvgxjxM Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Zv P‡j hvq Ges bq gv‡mi mk ¿ msMÖv‡g †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i h y× cwiPvjbv, gyw³evwnbxi AvkÖq,

im` msMÖn †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq wel‡q GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| 1917 mv‡j iæk mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe mdj

nIqvi †cQ‡bI msMÖvg KwgwU Z_v Ô†mvwf‡qZÕ Gi wba©viK f~wgKv Ab¯xKvh©| d‡j BwZnvm I HwZnvwmK msMÖv‡gi AwfÁZv G wkÿvB

†`q MYAv‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv I mdj Kivi †ÿ‡Î msMÖvg KwgwU MV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ KZ| fvi‡Zi †cªwÿ‡Z wke`vm †Nvl †m K_vB e‡j‡Qb|

35) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò ÔBKbwgK cÖe‡jg&m Ae †mvm¨vwjRg Bb w` BD GmGm Avi Õ-Gi mgv‡jvPbvi Rev‡e Ô†mvwf‡qZ

BDwbq‡b D™¢zZ K‡qKwU A_©‣bwZK mgm¨v cÖm‡½Õ|

†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b D™¢zZ K‡qKwU A_©‣bwZK mgm¨v cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbvq Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl ÷¨vwj‡bi e³e¨ I we‡køl‡Yi h_v_©Zv

Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| G ‡ÿ‡Î Zvi e³‡e¨i wKQz Ask D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-

ÒH cÖe‡Ü †jL‡Kiv cyuwRev`x I mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZi g~j wbqg¸wj m¤ú‡K©I Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb †h, ÷¨vwjb Zuvi

ÔBKbwgK cÖe‡jgm Ae †mvm¨vwjRg Bb w` BD Gm Gm AviÕ eB‡Z cyuwRev‡`i g~j A_©‣bwZK wbqg m¤ú‡K© Ôcy‡ivcywi fzjÕ aviYv cÖPvi

K‡i‡Qb|...Z‡e Zvi †P‡qI eo K_v nj, †h ÷¨vwjb `xN©w`b a‡i wek¦ mvg¨ev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi mvg‡b A_wiwU wnmv‡e i‡q‡Qb, Zuvi

A_wiwU‡K Le© Kivi D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K wjwLZ GB cÖe‡Üi ga¨ w`‡q †jLKiv wVK Kx D‡Ïk¨ mvab Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb-...|...Giv wK GKwUI

Ggb D`vniY w`‡Z cvi‡eb hv †_‡K cªgvY nq †h Zviv mgvRZ‡š¿i †g․wjK A_©‣bwZK PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© ÷¨vwj‡bi e³e¨‡K DbœZi

K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi †_‡K G¸‡Z †c‡i‡Qb?...Zviv ÷¨vwj‡bi e³e¨‡K LÛb K‡i Ges Zvi †_‡K Avi GK avc GwM‡q mgvRZvwš¿K

A_©bxwZi GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ‣ewkó¨-Pvwn`v Drcv`b‡K Qvwc‡q hvq-GB e³e¨ LvwiR K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi Øviv mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ,

we‡klZ, Zvi K…wl A_©bxwZ‡K wecbœ K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| µz‡ðf I GBme Z_vKw_Z ZvwË¡Kiv Ab¨ †hme Kg©m~Px wb‡q G¸‡”Qb, we‡klZt

†hme cY¨ PjvP‡ji cwiwa‡K µgkt mxwgZ K‡i GKBm‡½ Drcbœ mvgMÖx wewbg‡qi cwiwa evwo‡q †Zvjvi e`‡j cÖ_gwU‡K e¨vcKZi I

wØZxqwU‡K m¼zwPZ Kivi Kg©m~Pxi g‡a¨ wbwnZ i‡q‡Q ms‡kvabev‡`i Rb¥ †`Iqvi gvivZ¥K iKg wec¾bK m¤¢vebv Ges cyuwRev`‡K

wdwi‡q Avbvi cÖeYZv‡K evwo‡q †Zvjvi iv Ív •Zix Kivi wec`|

÷¨vwjb‡K h_v_© g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÿcvZ`yó wePvi ‡hb Zvi Kv‡jv Qvqv we Ívi bv K‡i| Zuvi iPbv¸wj‡K evievi cvV Kiv †nvK,

`ye©jZv I åvwšÍ hw` wKQy _v‡K Zv‡`i wVKfv‡e Ges wbw ©ó I my¯úó K‡i Zz‡j aiv †nvK Ges gvK©mev`-†jwbbev‡`i Hk¦h©fvÛvi‡K

AviI mg„× K‡i †Zvjv †nvK|Ó

Avgiv Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nv‡li G we‡kølY Ges e¨vL¨v‡K h_v_© g‡b Kwi| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i ÷¨vwjb iwPZ Ô†mvwf‡qZ

BDwbq‡b mgvRZ‡š¿i A_©‣bwZK mgm¨vejxÕ eBwU wQj mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri A_©‣bwZK wbqgvejxi ¯iƒc D˜NvU‡bi GK gnr cÖ‡Póv|

36) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òbqv ¯vaxbZvcÖvß ey‡R©vqv RvZxqZvev`x †`k¸wji GKw`‡K mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i mv‡_ Ø›Ø Ges Aciw`‡K

mgvRZvwš¿K wkwe‡ii m‡½ ؇›Øi NUbv‡K cÂg Ø›Ø wnmv‡e ¸iæZ¡ †`qvi K_v e‡jb|Ó

m`¨ ¯vaxb †`k¸wji AwaKvs‡ki †ÿ‡Î welqwU wgjv‡bv †M‡jI Px‡bi mv‡_ wg‡j fviZ, B‡›`v‡bwkqv BZ¨vw` iv‡óªi †RvU wbi‡cÿ

Av‡›`vj‡bi †ÿ‡Î †hgb wgj‡e bv, †Zgwb mv¤ªvR¨ev` ev mgvRZvwš¿K wkwei we‡kl K‡i mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i Dci eûgvwÎK wbf©ikxj

‡`kmg~‡ni †ÿ‡Î ywU Ae¯vb †_‡K mg-`~i‡Z¡ memgq Zv‡`i cvIqvI KwVb n‡e| ZviciI ‡h cÂg ؇›Øi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv GLb

wµqvkxj †bB; hv SUCI(C)I wm×všÍ †U‡b‡Q |

37) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Ômv¤úª`vwqK mgm¨v cÖm‡½Õ|

1964 mv‡j GKwU RvZxq †W‡gv‡µwUK Kb‡fbk‡bi cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e wke`vm †Nv‡li wjwLZ fvl‡Yi cÖwZB m¤¢eZ Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q

1947 mv‡j fviZ-cvwK Ívb nIqvi ci wn›`y ag©xq cybiæ¾xebev‡`i cÖfve fviZxq mgv‡R iv‡óª †hfv‡e wQj Ges Zv mv¤úª`vwqK

m¤úªxwZ webó Kiv Ges mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v nv½vgvi iƒ‡c Avwef©~Z n‡q RbM‡Yi MYZvwš¿K †PZbv I Av‡›`vjb‡K ÿwZMÖ KiwQj,

†m‡ÿ‡Î MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~Px‡Z mvs¯‥…wZK wecø‡ei Kg©m~Px AšÍf©~³ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi D‡jøLmn mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ iÿv I

mv¤úª`vwqKZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ wKQz cÖ ÍvebviI D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| Av‡e`bagx© GB Av‡jvPbvwU Kvk¥xi †_‡K †h mv¤úª`vwqK `v½vi m~ÎcvZ

†mB mgq n‡qwQj Zv fviZe‡l©i mxgvbv Qvwo‡q cvwK Ívb I AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k ch©šÍ Qwo‡q c‡owQj Zvi ‡cÖwÿ‡Z KZUv cÖvmw½K wQj

Ges KZUv Amv¤úª`vwqK MYZvwš¿K †PZbv weKv‡k mnvqK wQj Zv mywbw ©ófv‡e ejv nqwb| Ab¨w`‡K wØRvwZZvwË¡K gymwjg mv¤úª`vwqK

Db¥ËZvi gv‡S m„ó cvwK Ív‡b 52Õi fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A‡bK `ye©jZv m‡Ë¡I mv¤úª`vwqKZv we‡ivax `xN© msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q

Avgv‡`i ¯vaxbZv msMÖvg cwicyó n‡qwQj Ges †`k ¯vaxbZv jvf K‡iwQj| †h Kvi‡b ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki m~Pbv‡ZB msweav‡b

ag©wbi‡cÿZv ‧vb jvf K‡iwQj, hv fviZ ¯vaxbZvi 30 eQi ci msweav‡b ¯xK…Z nq| fvi‡Zi g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡ki ey‡R©vqv †kÖYxi

†bZ…‡Z¡ ¯vaxbZv msMÖvg cwiPvwjZ n‡jI fviZ-cvwK Ív‡bi gZ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv Av‡cv‡li gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq wb| †h Kvi‡Y

¯vaxbZv‡ËviKv‡jI mv¤úª`vwqKZv I †g․jev`we‡ivax, mv¤úª`vwqK mwnsmZvwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ MwZ‡Z bvbv DÌvb-cZ‡bi c_

†e‡q GwM‡q P‡j‡Q, hv 1971 Gi ¯vaxbZvwe‡ivax hy×vciv‡ai wePv‡ii iƒ‡c bZyb gvÎv †c‡q‡Q| mv¤úª`vwqKZv we‡ivax msMÖv‡gi bvbv

iƒc-•ewPÎ Avgv‡`i f~L‡Û wekvj wkÿv wb‡q uvwo‡q Av‡Q GLb hv Pjgvb i‡q‡Q Zv †_‡K wkÿv †bqvi KvRwU AviI AMÖmi K‡i †bqv

GLb A‡bK †ekx Riæix|

38) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òwkÿv-ms¯‥…wZ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© GKwU •eÁvwbK `„wófw½|Ó

1968 mv‡j ÔeZ©gvb wkÿv e¨e¯'vt GKwU we‡kølYÕ eB‡qi gyLe‡Ü Kg‡iW wke`vm †Nvl wj‡L‡Qb, ÒGKwU we‡kl mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZi

GKUv we‡kl ͇i †h A_©‣bwZK e¨e¯v M‡o I‡V †mwUB n‡”Q †mB mgv‡Ri wfZ| Avi DcwiKvVv‡gv n‡”Q, †mB we‡kl A_©‣bwZK

e¨e vi cwic~iK ivRbxwZMZ, AvBbMZ, `k©bMZ, iæwPMZ I wkíMZ `„wófw½ Ges †mB Abyhvqx M‡o IVv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv| ZvQvovI GB

DcwiKvVv‡gvwU †KejgvÎ c‡ivÿ, wbi‡cÿ ev wf‡Zi Dci cÖfve ewR©Z GKwU wbw®…q kw³ bq| eis wecixZ c‡ÿ GUv GKUv AZ¨šÍ

wµqvkxj kw³ hv mgv‡Ri wfZ‡K M‡o Zzj‡Z, msnZ Ki‡Z I kw³kvjx Ki‡Z cÖwZwbqZ mvnvh¨ K‡i P‡j‡Q|

wkÿve¨e v †h‡nZz GKwU we‡kl A_©‣bwZK wfwËi DcwiKvVv‡gv †m‡nZz GKwU †kÖYxwef³ mgv‡R Gi f~wgKv KL‡bvB †kÖYxwbi‡cÿ ev

†kªYxEaŸ© n‡Z cv‡i bv| ÿgZvq AwawôZ †h †kÖYx cÖK…Zc‡ÿ mgv‡Ri e ‧MZ I fveMZ Drcv`b wbqš¿Y K‡i, A_©‣bwZK wf‡Zi

DcwiKvVv‡gv wnmv‡e wkÿve¨e v ÿgZvmxb †mB †kÖYxi ¯v_©‡KB cwic~iY bv K‡i cv‡i bv|

Avgv‡`i mgvR GKwU †kªYxwef³ mgvR| KviI fvj jv¸K Avi bv jv¸K, GUv GKUv wbg©g ev Íe mZ¨ hv Avgv‡`i cQ›`-AcQ›`

wbi‡cÿfv‡e Ae vb K‡i| AZGe `yÕwU †kÖYx †hLv‡b HwZnvwmKfv‡e ci¯úiwe‡ivax f~wgKvq Ae vb Ki‡Q †mLv‡b wkÿv m¤ú‡K©

KL‡bvB Ggb GKwUgvÎ „wófw½ KviI _vK‡Z cv‡i bv hv GKB m‡½ Dfq‡kÖYxi ¯v_©‡K iÿv K‡i| GgZve vq wkÿve¨e v I

wkÿvc×wZ m¤ú‡K© `yÕwU „wófw½, yÕwU jÿ¨, yÕwU D‡Ïk¨ ev yÕwU cª‡qvRb mgv‡R _vK‡Z eva¨| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU cyuwRcwZ‡kÖYx Z_v

kvmK ey‡R©vqv‡Mvôxi ivRbxwZ, Av`k© I ¯v_©‡K iÿv K‡i, AciwU iÿv K‡i kÖgRxex gvby‡li ivRbxwZ, Av`k© I wec øex msMªv‡gi

¯v_©‡K| d‡j hw` †KD kÖgRxex gvby‡li ¯v‡_©i c‡ÿ uvovb Ges Zv‡`i K_v wPšÍv-fvebv K‡ib e‡j `vwe K‡ib Zvn‡j wkÿv m¤ú‡K©

Ggb GKwU „wófw½ Zv‡K Aek¨B MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e hv me©nviv‡kÖYxi ¯v_©, Av`k© I ivRbxwZi cwic~iK|Ó

G cÖm‡½ gvI †m Zzs Gi e³e¨ DׄZ K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q,

" Education is 'the tool' and 'the forceful weapon for revolution and classes struggle'. It is one of

the key 'gear wheels and screws' of the enterprises cultivating and building the society with

nature of class. Mao said, 'In the current world cultures or the literature and arts are all of class

belongings and under one certain political line.' In 1957, Mao outlined education as that 'Both

schooling education and literature and arts are all ideology superstructure, and they all are of

class nature.' Accordingly, education is an important means in promoting political revolution and

economic construction." (wkÿv wecøe I †kªYx msMÖv‡gi kw³kvjx gva¨g Ges nvwZqvi| †kÖYx •ewk‡ó¨i cwic~iK mgvR mf¨Zv

M‡o †Zvjvi I wµqvkxj ivLvi †ÿ‡Î g~j PvwjKv kw³¸‡jvi GKwU wkÿv| gvI e‡j‡Qb, ÔeZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z ms¯‥…wZ A_ev mvwnZ¨ Ges

wkí meB GKUv †kªYxi Aaxb I wbw ©ó ivR‣bwZK wPšÍvi Aaxb|Õ 1957 mv‡j wkÿv m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡j‡Qb,ÕcÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv Ges

mvwnZ¨ Ges wkí meB Av`wk©K DcwiKvVv‡gv Ges Df‡qiB †kªYx PwiÎ Av‡Q| ivR‣bwZK wecøe I A_©‣bwZK cybM©Vb‡K Z¡ivwšZ Kivi

†ÿ‡Î wkÿv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g)|

†Kej wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZ mgm¨v cÖm‡½ •eÁvwbK „wófw½ cÖ`vb bq GKwU mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯'v cwiPvjbv I wbg©v‡Yi msMÖv‡g GB „wófw½‡K

cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb Kg‡iW ÷¨vwjb I cieZ©x‡Z Kg‡iW gvI †m Zzs| Kg‡iW †Nvl G „wófw½i Av‡jv‡K fvi‡Zi wkÿv e¨e v‡K we‡kølY

K‡i‡Qb| GKBfv‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡k GmKj „wófw½ †_‡K wkÿv wb‡q we‡klxK„Zfv‡e Avgiv msMÖvg KiwQ| QvÎ d«›U jo‡Q| weMZ

mg‡q Ly`v Kwgk‡bi wi‡cvU© eû evgcšx QvÎ msMVb, eyw×Rxex mg_©b Ki‡jI Avgiv Zv cÖwZnZ Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ| kixd Kwgkb,

kvgmyj nK KwgwU, wgTv Kwgkb I me©‡kl wkÿvbxwZ 2010 cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Qv·`i msMwVZ K‡iwQ| ÔwkÿvbxwZ I wkÿvmsKU cÖm‡½Õ,

XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Qqw`be¨vcx wkÿvm‡¤§j‡bi dmj Ôwkÿvm‡¤§jb ¯§viK MÖšÕ, Ôgbxlx fvebvq wkÿvÕ, AwfgZmn bvbvwea cÖKvkbvi

ga¨ w`‡q Avgiv me©Rbxb, weÁvbwfwËK, †mKz¨jvi I GKB avivi wkÿve¨e v wbg©v‡bi evZ©v wb‡q hvw”Q| QvÎ Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv

KiwQ| GUv wkÿv m¤úwK©Z `„wófw½ I QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKUv bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡i‡Q hvi g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i wewkóZv „k¨gvb

i‡q‡Q|

39) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, wke`vm †Nvl †`wL‡q‡Qb, ÒAvR‡Ki cyuwRev‡`i Kv‡Q iv‡óªi `LjUvB eo K_v, mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i aªæcw`

aviYv Zvi Kv‡Q A‡bKLvwb g~j¨nxb| †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY evRvi‡KI †m g~jZ wek¦ cuywRev`x evRv‡ii Ask wnmv‡e †`‡L-RvZxq evRvi

wnmv‡e ZZUv bq|Ó [evsjv‡`‡ki Drcv`b c×wZ I ivóªe¨e v; GKwU gZevw`K weZK©, c„ôv-11]

G cÖm‡½ cuywRev‡`i M‡o IVvi BwZnvm Ges cyuwRev`x e¨e v kw³kvjx nIqvi welqwU †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| cuywRi g~j jÿ¨ gybvdv|

gybvdvi Rb¨ Ggb †Kvb KvR †bB hv, cuywRcwZiv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ev cu ywRev`x e¨e v Zv‡K Aby‡gv`b †`q bv| gvK©m K¨vwcUvj MÖ‡š

W¨vwbs Gi DׄwZ w`‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb gybvdvi Rb¨ cuywRcwZiv wK Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡U©j, wmwÛ‡KU MVb Kiv Ggb wK evRvi `L‡ji Rb¨ hy×

Kiv meB Zviv Ki‡Z cv‡i| cuywRev` hLb mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i ͇i DbœxZ n‡jv ZLb ïay c‡Y¨i evRv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv bq cuywR jMœx Kivi Rb¨

RvZxq mxgvbv AwZµg Kivi gva¨‡g †MvUv wek¦‡KB ‡m evRv‡i cwiYZ Ki‡jv| Avgiv Aa¨vcK †igÛ evY©b Gi D×…wZ D‡jøL K‡iwQ,

wZwb e‡jwQ‡jbÑÒmve©‡f․gZ¡ GLb mvM‡i wbwÿß (Sovereignity at Bay)|Ó

GB eBwU cÖKvwkZ nq 1968 mv‡j| wØZxq wek¦hy× cieZ©x‡Z mve©‡f․gZ¡ welqK G aviYv e¨vcK we Ívi jvf K‡i| hw`I ÔCritical

remarks on national questionÔ cÖe‡Ü †jwbb G cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| d‡j ivR‣bwZK A_©kv‡ ¿ G wel‡q

wke`vm †Nv‡li e¨vL¨v wK bZzb ms‡hvRb ejv hvq ?

40) GB c‡q‡›U ejv n‡q‡Q, Òwke`vm †Nvl †`Lv‡jb, GLb GKUv bZzb •ewkó¨ hy³ n‡q‡Q| Ôhy‡×i Rb¨ A_©bxwZÕ †_‡K

cuywRev`x †`k¸‡jv Avi GKUv iv Ív wb‡q‡QÑÔA_©bxwZi Rb¨ hy×Õ|Ó

A_©bxwZi Rb¨ hy× K_vUv bZzb bq| †jwbb hLb e‡jbÑÔImperialism generates warÕ ZLb wK Zv evRvi `Lj ev A_©bxwZi

Rb¨ hy×- GUv †evSvq bv? cÖ_g I wØZxq wek¦hy× †Zv GiB mvÿ¨ enb K‡i| hy×v ¿ wewµi Rb¨ mv¤ªvR¨ev`x‡`i A ¿ wewµi evRvi m„wó

Ki‡Z nq †m Kvi‡Y vbxq-AvswkK hy× Zv‡`i `iKvi| wKš‧ g~jZt Zv‡`i g~j bRi _v‡K evRvi `Lj| AvRI BivK, AvdMvwb vb

`Lj, G wK ZviB mvÿ¨ enb K‡i bv? GUv wke`vm †Nv‡li bZzb wK e¨vL¨v Zv †evSv †Mj bv| wZwb wek¦cwiw wZ m¤ú‡K© †jwb‡bi

we‡kølY‡KB Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|