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2013 – 2014
: 07807502408
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* * * *
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}{ :-
1( M ( Molar mass ) :- .( g / mole )
. 1 (Na2CO3 2 (Ca3(PO4)2
( Na = 23 , O = 16 , Ca = 40 , P = 31 ) 1) M ( Na2CO3 ) = ( 2 x 23 ) + ( 1 x 12 ) + ( 3 x 16 ) = 106 g /mol 2) M ( Ca3(PO4)2 ) = ( 3 x 40 ) + ( 2 x 1 x 31 ) + ( 2 x 4 x 16 ) = 310 g / mol
1 ( 1 (KMnO4 2 (NaOH 3 (K2Cr2O7 4 (H2SO4 5 (MgCl2
// 1) M (KM4O4) = (1 x 39 ) + (1 x 55) + (4 x 16) = 185 g/mol
2) M (NaOH) = (1 x 23) + (1 x 16) + (1 x 1) = 40 g/mol
3) M (K2Cr2O7) = (2 x 39) + (2 x 52) + (7 x 16) = 294 g/mol
4) M (H2So4) = (2 x 1) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16) = 98 g/mol
5) M (Mg Cl2) = (1 x 24) + (2 x 35.5) = 95 g/mol ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2( n ( mol )
m ( Kg , g ) n = M ( g / mol )
) ( )1 ( /
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) //2 // (K2CO3 22 g . //
n =
M ( K2CO3 ) = (2 x 39 ) + (1 x 12) + (3 x 16) = 138 g / mol
n = = = 0.16 mol *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-
2 //Na2SO4 14 . 2 g .
// n = M (Na2SO4) = (2 x 23) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16) = 142 g / mol n = . = 0.1 mol
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3 //0.15 mol NaCl // M (NaCl) = (1 x 23) + (1 x 35.5) = 58.5 g / mol
n = m = n x M = 0.15 mol x 58.5 m NaCl = 8.78 g
*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ 3 //: - :- H3PO4 ( 72 g ) . :- 0.75 mol Na3PO4 //
M H3PO4 = (3 x 1) + (1 x 31) + (4 x 16) = 98 g/mol //n = = = 7.357 mol
//M (Na3PO4) = (3 x 23) + (1 x 31) + (4 x 16) = 164 g / mol
n = m = n x M = 0.751 x 164 = 123
) ( )2 ( /
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3( (M)
:- .
M = ( )
) (
m = M . V . M *-*-*-**-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*
5 //(0.1 M) 250 ml //
M ca(OH)2 = (1 x 40) + (2 x 16) + (2 x 1) M = 74 g / mol
m = M . V . M
m = 0.1 * * 74 = 1.85 g ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
//(L) 1L = 1000 Cm3 1L = 1000 ml
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 //(15 g) 150 m
. //
M CH3 COOH = (2 x 12) + (2 x 16) + (4 x 1) M = 60 g/mol m = M . V . M
M = .
= = 0.5 M
//500 ml ) ( 500 ml (150 ml) .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5 //4g NaOH
( 0.05 mol / L ) . M = (1 x 23) + (1 x 16) + (1 x 1) = 40 g / mol
(NaOH) m = M . V . M
V = .
= .
= 2L
m = M . V . M
) ( )3 ( /
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)4 (
( 53 g ) Na2CO3 (5 L) .
//0.1 M ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
4( ( NA )
6.023 x 1023 mol-1 ) = (x
NO . ( atoms or mol cules ) = n (mol) x NA =( 6.023 x 1023 )
+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ 6 //0.16 mol O2 //
( NO . molecules ) = n x NA = 0.16 x 6.023 x 1023 = 0.96 x 1022 nolesules
O2 )2 (O NO . atoms = 0.96 x 1022 x 2
= 1.82 x 1022 atoms ************************************************************************************************
6 ) // (0.1 mol H2 //6.023 x 1022 moleculs
12.046 x 1022 atoms ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
) ( )4 ( /
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/
/
/
/
2013 – 2014
07807502408
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" "
/07807502408
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: - .
:- 1- . 2- . 3- . 4- .
:- ( Joule ) ( J ) . J = 1 kg . m2 / s2
:- ( k ) .T ( K ) = t ( c ) + 273
:.
:. : . = +
: :-
. : -
. :- ). (
( Heat ) : ( q ) :
. ( T ) :.
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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( C ) :( m ) ( m ( g ) )
( J / C ) . C = q = q = C x T )(
( S ) :( 1 g ) ( J / g - c ) .
Q = . mx C = = . T x x m q = m =.T = ( Tf – Ti ) T =. )1 – 1 " // (: "
(870 g ) 5 C 95 C J / g . c0.45
// T = Tf – Ti
= 95 c - 5 c
= 90 c
. m . t q = q = 0.45 x 870 x 90 q = 35235 J
)1 – 1 " // (:" ( 10 g ) 25 c 45 c
( 119 J ) . //
T = Tf – Ti = 45 – 25 = 20 c
. m . t q = x 10 x 20 119 =
S = 0.595 J / g . c :
. : .
. :
. :07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )2 ( /
= 0.595 =
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:
. (H)
(H) H . :
. :
. 1- 2-
:- 2H2O + Energy 2H2 + O2
) (H H = Hp – HR = -
HR < Hp H
2Hg(-L) + O2 (g) 2HgO-s + Energy ) (H
HP < HR H :-
H2O(L-) + Energy H2O(g-) H =-
HR < Hp )( H2O(L) H2O(s) + Energy
H + = HP < HR ) (
//H ( 298 K , 1 atm ) H
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// "fH "
.
//1 ( ) ( , 2 ( ) . ( 3 (Hf .
H2O H2 + 1/2 O2
CO2 2 C + O
// // NO2 2) CO 3) CH4 4) NH3 )1
HBr 8) Fe2O3 )MgCl2 6) H3PO4 7 )5
// "CH " .
//1 ( . 2 (.
O2 + H2 + 1/2 O2 H2O + Energy
C + O2 CO2 + Energy 3 (
+ O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + Energy
C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + Energy ////
1) Fe 2) N2 3) C2H2 4) C6H12O2 5) C8H18 6) CO
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// "rH "
. // 1 ( Hf
= °
2 ( Hc = °
n ) ( // .
Hr = Hc = Hf :H2 + 1/2 O2 H2O
C + O2 CO2 //Hr Hf Hc :
1)C(gr) + O2 CO2 Hf
= Hr
HC = Hr
2) CO + 1/2 O2 CO2
Hf Hr
(CO) HC
= Hr
3) 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 Hf
Hr 2
HC Hr 4
2NH3 4)3H2 + N2 Hf
Hr Hf = ° HC
Hr 5) CO + NO2 CO2 + NO-
Hf Hr , )( .
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1 // :
) (
. "1-2 // "
( 3 g ) ( N2H4 ) ( 32 g / mol ) ( 1000 g ) )( 4.2 j / g . c°
)( 24.6 C° )(28.2C° KJ / mol
. //
T = Tf –Ti = 28.2 – 24.6 = 3.6 C° T . m . q =
q = 4.2 x 1000 x 3.6 n = =
q = 15120 j / mol = 0.094 mol
H = = .
= - 160851 J mol
H = - 161 KJ / mol -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 // Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R )
// n
( p ) Hc° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) ( R )
============================================================ :07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )6 ( /
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"1 – 3 "
( H2SO4 ) Hf )( -811 KJ / mol Hr° Hf ( H2SO4 )
// H2 + S + 2O2 H2SO4
0 0 0
Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hr° = 1 x -811 – 0 = -811 KJ / mol = Hf
--------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- "1 – 4 "
Hr° HF Hf° ( HF ) = -271 KJ
// H2 + F2 2HF
Hf°=0 Hf°=0 Hf° =-271 Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hr° = 2 x -271 – 0 Hr° = - 542 KJ / mol
"1 – 5 " : - 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
Hf° (Al2O3) = -233 KJ / mol //
Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hf Al = 0 Hr° = 2 x -233 – 0 Hf O2 = 0 Hr° = -466 KJ / mol
"1 – 6 " ( C3H8 ) Hc° (C3H8 ) = 2219 KJ / mol
//
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O (C3H8 ) = -2291 KJ / mol Hc°
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A ((( Hvap) //. H2O(L) H2O(g) Hvap = 44 KJ / mol ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B ((( Hcond) //.
H2O(g) H2O(L) Hcond = -44 KJ / mol Hcond - = Hvap
C ((( Hfus ) //.
H2O(S) H2O(L) Hfus = 6 KJ / mol D (( ) (( Hcryst) //
H2O(L) H2O(S) Hcryst = -6 KJ / mol
Hfus = - Hcryst //1 (. 2 ( . "1 – 7 "
(CH3COOH) (5.11 KJ / mol) .
// Hfus = - Hcryst
Hfus = 5.11 KJ / mol Hcryst = - 5.11 KJ / mol
// // ( 23 KJ / mol )
3 //
. // H .
+ =- :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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1 //Hf° CO :-
C(gr) + O2 (g) CO2 Hr° = - 393.5 KJ / mol 1) CO (g) + 1/2 O2(g) CO2(g) Hr° = - 283 KJ / m 2)
// )CO (
) (CO(gr) + 1/2O2(g) CO(g)
) (C(gr) + O2 (g) CO2(g) Hr° = - 393.5 KJ / mol CO (g) + 1/2 O2(g) Hr° = + 283 KJ / mol CO2(g)
Hr° = -110.5 KJ / mol C(gr) + 1/2O2 CO(g)
/ "1 – 7 //"CS2
:- C(gr) + O2 CO2 Hr° = - 394 KJ / mol 1)
2) S + O2 SO2 Hr° = - 296 KJ / mol 3) CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2 Hr° = - 1072 KJ / mol
// )2 (x 2 , )3 ( C(gr) + 2S CS2
C(gr) + O2 CO2 Hr° = - 394 KJ / mol 1)
2)2 S +2O2 2SO2 Hr° = - 592 KJ / mol ) CO2 + 2SO2 CS2 + 3O2 Hr° = + 1072 KJ / mol 3
C(gr) + 2S CS2 Hr° = +86 Kj / mol
"1 – 8 " :-
1)C(gr) + O2 CO2 Hr = -394 KJ / mol 2) H2 + 1/2O2 H2O Hr = -286 KJ / mol 3)2 C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O Hr = -2599 KJ / mol
// 2C(gr) + H2 C2H2
)3 ( )2 (, )1 (x )2 (
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1)2C(gr) + 2O2 2CO2 Hr = -788 KJ / mol
2) H2 + 1/2O2 H2O Hr = -286 KJ / mol 3) 2CO2 + H2O C2H2 + 5/2O2 Hr = + 1299.5 KJ / mol
2C(gr) + H2 C2H2 Hr = +225.5 KJ / mol
8 // ) ( 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(L)
Hr Hf (Al2O3) = - 1670 KJ / mol Hf (Fe2O3) = -822 KJ / mol Hf (Fe(L)) = 12 KJ / mol
// Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hr° = [ Hf°(Al2O3) + 2 Hf°(Fe(L) )] – [ Hf°(Al(s) + H° (Fe2O3(s) )] Hr° = [ -1670 + 2 x 12 ] – [ 2 x 0 + ( - 822 ) ] Hr° = - 824 KJ / mol
//Hf°(Fe(s) ) = 0 Hf°(Fe(L) ) 0
"1 – 9 // " (C6H6) CO2 Hr°
Hf°(C6H6(L) ) = 49 KJ / mol Hf°(CO2(S) ) = -394 KJ / mol Hf°(H2O(L) ) = -286 KJ / mol
// C6H6(L) + 15/2O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 3H2O(L)
Hc° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hc° = [ 6 Hf°( CO2) + 3 Hf°(H2O)] - [ Hf°(C6H6) + 15/2 Hf°(O2)]
Hc° = ( 6 x -394 + 3 x -286 ) - ( 49 + 15/2 x 0 ) Hc° = - 3273 KJ / mol
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" // "
: N2 + 2O2 2NO2 Hr° = 67.6 KJ / mol 2NO + O2 2NO2 Hr° = -114 KJ / mol
Hf° ( CO , NO2 , CO2 ) ( -110 , -34 , -393 ) KJ / mol
Hr° CO + NO2 CO2 + NO
( - 158.2 KJ / mol ) / / /2013 //Hf CO
CO2 +394 Hr = -283 Kj CO + 1/2O2 CO2 // Hr = Hf ( P ) - Hf ( R )
Hr = [ Hf (CO2) ] – [ Hf (CO) + 1/2 Hf (O2) -283 = -394 - Hf (O2)
Hf (CO) = -394 + 283 = -111 Kj / mol
=- =- 394 Kj/ mol
}{ " "
. " " .
" ".
"S " .(S) .
//S " "S = Sf – SL- . :-
0 > S ) ( " " 0 < S ) ( ""
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
1( ) (0 > S . :07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )11 ( /
CO2 ( Hf )
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2(
) (0 < S . 3 (Sg > SL > Ss 4 (0 > S 5 (0 < S 6 ( 7 ( 8 (
n ( R ) < n ( p ) 0 > S ) :(A + B 3C
)0 > S ( ) :( 4C A + B
)0 < S ( ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ "1 – 9 " // S 1(// " " )0 < S . (
2 ( // " " )0 > S . ( 3 ( // " " )0 > S . ( 4 ( // " " )0 < S . (
_______________________________________________________ / "1 – 10 // "
1(// ) (0 < S . 2 ( // ) (0 < S . 3 (2H °8 C // ) (0 > S . 4 ( // ) (0 > S .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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"G "
"G " ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G //0 > G° ) (. 0 < G° ) (. 0 =G°
°S, °G 1 ( S T - °H =°G 2 ( (R) °nS -(p) °nS =°rS
Gr° = n Gf° (P) - n Gf°(R)
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- "1 – 11 // "
Sr° C° 25 1atm .
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2(s)O3 :
S° (O2) = 205 KJ / mol , S° (Fe2O3) = 87 j /K. mol S° (Fe) = 27 j /K. mol :-
R ) ( nS° P ) - ( Sr° = nS° (O2) ] Fe) + 3S°( Fe2O3)] – [ 4S° ( [2S° =Sr°
( 2 x 87 ) – ( 4 x 27 + 3 x 205 ) = Sr° = -549 J / k . mol Sr°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // //Sr°
C° 25 1 atm 2CO + O2 2CO2 J / K .mol 214 =CO2)( (CO) = -198 J / K . mol , S° S°
(O2) = 205 J / k . mol S° --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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/ "1 – 12 // "
Gr° : 2NO + O2 2NO2
NO2) = 52 KJ / mol ( , Gf° KJ / mol 87 =NO) (Gf° //Gf° =
// Gr° = n Gf° (P) - n Gf°(R)
O2 ) ] (( NO ) + Gf° [ 2 Gf°(NO2) ] – [ 2 Gf° =Gr° [ 2 x 52 ] – [ 2 x 87 + 0 ] =Gf° KJ / mol 70- =Gf°
/ "1 – 13 // " Gr° KJ / mol 2020 - =J / K . mol , Hr° 347 =Sr°
C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O // S J KJ
// Sr° = = 0.374 KJ / mol . K
T = t + 273 = 25 + 273 = 298 K G° = H° - T S°
-2020 – ( 298 x 0.374 ) =G° - 2131.4 KJ / mol =G°
/ "1 – 14 // " HCOOH(L) CO(g) + H2O(L)
Hr° 16 kj / mol Sr° 234 j / k . mol )25 C° 1atm (
// Sr° kj / k . mol
= 0.234 KJ / k. mol =Sr°
T(k) = t(c° ) + 273 = 25 + 273 = 298 k Gr° = H° - T S°
x 0.234 ) 298 ( - 16 =Gr° .7 KJ / mol 53 - =Gr°
G
) ( )14 ( /
G
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//// " "
C2H5OH(L) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(L)
(j/mol.k) (kj/mol) S° Hf° C2H5OH -278 161
O2 0 205 CO2 -394 214 H2O -286 70
//1 (H° 2 (S° 3 (Gr° // Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R )
= [ 2 Hf (CO2) + 3 Hf (H2O) ] – [ Hf (C2H5OH) + 3 Hf O2 ] Hr° = [ 2 (-394) + 3 (-286) ] – [ -287 + 3 x 0 ] Hr° = - 1368 KJ / mol Hr°
R ) ( nS° P ) - ( Sr° = nS° (H2O) ] – [ S (C2H5OH) + 3S (O2) ] = [ 2S (CO2) + 3S Sr°
= ( 2 x 214 + 3 x 70 ) – ( 161 + 3 x 205 ) Sr° = -138 J/K . mol =- 0.138 KJ / mol . k Sr°
Gr° = H° - T S° 298 x 0.138) (- = -1368 Gr°
= -1404.124 KJ / mol Gr° --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ // // S C 25 2H2 + O2 2H2O
Hf =-242 KJ / mol Gf° =( - 229 KJ / mol ) /( - 0.087 KJ K . mol )
------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- / // //
2SO2 + O2 2SO3 ( - 5.7 KJ / mol ) 25C 1atm
S S(s) + 3/2O2(g) SO3(g) Hr = - 395 KJ / mol )1
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) Hr = - 297 KJ / mol )2 /( - 0.64 KJ / k . mol )
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )51 ( /
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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S H G
+ +
G = H+ - T S+
– = +G
.
2HgO 2Hg + O2
H S G + +
+
G = H +– T S-
G = + +
G
3O2(g) 2O3(g)
H S G
+ -
- +
G = H- – T S+
G = - -
G = -
G
H S G – + -
2H2O2(L) 2H2O(L) + O2(g)
– –
– –
G = H S
+ - =G
H S G
NHg(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s
// 1 (, . 2 (, .
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
: - 1( .
// NH4Cl(s) NH4(aq)
+ + Cl(aq)-
S + = H + =
G = H+ - T S+ G = H+ - T S
H ( + ) G + =
T S ( - ) G = - . 2( . H + =G = H+ - T S+
S + = ) (G = + - G =- S
////
1( HgO . 2(
)) H vap (( . )) H cond
(( . )) H fus
((. )) H cryst
(( . Tm .
Tb . fus
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )71 ( /
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( Tm = 0 C ) H2O(s) H2O(L) cryst
G = 0 G = H – T S H = T S
)tr ( Str =
vap
( Tb = 100 C ) H2O(L) H2O(g) K T = 100 + 273 = 373 cond
G = H – T S
G = 0 H = T S Str =
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
//( Svap) (85j/k. mol) .
// " "
) (H2O(s) H2O(g) Hsub
"1 – 13 " Hvap KJ/mol 69C
// Tb = t + 273 = 69 + 273 = 342 K
Svap =
85 = Hvap = 29070 J / mol . k
Hvap = 29.07 KJ / mol . k " /1 – 15 // "
H2O(L) H2O(g) Hvap = 44 KJ / mol =100C
Sfus =
Svap =
Svap = 85 =
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )81 ( /
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// Tb = t + 273 Tb = 100 + 273 = 373 K
Svap = = = 0.118 KJ / mol . K
1( :
//.
2( :) (
//.
3( : //.
4( : //
. 5( :
Hf //.
6( :
//.
7( : // ) ( ) (
. 8( :
:07807502408 :– 07807778337
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )19 ( /
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// 1 ( ) ( 2 (.
9 ( : //
. 10 ( : S ) (
//G = H – T S S ( - T S ) S G .
11 ( H //G = H – T S H G
.
12 ( :2HgO 2Hg + O2 S . L . g .
// H = + ) (S = +
G = +H – T +S G = +H – T S
) ( G = - S > H-
( T ) 13 ( :3O2 2O3
g . g . // H = +
) (S = - G = +H – T -S
G = +H + T S G = + .
14 ( : 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
L . L . g . //H = -
( L ) ( g ) S = +
G = -H – T +S G = -H – T S
G = - .
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )20 ( /
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15 ( :NH3 + HCl NH4Cl g . g . S .
)) (( =====================================================
9 //360 g ( 86 J / C ) ..
//S C
(J / g . C ) x m (g) C (J / C ) =
( /( )
= ( /( )
(J / g . C ) =
= 0.24 J / g .C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10 //6 g ,21C 124C .
( KJ ) ( 0.39 J / g . C ) //
T = ( Tf – Ti ) C = ( 124 – 21 ) C = 103 C
(T / g . C ) x m(g) x T (C ) q(J) = q(J) = 0.39 (J / g . C ) x 6 (g) x 103 (C ) = 241 J
J KJ q = = 0.241 KJ
11 //( KJ ) 350 g 77C 12 C .( 0.14 J / g . C )
) ( )21 ( / :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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//
T = ( Tf – Ti ) C = ( 12 – 77 ) C = -65 C
(J / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q(J) =
q(J) = 0.4 (J / g . C ) x 350 (g) x (-65) (C ) = -3185
J KJ q = = - 3.2 KJ
*******************************************************************************
12 //34 g 25 C 79 C (2 . 44 J / g . C )
//
T = ( Tf – Ti ) C = ( 79 – 25 ) C = 54 C (T / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q (J) =
q (J) = 2.44 (J / g . C ) x 34 (g) x 54 (C ) = 4479 . 8 J
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 13 //155 g 25 C 40 C ,
5700 J . .
//
T = ( Tf – Ti ) C = ( 40 – 25 ) C = 15 C
( j / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q (J) =
( )( ) ( )
(J) / g . C ) =
= ( )( ) ( )
= 2.45 J / g . C
=============================================================
14 //4.5 g 276 J , 25 C ,
0.13 J/g.c
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )22 ( /
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//
(J / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q (J) =
T (C ) = ( )
. ( ) = ( )
. . . ( )
= 471.8 C
471.8 C = ( Tf – 25 ) C
Tf = 496.8 C
15 //:- 1) 2CH3OH(I) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(I)
Hr = 1453 KJ 2mol 2) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
H = -904 KJ 4mol 3) H2(g) + S(rhomloic) + 2O2(g) H2SO4(I)
H = -811 KJ 1mol =============================================================
16 // 2.4KJ 0.12 C . //
qp Hr = qp = (J / C ) x T (C )
Hr = 2.4 = ( KJ / C ) x 0.12 (C ) Hr = 0.288 KJ
17 //1.5 g CH3COOH ) =60 g / mol ( ,750 g )4.2 J / g . C . ( 24 C 28 C , . //T (C ) = ( Tf – TJ ) C = (28 – 24) C = 4C
(J / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q(J) = q(J) = 4.2 (J / g . C ) x 750 (g) x 4 (C ) q(J) = 12600 J
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )23 ( /
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( - 12600 J ) 1 mol : Mol n (mol) = ( )
( ) = . ( )
( ) = 0.025
) (1 mol :
q (J / mol) = ( )( )
= ( ). ( )
q (J / mol) = -504000 J / mol
18 // ( STP ) . // (298 K) 25 C 1 atm ( STP ) ( 273 K ) 0 C 1 atm .
******************************************************************************************* 19 // H (
C2H5OH ) ( CaCO3 ) Hf -1207 KJ / mole , -278 KJ / mole
// 2C(graphite) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) C2H5OH(I)
H ( C2H5OH(I) ) = -278 KJ / mol C(graphite) + Ca(s) + O2(g) CaCO9(s)
H ( CaCOq(s) ) = -1207 KJ / mol ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20 // Hf (Al2O3) Hc (Al) : 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) Hr = -3340 KJ // 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) Hr = -3340 KJ Hr (Al2O3) Hr Hr 1 mol Al2O3 ,2 mol 1 mol Al2O3 4Al(s) + O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )24 ( /
C2H5OH
CaCO3
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Hf (Al2O3) = ( )( )
= ( ) = -1670 KJ / mol
H (Al) H H 1 mol Al ,4 mol 1 mol
Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3
H (Al) = ( )( )
= ( )( )
= -835 KJ / mol
============================================================= 21 //
25 C 1 atm 1) H2(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g) H = -185 KJ
2) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) H = -484 KJ H : -
H : - ? kJ 4HCl(g)+ O2(g) 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g) Hr =
:- )
. (
. 4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = ?
)1 (2X )2 ( 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) H = -484 KJ (2)
H = +370 KJ (3) 4HCl(g) 2H2(g) + 2H2(g) 4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g)
H = (-484 KJ) + (+370 KJ) = -114 KJ ………………………………………………………………………………..
22 //25 C 1 atm . 1) N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) H = 33 KJ 2) N2(g) + 2O2(g) N2O4(g) H = 11 KJ
H : 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
// 2NO2(g) N2O4(g) H = ? KJ )1 (2X
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )25 ( /
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)2 ( N2(g) + 2O2(g) N2O4(g) H = 11 KJ (2) 2NO2 N2(g) + 2O2(g) H = -66 KJ (3)
2NO2 N2O4(g) H = ( 11KJ ) + ( -66 KJ ) = -55 KJ
23 // 25 C 1 atm . 1) FeO(s) + H2(g) Fe(s) + H2O(g) H = 25 KJ
2)3FeO(s) + O2(g) Fe3O4(s) H = -318 KJ
3) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g) H = -242 KJ H :
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) H2O(g) + 4H2(g) H = ? KJ //
)1 (X 3 , )3 (
3FeO(s) + O2(g) Fe3O4(s) H = -318 KJ
3Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) 3FeO(s) + 3H2(g) H = -75 KJ
H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) H = +242 Kj
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2
-151 KJ =H = ( -318 KJ ) + ( -75 KJ ) + ( +242 KJ )
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 24 //25 C 1 atm .
1) SCl2 O(1) + O2(g) SO2(g) + Cl2(g) H = 10 KJ
2) PCl3(I) + O2(g) PCl3O(I) H = -325 KJ
3) P(S) + Cl2(g) PCl3(I) H = -307 KJ H :
2P(s) + 2SO2(g) + 5Cl2(g) 2SCl2O(I) + 2PCl3O(I) H = ? KJ
//
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )26 ( /
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)1 (2X ,)2 (2X ,)3 (2X
2SO2(g) + 2Cl2(g) 2SCl2O(I) + O2 H = -20 KJ
2PCl3(I) + O2(g) 2PCl3O H = -650 KJ
2P(S) + 3Cl2(g) 2PCl3(I) H = -614 KJ
2P(S) + 2SO2(g) + 5Cl2(g) 2SCl2O(I) + 2PCl3O
H = ( -20KJ ) + ( -650 KJ ) + ( -614 KJ )
H = - 1284 KJ
25 //H 25 C 1 atm .
2NH3(g) + 3O2(g) + 2CH4(g) 2HCN(I) + 6H2O(g)
:
Hf (NH3) = -80 KJ / mol , Hf (CH4) = -75 KJ / mol
Hf (HCN) = 135 KJ / mol , Hf (H2O) = -242 KJ / mol
//
2NH3(g) + 3O2 + 2CH4(g) 2HCN(I) + 6H2O(g)
Hf = Hf (products) - n Hf (reactauts)
Hf = [ 2x Hf (HCN) + 6 x Hf (H2O) ] -[ 2 x Hf (NH3) + 3 x Hf (O2) + 2 x Hf (CH4) ]
Hf = [ 2 x 135 KJ / mol ] + 6 x ( -242 KJ / mol ) ]
-[ 2 x ( -80 KJ / mol ) + 3 x ( 0KJ / mol ) + 2 x (-75 KJ / mol ) ]
Hf = - 872 KJ / mol
26 //HPO3(s) : P4O10(s) + 4HNO3(I) 4HPO3(I) + 2N2O5(g)
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )27 ( /
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Hr = - 180 KJ Hf :
Hf (P4O10) = - 2984 KJ / mol Hf (HNO3) = - 174 KJ / mol , Hf (N2O5 ) = - 43 KJ / mol
// Hr :
P4O10 (S) + 4HNO3(I) 4HPO3(I) + 2N2O5 (g) Hr = n Hf (products) - n Hf (reactauts)
Hr = [ 4 x Hf (HPO3) + 2 x Hf (N2O5) ] – [ Hf (P4O10) + 4 x Hf (HNO3) ] Hr = [ 4 x Hf (HPO3) + ( 2 x -43mole ) ] – [ (-2984 KJ/mole) + [ 4 x (-174KJ/mol) ]
Hf(HPO3) = [( ) ( )] /
Hf(HPO3) = -943.5 KJ / mol ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
27 //Sr 25C 1atm .
:N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
S (N2) = 192 J/K.mol S (H2) = 131 J/K.mol S ( NH3 ) = 193 J/ K.mol
//N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
)Sr = nS ( products ) - nS ( Reactauts
Sr = [ 2 x S(NH3) ] – [ S(N2) + 3 x S(H2) ]
Sr = [ 2 x 193 J/k.mol ] – [ 192 J/k.mol + 3 x 13J/k.mol ]
Sr = 199 J/K.mol
===========================================================
28 // ..
// //
===========================================================
29 //:
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )28 ( /
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( . ( .
(. ( .
// ( (
( ( ===========================================================
31 // ) (: ( .
( . (. (.
(. (.
// ( .
( . (. ( .
(.
(. ===========================================================
32 //Sr 25 C 1 atm . SiH4(g) + 2O2(g) SiO2(s) + 2H2O(i)
: S(SiH4) = 206 J/k.mol S(O2) = 205 J/k.mol S(SiO2) = 42 J/k.mol S(H2O) = 70 J/k.mol
//SiH4(g) + 2O2(g) SiO2(s) + 2H2O(i) Sr = nS(Products) - nS(Reactauts) Sr = [ S(SiO2) + 2 x S(H2O) ] – [ S(SiH4) + 2S(O2) ] Sr = [ 42 J/k.mol + 2 x 70 J/k.mol ] – [ 205 J/k.mol + 2 x 206 J/k.mol ] Sr = -435 J/k.mol
=========================================================== 33 //Sr 137 j/k.mol 25 C 1 atm S(O2) 206j/K,mol S O3
2O3(g) 3O2(g)
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )29 ( /
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// 2O3 3O2
Sr = nS ( products ) - nS ( reactauts ) Sr = [ 3 x S (O2) ] – [ 2 x S (O3) ]
137 j/k.mol = [ 3 x 206 j/k.mol ] – [ 2 x S (O3) ] (O3) = ( ) / . (O3) = 240.5 j/k.mol
====================================================
35 //Gr 25C 1 atm . 1)N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) 2) H2O(i) H2O(g) 3) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(i)
. Gf(NO) = 87 Kj / mol Gf(H2O(g)) = -229 Kj / mol Gf(H2O(i)) = -237 kj/mol Gf(C2H2(g)) = 209 Kj / mol
Gf(CO2) = -394 Kj/mol //Gr :
Gr = Gf (products) - Gf (Reactauts) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) Gr = [ 2 x Gf (NO) ] – [ Gf (N2) + Gf (O2) ]
= [ 2 x 87 KJ / mol ] – [ oKJ / mol + oKJ / mol ] Gr = 174 KJ / mol
Gr H2O(I) H2O(g)
Gr = [ Gf (H2O(g) ] – [ Gf (H2O(I)) ] = [ -229 KJ / mol ] – [ -237 KJ / mol ] = 8 KJ / mol
Gr 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(I)
Gr = [ 4x Gf (CO2) + 2 x Gf (H2O) ] – [2x Gf (C2H2) + 5x Gf (O2) ]
Gr = [ 4x (-394 KJ / mol) + 2x (-237 KJ / mol) ] – [ 2 x 209 KJ / mol +
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )30 ( /
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5xoKJ / mol ] Gr = -2468 KJ / mol
Gr ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
36 //H ,S A //
S = -48 J/K . mol , H = -126 KJ / mol S = = - 0.048 KJ / K.mol
- - G = H - T S
- > + H > T S
-126 > T – 0.048 T <
. T < 2625 K
+ + B //G = H - T S H = 12 KJ / mol + < - S = 105 J/K . mol
12 < T 0.105 S = = 0.105 KJ / K . mol
T > .
T > 114 K
37 //H S 25C 1atm
A // S = 30 j/k.mol , H = 11 Kj / mol G = H - T S S = = 0.03 Kj / mol
G = 11 – (0.03 x 298 ) G = + 2.06 Kj / mol
+ +
G = H – T S - = + -
H T S 11 T 0.03
. T
K 366.7 T
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )31 ( /
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ B //S = 113 J /k .mol , H = 2 Kj / mol
G = H - T S S = G = 2 – (0.113 x 298 ) S = 0.113 Kj / K .mol G = 2 – 33.9 G = - 31.1 Kj / mol
25C ======================================================
38 // 1 –
G = - G = H+ - T S+ H = + - = + - S = +
) ( 2 –
G = + H = + S = + G = H+ - T S+
) (+ = + -
3 – G = - ) (G = H- - T S- H = - - = - + S = -
) ( )_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(
:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )32 ( /
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:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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""
/07807502408
–
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) // (
:H2SO4( aq ) + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
// ) (:
CH3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// .:
) (N2O4 2NO2 (g) (g)
) (Zn + S ZnS (s) (s) (s)
HCOOH + CH3OH HCOOCH3 + H2O (aq) (aq) (aq) (aq)
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ //
: CaCO3 CaO + CO2
(s) (s) (g) *-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*
} { Rf
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Rb
Rf Rb
Rf =Rb . Kf . Kb .
) ( )1 ( /
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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:- .
Rf Rb
+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ ))
((
=Keq ~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+
:- 1( ))KC ((
:Kf aA + bB gG + hH
Kb Rf = Kf [ A ]a [ B ]b Rb = Kb [ G ]g [ H ]h
Rf = Rb Kf [ A ]a [ B ]b = Kb [ G ]g [ H ]h
= [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
KC KC = [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
--------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- 2( ))Kp ((
:-
aA + bB gG + hH
Kp Kp = ( ) ( )( ) ( )
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
) ( )2 ( /
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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//
. (g) Kc , Kp (s) (L) (eq) Kc Kp
********************************************************************************* //Kp , Kc
1) 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (s) (s) (g) (g)
Kc = [ H2O ] [ CO2 ] Kp = PH2O PCO2
=================================== 2) CaCO3 CaO + CO2
(s) (s) (g) Kc = [ CO2 ]
Kp = PCO2 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3) NO-2 + H2O HNO2 + OH-
(aq) (L) (aq) (aq)
Kc = [ ][ ]
[ ]
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ 4) 2Hg + O2 2HgO
(L) (g) (s)
Kc = [ ]
Kp =
*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ //))1 // (( N2 + 3H2 2NH3
(g) (g) (g) Kf =0.11 ,Kb =0.05 Keq
Keq = = ..
= 2.2 *-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-
"2 – 1 // " Keq =4.24 Kb =0.02 Kf
//
Keq = 4.24 = .
Kf = 0.0848
) ( )3 ( /
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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"2 – 2 // "
Kc Kp :-
1) 2CO2 2CO + O2 g. g. g.
Kc = [ ] [ ][ ]
Kp = 2) 3O2 2O3
g. g.
Kc = [ ][ ]
Kp =
3) CO + Cl2 COCl2 g. g. g.
Kc = [ ][ ][ ] Kp =
4) H2O + C CO + H2 g. S. g. g.
Kc = [ ] [ ]
[ ] Kp =
5) 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2 S. g. S. g.
Kc = [ ][ ]
Kp =
6) C6H5COOH C6H5COO- + H+ aq. aq. aq.
Kc = [ ] [ ]
[ ]
7) 2NO2 + 7H2 2NH3 + 4H2O g. g. g. L.
Kc = [ ][ ] [ ]
Kp =
==============================================================
) ( )4 ( /
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Kc ,Kp 1 (:
3 – 2 " // "Keq 100 2NO2 N2O4
( g ) ( g ) 0.017 M = [ NO2 ] ,0.002 M = [ N2O4 ]
// Kc = Keq
Kc = [ ][ ]
Kc = ( . )( . )
= 6.92 / /2 – 4 //Keq
2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 :-
[ CH4 ] = 0.03 M , [ C2H2 ] = 0.05 M [ H2 ] = 0.143 M
2 (: N3 + 3H2 2NH3 A B O
- x -3x +2x A – X B – 3X 0 + 2X
// A , B N2 ,H2
( - X ) =N2 ( - 3X ) = H2 ( + 2X ) =NH3 NH3
( A – X ) =N2 N2 ( B – 3X ) =H2 H2 ( 0 + 2X ) =NH3 ) (
// ) (.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
) ( )5 ( /
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))5 // ((0.5 M H2 2
340 C 25 = Kc .
// H2 + 2 2H (g) (g) (g)
0 0.5 0.5 +2X -X -X
0 + 2X 0.5 – X 0.5 - X
Kc = [ ][ ][ ]
= [ ][ . ]
5 = .
25 = ( )
( . )
5 = .
2.5 – 5X = 2X 2.5 = 2X + 5X
2 . 5 = 7X X = 0.35 M
X [ H2 ] = 0.15 M , [ I2 ] = 0.15 M , [ HI ] = 0.7 M *-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*
"2 – 4 // " H2 + Br2 2HBr
0.4 mol Br2 , H2 425 C . 0.25 = Kc
// H2 + Br2 2HBr
0 0.4 0.4 -X -X +2X
0.4 – X 0.4 – X 0+2X
Kc = [ ][ ][ ]
Kc = 0.25 = ( )( . )
0.5 = .
2X = 0.2 – 0.5 X 2X + 0.5 X = 0.2
2.5 X = 0.2 X = 0.08 mol
) ( )6 ( /
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
M = = .
= 0.4 M
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X
[ H2 ] = 0.32 mol , [ Br2 ] = 0.32 mol , [ HBr ] = 0.16 mol *+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+
))6 // ((( 0.625 mol ) N2O4 ( 5L ) :N2O4 2NO2
(g) (g) ( N2O4 ] 0.025 mol / L = ,
Kc //
N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g) 5L = V
M = 0 0.125 -X 0+2 X
0.125 – X 0+2 X M = . ( 0.025 ) ( 0.2 )
Kc = [ ][ ]
M = 0.125 mol / L 0.025 = N2O4
Kc = ( . )( . )
0.025 = 0.125 – X
Kc = ..
X = 0.1 mol / L
Kc = 1.6 +-+-+-+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+-+-+-+
"7 // "2SO3 2SO2 + O2 .SO3 =3 atm
4 atm ,Kp //2SO3 2SO2 + O2
0 0 3 +X +2X -2X
0+X 0+2X 3-2X =
PT = Pso3 + Pso2 + Po2 4 = ( 3 – 2 X ) + ( 2X ) + ( X ) 4 = 3 + X X = 1 atm
)X Pso3 = 3 – 2 X = 3 – 2 X 1 = 1 atm
) ( )7 ( /
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Pso2 = 2 X = 2 atm PO2 = X = 1 atm
Kp = = ( ) ( )( )
Kp = 4
*-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-* 2 – 5 //2CO2 2CO + O2
(0.8 mol) CO2 ,Kc
2CO2 2CO + O2 ( V = 1L ) 0 0 0.8
+X +2X -2X (0+X) (0+2X) (0.8 – 2X)
0.2 0.4 0.4 CO2 =0.8 = =M 0.4 =0.4 = 2X
Kc = [ ] [ ][ ]
M 0.2 = X
Kc = ( . ) ( . )( . )
Kc = 0.2
********************************************************************************* "2 – 6 // "N2 + 3H2 2NH3
H2 ,N2 H2 =( 0.3 mol ) ( 0.2 mol ) = N2 H2 ,N2
Kc =200 //
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 A B 0
3X = 0.3 +2X -3X -X X = 0.1 M H2 2X B-3X A-X
0.2 B-(3*0.1) 0.2 0.2 B-0.3 0.2 A-X = 0.2
A – 0.1 = 0.2
Kc = [ ][ ][ ]
A = 0.3 M = [ N2 ]
200 = ( . )( . )( . )
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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0.04 = 40 ( B – 0.3 )3
( B – 0.3 )3 = . ( B – 0.3 )3 = 0.001
B – 0.3 = 0.1 B = 0.4 M = [ H2 ]
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Kc ,Kp
} Kc = Kp ( RT ) – ng { { Kp = Kc ( RT ) ng } } ng = ng (p) - ng (R) {
ng = Kp = Kc ng = Kc < Kp ng = Kc > Kp
R = 0.082 (( T = tC + 273 ))
+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*++* "8 // " ( n = - 1 ) Kc = 4.1 227 C
Kp Kp = Kc ( RT ) ng T(k) = t (C ) + 273 T = 227 + 273 T = 500 K
Kp = 4.1 x ( 0.082 x 500 )-1 Kp = 0.1
-------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 ) //2013 // (( 300 K )
NH4HS NH3 + H2S (s) (g) (g) 0.3 atm ,Kc ,Kp
Kc = Kp (RT) – ng ( H2S ) Kp Kp = (PNH3) (PH2S)
Kp = ( 0.3 ) x ( 0.3 ) Kp = 0.09
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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ng = ng (p) - ng (R) ng = 2 – 0 ng = 2
Kc = Kp (RT) – ng Kc = 0.09 ( 0.082 x 300 ) –2 Kc = 1.5 x 10-4
+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ 2 – 7 /Kc 500 C Kp
1.5 x 10-5 3H2 + N2 2NH3 T = 500 + 273
g g g = 773 K Kc = Kp (RT) - ng ng = ng (p) - ng (R) Kc = 1.5 x 10-5 ( 0.082 x 773 ) – (-2) ng = 2 – 4 Kc = 1.5 x 10-5 ( 0.082 x 773 )2 ng = - 2 Kc = 6026.6 x 10-5 = 0.06
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 2 – 8 //Kc 1.6 1000 C
3C(s) + CO2 2CO CO (g) (g) CO2 ( 0.6 atm )
Kc = Kp (RT) – ng T = 1000 + 273 1.6 = Kp ( 0.082 x 1273 )-1 T = 1273 K 1.6 = Kp ( 104.3 )-1
ng = 2 – 1
1.6 = .
ng = 1 Kp = 1.6 x 104.3 Kp = 167
Kp = ( )( )
167 = ( ).
( Pco)2 = 100.2
Pco = 10 atm //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ *
:- 1- . 2- .
+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ 1( :- A // ,
p. *-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*
B // ,.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ C // ,
. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// 1 >> Kc 1 << Kc 1 ~ Kc
****************************************************************************** 10 /: -
1) 2HF H2 + F2 Keq = 1 x 10-95 2) 2SO3 + O2 2SO3 Keq = 8 x 1025 3) 3H2 + N2 2NH3 Keq = 1.1
// 1( Keq =1 x 10-95
. 2( keq = 8 x 1025
) (.
3( Keq =1.1 .
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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"2 – 9 // "Keq
1) 2H2O 2H2 + O2 Keq = 1.1 x 10-81 2) 2CO + Cl2 2COCl2 Keq = 0.99 3) H2 + Cl2 2HCl Keq = 4.4 x 1032
1 (Keq .
2 (Keq .
3 (Keq . ) ( . .
2 (. A ((:- Kc
H2 + Cl2 2HCl Kc 2HCl H2 + Cl2
=========================== B (( :- Kc .
H2 + Cl2 2HCl Kc 1/2 H2 + 1/2 Cl2 HCl ( Kc )1/2
=========================== C ((:- Kc .
Cs + 1/2O2 ( g ) CO(g) Kc1 CO(g) + 1/2O2 ( g ) CO2 (g) Kc2
Cs + O2 CO2 Kc1 x Kc2 .
Cs + 1/2O2 CO Kc1 = [ ]
[ ]
CO + 1/2O2 CO2 Kc2 = [ ]
[ ][ ]
Cs + O2 CO2 Kc3 = Kc1 x Kc2
Kc3 = [ ]
[ ] x [ ]
[ ][ ]
Kc3 = [ ][ ]
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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"11 // "100 C =0.36
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
2NO2 N2O4 g. g.
N2O4 NO2 //g. g.
N2O4 2NO2 Kc1 = 0.36
.
= 2.8 =2NO2 N2O4 Kc2 =
N2O4 NO2 Kc3 = (KCl)1/2 =
Kc3 = . Kc3 = 0.6
+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ " 2 – 10 // "2NO2 N2O4
Kp = 0.39 227 C Kc N2O4 2NO2
//Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng T = 227 + 273
= 500 k Kc = 0.39 ( 0.082 x 500 ) –(-1) ng = 1 – 2 Kc = 16 ng = -1
Kc Kc = = = 0.0625 ==========================================================
"2 – 11 // "3H2 + N2 2NH3 . 0.02 M NH3 0.1 M N2
H2 Kc NH3 3/2H2 + 1/2N2 //3H2 + N2 2NH3
0.1 0.1 0.02
Kc = [ ][ ] [ ]
= ..
= 4 ×2/1
Kc2 = = = = 0.5
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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2 – 12 ) /2013 // (
0.2 mol 2HBr H2 + Br2 HBr
(2 mol) //
=( 1L ) =
2HBr H2 + Br2 =X 0 0 1
0.2 = +X +X -2X X = 0.2 0+X 0+X 1-2X
0.2 0.2 0.6 [ HBr ]
X 1 – 2X = 1 – 2 (0.2)
= 0.6 Kc = [ ][ ][ ]
Kc = . .( . )
= ( . )( . )
= = 0.11
H2 + Br2 2HBr 0 2 2
= +2X -X -X 0+2X 2-X 2-X
)2.4) (0.8) (0.8 (
Kc = = 9
Kc = [ ][ ][ ]
9 = ( )( )
3 = X = 1.2 M
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
) ( )14 ( /
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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2 – 13 //2000 K
: Br2 + F2 BrF Kp = 150
Br2 + Fe BrF3 Kp = 2.5
Kc BrF3 BrF + F2
// )2 (
BrF3 Br2 + Fe Kp = .
Br2 + F2 BrF Kp = 150
BrF3 BrF + F2 Kp = .
x 150 Kc = Kp (RT) – ng Kp = 60 Kc = 60 (0.082 x 2000)-1 Kc = 0.366
*******************************************************************************************
))Q ((
))Q: ((- .
1( Q > Kc . 2( Q < Kc . 3( Q =Kc .
+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ "12 // "500 C (0.06)
mol / L 3H2 + N2 2NH3
[ H2 ] [ N2 ] [ NH3 ] 1) 0.002 0.00001 0.001 2) 0.354 0.000015 0.0002 3) 0.01 5.0 0.0001
//Q Kc .
1) Q = [ ][ ] [ ]
= ( . )( . ) ( . )
Kc = 0.06
.Q = 12.5 x 105 > Kc = 0.06 :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
2) Q = [ ][ ] [ ]
= ( . )( . ) ( . )
Q = 0.06 = Kc = 0.06
)(
3) Q = [ ][ ] [ ]
= ( . )( . ) ( )
Q = 0.002 < Kc = 0.06
. *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*
"2 – 14 // "3H2 + N2 2NH3 Kc 9.0 )1( 2.0 mol N2 ,H2 ,NH3
1.0 L )2( .
// 3H2 + N2 2NH3 2.0 2.0 2.0 Kc = 9.0
1) Q = [ ][ ] [ ]
= ( . )( . ) ( . )
= 0.25
Kc = Q 2) Kc = Q = 9
Q = [ ][ ] [ ]
9 = ( . )
( . ) ( . ) 9 =
9 = 9 =
V = 6 L .
)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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"2 – 15 // "2L 1.4 mol HBr ,H2
,Br2 HBr H2 , Br2 Kp = 0.25
//
M = = . = 0.7 M = [ HBr ] = [ Br2 ] = [ H2 ]
H2 + Br2 HBr Kc Kc = Kp (RT) – ng
Kc = 0.25 ( 0.082 x T ) ng ng = 1 – 1 Kc = Kp = 0.25 ng = 0
H2 + Br2 2HBr Kc2 = ( Kc1 )2 = ( 0.25 )2 = 0.0625
H2 + Br2 2HBr
0.7 0.7 0.7 Q = ( . )( . )
+X +X -2X 0.7+X 0.7+X 0.7-2X Q = 1 0.933 0.933 0.234
Q > Kc
Kc = [ ][ ][ ]
0.0625 = ( . )( . )
0.25 = ..
[ HBr ] = 0.7 – 0.466 = 0.234 M
0.7 – 2X = 0.175 + 0.25 X [ H2 ] = [ Br2 ] = 0.7 + 233 0.7 – 0.175 = 0.25X + 2X = 0.933 M
0.525 = 2.25 X X = 0.233 mol
*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-* :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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G Q
===================================================== aA + bB gG + hH
G ,
G = + RT Ln [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
Q G = + RT LnQ
:G =(J ) . =
R =8.3 j / mol T =( K ) Q =
0 = G = - RT LnKeq
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ // .
÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷ "13 // " CCl4 + H2 HCl + HCl3
L. g. g. L. ( - 104 KJ / mol ) 25 C ( 1 atm )
Keq 25 C ( 1 atm ) //
T = 25 + 273 = 298 K R = 8.3 J / mol
= - 104 KJ / mol = - 104 x 1000 = - 104000 J / mol
= - RT Ln Keq
104000 = - 8.3 x 298 Ln Keq Keq = 1.7 x 1018
Keq . :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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2 – 16 //Kp 25 C 1atm 2H2O 1H2 + O2
L. g. g. f =-237 KJ / mol 25 C //
r = - f (p) - f (R) r = ( 0 + 0 ) – ( 2 x 237 ) r = + 474 KJ / mol r = RT Ln Kp
+ 474 x 1000 = - ( 8.314 x 298 ) Ln Kp lnKeq = -191.3 Kp = 1.2 x 10-84
*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*
} – { )) //
(( +÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷
:- 1( .3 (. 2( .
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ :-
1( // //A A B
B
**--** --** --**--**--** --**--**--**--** --**--** --**--**--**--** --**--**--** --** --**-- 2( //
//C C D
D
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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// ) (:- N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
1( ( H2 , N2 ) . )NH3 () .
– . ( 2 (( NH3 )
) (– . 3( ( N2 , H2 )
. 4( ( NH3)
. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
:- 1( )(
) (
)( 2( )(
) ( )
. ( ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
//( ng = 0 ) . ( ng ) )1 - ( )( ( ng ) )1+ ( )(
+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ //2SO2 + O2 2SO3
g g g. // 22 32
) (. ====================================================
// ) (: - 2NO2 2NO + O2 g. g. g.
23 22 // ) (
. :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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//
C + O2 CO2 s. g. g.
0 = ng )( *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*
//ng )1- ( -1 = ng ) (
. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
: - H + =
)( H = -
)( 1( ) ( )
( 2( ) ( )
( ******************************************************************************
// CaO + CO2 CaCO3 + s. s. g.
1( 2(
//
CaO + CO2 CaCO3 + s. g. s.
1 (:-
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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2 (: -
. + -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+-+-+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+-+
// 2CO + O2 2CO2 +
. *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*
Keq
. *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*
Keq .
.
1( Keq
2( Keq
Keq Keq = [ ][ ]
+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ 14 // 2Hg + O2 2HgO , H -181 KJ
L. g. s. ( 298 K ) Kp 3.2 x 1020 Kp
(500K) ( 298 K ) // -181 KJ = H
Kp ( 500 K ) . :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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2 – 17 //2BrF5 Br2 + 5F2 H =858 KJ
g. g. s. 1000 K Kp =7.4 x 10-18 Kp ( 1500 K )
( 1000 K ) //858 KJ = H
1000 K 1500 K –
Kp . +*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+
15 //: - N2F4(g) 2NF2(g) 38.5 Kj / mol = H
1 (. 2 (N2F4 . 3( . 4 ( .
//N2F4 2NF2
1 ( .
2 (N2F4 ) (N2F4 .
3 ( ) (. 4 (Keq R1 R2 .
=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*= "2 – 18 // "3O2 2O3 H = 428 kj/mol
1 ( 2 (O2 3 ( 4 (
//H = +428 3O2 2O3
1( ) (.
2 (O2 O2 .
3 ( .
) ( )23 ( /
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4 (. &*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&
"2 – 19 // "C2H4 , H2 , C2H6 25C :-
C2H4 + H2 C2H6 + 137 kj / mol C2H6
//C2H4 + H2 C2H6
1( . 2( . 3( . 4( .
(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(**)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)
1 // 1 ( N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + 92 kj
. 2 (Kc 500 C 2 x 10-15
200 C 4 x 10-12 . 3 (CO + 2H2 CH3OH + 91 kj
. 4 (
. 5 (CO2(g) + C(s) 2CO(g)
CO2 . 6 (N2 + O2 + 180 kj 2NO
Kc . 7 ( N2 + O2 + 18 kj 2NO 8 ( Cl2 + H2 2HCl + HCl
. 9 (N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) Kp
=3 2NO 3 4O2N 3
) ( )24 ( /
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Kp = 3 = ( ) x = 3 atm
10( 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(L) Kc =1028 ×1
11 (Kp Kc .
12 (Kc .
13 ( .
14 (Kc .
15 (( ng = -1 ) Kc .
16 (Kc = 4 .
17 (ng =0 .
18 ( .
19 ( .
20 (Kc = .
)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&*&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(
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2 //:-
1 (2SO2 + O2 2SO3 727 C 2 -10 ×4.17 ( 0.4 M ) SO3 ( 0.1 M ) O2
( 0.02 M ) SO2 :
- ) . ( - .
- . - .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2( CaCO3(s) CO2(g) + CaO(s)
CaCO3 :- - CO2 . - ) . ( - CaO . - .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 (2(g) + F2(g) 2 F(g) Kc 106 ×1
200 K ( 0.2 atm ) F ( 4 x 10-3 atm ) F2 2 :-
- 5 x 104 atm . - 1 x 10-5 atm ) . ( - 1 x 105 atm . - .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 (Kc Li + I2 Li 300 K )640.3 (g. g. g.
Kc :2Li 2Li + 2 : g. g. g.
- 25.3 - 41 x 104 - 15.6 x 105
- ) ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
) ( )26 ( /
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5( K2CrO4 HCl
: 2CrO4
-2 + 2H+ Cr2O7-2 + H2O
aq aq aq L.
:- - .
- HCl ) . ( - K2 Cr2 O7 . - .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6( NaOH : - Cr2O7
-2 . - HCl .
- Cr2O7-2 ) . (
- . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7( N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Kp 25 C 5.5 x 10-5 Kc :
- 22513.3 . - 9 x 104 .
- 0.03 ) . ( - .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Kf
8( Br2 2Br Kp 2558.4 4000 K g. Kb g.
Kf 1.56 Kb : - 0.2 .
- 20 . - 7.8 . - . ) (
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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9( H2 + 2 2H Kp = 2
g. g. g. mol / L :
- 0.1 = H 0.05 = 2 0.05 = H2 - 0.4 = H 0.1 = 2 0.2 = H2 - 0.001 = H 0.0002 = 2 0.0025 = H2 - ) . (
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 //:-
1( ng Pr < ng Reat .
// 2A B
. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2( A B + g. g.
/ ) ( .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3( .
//
Keq . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4( .
//.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5( Kc = 0.3 Q = 1
// Kc = 0.3 < Q = 1 A B
. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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6( Kc
// ) (Kc Kc
A B ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7( Kc
(A B
) (Kc Kc .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8( ( ng = 1 )
/ ng = 1 A 2B
– ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9( /
,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10 ( SO2(g) + Cl2(g) + SO2Cl2(g)
SO2 . / SO2
. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5 //.
// 1( A(s) 2B(s) . 2( 2A(L) B(L) . 3( A(s) B(g) ng = 1 – 0
. :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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4( A(g) B(g) . 5( A(g) 2B(g) .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6 //PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) =92.5 Kj / mol
1( /// -
Kc . 2( 2Cl ///
– Kc . 3( 3PCl ///
– Kc . 4( ///
– Kc . 5( /// Kc .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7 //2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) =- 198 Kj
SO3 , O2 , SO2 :- 1( ///
. 2( ///
SO3 ( O2 , SO2 ) . 3( 2SO ///
( SO3 ). 4( /// .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8 //
//
. :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9 //:- 1( A 2B
//– . 2( 3C 2A
//– . 3( A B
//ng = 0 . 4(
//
.
10 // CaCO3(s) CO2(g) +CaO(s)
:-
1( ///– 2( CaO ///
. 3( CaCO3 ///
. 4( CO2 ///
– . 5( ///
– .
11 //NOCl 240 C 2NOCl 2NO + Cl2
g. g. g. ( 1 atm ) NOCl 0.64 atm :
1( NO , Cl2 . 2( Kc .
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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//
2NOCl 2NO + Cl2 A 0 0
-2X +2X +X A-2X 2X X 0.64 2X X 0.64 0.24 0.12
PT = PNOCl + PNO + PCl2 1 = 0.64 + 2X + X 3X = 1 – 0.64 3X = 0.36 X = 0.12 atm = PCl2
PNO = 2 * 0.12 = 0.24 atm
Kp =
= ( . ) ( . )( . )
= 0.017
Kc = Kp ( RT ) – ng T = C + 273 = 0.017 ( 0.082 * 513 )-1 = 240 + 273
= ..
= 4 * 10-4 = 513 K ng = 3 – 2
= 1 *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*
12 //N2O4 2NO2
g. g. ( PN2O4 = 0.377 ) , ( PNO2 = 1.56 atm ) 100 C :-
1( Kc , Kp . 2( .
//T = C + 273 N2O4 2NO2 = 100 + 273 = 373
1( Kp =
Kp = Kc ( RT ) ng Kp = ( . )( . )
= 6.46
6.4 = Kc ( 0.082 x 377 )-1 ng = 2 – 1 Kc = 0.21 = 1
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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2(
. +-+-+-+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+-+-+-+
13 //A 2B ,Kc,Kp .
A ( mol / L ) B ( mol / L ) 1( 0.0125 0.843 200 2( 0.171 0.764 300 3( 0.250 0.724 400
// A 2B
1( Kc1 = [ ][ ]
Kc1 = Kp1 ( RT ) – ng Kc = ( . )( . )
= 56.85 56.8 = Kp1 ( 0.082 x ( 200 + 273 )) ng = 2 – 1 Kp1 = 2204.64 ng = 1
2( Kc2 = ( . )( . )
= 3.41
Kc2 = Kp2 ( RT ) – ng Kc 3.41 = Kp2 ( 0.082 x 573 )-1 Kp2 = 160.27
3( Kc3 = ( . )( . )
= 2.09
Kc3 = Kp3 ( RT ) ng 2.09 = Kp3 ( 0.082 x 673 )-1
Kp3 = 115.32
14 //N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) 377 C Kc 1.96 ..
- 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
- N2(g) + H2(g) NH3(g)
- NH3(g) N2(g) + H2(g)
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//
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Kc1 = 1.96 1) 2NH3 N2 + 3H2 Kc = =
. = 0.51
2) N2 + H2 NH3 Kc = . = 1.4
3) NH3 N2 + H2 Kc = .
=0.7
15 //4.2 x 10-7 = Kc CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO-3
Kc 9-10 ×4.7 CaCO3(s) CO3-2 + Ca+2
Kc 11-10 ×4.8 HCO3- H+ + CO3
-2 Kc CO2 + CaCO3(s) + H2O Ca+2 + 2HCO-
3 //
CO2 + + H2O H+ + HCO-3 Kc1 = 4.2 x 10-7
CaCO3 Ca+2 + CO3-2 Kc2 = 4.7 x 10-9
CO3-2 + H+ HCO-
3 Kc3 = .
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca+2 + 2HCO-
3 s.
Kc4 = Kc1 x Kc2 x Kc3
Kc4 = ( 4.2 x 10-7 ) x ( 4.7 x 10-9 ) x ( .
) Kc4 = 4.1 x 10-5
+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*++*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+* 16 //CO2 + H2O + 2NH3 2NH4
+ + CO3-2
g. L. g. Kc : -
1) NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- Kc = 2 x 10-5
g. L. 2) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Kc = 4 x 10-7
g. L. aq 3) H2O H+ + OH- Kc = 1 x 10-14
L. 4) H2CO3(aq) 2H+ + CO3
-2 Kc = 1 x 10-8 //)1 (Kc )3 (Kc ×2
1) 2NH3 + 2H2O 2NH4+ + 2OH- Kc1 = 4 x 10-10
2) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Kc2 = 4 x 10-7 3) 2H+ + 2OH- 2H2O Kc3 = 1 x 1028
) ( )34 ( /
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4) H2CO3 2H+ + CO3
-2 Kc4 = 1 x 10-8
2NH3 + CO2 + H2O 2NH4+ + CO3 Kc4 = Kc1 x Kc2 x Kc3 x Kc4
Kc4 = 16 x 103 =============================================================
17 //Kc =19.9 2500 K Cl2 + F2 2ClF m) ( [ Cl2 ] = 0.2
( [ ClF ] = 1.2 M ) , ( [ F2 ] = 1M ) . //
Cl2 + F2 2ClF
0.2 1 1.2 Q = ( . ).
-X -X +2X
0.2-x 1-X 1.2 + 2X Q = 7.4 Kc > Q
******************************************************************************** 18 //A2 2A A2
STP 1% A2 Kc A 0.01 M A2
//A2 2A =1% A 0 1 =X -X +2X
1-X 2X 1-0.01 2x0.01 X = X 1 0.99 0.02 X = 0.01
Kc = [ ][ ]
= ( . )( . )
= 4 x 10-4
A2 2A
0.01 y Kc = [ ][ ]
4 x 10-4 = .
y2 = 4 x 10-6
y = 2 x 10-3 M [ A ]
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20 //NiOs. + COg. Nis. + CO2 g. 727 C
CO =304 Torr ( 1 atm ) Kc ( 1 atm = 760 Torr )
// NiOs. + COg. Nis. + CO2 g.
0.4 atm y
Pco = Pt = Pco + Pco2 1 = 0.4 + y Pco = 0.4 atm
y = 0.6 atm
Kp = = ..
= 1.5 Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng ng = 1 – 1
Kp = Kc = 1.5 = 0 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
21 //PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5 PCl3 Cl2
( 1 atm ) = Cl2 Kp ) =6/1 . (PCl3 , Cl2 .
// PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5
2y y 0 -X -X +X y – X = 1
2y-X y-X X 2y-(y-1) 1atm (y-1) X = y – 1
y + 1 1 y-1
Kp = ( ) Kp = = ( )( )
y + 1 = 6y – 6 5y = 7 y = 1.4 atm = Pcl2 2y = 2.8 atm = Ppcl3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 22 //2HBr H2 + Br2
Br2 , H2 HBr ( 1 mol ) HBr 2 mol
Br2 2 mol H2 :- 1( 2 (Kc :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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//
2HBr H2 + Br2 H = - y y 2y
-2X +X +X
y + X = 2 y = 2 – X (1)
2y – 2X = 1 )1( 2( 2 – X ) – 2X = 1 4 – 2X – X = 1 4 – 4 X = 1
4 X = 3 X = = 0.75 M
y = 2 – X = 2 – 0.75 = 1.25 = [ H2 ] = [ Br2 ] 2y = 2 X 1.25 = 2.5 M = [ HBr ]
Kc = [ ][ ][ ]
= ( )( )
= 4
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
23 //NO2 40 % 2NO2 2NO + O2
Kc g. g. g. //
2NO2 2NO + O2 40% 0 0 1 NO2 =2X -2X +2X +X
2X = %40 X 1 1-2X 2X X 2X = x 1 0.6 0.4 0.2 X = 0.2 M
Kc = [ ] [ ][ ]
Kc = ( . ) ( . )( . )
= . ..
= 0.09
2y 2X 1
y +X 2
y + X 2
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24 //CO2 + H2 CO + K2O j
H2 , CO2 2000 K 3 mol =
Kc 4 //
CO2 + H2 CO + H2O y y 0 0
-X -X +X +X y-x y-x X X
1.5-X 1.5-X X X
Kc = ( )( . )
( y – x ) + ( y – x ) + X + X = 3
y – X + y – X + X+ X = 3 4 = ( )( . )
2y = 3 y = 1.5
2 = .
3 – 2 X = X X = 1 [ CO2 ] = [ H2 ] = 1.5 – 1 = 0.5 M [ CO ] = [ H2O ] = 1 M
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 //CaO + CO2 CaCO3
S. g. S. 800 C CO2 0.235 atm Kc
//
CaO + CO2 CaCO3 =1 0.235 atm
Kp = = .
= 4.26
Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng ng = 0-1 Kc = 4.2 ( 0.082 x ( 800 + 273 ) – (- 1 ) = -1 Kc = 4.2 ( 0.082 x 1073 ) Kc = 374.8
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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26 //4g HF )2 (27 C
2HF H2 + F2 Kp =1.21
HF 20 g/mol = //
// 2HF H2 + F2
0 0 2.46 n = = = 0.2 mol -2X +X +X PV = nRT 2.46-2X X X P x 2 = 0.2 x 0.082 x 300
Kp = ( )( . )
PHF = 2.46 atm
1.21 = ( )( . )
1.1 = .
X = 0.845 atm
PHF = 2.46 – 2X PHF = 2.46 – 2 X 0.845 PHF = 0.76 atm
27 //1 mol N2O4 NO2 20% 27 C
1 atm .Kp ) . / =
x 100%
// N2O4 2NO2
0.0 1 -X +2X 1-X 2X
20% = x 100% ( 1-0.2 ) ( 2x0.2 )
0.8 M 0.4 M 100 x = 20
Kc = [ ][ ]
100 x = 20
:07807502408 :– 07808070009
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Kc = ( . )
. = 0.2 X = = 0.2 M
Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng 0.2 = Kp ( 0.082 x 300 ) –(2-1) Kp = 0.2 x 24.6
= 4.92
28 //:- 490 C H2 + I2 2HI Kf = 0.6256
Kb = 0.0136 ( 872 K ) =59 HI :-
( H2 ( (I2 //Keq = = .
. = 46
490 C T = 490 + 273 763 K Keq = 46
T = 763 K 872 K Keq = 59 Keq .
H2 + I2 2HI
( HI HI .
( HI .
(I2 HI .
29 //Kp 1000 K :- 1) Cs + 1/2O2(g) CO(g) Kp = 2.9 x 1010 2) Cs + O2 CO2(g) Kp = 5 x 1020
Kc 2CO(g) + O2 2CO2(g) // )1 ( ×2 , )2 ( ×2
2CO(g) 2C(s) + O2(g) Kp1 = ( . ×
)2 = 0.1 x 10-14 2C(s) + 2O2 2CO2(g) Kp2 = ( 5 x 1020 )2 = 25 x 1040
2CO + O2 2CO2 Kp3 = Kp1 x Kp2
Kp3 = 2.97 x 1020 :07807502408 :– 07808070009
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Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng Kc = 2.97 x 1020 x (0.082 x 1000 )-(-1) ng= 2 – 3 = 1 Kc = 2.4 x 1022
30 //CO H2 , CO2 700 K
Kc 5.29 //Q CO + H2O CO2 + H2
1 1 1 1
Q = ( )( )
- x -x + x + x ( 1 - X ) ( 1 – X ) ( 1 + X ) ( 1 + X )
Kc = [ ][ ][ ][ ]
Q = 1
Kc = ( )( )
Q 1
( )( )
=5.29
2.3 = ( )( )
2.3 – 2.3 X = 1 + X 2.3 – 1 = X + 2.3 X
1.3 = 3.3 X x = 0.394 M [ CO ] = [ H2O ] = 1 – X = 1 – 0.39 = 0.66
[ CO2 ] = [ H2 ] = 1 + X = 1.394
31 //N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) Kc =6 x 10-3 ( 298 K ) 1.5 x 10-2 35 C
//298 K N2O4 2NO2 Kc1 = 6 x 10-3
308 K N2O4 2NO2 Kc2 = 1.5 x 10-2 ) (Kc
Kc
.
) ( )41 ( /
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32 //2SO2 + O2 2SO3
:- [SO3] = 0.008 M , [SO2] = 0.02 M , ,[O2] = 0.01 M 10 C Kc 4
// 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Kc = [ ][ ] [ ]
Kc1 = ( . )( . ) ( . )
= 16
Kc 4 Kc
33 //G G
// : - 25 C
1 atm . G : -
.
G = + RT Ln [ ][ ]
G =
. *~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
34 //25 C ( 1 atm ) 1 x 10-14 H2O H+ + OH-
L. aq aq //
= - RT Ln Kwater = - 8.3 x 298 Ln 1 x 10-14 = + 7988.75 J / mol
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
) ( )42 ( /
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" "
/07807502408
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/
:
: - .
:- . : - .
:- . //
// : 1 (( .2 ((.
// //1 ( .2 (.
// 1( . 2( . 3( . 4( .
//)2013 (
//1 (. 2 (. 3 ( .
) ( )1 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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//
//. //
//. //
//. //
// . //
//.
(H3O+) (OH-) H2O(L) + H2O(L) H3O+(aq) + OH-
(aq)
H2O(L) H+(aq) + OH-
(aq) Kw
Kw = [ H+ ] [ OH- ] [ H+ ] = [ OH- ] = 1 x 10-7
Kw = [ H+ ] [ OH- ] = ( 1 x 10-7 ) x ( 1 x 10-7 ) = 1 x 10 -14
:- ( 1 m )
(PH) . 1) PH = - log [ H+ ] 4) [ H+ ] = 10 –PH 2) poH = - log [ OH- ] 5) [ OH- ] = 10 –poH 3) PH + POH = PKw = 14 6) [ H+ ] [ OH -] = Kw = 1 x 10-14
( pH )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 (pH 7 . 2 (pH 7 . 3 (pH =7 .
) ( )2 ( /
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1) log10x = X : log 1000 = log103 = 3
log10-5 = -5 , log0.1 = log10-1 = -1 2) log xy = y log x : log54 = 4log5 3) log = logx – logy : log = log9 – log13
4) log ( x . y ) = logx + logy : log(20) = log 4 x 5 = log4 + log5 5) log-(x) = 10x : log-(5) = 105 , log – (-3) = 10-3
*1 10 " " Log 1 = 0 log 2 = 0.3 log 3 = 0.47 Log 4 = 0.6 log 5 = 0.7 log 6 = 0.8
Log 7 = 0.85 log 8 = 0.9 log 9 = 0.95 log 10 = 1
1 //pH [ H+ ] 1) 0.3M 2) 1 M 3) 10 M 4) 10-5 M
// 1) pH = -log [ H+ ] = - log0.3 = -log 3 x 10-1 = - (0.47 – 1) = 0.53 2) pH = -log [H+] = -log1 = 0.0 3) pH = -log [ H+ ] = -log10 = -1 4) pH = -log [ H+ ] = -log10-5 = -(-5) = 5
2 //[ H+ ] pH 1) 2 2) 7 3) 5 //
1) [ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-2 M 2) [ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-7 M 3) [ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-5 M
//pH pH :
//[ H+ ] pH : 1) 9.7 2) 4.3 3) 10.3 4) 2.7 5) 5.3
// 1) pH = -log [ H+ ] 9.7 = -log [ H+ ]
log [ H+ ] = - 9.7 + 10 - 10 log [ H+ ] = 0.3 – 10 [ H+ ] = 2 x 10-10 M
) ( )3 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
[ H+ ] = 10-pH
= 10-9.7+10-10 = 100.3 * 10-10 = 2 * 10-10 M
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2) pH = -log [ H+ ] 4.3 = - log [ H+ ] Log [ H+ ] = -4.3 + 5 – 5 Log [ H+ ] = 0.7 – 5 [ H+ ] = 5 x 10-5 M 3) pH = -log [ H+ ] Log [ H+ ] = - 10.3 Log [ H+ ] = -10.3 + 11 – 11 Log [ H+ ] = 0.7 – 11 [ H+ ] = 5 x 10-11
1 / 4 /
2 / 5 / 3 / 6 /
7 / )(
(( 1( HCl 2 ( HI 3 ( HBr 4 ( HNO3
5 ( HClO4 6 ( HMnO4 7 ( H2SO4 8 ( H2CrO4
//– 1 (. 2 (. 3( ). (
.
[ H+ ] , pH :- A // :
) (.
) ( )4 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
[ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-4.3+5-5 = 100.7 * 10-5 = 5 * 10-5 M
[ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-10.3+11-11 = 100.7 * 10-11 = 5 * 10-11 M
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HCl H+ + Cl-
0 0 y y y 0
[ H+ ] = [ ] = y pH = -log [ H+ ]
//pH (0.01M) . // HNO3 H+ + NO-
3 0.01 0 0
0.01 0.01 0 pH = -log [ H+ ]
= - log10-2 =2
// //[ H+ ] , pH 1( HCl (0.003M) . 2( HBr ( 1 M ) . B //:
) (. H2SO4 2H+ + SO4
-2 Y 0 0
0 2y y ] = 2y [ H+ ] = 2 [
Y = [ ]
//pH 0.1 M //H2SO4 H2SO4 2H+ + SO4
-2 0.1 0 0
0 2*0.1 0.1 [ H+ ] = 2[H2SO4] = 2 x 0.1 = 0.2 M pH = -log [ H+ ] = -log0.2 = 0.7
//pH ( 3 ) . //H2CrO4 H2Cr2O4 2H+ + CrO4
-2 Y 0 0 0 2y y
[ H+ ] = 10-ph = 10-3 M [ H+ ] = 2 x [ H2CrO4 ]
[ H2CrO4 ] = [ ] = = 0.5 x 10-3 M
) ( )5 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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// 1 //pH ( 1 M ) . 2 //pH ( 0.3 ) .
//
1 / NaOH 2 / KOH 3 / RbOH 4 / Ca(OH)2 5 / Ba(OH)2
[OH-] , [H+] , pH , poH . A //:
KOH K+ + OH- Y 0 0 [OH-] = [KOH] = y
1 //pH ( 1 x 10-3 ) //NaOH Na+ + OH-
NaOH [OH-] = [NaOH] = 1 x 10-3 M poH = -log[OH-] = -log ( 1x 10-3 ) = 3 pH + poH = 14 pH = 14 – 3 = 11
2 /pH )9.( //
KoH pH + poH = 14 poH = 14 – 9 = 5 [ OH- ] 10-poH = 10-5 M [ KoH ] = [OH-] = 10-5 M
//3 /0.003 M
4 /[OH-] pH )13 (
) ( )6 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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B / Ca(OH)2 Ca+2 + 2OH
]Y 0 0 [OH-] = 2 x [ [ OH- ] = 2y
.
"1 // "pH 0.5M //Ba(OH)2 Ba+2 + 2OH-
Ba(OH)2 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 2*0.5
= 0.5 x 2 = 1 M [OH-] poH = -log[OH-] = -log1 = 0 pH + poH = 14 pH + 0 = 14 pH = 14
2 /pH )15( . //. . ] = 2 x [ [OH-]
pH = 15 pH + poH = 14 15 + poH = 14 poH = 14 – 15 = -1 [OH-] = 10-poH = 10-(-1) = 10 M [OH-] = 2 x [ ]
] = [ ] = = 5 M [
//3 /pH )12 ( 4 /(1M)
// "" ""
1 / HF 2 / HCOOH 3 / HCN 4 / CH3COOH 5 / C6H5OH 6 / H2C2O4 7 / H2S 8 / H3PO3
) ( )7 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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pH , [H+] ) (
( Ka ) [H+] , pH
H+ + A- HA
Ka = [ ][ ] 0 0 y x x y – x
Ka = ( )
)(
X [H+] pH .
1 /pH (0.04M) Ka = 1 x 10-10 ( log 2 = 0.3)
// HCN HCN H+ + CN-
0.04 0 0 0.04 – x x x
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
1 x 10-10 = ( )( . )
1 x 10-10 = .
X2 = 4 x 10-12 X = 2 x 10-6 M pH = -log[H+] = -log 2 x 10-6 pH = - 0.3 + 6 = 5.7
2 /Ka ( 0.1 ) pH )3 ( //CH3COOH
CH3COOH CH3COO + H+ 0.1 0 0
0.1 – x x x [H+] = 10-pH [H+] = 10-3 M = X
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
Ka = ×.
Ka = 10-5
) ( )8 ( /
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// X Ka ( 10-5)
( ..... 10-2 , 10-3 , 10-4 ) :- 3 //pH ( 0.01M)
(1 x 10-4) //HF
(Ka = 1 x 10-4) 10-5 HF H+ + F- 0.01 0.1 0.1
0.01 – x x x
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
1 x 10-4 = .
X2 = 1 x 10-6 – 1 x 10 -4 x x2 + 1 x 10-4 x – 1 x 0-6
x = ± )( a = x2
X = × ± ( × ) × ××
b = x
X = - 1 x 10-4 ± c = x = - 0.00104
X = 0.00189 = [ H+] pH = - log [H+]
pH = -log 0.00189 pH = 2.72
(H+) .
*H2C2O4 .H3PO4
* .
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Ka1 = 7.11 x 10-3
H2PO4 H+ + HPO4= Ka2 = 6.32 x 10-8
HPO4 H+ + Ka3 = 4.8 x 10-13
:- Ka3 2Ka Ka1 " ":-
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )9 ( / Clic
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// .
// // Ka
Ka H2S Ka )HS- (
2 //
(Ka = 4.9 x 10-10) 0.2M)( //HCN
HCN H+ + CN- 0.2 0 0
0.2 – x X X
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
4.9 x 10-10 = .
... Ka 10-5 X X2 = 2 x 49 x 10-12 = 9.9 x 10-5
M = [ H+ ]
** 1 //1 x 10-5 , pH 0.1M
0.001M
2 //(4M) H+ 2 x 10-5 [H+] =3 x 10-5 M
// )( ))((
1( NH3 2( CH3NH2 3( C7H5N 4( C5H5N 5( C5H7N
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )10 ( /
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6( C10H14N2
//[ OH- ] , poH , pH
// ) (Kb [OH-]
.
B+ +H2O BH+ + OH- 0 0 Y
Y – x x x )) () ((
Kb = [ ][ ][ ]
Kb =
// X (Kb) 10-5 .
1 //pH 0.2M Kb =2 x 10-5 //NH3
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
0.2 0 0 0.2 – x x x
Kb = [ ][ ]
Kb = .
2 x 10-5 = .
X2 = 4 x 10-6 X = 2 x 10-3 M = [ OH- ]
poH = -log [ OH- ] = - log 2 x 10-3 poH = 2.7 pH + poH = 14 pH = 11.3
2 //0.01 Kb 1 x 10-10 //Ka Kb [ H2O ]
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )11 ( /
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//.
) ( ) ( ) . (
) = (
) = ( x 100 %
) = (x 100 4 //C5H7N ( Kb = 3.8 x 10-10 )0.1 M
//C5H7N C5H7N + H2O C5H7NH + OH-
0.1 0 0 0.1 x x x
Kb = [ ][ ][ ]
3.8 x 10-10 = .
X2 = 3.8 x 10-11 X2 = 0.38 x 10-10
M X = 0.62 x 10-5
=
=. ×.
=6.2 x 10-5
********************************************************************** **
1 / //M1V1 = M2V2
2 / = //[ ][ ]
=
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )12 ( /
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1 //pH )1 (, 1
//H2SO4 H2SO4 2H+ + SO-2 [H+] = 2 [H2SO4]
1 /pH = 1 [H+] = 10pH = 10-1 M
[H2SO4] = [ ] = [ ] = 0.05 M
2 / [H+] = 10-pH = 10-2 M
pH = 1 + 1 = 2 [H2SO4] = [ ]
= 0.005 M =
=[ ][ ]
=..
=10
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 // (C6H5OH) (Ka
= 1.3 x 10-10) : A /0.2 M B /
//C2H5OH C6H5OH C6H5O- + H+ /A
0.2 0 0 0.2 – x x x
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
Ka = .
1.3 x 10-10 = .
X2 = 0.26 x 10-10
X = 0.51 x 10-5 M = [ H+ ]
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )13 ( /
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B /
=[ ][ ]
]2 = [ ] [
. ]2 = [ [C2H5OH] = [ ]2 = 2 x 10-3 M
C6H5OH C6H5O- + H+ 2 x 10-3 0 0
2 x 10-3 – x x x
Ka =[ ][ ][ ]
1.3 x 10-10 = ×
X2 = 0.26 x 10-12 X = 0.51 x 10-6 M = [ H+ ]
// )(
// ) (
. //
//.
1 /
) ( HBr 0.25 M /A
//HBr HBr H+ + Br-
[ H+] = [HBr] = 0.25 M
[Br-] = [HBr] = 0.25 M B //KOH 0.055 M
//KOH
KOH- K+ + OH-
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )14 ( /
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[K+] = [ KOH ] = 0.055 M [ OH- ] = [ KOH ] = 0.055 M
CaCl2 0.155 M //C // ) + (
CaCl2 Ca+2 + 2Cl- 0.155 0 0
0 0.155 0.155 x 2 [Ca+] = [CaCl2] = 0.155 M [Cl-] = [CaCl2] x 2 = 0.155 x 2 = 0.310 M
"2013 " // 5 / : -
A //0.01 M [H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14
[H+] = ×.
= 1 x 10-12 M
B //2.0 x 10-9 M [H+] [OH] = 1 x 10-14
[H+] = ×. ×
= 0.5 x 10-5 = 5 x 10-6 M
6 // )pH (: -
A //6.0 x 10-4 M // )(
HCl H+ + Cl-
[H+] = [HCl] = 6.0 x 10-4 M pH = -log [H+] = -log 6 x 10-4 pH = -0.8 + 4 = 3.22
0.03 M //B // ) (
H2SO4 2H+ + SO4-2
[H+] = 2 x [H2SO4] = 2 x 0.03 M = 0.06 M
pH = -log [H+] = -log 0.06 pH = -log 6 x 10-2
= - 0.8 + 2 = 1.22
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )15 ( /
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7 /pH )3.32 ( // )(
HNO3 H+ + NO-3
[H+] = [HNO3] pH = -log [H+]
4 – 3.32 + 4-] = +log [ H = 0.68 – 4
[H+] = 4.8 x 10-4 M [HNO3] = [H+] = 4.8 x 10-4 M
9 /[H+] [pH] [OH-] poH Ca(OH2) 0.015 M
//Ca(OH)2 ) ( Ca(OH)2 Ca+2 + 2OH- [OH-] = 2 x [Ca(OH-)2] [OH-] = 2 x 0.015 = 0.03 M poH = -log[OH-] = -log 0.03
= -log 3 x 10-2 = -0.4 + 2 = 1.52
[H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14
[H+] = ××
= 3.3 x 10-13 M
pH = -log[H+] = -log 3.3 x 10-13 pH = 12.48
/8 / .pH poH
poH pH [ OH- ] [ H+ ] pH 7
pH poH =14 poH=13.18
pH=-log[H+] pH=0.82
[H+] [OH-] =1x10-14 [OH-] = 6.6x10-14
[H+] = [HI] =0.15 0.15M HI
pH 7
poH = 1.22 pH = log[H+] pH = 12.7
[OH-] = [RbOH] = 0.06 M
[H+] [HI] =1 x 10-14
[H+] = 1.6 x 10-13 0.06 M RbOH
pH 7
poH = 1.4 pH=12.6 [OH]=2[Ba(OH)2] [OH-] = 0.04 M
[H+] = 2.5 x 10-13 0.02M Ba(OH)2
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )16 ( /
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pH 7
poH = 10.47 pH = 3.5 [OH-] =3.3x10-11 [H+] = 0.0003 0.0003 M HClO4
1 //(11) :-
Kb = 1 x 10-5 1 /. 2 /. 3 / .
//NH3 ).( NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
Y 0 0 Y – x x x
pH = 11 poH + pH = 14
poH = 3 [OH] = 10-poH = 10-3 M = X
Kb = [ ][ ][ ]
1 x 10-5 = 1 x 10-5 = ( )
y = ×
= 1 x 10-1 M
=1 % 100 × ××
= = ×100
=- =0.1 M – 0.001 M
= 0.099 M 2 / //( % 2 ) Ka = 2 x 10-5
//CH3COOH )( CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
Y 0 0 Y – x x x
= ×100
% 2 = ×100 %
X = 0.02 y -----------1
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
2 x 10-5 =
)X )1 ( ( 2 x 10-5 =
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )17 ( /
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2 x 10-5 = ( . )
2 x 10-5 =
Y = ××
= 0.05 M =
* 3 //1 / (Ba+2) (OH-) (0.03 M)
4 //3 /(0.1 M)
, (1.8 x 10-5) 5 //4 /(HF)
(Ka = 6.8 x 10-4) A /0.1 M B /0.01 M
6 //5 /(0.2 M) (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5)
7 //6 /H+ , OH- (0.05 M) 8 //7 /pH H+ (0.05 M) 9 //9 /[H+] , pH , [OH-] , poH
(0.015 M) 10 //pH (12)
( % 5 ) , 11 //( 5 x 10-3 ) pH (2.7) ,
pH (10-2) 14 //(4 M) [H+] (2 x 10-5)
[H+] (3 x 10-5) 15 //(Ka = 1 x 10-5) pH (0.1M) pH 100 16 //[H+] ( 0.5 M ) 17 // [OH-] (0.5M)
) ( )18 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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18 //(9) =4 x 10-5 ,
:- .
:-. :- .
:- . //– ,
.. :-
. B + H2O BH+ + OH- .
:- . H+ + X- HA
. //
//.
// // ) (
. //HCl
// HCl H+ + Cl-
// //
.NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
//
:- 1 // ). (
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )19 ( /
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2 // ). ( 3 // ). ( 4 // . 1
. NaCl Na+ + Cl-
7 = poH = pH 1 x 10-7 = [OH-] = [H+] // ) (
//. // ) ( , pH ,
pH .
// //
. " ")) :((
1 //pH 2 // 3 //pH 7
//pH 0.1 M //pH = 7 ). (
2 // ) . ( .
//pH [OH-]
pH . CH3COON4 Na+ + H2O OH- +
CH3COOH OH- )( //
2013 / //
CH3COO- H+
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )20 ( /
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// ) (OH- .
" //"
1 //pH 2 //
1 //pH 7 2 //[H+] 10-7
3 // Kh =
4 //[H+] [OH-] = × [ H+ ] =
5 //pH pH = [pkw + pka + log c]
..................................................................................................... 10 /KCN Ka
(KCN) = 4.9 x 10-10 ) ((0.1 M) . //KCN
[H+] =
[H+] = × × . ×.
= × [H+] = 7 x 10-12
[OH-] = ××
= 1.43 x 10-3 M )( [H+] 1 x 10-7
3 // ) . ( .
//pH . .
H+ pH + NH4Cl CL-
H2O H+ +
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )21 ( /
NH4+
OH-
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NH3 + H2O H+ ) ( //
//) (H+ .
//
1 // 2 //pH
1 //pH 7 2 //[ H+ ] 10-7
3 //Kh =
4 //[ H+ ] [ H+ ] = ×
5 //pH pH = [pkw – pkb – log c ]
1 //(0.001M) (6) : - 1 //. 2 ) //Kh ( .
//pH = 6 7 ).( = 10 –pH = 10 -6 M [H+]
[H+] =
10-6 = . × ×
10-12 = × Kb = 10-5
Kh = = ××
= 1 x 10-9
2 //pH (0.1 M) //pH = 7
NaCl ) (pH = 7
( NaCl ) pH . 11 // poH( pKb(NH3) = 4.74 ) ( 0.5 M )
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )22 ( /
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// ) ( pH = [ pKw – pKb – log c ]
pH = [ 14 – 4.74 – log 0.5 ]
pH = [ 14 – 4.74 + 0.3 ]
pH = [ 9.56 ]
pH = 4.78 7 pH + poH = 14 4.78 + poH = 14 poH = 9.22
4 // : :-
NH4CN CH3COONH4
//(NH4CN) ( Ka (HCN) = 1 x 10-10 ) ( Kb (NH3) = 1.8 x 10-5 ) .
//Kb = 1.8 x 10-5 Ka = 1 x 10-10 ... .
1 //Kh 10-9 (0.1 M) :- 1( 2( pH (0.1 M) .
// )( Kh =
1 x 10-9 = ×
Ka = 1 x 10-5 )(
[OH-] = ×
[OH-] = . × ××
[OH-] = × [OH-] = 1 x 10-5 M
poH = -log[OH-] = -log 1 x 10-5 = 5 HA H+ + A-
0.1 0 0
) ( )23 ( / : 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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) (0.1 – x x x
Ka = [ ][ ]
1 x 10-5 = ×.
X2 = 1 x 10-6 X = 1 x 10-3 = [ H+ ] pH = -log [ H+ ]
= -log 1 x 10-3 pH = 3 //1 /pH .
2 /pH . 2 //(0.5 L ) [OH-] ( 1 x 10-9 )
(2 x 10-5) . //[OH-] = 1 x 10-9 M
[ H+ ][OH-] = 1 x 10-14
[H+] = ×
= 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-7
) + .([H+] = ×
1 x 10-5 = × ××
1 x 10-10 = C x 0.5 x 10-9
C = ××
= 0.2 M
M = ( )
0.2 = .
n = 0.1 mol
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 // =4 =1 x 10-16 (
// pH = 4 7
[H+] = 10-pH = 10-4 M
Kh =
1 x 10-6 = ×
Kb = 1 x 10-8
[H+] = ×
1 x 10-8 = × ××
1 x 10-8 = C x 1 x 10-6
) ( )24 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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) (C = ××
= 1 x 10-2 = 0.01 M
// 2// 1//
Kh = Kh =
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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)) ((
(Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 x 10-5) (Kw = 1 x 10-14) .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH (0.01 M) 25C (Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 x 10-5) .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH(0.2 M) (Kb(NH3) = 1.8 x 10-5) .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 //(0.5 L) pH
(2) . (Kb(NH3) = 2 x 10-5) . ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 //pH (1 M)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 //pH (0.5 mol) (Ca(OH)2) (0.5 L)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 // (10 ml) pH
(Kb(NH3) = 1 x 10-5) . // pH = 7
pH pH = 7 – 1 = 6 [H+] [H+] = 10-pH = 10-6 M
... [H+] = ×
1 x 10-6 = × ××
1 x 10-12 = C x 1 x 10-9
) (C = ××
= 1 x 10-3 M ) (M1V1 = M2V2
M1 x = 1 x 10-3 x (0.5 + ) M1 x 0.01 = 1 x 10-3 x 0.51
M1 = 0.051 M
) ( )25 ( /
4 /10
5 /11
6 /12
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//1 /pH .
2 /pH . =======================================================================================
11 // pH (0.2 m) pH (0.1 m)
)3. ( // CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
pH 0.1 0 0 0.1 – x x x
(Ka) pH = 3 [H+] = 1 x 10-pH = 10-3 m = x
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
Ka = ×.
Ka = ( × ).
= 1 x 10-5
[OH-] = ×
[OH-] = . × ××
[OH-] = × = 1 x 10-5 M poH = -log[OH-] = -log 1 x 10-5 = 5 pH + poH = 14 pH = 14 – 5 = 9 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
) ( )26 ( /
............
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12 //
(0.2 mol) pH (2.7) pH (0.2 m )
// CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ 0.2 0 0 0.2 – x x x M =
( )
= . = 0.2 M
pH = -log [H+] -2.7 = log [H+]
-2.7 + 3 – 3 = log [H+] 0.3 – 3 = log [H+]
[H+] = 2 x 10-3 = X Ka =
.
Ka = ( × ).
= 2 x 10-5
[OH-] = ×
[OH-] = . × ××
= ×
[OH-] = 1 x 10-5 poH = -log 1 x 10-5 = 5 pH = 9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13 //pH (0.02 mol)Ka )(1 x 10-10 (4L)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 //KCN pH (4)
(Ka(HCN)=5 x 10-10) (65 g / mol) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---15 // (HA) (0.2 m) (%1) .(NaA) (0.2 m) , pH , pH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------
) ( )27 ( /
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.
:-.
:- 1( +
CH3COOH + H+
CH3COOK +K+
2( + NH3+H2O +OH-
NH4CL +CL-
)) (( 3( +
[ H+ ] HCN +CN- HCL +CL-
4( +
[ OH- ] NH3+ H2O NH4+ +
KOH K+ +
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //PH :-
HA H+ + A-
.
NaA Na+ + A-
pH . // // pH ))((.
) ( )28 ( /
CH3COO- CH3COO-
NH4+
NH4+
H+
H+
OH- OH-
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13 (8.2 g) 0.1 mol) () CH3COONa(
( 0.1 mol /L ) H+ C ) 25 ( ka ( CH3COOH ) = 1.8 x 10-5
// CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
Y 0.0 0.0 Y – x x x
[H+] Ka=[ ][ ]
[ ]
1.8 x 10-5 = .
X2 = 1.8 x 10-6
X = 1.3 x 10-3 M = [H+] .
CH3COO- CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
Y 0 0 Y_X X X
CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na + 0.1 0.1 0.1
( CH3COONa)
m = M.V.M M =
( ) = . = 0.1 M M = .
× = 0.1 M
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 = [ . ].
1.8 x10-6 = 0.1 X X = 1.8 X 10-5 M = [H+]
1.8 x 10-3 M = [H+] = 1.8 x 10-5 M [H+]
) ( )29 ( /
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12 ) //2013 ( )mol 0.5 ()y 26.75 (
)m 0.1 ((kb = 1.8 x 10-5) M )53.5 g/mol (
//H2O ) ( NH3 NH4
+ + OH- 0.1 0.0 0.0
0.1-X X X
Kb = [ ][ ]
1.8 x 10-5 = . ( )
X2 = 1.8 x 10-6
X = 1.3 x 10-3 M )(
=
=..
=1.3 x 10-2
( NH4CL ) H2O
NH3 NH4+ + OH-
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 – x x x
NH4CL NH4+ + CL-
0.5 0.5 0.5 M =
( ) = . = 0.5 M m = M.V.M
M = ..
=0.5 M
Kb = [ ]
1.8 x 10-5 = ( . )( ).
1.8 x 10-5 = 5X X = 3.6 x 10-6 M = [OH-] )(
=
) ( )30 ( /
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=. ×.
=3.6 x 10-5
..
= 360 .
// 1( [H+] 2( [OH-] 3(
1 // PH (0.01 M ) 6 (0.04 M )
.(0.02 M ) PH
:- )( :-
(PH) .
)( : -
1( + H2O
NH3 NH4+ + OH-
NH4CL NH4+ + CL-
base ) (POH = PKb + Log [ ]
[ ]
salt )( :- .[ OH- ] = Kb x [ ]
[ ]
2( + CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
salt ) ( acid )( PH = Pka + log [ ]
[ ]
[ H+ ] = Ka x [ ][ ]
) ( )31 ( /
:- .
:- .
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3 - 13 ) //2013 (
(PH) NH3 0.15 mol / L NH4CL 0.3mol/ L PH 0.15 M pkb =
4.74 . //H2O
) (NH3 NH4+ + OH-
NH4CL NH4+ + CL-
POH = pkb + log [ ]
[ ]
POH = 4.74 + log ..
POH = 4.74 + log 2
POH = 4.74 + 0.3 = 5.04 PH + POH = PKW = 14 PH = 14-5.04 PH = 8.96
(NH4) H2O
NH3 NH4+ + OH-
Y 0.0 0.0 y-x x x
pkb = - log kb 4.74 = - log kb kb = 1.8 x 10-5
Kb = [ ][ ]
1.8 x 10-5 = . ( )
X2 = 2.7 x 10-6 X = 1.6 x 10-3 M = [OH-] POH = - log [OH-] = - log 1.6 x 10-3 = - 0.2 + 3 = 2.8
PH+POH = pkw PH + 2.8 = 14 PH = 11.2
:- PH =11.2 PH =8.96 PH (NH4CL)
[OH-] ) (PH .
) ( )32 ( /
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))3 – 14// (( 0.3 mol / L
PH 4.31 ka = 1.8 x 10-5 //CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ ) (CH3COONA CH3COO- + NA+
) +( Pka = -log ka = -log 1.8 x 10-5 = -0.26 + 5 = 4.74 PH = pka + log [ ]
[ ]
4.31 = 4.74 + log .[ ]
-0.43 = log .[ ]
-0.43 + 1 – 1 = log .[ ]
0.57 – 1 = log .[ ]
log log 3.7 x 10-1 = .[ ]
[acid] = ..
= 0.81 M
"" 14 //1 //
H+ pH (0.1 M) (0.2 M) Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 //(5.04 , 9x10-6)
15 //2 // (Pkb = 4.74)
0.1 M pH 9.0 3 //
0.07 M (NaF) (Kh = 14 x 10-2) pH (0.14 M) (HF) (log7 = 0.85)
4 //
(0.01M) (0.04 M) pH (Kb = 4 x 10-10) pH (0.01 M)
) ( )33 ( /
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:- H+ .
//PH
//PH .
//PH uPH .
//H+ PH
H+ PH .
//NaOH PH PH
)) //((
} PH POH { ) (PH
.
)1( +
PH = pka + log [ ][ ]
A (( HCN H+ +CN-
CN- + NaCN Na+
CL- + HCL H+
) (
PH = pka + log [ ][ ]
) ( )34 ( /
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* PH
[salt] =
[acid] =
M.V ) = ( n = B((
HCN H+ + CN-
NaCN Na+ + CN- KOH K+ + OH-
)(
PH = pka + log [ ]
[ ]
) + ( .
[salt] =
[acid] =
2 (( +
POH = pkb + log [ ][ ]
A ((
H2O NH3 NH4
+ + CL- NH4 CL NH4
+ + CL-
H+ + CL-
) ( )35 ( /
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POH = pkb + log [ ]
[ ]
[salt] =
[base] =
B ((
H2O NH3 NH4
+ + OH- NH4CL NH4
+ + CL-
NaOH NA+ + OH-
POH = Pkb + log [ ]
[ ]
.
[salt] =
[base] =
:-
1( n = M.V
2( )ml ()L. ( 3( (M1V1 = M2V2)
.
) ( )36 ( /
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16 //
(PH) (1ml) (10m) (0.1m)
(0.1m) ( pka = 4.74 ) // CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ .
+ CH3COONA CH3COO- + NA+ HCL H+ + CL- .
PH = pka + log [ ][ ]
[salt] =
[salt] = ( ) ( )( )
[salt] = ( . ) ( )
( )
[salt] = . .( )
= 0.09 M
[acid] =
[acid] = ( . ) ( )
( )
[acid] = . . = 0.11M
PH = pka + log [ ][ ]
PH = 4.74 + log ..
PH = 4.74 + log 9 – log 11 PH = 4.74 + 0.95 – 1.05 = 4.65
) ( )37 ( /
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15 //
(PH)
( (0.1M) (0.01M) ( (2ml) (5m)
PH . (Pka = 4.74)
//CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
CH3COONA CH3COO- + NA+ ) +(
PH = pka + log [ ][ ]
pH = PKa + log ..
PH = 4.74 + log 1
PH = 4.74 + 0 = 4.74 ) (
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
CH3 COONa CH3 COO- + Na+
. NaOH Na+ + OH-
PH = pka + log [ ][ ]
[salt] =
[salt] = ( . ) ( )
( ) = 0.1 + 0.01 = 0.11 M
) ( )38 ( /
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[acid] =
[acid] = ( . ) ( )
( ) = 0.1 – 0.01
[acid] = 0.09 M
PH = pka + log [ ][ ]
PH = 4.74 + log ..
PH = 4.74 + log 11 – log 9 PH = 4.74 + 1.05 – 0.95 PH = 4.84
:- PH = 4.74 PH = 4.84
PH PH
//
0.2 M (0.1M) PH (10 ml) (10 M)
(pkb (NH3) = 4.74 )
//(HI)
) ( )39 ( /
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H2O
.NH3 NH4+ + OH-
NH4CL NH4+ + CL-
. HI H+ + I
POH = pkb + log [ ][ ]
[salt] =
[salt] = .
( ) = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 M
[base] =
= ( . × )–( × )
= 0.1 M
POH = pka + log [ ][ ]
POH = 4.74 + log .
.
POH = 4.74 + log 2 POH = 4.74 + 0.3 = 5.04 PH + POH = pkw = 14 PH = 14 – 5.04 = 8.96
)) (( : 1 //(0.1M) (0.2M)
PH (0.1M) (pka = 4.1) . 2 //(4 g) NaOH (0.3 M)
PH (ka = 2 x 10-5) (40 g/mol).
3 // =25 x 10-12 POH = 6 1 (
PH )4 (. 2 (PH (1 ml) 5M .
)( )40 ( /
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:- ): (-
) : , ,
, , , (PH .
:-
1( + 2( + 3( + 4( + 5( +
:- 1( . 2( .(ml)
) (. 3( (ml) (L) ) (
=
1( +:
A(((PH= 7)). B([H+]
[OH-] - [H+] =)( [H+] . C([OH-]
- [H+] [OH-] =[OH-] //PH 20ml 0.01M 10mL0.02 M //
HCL H+ + CL M.V 0.01 x 20 = 0.2 mmol NaOH NA+ + OH- M.V 0.2 x 10 = 0.2 mmol
0.2 x 10 = 0.2 mmol =
[OH-] =[H+] pH = 7
) ( )41 ( /
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//PH (0.02 M ) (0.01M)
// )– (
=(1L) HI H+ + I- 0.02 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.02 0.02 NaOH Na+ + OH-
> 0.01 0.01 0.01 [H+] < [OH-]
[OH-] - [H+] =[H+] 0.02 – 0.01 = 0.01M +[H+]
PH = - log [H+] = - log 0.01 = -log 1 x 10-1 = 1 ))((
50mol 0.1M 100ml 0.1M PH .
2( + PH
:- A(
PH KOH + HCN KCN + H2O 0.1mol 0.1mol 0.1mol
[KOH] = [HCN] = [KCN]
PH
[OH] = PH = [pkw + pka + log C]
B(
KOH + HCN KCN + H2O 0.1mol 0.2mol 0.0 0.0
..
..
..
) ( )42 ( /
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PH ) + (
PH = Pka + log [ ][ ]
/ /2012 //250ml 0.1M 250ml
0.4M [H+] KA = 1 x 10-5 3( +
PH : -
A( =PH
H2O NH3 + HCL NH4CL + H2O
0.3mol 0.3mol 0.3mol [NH3] = [HCL] = [NH4CL]
PH
[H+] = PH = [pkw = pkb – log c]
B( )( 4( +
HCL + NaCN HCN + NaCL )(
A( PH
B(
PH ) +( 5( +
NaOH + NH4CL NH3 + NaCL + H2O A( PH
. B(
PH ) +(
) ( )43 ( /
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) (.CaCO3 Ca+2 + CO3
-2
) ( )(
:- )S . (
"Ksp " ) (
. AgCl Ag+ + Cl-
S S )(
AgCl Keq = [ ][ ]
=1 Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]
Ksp = S x S = S2 Ca3(PO4)2 3Ca+2 + 2PO4
- 3S 2S
Ksp = [Ca+2]3 [ PO4 ]2 = ( 3S )3 x ( 2S )2 Ksp = 108 S2
// //
//
//.
// :-
1 //BaSO4 3 //Zn(OH)2 5 //Fe(OH)3
2 //PbSO4 4 //CaF2 6 //AgCrO4
) ( )44 ( /
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( mol / L ) .
( g / l ) . :
= = S . M
"" ) , ,
,. (
17 //206 // ( g / l ) ( M = 143.5 g / mol )
Ksp(AgCl) = 1.8 x 10-10 //AgCl Ag+ + Cl-
S S Ksp = [ Ag+ ] [ Cl- ] Ksp = S x S 1.8 x 10-10 = S2 S = 1.34 x 10-5 M
= S x M (g/L) = 1.34 x 10-5 x 143.5 ( g / L )
= 1.93 x 10-3 g / L 16 //206 //Ag2CrO4
( M = 332 g / mole ) (0.0215 g) . //Ag2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO4
-2
S ( M ) = ( )
S ( M ) = .
( 0.0215 g ) = 6.47 x 10-5 mol / L Ksp = [Ag+]2 x [CrO4
-2] ( 2S )2 x ( S ) =
Ksp = ( 2 x 6.47 x 10-5 )2 x ( 6.47 x 10-5 ) = 1.1 x 10-12
) ( )45 ( /
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18 / //
Ksp ( 0.0025 g ) ( BaSO4 )
// // CaF2 32 x 10-12 :-
1 // 2 // ( M CaF2 = 78 g / mol )
:- .
.
1 // Ksp )( 2 // =Ksp ) ( 3 // Ksp ) (
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //AgI (10-8 M)
Ag+ ,I- (10- M ) //Ag Ag+ + I-
S S 10-8 10-8
Ksp = [ Ag+ ] [ I- ] = 10-8 x 10-8 = 10-16
[ Ag+] [ I- ] = 1 x 10-9 * 1 x 10-9
= 1 x 10-18
"" Ksp
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
) ( )46 ( /
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18 /207 //( pH ) ) (
( 2 x 10-10 M ) ) (( Ksp = 5 x 10-38 ) .
// Fe(OH)3 Fe+3 + 3OH- [ Fe+3 ] [ OH - ]3 = Ksp = 5 x 10-38
( 2 x 10-10 ) * [ OH- ]3 = 5 x 10-38 [ OH- ] = 6.3 x 10-10 [ H+ ] x [ OH- ] = 1 x 10-10
[ H+ ] = ×. ×
[ H+ ] = 1.587 x 10-5 m ) pH = -log 1.5 x 10-5 = 4.799 Ksp (
19 //(F-) (2 x 10-2 m )
CaF2 (Ksp = 4.9 x 10-11 ) . //CaF2 Ca+2 + 2F-
Ksp = [ Ca+ ] x [ 2F- ] 4.9 x 10-11 = [ Ca+2 ] x [ 2 x 10-2 ]2
[ Ca+2 ] = . ××
) ( [ Ca+2 ] = 1.2 x 10-7
) ( ( Ksp )
1997 / /1 // S-2 (NiS) Ni(NO3)2 ( 2 x 10-3 m )
(Nis) ( 1 x 10-12 ) . 2012 / /2 //
SO4-2 (1 L ) (10-4 mol ) (BaCl2)
(BaSO4) . BaSO4 ( 10-5 m ) .
) ( )47 ( /
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1 //:- //
// .
2 //:- –
.
//CaF2 NaF //
// Ba(IO3)2 Ba+2 + 2IO3
- KIO3 K+ + IO3
- (IO3
-) – Ba(IO3)2 .
3 //BaSO4 (0.012 m) NaSO4 (1 x 10-8) (BaSO4)
BaSO4 (233 g / mol) . // BaSO4 Ba+2 + SO4
-2 Na2SO4 2Na+2 + SO4
-2
)Ksp = [ Ba+2 ] [ SO4-2 ] = 1 x 10-8 (1 x 10-8 + 0.01
Ksp = 1 x 10-10 BaSO4 Ba+2 + SO4
-2 S S
Ksp = [ Ba+2 ] [ SO4-2 ]
10-10 = S2 S = 10-5 M m = M . v . M
= 10-5 * 1 * 233 = 233 * 10-5 g 4 /19 //
(MgF2) (Ksp = 6.5 x 10-9) . 1 //. 2 //NaF ) (
(0.1 m )
) ( )48 ( /
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//MgF2 Mg+2 + 2F-
S 2S Ksp = [ Mg+2 ] [ F- ] 2 6.5 x 10-9 = 4S3
) (S = 1.8 x 10-3 M MgF2 Mg+2 + 2F-
Y 2y NaF Na+ + F-
0.1 0.1 Ksp = [ Mg+ ] [ F- ] 6.5 x 10-9 = [Mg+]2 [ 2y + 0.1]2
6.5 x 10-9 = [ Mg+2 ] ( 0.1 )2 6.5 x 10-9 = y ( 0.1 )2
) (Y = 6.5 x 10-7 m
. 1 //20 // //
Ba(IO3)2 (Ksp = 1.57 x 10-9) . 1 // 2 //KIO3 (0.02 mol / L )
2 //AgCl (1 x 10-9 M) (0.1 M ) ,
3 //(0.02) M ,(KI) pbI2 ,pbI2 (0.01) ,
3 //:- pH . // Mg(OH)2 pH [ H+ ]
Mg(OH)2 Mg+2 + 2OH- // pH [ H+ ] H+ OH-
OH- Mg(OH)2 . //Zn(OH)2 pH
Zn(OH)2 Zn+2 + 2OH- //pH [ H+ ] [ OH- ] [ OH- ]
Zn(OH)2 .
) ( )49 ( /
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20 //2013 //
: 1( pH = 6 2 ( pH = 9
( Ksp(Zn(OH)2) = 1.2 x 10-17 ) //1 //
[H+] = 10-PH = 10-6M [OH-] [H+] = 1 x 10-14
[OH-] = = 1 x 10-8 M Zn (OH)2 Zn+2 + 2OH-
1 x 10-8 Ksp = [Zn+2] [OH-]2 1.2 x 10-17 = [Zn+2] (1 x 10-8)2
[Zn+2] = . [Zn+2] = 1.2 x 10-1 = 0.12 M
2 //PH = 9 [H+] = 10-PH = 10-9 m [H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14
[OH-] = = 1 x 10-5 m Zn(OH)2 Zn+2 + 2OH-
1 x 10-5 Ksp = [Zn2+] [OH-]2 1.2 x 10-17 = [Zn2+] (1 x 10-5)2
[Zn+2] = . [Zn+2] = 1.2 x 10-7 M
// PH (PH = 6) (PH = 9) .
"" 21 // //)11-(ksp = 1.8 x 10
(PH = 10.5) //PH H2SO4 3.7 ,Pb
(pbSO4) . ( ksp = 1 x 10-8 ) pb (207 g/mol)
) ( )50 ( /
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1 //:
H2O
H3O OH-
H+ /H+ H+ /H+
/
/
// H+ H3O+
H+
OH-
2 // : 2H2O(1) H3O+
(aq) + OH-(aq)
. - 25C .
:1x10-14 //A) ( B) (kw = 10-14 [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7
3 // , ) ( NH4CL ,)( Na2SO4 ,)( CH3COOK )( CAF2 ) (MgSO4 )( KCL .
// (A) NH4CL
(B) NA2SO4
(C) CH3COOK
)D ( CaF2
(E) MgSO4
(F) KCL
) ( )51 ( /
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4 // ( ). ( ) (
HNO3(aq) + H2O(I) H3O+(aq) + NO3
-(aq)
CH3NH2(aq) + H2O(I) CH3NH3+
(aq) + OH-(aq)
NH4CL(s) + H2O(I) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) + CL-
(aq)
HNO2(aq) + H2O(I) H3O+(aq) + NO-
2(aq) Ba(OH)2(S) Ba+2
(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
5 //: 1. M = 487 g/mol)(ksp = 1.57 x 10-9
150 mL ) : (34.4 mg ,)(44.4 ,) (53.4 mg.
2. Na+ SO42- 0.4
M ) :(] = 0.4 M [SO42 [Na+] = 0.4 , )( ] = 0.4 42- [SO [Na+] = 0.2 M
)( [SO 4 2-] 0.4M [Na+] = 0.8 M
3. PH POH 0.05 M ) : (PH=1.3 POH=12.7
)(pH = 7.0 poH = 7.0 ) (pH = 12.7 poH = 1.3 .
4. poH 0.5 ) (7.00 ) (9.22 ) (4.78 . 5 .) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) //1 (- 53.4 mg )2 (- [Na+] = 0.8M . [SO4
-2] 0.4 M )3 (- PH = 12.7 )4 (- POH = 9.22 )5 (- 6 //
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. poH .
) ( )52 ( /
3.6 x 10-11
[H+]
[OH-]
5 x 10-9
[H+]
[OH-]
1 x 10-2
[H+]
[OH-]
2 x 10-1
[H+]
[OH-]
8.8 x 10-1
[H+]
[OH-]
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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// 6
[H+]= 3.6* 10-11 [H+] = 5 * 10-9 [H+] = 10-7 [H+] = 2 * 10-5 [H+] = 8.8 * 10-1 pH = 10.44
pH = 8.3
pH = 7
pH = 3.7
pH = 0.06
[OH-] = 2.7-4 [OH-] = 2 * 10-6 [OH-] = 10-7 [OH-] = 5 *10-11 [OH-]=1.3*10-14
poH = 3.56 poH = 5.7 poH = 7 poH = 10.3 poH = 13.9 7 //: -
[H3O+] [OH-] PH poH 0.15 M HI
0.15 M HF 0.06 M RbOH
0.05 M Ca(OH)2 0.75 M NH4OH
// [H3O+] [OH-] PH poH
0.15 M HI 0.15 6.6 * 10-14 0.8 13.18 0.15 M HF 9.7 * 10-3 1.02 * 10-12 2 12 0.06 M RbOH 1.6 * 10-13 0.06 12.7 1.22
0.05 M Ca(OH)2 10-13 0.1 13 1 0.75 M NH4OH 2.7 * 10-12 3.6 * 10-3 11.5 2.44
8 //:- poH [OH-] pH [H3O+]
1 3.84 2 12.61 3 2.90 4 9.47
// poH [OH-] pH [H3O+]
1 10.16 6.9 * 10-11 3.8 1.5 * 10-4
2 1.4 4 * 10-2 12.6 2.5 * 10-13
3 2.9 1.3 * 10-3 11.1 7.9 * 10-12
4 9.5 3.4 * 10-10 4.5 2.9 * 10-5
9 //: - Ksp PKsp Ag2S (mole/l) 6.0 x 10-50
MgC2O4 (g/l) 4.06 Sb2S3 1.35 x10-19 (mole/l) ZnSO4 0.02 (g/l)
)( )53 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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//
10 //Ka C2H5COOH 1.3 x 10-5 ,
0.65 M :0.45 % //C2H5COOH C2H5COO- + H+
0.65 0 0 0.65 – x x x
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
Ka =
1.3 * 10-5 = .
X2 = 8.4 * 10-6 X = 2.9 * 10-3 m
% 100 * =
%100 * . ×.
= = %0.45 11 /[NH3] 0.01 M =[NH4
+] = = 1.2 x 10-5 M [OH-] :6.67 x 10-2 M
//NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH+
Kb = [ ][ ][ ]
1.8 x 10-5 = .
Y = ..
= 6.6 * 10-2 m
12 //(M=82 g / mole) 0.125 M pH 4.47 ) :
.( // m = M.V.M
M ) (pH = PKa + log [ ][ ]
. log[ ].
+ 4.74 = 4.74
Ksp PKsp Ag2S 3.9 * 10-17 M 6 x 10-50 49.2
MgC2O4 1.05 g/L 8.7 * 10-5 4 Sb2S3 1.35 * 10-19 M 3.22 * 10-94 93.5 ZnSO4 0.02 (g/L) 1.5 * 10-8 7.8
)( )54 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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log )0 ()1 (4.74 – 4.74 = log [ ]
.
0 = log [ ].
1 = [ ].
[salt] = 0.125 M
m= M . V . M m = 0.125 * 1 * 82 m = 10.25 g
13 /2013 / // /Ka(HNO2) = 4.5 x 10-4(HNO2)
0.12 M NaNO2 0.15 M /pH 1.0 g (M=40g/mole)
: 3.45 5.19 // / ) (
pKa = -logKa = -log4.5 x 10-4 = -(0.65 – 4 ) = 3.35 pH = pKa + log[ ]
]
pH = 3.35 + log ..
pH = 3.35 + log5 – log4 pH = 3.35 + 0.7 – 0.6 = 3.45
/NaOH pH HNO2 H+ + NO2
- NaNo2 Na+ + NO2
-
pH = pKa + log [ ][ ]
[salt] = = . = . . = 0.175 M
[acid] = = . = . . = 0.095 M
pH = pKa + log [ ]
[ ] = 3.35 + log .
.
pH = 3.35 + log 1.8 = 3.35 + 0.26 = 3.61
) ( )55 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
( NaOH ) n = = = 0.025 mol
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14 //9.0 = pH NH3 NH4Cl .
[ ] :1.82 //poH = 14 – pH
poH = 14 – 9 = 5 poH = pKb + log [ ]
[ ]
5 = 4.74 + log [ ][ ]
5 – 4.74 = log [ ][ ]
log )0.26 ) = (1.8 ([ ][ ]
= 1.8 0.26 = log[ ][ ]
15 //HA HA(aq) + H+
(aq) + A(aq) 0.049 M =[HA] [H+] = [A-] =8.4x10-4 M :1.44 x 10-5
//HA H+ + A- 0.09 8.4*10-4 8.4*10-4
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
Ka = ( . ) = 1.5 * 10-5
16 //pH [OH- ] 1 (0.1 M NaCN 2 (0.25 M NH4NO3 3 ( 0.5 M NANO3 Ka ( HCN ) = 4.9 x 10-10 , 1.8 x 10-5
// 1 (0.1 M NaCN
[H+] =
= ×
= 7 * 10-12 M [H+]
[H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14 [OH-] = ××
= 0.14 x 10-2 M PH = -log [ H+ ] = - log 7 * 10-12 = - ( 0.8 – 12 ) = 11.2
2 ( 0.25 M NH4NO3
[ H+ ] =
) ( )56 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
Ka
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= ..
= .
= .
x 10-5 [ H+ ] = 1.1 x 10-5 M
[H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14 [OH-] = ×. ×
= 0.09 x 10-8 pH = -log [ H+ ]
= - log 11 x 10-6 = - ( 1.05 – 6 ) = 4.95
3 (0.5 M NaNO3 ) (
pH = 7 [ H+ ] = 10-7 M [ OH- ] = 10-7 M
17 //0.01 M 4.2 . %. //CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
0.01 0 0 0.01 – x x x
X %100 *
= . 100 X = 4.2 * 10-2
X = 4.2 * 10-4 M Ka =
Ka = ( . )
Ka = . Ka = 1.8 * 10-5
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )57 ( /
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18 // ( M = 53.5 g / mole ) 500 ml
0.15 M pH 9.0 :7.22 //
m = M . V . M M poH = 14 – pH
= 14 – 9 = 5 ) +( poH = pKb + log [ ]
[ ]
5 = 4.7 t . log [ ].
5 – 4.7 = log [ ].
0.3 = log [ ].
2 = [ ].
[ salt ] = 0.3 M
m= M . V . M m = 0.3 x x 53.5 = 7.22 g
19 //(mole / L ) ( g / L ) Ag2SO4 ( pKsp = 4.92 , M = 314 g / mole ) ) ( ,) (0.15 M k2SO4
) // (Ag2SO4 2Ag+ + SO4-2
Ksp = 10-pKsp = 10-4.92 + 5 – 5
= 100.08 * 10-5 = 1.2 * 10-5
Ksp = [ Ag+ ]2 [SO4-2]
= ( 2 S )2 ( S ) 1.2 x 10-5 = 4 S3
S3 = × = 3 x 10-6 S = 1.4 x 10-2 M
=M x S 314 x 1.4 x 10-2 = 4.39 g / L =
&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&
) ( )58 ( /
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) //(Ag2SO4 2Ag+ + SO4
-2 K2SO4 2K+ + SO4
-2 0.15 0 0
0 0.3 0.15 Ksp = [ Ag+ ]2 [ SO-2
4 ] + 0.15 ) y ( 2= ( 2y ) 5-1.2 * 10
(SO4-1) 1.2 x 10-5 = 4y2 x 0.15
y2 = ×× ×
= 0.2 x 10-4 Y = 4 x 10-5 M
= y x M = 4 x 10-5 x 314 = 1.26 x 10-2 g / L
20 //Ag2CrO4 (M=332 g / mole ) 100 ml Ksp = 1.1 x 10-12 :2.161 x 10-3 g
//Ag2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO4-2
2S S Ksp = [Ag+]2 [CrO4
-2] Ksp = (2S)2 (S) 1.1 x 10-12 = 4S3
S3 = . × = 0.275 x 10-12 S = 6.51 x 10-3 M
m= M . V . M m = 6.51 x 10-5 x x 332 m = 2.161 x 10-3 g
21 //BaCrO4 BaCL2 ) (0.1 M Ksp (BaCrO4) = 1.2 x 10-10 :1.2 x 10-9 M
// )y ( BaCrO4 Ba+2 + CrO4
-2 y y
BaCl2 Ba+2 + 2Cl- 0.1 0.1 0.2 Ksp = [Ba+2] [CrO4
-2 ] ) ( y ) y = (0.1 + 10-1.2 x 10
Y = . × = 1.2 x 10-9 M
) ( )59 ( /
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22 //pH 20 mL 0.2 M NaOH
50 mL 0.1 M CH3COOH Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 x 10-5
// ) + (
// ) ( )ml /L ( )(
NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O M.V M.V
0.2 x 20 mL 0.1 x 50 mL 4 mmol 5 mmol 0.0 0.0
-4 -4 +4 +4 0.0 1 mmol 4 mmol 4 mmol
)( =
( ) = 0.014 M M cH3COOH =
( )
M CH3COONa = = ( ) 0.057 M
pH = pKa + log [ ][ ]
pH = 4.74 + log ..
pH = 4.74 + log 4 pH = 4.74 + 0.6 = 5.34
23 //25 ml 0.2 M NaOH 50 ml 0.1 M ,
// ) + ( :-
.. . NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O M . V M . V
0.2 x 25 mL 0.1 x 50 mL 5 mmol 5 mmol 0.0 0.0
-5 -5 +5 +5 0.0 0.0 5 mmol 5 mmol
)( M CH3CHOONa = = ( ) = 0.066 M = 6.6 x 10-2
pH = [ 14 + 4.74 + log 6.6 x 10-2 ]
pH = [ 18.74 + (- 1.18045 ) ]
pH = [ 17.56 ] pH = 8.7
) ( )60 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
:-
= = M
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24 //pH 26 mL 0.2 M 50 mL
0.1 M :11.42 // ) + (
:- .. . NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
M . V M . V 0.2 x 26 mL 0.1 x 50 mL
5.2 mmol 5 mmol 0.0 0.0 -5 -5 +5 +5
0.2 mmol 0.0 5 mmol )pH (
pH M NaOH = = .
( ) = 2.6 x 10-3 M [ NaOH ] = [ OH- ] = 2.6 x 10-3 M
poH = - log [ OH- ]
poH = - log 2.6 x 10-3 poH = - ( 0.42 – 3 ) poH = 2.58 pH + poH = 14 pH = 14 – 2.58 pH = 11.42
25 //( M = 56 g / mole ) 200 mL pH 11 //KOH
KOH K+ + OH- pH = 11 [ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-11 M [ H+ ] [ OH- ] = Kw
[ OH- ] = ××
= 1 x 10-3 M [ KOH ] = [ OH- ] = 10 -3 M
m= M . V . M
m = 1 x 10-3 x x 56 m = 0.0112 g
) ( )61 ( /
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26 //0.1 M HCN 0.01 %
:1 x 10-9 //HCN HCN H+ + CN-
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 – x x x
% 100 x = %
% 100 x .
= % 0.01 X = 10-5 M = [ H+ ]
Ka = [ ][ ][ ]
=
Ka = ( ).
= 1 x 10-9
27 //S )(g / L) Zn(OH)2 (M = 99.4 g / mol )
Ksp (Zn(OH)2 ) = 1.2 x 10-17 :1.3 x 10-13 //Zn(OH)2 Zn+2 + 2OH-
S 2S Ksp = [ Zn+2 ] [ OH-]2 1.2 x 10-17 = S x (2S)2 1.2 x 10-17 = 4S3
S3 = × = 3 x 10-18 S = 1.19 x 10-6 M
M x = = 1.19 x 10-6 x 99.4
= 0.00012 g / L ( g / L ) 28 //1 ml 13.6 M
. :1.866 //HCl ) ) ( (
M1 V1 = M2 V2 13.6 x = M2 x 1 M2(HCl) = 0.0136 M
HCL H+ + Cl- [HCl] = [H+] = 0.0136 M
pH = - log [ H+ ] = - log 0.0136 pH = 1.866
) ( )62 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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29 //( M = 40 g / mole ) 0.1 g / L
1 x 10-7 ( pKsp = 8.64 )CaC2O4 :
// )Ksp ( CaC2O4 Ca+2 + C2O4
-2
[ Ca+2 ] = = . = 0.0025 M = 2.5 x 10-3 [ Ca+2 ] [ C2O4
-2 ] = 2.5 x 10-3 x 10-7 =
2.5 x 10-10 = pKsp = - logKsp
-8.64 + 9 – 9 = log Ksp 0.36 – 9 = log Ksp
2.5 x 10-19 = Ksp Ksp
2.5 x 10-10 2.5 x 10-9
) ( )63 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
: - ................
07807502408
//
2013
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""
/07807502408
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07808070009
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1 ( ) ( .
:Na .Be .H2 .O2 . P4 . 2 (.
Li+ . Fe3+ . O2- . Na+ . 3 (.
Li+ . Na+ . k+ . Rb+ . Ag+ . H+ . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I- . CL- . Br- . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ni2+ . CO2+ . Zn2+ . Cu2+ . Pb2+ . Mg2+ Fe2+ . Cd2+ . Hg2+ . Hg2
2+ . Sn2+ . Mn2+ Be2+ . Ca2+ . Ba2+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ AL3+ . Fe3+ . Cr3+ . Au3+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sn4+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
K2 Cr2 O7 Cr3+ (+1) + 2+2 x +7(-2) = 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Na IO3 I5+ (+1) + x + 3 (-2) = 0 X = +5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mn Ou1- Mn Ou Mn7+ X + 4 (-2) = -1 X = +7
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
X = +6
) ( )1 ( /
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H2SO4 S6+ 2(+1) + X + 4 (-2) = 0 X = +6 H2Co3 H2Co3 C4+
2(+1)+X+3(-2) = 0 X = +4 HPO4
2- HPO4 P7+ (+1) + X + 4 (-2) = 2- X = 7+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :-
,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
)– – (
:- .
:- ) ( . : - .
Zn Zn2+ + 2e-
)( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
)– – ( :
. :.
:- . Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
)(
) ( )2 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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// :
1( (Zn) (Cu) ) (Zn Zn2+ + 2e ) (Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Zu + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu (NI) (Cd)
) (Ni Ni2+ + 2e ) (Cd2+ + 2e Cd
Ni + Cd2+ Ni2+ + Cd ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2 // .
1( Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu )(
)(
) ( Zn Zn2+ + 2e- ) (Cu+2 + 2e- Cu Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2( Mg + 2H+CL- Mg+2CL- + H2
) (
)( ) ( Mg Mg2+ + 2e- ) (2H+ + 2e- H2 Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
) ( )3 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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3 //:
1( 2C + O2 2C+2O-2 )(
) (
) (2C C+2 + 4e- ) ( 2O2- O2 + 4e- 2( Mg + CL2 Mg2+ + C-L2
) (
)( ) (Mg Mg2+ + 2e ) (CL2 + 2e 2CL-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe
)(
)( ) (2e +Mg Mg2+ ) (Fe2+ + 2e Fe
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //
. 1( CL2 + 2I- 2CL- + I2 2( Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //:-
1( Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu 2( Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3) + 2Ag
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
) ( )4 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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:-
. :-
1( )( 2( .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- )
( ). ( Zn Zn2+ + 2e- E anode =0.76 V
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu E cathod = 0.34 V cell = E cathod + E anode
= 0.76 + 0.34 = 1.1V
. : - U
K2SO4 * KNO3 * KCL
1( . 2( .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :-
.
:- . :- .
:- . :- .
) ( )5 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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1( 2( 3(
: - .(Ecell) .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
cell = E anode + E cathod " " / 25C ) 1 atm (
(1 M ) . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
( S H E ) H2 (1 atm )
(1 M ) ( 25 C ) .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //
// . /
//. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// //1 ( .
2(. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// //
//
//.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
) ( )6 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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1( = 2(
: Cu2+ 0.34 V
- 0.34 V 3( . 4(
. 5( ) , , ,(Br2 * CL2) 6( ) , , ,H2 ( 7( + =- =G 8( =- = +G 9( .
10( ) , , , ,(.......
11( , , , ( .........
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5 //(Cd)
(1 M) Cr ( 1 M )
Cr2+ / Cr = - 0.74 V . ECd+2 / Cd = - 0.40 V //
) (Cd2+ / Cd = -0.40 Cd )(
Cr2+ / Cr = - 0.74 Cr Cr2+ + 2e- E anod = +0.74 V Cd2+ + 2e Cd E cathod = -0.40 V Cr + Cd2+ Cr2+ + Cd
cell = E anod + E cathod cell = 0.74 + (-0.40) cell = + 0.34 V
) ( )7 ( /
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6 //
Ni2+ / Ni = -0.25 V . E CO2+ / CO = -0.28 V Au3+ / Au = +1.50 V . E Fe2+ / Fe = -0.44 V
Ni(s) + CO2+(aq) Ni2+
(aq) + Co(s)
) ( )(
3Fe(s) + 2Au3+(aq) 3Fe2+
(aq) + 2Au(s) )(
)( Ni Ni2+ + 2e- E anod = +0.25 V
Co2+ + 2e- Co E cathod = -0.28 V
Ni + Co2+ Ni2+ + Co cell = E anod + E cathod cell = 0.25 + -0.28 = -0.63 V
3 x Fe Fe2+ + 2e- E = +0.44 V 2 x Au3+ + 3e- Au E = +1.50 V
3Fe 3Fe2+ + 6e- E = +0.44 V
2Au3+ + 6e- 2Au E = +1.50 V
3Fe + 2Au3+ 3Fe2+ + 2Au cell = Eanod + E cathod = 0.44 + 1.50
= 1.94 V ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1( : - .
. : -
2( ): (-
.( F+3 . F+2 ) .
) ( )8 ( /
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1(
Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu IM IM
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2(
Pt Pt ) ((M) (M) )(
Pt H2 H+ CL- CL2 Pt
(1 atm) (IM) (IM) (1 atm) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3 ( Pt . . Pt
(M) (M) (M) (M)
Pt Fe2+ . Fe3+ Sn4+ . Sn2+ Pt
(IM) (IM) (IM) (IM)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7 //
2CL- + 2Ag+(aq) CL2(g) + 2Ag(s)
. //2CL- + 2Ag+ CL2 + 2Ag
)(
)( 2CL- CL2 + 2e- E anod
2Ag+ + 2e- Ag E cathod
) ( )9 ( /
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Pt CL2 CL- Ag+ Ag 1 atm IM IM
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8 //HCL
Ag+ (IM) , Ag+ / Ag = +0.8 V
Ag Ag+ H+ H2 Pt (IM) (IM) (1 atm)
:- 2Ag 2Ag+ + 2e- E anod = -0.80 V
2H+ + 2e H2 E cathod = 0.0 V 2Ag + 2H+ 2Ag+ + H2
cell = E anod + E cathod cell = -0.80 + 0.0 cell = -0.80 V
. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/1 / Mg + 2HCL MgCL2 + H2
Mg2+ / Mg = - 2.37 V ) ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2 /(IM) Ni2+ / Ni = - 0.25 V
Cu2+ / Cu = + 0.34 V // )(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 / H2
(IM) Zn2+ / Zn = -0.76 V /
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 /5 //
E zn2+ / zn = -0.76 V , E cu
2+ / cu = +0.34 V
) ( )01 ( /
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5 /6 //
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ecell
GKeq
1( G = -nFEcell 2( = -nFE cell
G E
n ) ( F 96500 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3 ( 4( 5(25C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9 //
(25C ) 3Hg2
2+ + 2Cr 6Hg + 2Cr3+
Hg+ / Hg = + 0.85 V Cr
3+ / Cr = -0.74V ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3Hg22+ + 2Cr 6Hg + 2Cr3+
:- 2Cr 2Cr3+ + 6e- Eanod = 0.74 3Hg2
2+ + 6e- 6Hg Ecathod = 0.85 2Cr + 3Hg2+ 2Cr3+ + 6Hg
) ( )11 ( /
G = -RT LnKeq
E = LnKeq
E = . LnKeq
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E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = 0.74 + 0.85 E cell = + 1.59 V
G = -nFE G = - 6 x 96500 x 1.59 = - 920610 J/mol
10 / 25C 2Fe3+ + 2I- 2Fe2+ + I2
E I2 / I- = + 0.53 V E Fe3+ / Fe2+ = + 0.77
:- 1( . 2( . 3( .
:- 2I- I2 + 2e- Eanod = - 0.54
2Fe3+ + 2e 2Fe2+ Ecathod = 0.77 V 2I- + 2Fe3+ I2 + 2Fe2+ E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = - 0.54 + 0.77 E cell = + 0.23 V
= - nFE G = - 2 x 96500 x 0.23 G = - 44390 J / mol
25C E cell = LnKeq
E cell = . LnKeq
0.23 = . LnKeq
17.6 = LnKeq Keq = 1 x 10-7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/ 1 // 25C
Ag1+ / Ag = + 0.80 V Sn+2 / Sn = - 0.14 Sn + 2Ag+1 Sn+2 + 2Ag
) ( )12 ( /
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2 // // :
Co + 2Ag+ Co2+ + 2Ag
Co2+ / Co = - 0.28 * Ag+ / Ag = + 0.8 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3 // // 25C Ni + 2H+ Ni2+ + H2 (0.25 V) .
. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4 //7 //// 2Ag+ + Pb 2Ag + Pb+2
G Keq 25 C E pb
2+ / pb = -0.13 V , E Ag+ / Ag = +0.80 V
(Ecell) (E cell)
.
25C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4-11 / ) .178 ( (Ecell) 0.45 V 25C .[Zn2+] = 0.1M
(1 atm) H+ . E Zn2+ / Zn = - 0.76 V
:- Zn Zn2+ + 2e- E anode = 0.76
2H+ + 2e H2 E cathod = 0.0 Zn + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2 E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = 0.76 + 0.0 = 0.76 V
Ecell = Ecell – . Ln [ ][ ]
0.45 = 0.76 – . Ln .[ ]
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )31 ( /
Ecell = E cell - LnQ
Ecell = E cell – . LnQ
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0.45 – 0.76 = - 0.013 Ln .
[ ]
-0.31 = -0.013 Ln .[ ]
..
= Ln .[ ]
23.8 = Ln .[ ]
[H+] = 0.1 M
G . Ecell . Ecell //12
Mg Mg+2 (0.05 M) Sn+2 (0.04 M) Sn
Sn+2 Sn = - 0.14 V Mg+2 Mg = - 2.37 V //
Mg Mg+2 + 2e- Eanode = +2.37 V Sn+2 + 2e- Sn Ecathod = -0.14 V
______________________________________ Mg + Sn2+ Mg2+ + Sn
E cell = E anode + E cathod E cell = + 2.37 + (-0.14) = 2.23 V
Ecell = E cell - .
Ln [ ][ ]
Ecell = 2.23 - . Ln
.
.
Ecell = 2.227 V G = -nFEcell G = -2 x 96500 x2.227
= -424600 J / mol 1 /25C
Cu2+ + Mg Cu + Mg2+ G 0.001M 0.01M
Cu2+ / Cu = 0.34 V * Mg2+ / Mg = - 2.37 V
/(511604.4-) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
) ( )14 ( /
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2 //8 ) /2013 (
Ecell 25C 2Ag+ + Cu 2Ag + Cu2+
[Cu2+] = 0.01 M = 0.01 M [Ag+ ]
E Cu2+
/ Cu = +0.34 V E Ag+
/ Ag = +0.80 V
/
/ :-
. / 1 (
2( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/ 1( 2( .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
:- .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :-
.
1)Q ( Mol . e- ) = Q ( c ) = * t
( A ) . t ( S ) .
* =60 s =3600 s
) ( )15 ( /
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2) Q ( Mol . e- ) = n . e-
n = M . V
n =
n =
n =
STP n = ( ). ( )
n =
3) Q ( |Mol . e- ) =
NA = 6.023 * 1023 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
13 / 3AuCL 200S (3g) )197 (
:- n =
n = = 0.015 Mol
Au3+ + 3e- Au 3Mol e- Au
Q (MoL e-) = n x e- Q (MoL e-) = 0.015 x 3 = 0.045 MoL e-
Q =
0.045 =
I = 21.7 A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
) ( )16 ( /
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14 / 2013 //4CuSo 0.2M 600 Ml
96.5 A,0.03 MoL . :- n = M . V
n = 0.2 x = 0.12 MOL
=– n (MOL) = 0.12 – 0.03 = 0.09 MOL
(Cu+2 - So4
-2) Cu+2 + 2e Cu
2MOL . e- 1Mol Cu Q = n x e- Q = 0.09 x 2 = 0.18 MoL . e-
Q =
0.18 = . × t = 180 S
9 // // Mg2+ + 2e Mg : (25 A)
(1hr) 24 .
:- .
: - 1( :- . 2( : - . 1 /
Pb + SO4-2 PbSO4 + 2e-
PbO2 + 4H+ + SO4-2 + 2e- Pb SO4 + 2H2O
Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O (2V)
H2SO4 g/ml ) 1.2 1.3 g/ml . ( (6 V) (12 V)
) ( )17 ( /
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:-
H2SO4 .
H2SO4 PbO2 Pb PbSO4 .
:- 1 ((6 V) (12 V) 2 ( 3 (
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 ( )– (
:- MnO2 NH4CL
Zn + 2OH- Zn(OH)2 + 2e-
: - MnO2 2MnO2 + 2H2O + 2e- 2MnO(OH) + 2OH-
Zn + 2MnO2 + 2H2O Zn (OH)2 + Mn2O + 2MnO (OH) :- 1 ((1.48 V ) 2 ( 3 (
) ( )18 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
............
07807502408
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2 / : (F)
= × =F
F = NA (MoL) x e- (C) F = 6.013 x 1023 x 1.9 x 10-19 F = 96478 C /MoL
96500 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3 / .E Br2 / Br
- = +1.07 V E Au3+
/ Au = +1.50 V E Ag+
/ Ag = +0.80 V E cd
2+ / cd = -0.40 V E Cr
3+ / Cr = -0.74 V
( Br2 Au3+ ( H2 Ag+
(Cd2+ Cr3+ :
- Au3+ =1.5 V 1.07 = Br+ Au3+ Br2 .
Au3+ + 3e Au ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- +0.80 = Ag+ 0.0V = H2 Ag+
Ag+ + 1e Ag ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- -0.4V = Cd2+ =0.74 Cd2+
Cd2+ + 2e Cd ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5 /25C 1 atm Ce4+ Ce3+ Fe3+ Fe2+ G Keq .
E Ce4+
/ Ce3+ = +1.61 V E Fe
3+ / Fe
2+ = +0.77 V . : 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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:- ) () (
Fe2+ Fe3+ + le E anod = -0.7 +1.61V = Ce4+ + le- Ce 3+ E cathode
Fe2+ + Ce4+ Fe3+ + Ce3+ E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = - 0.7 + 1.61 E cell = +0.84 V
G = -nFE G = -1 x 96500 x 0.84 G = - 81060 J/MoL
E = . LnKeq
0.84 = . LnKeq 14Keq = 1.1 x 10
7 /E cell Ecell G Mg(s) + Sn2+
(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Sn(s)
[Sn2+] = 0.04 M [Mg2+] = 0.05M 3Zn(s) + 2Cr3+
(aq) 3Zn2+(aq) + 2Cr(s)
[Zn2+] = 0.001 M [Cr3+] = 0.01 M 2+ / Mg = -2.37 V E Mg E Sn
2+ / Sn = -0.14 V
E Zn2+
/ Zn = -0.76 V E Cr3+
/ Cr = -0.74 V . // Mg Mg2+ + 2e- E anode = +2.37
Sn2+ + 2e- Sn E cathod = -0.14 Mg + Sn2+ Mg2+ + Sn
E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = (+2.37) + (-0.14) = 2.23 V
Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]
Ecell = 2.23 – . Ln [ . ]( . )
Ecell = 2.23 – 0.013 Ln
Ecell = 2.227 V G = -nFEcell G = -2 x 96500 x 2.227 = - 429811 J / mol
) ( )20 ( /
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3Zn + 2Cr3+ 3Zn2+ + 2Cr
3Zn 3Zn2+ + 6e- E = + 0.76 V 2Cr3+ + 6e- 2Cr E = -0.74 V 3Zn + 2Cr3+ 3Zn2+ + 2Cr E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = (+0.76) + (-0.74) = 0.02 V
Ecell = E cell – . LnQ
Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]
Ecell = 0.02 – . Ln ( . )( . )
Ecell = 0.07 V G = -nFEcell
G = -6 x 96500 x 0.07 G = -4053 J / mol
8 /E cell Zn / Zn2+ SHE .Ecell [H+] = 1.8M . PH2 = 1 atm . [Zn2+] = 0.45 M .
E Zn2+
/ Zn = -0.76 V :
SHE = + 0.76 V Zn Zn2+ + 2e- E anod
E cathod = 0.00 V 2H+ + 2e- H2 Zn + 2H+ Zn+2 + H2
E cell = E anode + E chtaod = + 0.76 + 0.00 = + 0.76 V
Ecell
Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]
= 0.76 – . Ln ( . )( . )
= 0.76 – (0.013) * - 1.98) = 0.76 + 0.025 = 0.79 V
) ( )21 ( /
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9 / ) (.
:
1( 1 (
2( G= - 2 (G = +
3( .3 (. 4( 4 () (
. .
5( 5 ( ) ( ..
10 / :
2H2O(I) O2(g) + 4H(aq)+ + 4e-
: 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
PV = nRT P = = 0.99 atm
n =
= . ..
= 0.003 mol
Q = n * e- = 0.003 * 4e- = 0.012 mol . e-
) Q ( 11 /3.75 hr ,
AgNO3 ,CuCL2 .2g .
( ( .
:n nAg = = = 0.02 mol Ag+1 + le Ag Q = n * e-
= 0.02 * 1 = 0.02 mol . e-
) ( )2 2 ( /
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// Q Cu+2 + 2e- Cu
Q = n * e-
n = = . = 0.01 MoL
Cu n = m = n * M = 0.01 63.5 = 0.64 g
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //
t(s) = 3.75 * 3600 = 13500 S Q (moL . e-) =
0.02 =
I = . = 0.14 A
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 12 /
Au+3 / Au = +1.50 V E Al
+3/ Al = -1.66 V
:
2AL 2AL+3 + 6e * 2 Eanod = + 1.66 V
0.00 V = 6H+ + 6e- 3H2 * 3 E cathod ______________________________
2AL + 6H+ 2AL+3 + 3H2 E cell = E anod + E cathod
= + 1.66 + 0 = + 1.66 V E
)( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
) ( )23 ( /
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13 /
E Fe3+
/ Fe2+ = +0.77 V E Br2 / Br = +1.07 V
Pt Fe3+ (1M) , Fe2+ (1M) Br- (1M) Br2 (1 atm) Pt :
-0.77 V =2 Fe+2 2 Fe+3 + 2e- E anode Br2 + 2e- 2Br- E cathod = + 1.07
Fe+2 + Br2 2Fe+3 + 2Br- 2
E cell = E anode + E cathod = - 0.77 + 1.07 = + 0.3 V
E
14 / ,: 2K + Br2 2K+ + 2Br-
: 2K + Br2 2K+ + 2Br-
)( )(
K )0 1( + Br )0 1- (
2K 2K+ + 2e Br2 + 2e- 2Br-
2K + Br2 2K+ + 2Br-
15 / : AgNO2 + CL2 + 2KOH AgNO3 + 2KCL + H2O
: AgNo2 + CL2 + 2KOH AgNo3 + 2KCL + H2O
AgNo2 CL2
N )0 1- ( )3 +5( +
) ( )24 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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16 /
E cu+ / cu = +0.34 V E Na
+/ Na = -2.70 V
: )– ( Cu Cu2+ + 2e- E anod = -0.34 V
2Na+ + 2e- 2Na E cathod = -2.7 V
Cu + 2Na+ Cu2+ + 2Na E cell = E anode + E cathod
-0.34 + (- 2.7 ) = = - 3.04 V
)( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 17 / CuSO4
E Cu2+
/ Cu = +0.34 V E Ni2+
/ Ni = -0.24 V . :
:- )– ( .
Ni Ni2+ + 2e- E anode = 0.24 V Cu +1 + 2e - Cu E cathod = 0.34 V
Ni + Cu+2 Ni+2 + Cu E cell = E anode + E cathod
= 0.24 + 0.34 = + 0.58 V
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
) ( 25 ) ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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18 /
:
) ( Ecell
. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 19 /
. :
(MnO2) (NH4CL) ) (.
Zn(S) + 2OH- Zn(OH)2 + 2e- 2MnO2(3) + 2H2O(L) + 2e- 2MnO(S) (OH) + 2OH- + 2MnO(S) (OH) Zn(S) + 2MnO(S) + 2H(L)2O Zn(OH)(S)2 + Mn(S)2O3 +
: - 1( 1.48 V 2( 3(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 20 / :-
G G =. G G Ecell E cell
G = -nFE cell G = -nFEcell
(E cell , Ecell) (+)G G )-. ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
21 /(-0.82 V) E Zn
2+ / Zn = -0.76 V .
:
) ( 26 ) ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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:-
Zn2+ + 2e- Zn E = -0.76 V E = E - . LnQ
-0.82 = -0.76 – . Ln [ ]
[Zn2+] = 0.01M
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 22 /( 0.1M )
( 0.01 M ) 25C ( 1.10 V ) //Zn Zn+2 + 2e- E anode
Cu+2 + 2e- Cu E cathode Zn + Cu+2 Zn+2 + Cu E Cell = 1.10 V
Ecell = E cell – . ln [ ][ ]
= 1.10 – . ln ..
= 1.10 – 0.013 * 2.303 = 1.10 – 0.03 = 1.07 v
23 /– : 1) Al2O3 + 3HCL 2ACL3 + 3H2O 2) 2Na + CL2 2NaCL 3) 2KCLO3 2KCL + 3O2 4) SiBr4 + 3H2O H2SiO3 + 4HBr 5) Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
: 1) Al2+3O3
-2 + 6H+CL-1 2Al+3Cl3-1 + 3H+2O-2
–
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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2) 2Na + Cl 2 2Na+Cl-
) (2Na 2Na+ + 2e- ) (Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl-
– 2Na + Cl2 2Na+ + 2Cl-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3) 2K+ (ClO3)- 2KCl + 3O2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4) Si4+Br4 + 3H+2O-2 H2
+ Si4+O32- + 4H+Br-
–
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5) Zn + Cu2+So4 Zn2+ So4 + Cu
)( )(
) (Zn Zn2+ + 2e- ) (Cu2+ + 2e Cu
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 24 /25C .
Cu2+(aq) (0.01 M) + Cd(s) Cu(S) + Cd2+
(aq) (0.1 M) ( +0.74 V ) . :-131252 j / mol
// Cu2+ + Cd Cu + Cd2+
0.01 m 0.1M )(
)( Cd Cd 2+ + 2e E anode Cu2+ + 2e Cu E cathod
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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Cd + Cu2+ Cd2+ + Cu
Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]
Ecell 0.74 – . Ln ( . )( . )
Ecell = 0.74 – 0.013 * 2.303 = 0.71 V G = -nFEcell G = -2 x 96500 x 0.71 = -137030 J/MoL
25 / 25C Mg Mg2+ (1 M) Br- (0.1 M) Br2 (1 atm) Pt
: Mg Mg+2 + 2e E anode = +2.37
Br2 + 2e 2Br- Ecathod = +1.07
Mg + Br2 Mg+2 + 2Br- E cell = E anod + E cathod E = 2.3 + 1.07 = 3.44 V
Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ]
Ecell = 3.44 – . Ln (1) x (0.1)2
Ecell = 3.44 – 0.013 Ln 0.01 Ecell = 3.50 V
G = -nFEcell G = -2 x 96500 x 3.5 G = -675500 J / mol ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
26 / 25C Keq = 1 x 1010 :
2H+(aq) (1 M) + Pd(s) H2(g) + Pb2+
(aq) (0.01 M)(s) 2H+ + (1 M) + Pb H2 + Pb2+ (0.01 M)
)( )(
:-
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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//
= Pb Pb2+ + 2e- E anode 2H+ + 2e H2 E cathod =
Pb + 2H+ Pb2+ + H2 E cell = . LnKeq
E = . Ln 1 x 1010
E = 0.013 x 2.3 x 10 = 0.299 = 0.3 V G = -nFE G = -2 x 96500 x 030 G = -57900 g / MoL
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 27 /25C : Sn2+
(aq) + Ni(s) Sn(s) + Ni2+(aq)
(+0.17 V) .Ni2+ , E Sn
2+ / Sn = 0.14 V E Ni
2+ / Ni = 0.25V .
// Sn2+ + Ni Sn + Ni2+
Ni Ni2+ + 2e- E anod = + 0.25 V
Sn2+ + 2e Sn E cathod = -0.14 V ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ni + Sn2+ Ni2+ + Sn E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = 0.25 + -0.14
= 0.11 V
E = E - . Ln [ ][ ]
0.17 = 0.11 - . Ln [ ]( )
0.17 – 0.11 = - 0.013 Ln [Ni2+] 0.06 = - 0.013 Ln [Ni2+]
- ..
= Ln [Ni2+]
[Ni2+] = 1 x 10-2 M ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : 07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( 30) ( / Clic
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28 /:
Al Al3+ (1M) Cd2+ (1M) Cd (1.26 V)
E cd2+ / Cd = -0.40 V
: = ? 2Al 2Al3+ + 6e- E anod
3Cd2+ + 6e- Cd E cathod = -0.4 V
2Al + 3Cd2+ 2Al3+ + 3Cd E cell = E anode + Ecathod
+ 1.23 = E anode + (- 0.40) E anode = 1.23 + 0.40 = 1.63 V
E = -1.63
29 /25C 1 atm 0.01 M (pH)
-49 KJ / mol -0.25 V
: Ni Ni2+ + 2e- E anod = +0.25 V 2H+ + 2e- H 2 E cathod = 0.0 V
Ni + 2H+ Ni2+ + H2 E cell = E anod + E cathod Ecell = 0.25 + 0.0 = 0.25 V
G = -nFE -49 kJ / mol x 1000 = -2 x 96500 x Ecell 49000 J/MoL = -193000 Ecell
Ecell = = 0.25 V
Ecell = E cell - . Ln [ ]
[ ]
0.25 = 0.25 – . Ln .[ ]
0.25 – 0.25 = - 0.013 Ln .[ ]
) ( 31 ) ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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0 = Ln .
[ ]
Ln 1 = Ln .[ ]
[ H+ ]2 = 0.01 [ H+ ] = 0.1 M
pH = - Log [ H+ ] pH = - Log 10-1 pH = 1
30/ : Sn Sn2+ (? M) Ag+ (1 M) Ag
25 C 0.9992 .(Sn2+) E sn
2+ / sn = -0.14 V
E Ag+
/ Ag = +0.80 V . :
+ 2e- E anode = +0.14 V Sn Sn2+
+ 2e- 2Ag Ecathod = +0.8 V 2Ag+
Sn + 2Ag+ Sn+2 + 2Ag E cell = E anode + E cathod
= 0.14 + 0.8 = +0.94 V
Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]
0.9992 = 0.94 – . Ln [ ]( )
0.9992 - 0.9400 = -0.013 Ln [Sn+2] 0.0592 = - 0.013 Ln [Sn+2]
Ln [Sn+2] = ..
Ln [Sn+2] = -4.5 [ Sn+2 ] = 10-2 M
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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31 /10 A 965 s =63 : Cu+2 + 2e- Cu
Q (mol . e-) =
= = 0.1 MoL . e-
Q (MoL . e-) = n . e-
n = = . = 0.05 MoL
n =
m = n . M = 0.05 * 63 = 3.15 g
n =
n * = = 0.05 * 6.023 * 1023
= 3 * 1022 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
32 /0.648 g 3A 3 min 13 s .
: Q (MoL . e- = t = 3 * 60 + 13
= 180 + 13 = 193 s
= = 0.006 mol . e- ) (
Q = n . e-
n = = . = 0.006 MoL
n =
M = = ..
= 108 g / MoL
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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33 /STP :2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
n=
= ..
= 2 mol
Q = n . e- = 2 * 4 = 8 mol . e-
Q =
= Q * = 8 * 6.023 * 1023 = 48.16 * 1023 e-
====================================================== 34 /2 hr 520 s 36.12 x 1021 : H2O 2H2 + O2
H2 O2 X = O2
2X = H2 X + 2x = 36.12 * 1021 3 X = 36.12 * 1021
X = . = 12.04 * 1021
n = = ..
= 0.02 mol
2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e- Q mol . e- = n * e-
= 0.02 * 4 = 0.08 mol . e- t = 2 * 3600 + 520
= 7720 s
Q =
0.08 = I = . = 1 A
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : 07807502408 :– 07808070009
) ( )34 ( /
:
STP 22.4 L
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35 /10A
,9.65 s 75 % =197 .
: Q (mol . e-) =
Q (mol . e-) = . = 0.001 (mol . e-)
75 % )( Q (mol.e-) = Q x
Q (mol.e-) = 0.001 x = 0.00075 (mol.e-)
Au3+(aq) + 3e- Au(s)
Q (mol.e-) = n x e-
n = = . = 0.0003 mol
n =
m = n x M m = 0.0003 x 197 = 0.06 g
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
36 /0.2 mol.e- 0.488 L STP . =63 .
: 2H+ + 2e- H2
n = .
= ..
= 0.02 mol
Q = n . e- = 0.02 * 2 = 0.04 mol.e-
QH2 - Q =Qcu
= 0.2 – 0.04 = 0.16 mol – e- Cu+2 + 2e- Cu Q = n * e-
) ( )35 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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n = = . = 0.08 mol
n =
m = n . M = 0.08 * 63 = 5.04 g
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 37 //( A ) 5g
(+3) . MAu = 197 g / mol //
n = = = 0.025 mol
Au+3 + 3e- Au Q (mol . e-) = n * e-
= 0.025 x 3 = 0.075 mol.e-
t = 1 * 3600
= 3600 s
Q =
0.075 =
I = . = 2.14 A
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 38 / :2Cr(s) + 3Zn2+
(aq) Sn2+(aq) + Pb(s)
E Sn2+
/ Sn = -0.14 V E pb2+
/ pb = -0.13 V . :
Sn + Pb+2 Sn+2 + Pb
Sn Sn+2 + 2e- E anode = + 0.14 V Pb+2 + 2e- Pb E cathod = -0.13 V
_____________________________________ Sn + Pb+2 Sn+2 + Pb
) ( )36 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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E cell = E anode + E cathod
= 0.14 + ( -0.13 ) = 0.01 V
0.013 0.01 = . Ln Ke
Ln Ke = ..
= 0.76 Ke = 2.2
39 //. 2Cr(s) + 3Zn2+
(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Zn(S)
E Cr3+
/ Cr = -0.74 V , E Zn2+
/ Zn = -0.76 V // 2Cr + 3Zn2+
2Cr3+ + 3Zn
Cr Cr+3 + 3e- E anode = + 0.76 V Zn+2 + 2e- Zn E cathod = -0.76 V
E cell = E anode + E cathod = ( + 0.74 ) + ( -0.76 )
E cell = - 0.02 v
40 // ( 298 K ) : Fe2+
(aq) + Co(s) Fe(s) + Co2+(aq)
E fe2+
/ fe = -0.44 V , E Co2+
/Co = -0.28 V //Fe+2 + Co Fe + Co+2
Co Co2+ + 2e- E anode = 0.28 Fe+2 + 2e- Fe E cathod = -0.44 V
Co + Fe+2 Co+2 + Fe
E cell = E anode + E cathod = 0.28 + ( - 0.44 ) = - 0.16 V
) ( )37 ( /
: 07807502408 :– 07808070009
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