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احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

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Page 1: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2013 – 2014

: 07807502408

: - 07808070009

* * * *

**

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Page 2: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

/07807502408

07808070009

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Page 3: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

}{ :-

1( M ( Molar mass ) :- .( g / mole )

. 1 (Na2CO3 2 (Ca3(PO4)2

( Na = 23 , O = 16 , Ca = 40 , P = 31 ) 1) M ( Na2CO3 ) = ( 2 x 23 ) + ( 1 x 12 ) + ( 3 x 16 ) = 106 g /mol 2) M ( Ca3(PO4)2 ) = ( 3 x 40 ) + ( 2 x 1 x 31 ) + ( 2 x 4 x 16 ) = 310 g / mol

1 ( 1 (KMnO4 2 (NaOH 3 (K2Cr2O7 4 (H2SO4 5 (MgCl2

// 1) M (KM4O4) = (1 x 39 ) + (1 x 55) + (4 x 16) = 185 g/mol

2) M (NaOH) = (1 x 23) + (1 x 16) + (1 x 1) = 40 g/mol

3) M (K2Cr2O7) = (2 x 39) + (2 x 52) + (7 x 16) = 294 g/mol

4) M (H2So4) = (2 x 1) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16) = 98 g/mol

5) M (Mg Cl2) = (1 x 24) + (2 x 35.5) = 95 g/mol ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2( n ( mol )

m ( Kg , g ) n = M ( g / mol )

) ( )1 ( /

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Page 4: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

) //2 // (K2CO3 22 g . //

n =

M ( K2CO3 ) = (2 x 39 ) + (1 x 12) + (3 x 16) = 138 g / mol

n = = = 0.16 mol *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-

2 //Na2SO4 14 . 2 g .

// n = M (Na2SO4) = (2 x 23) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16) = 142 g / mol n = . = 0.1 mol

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

3 //0.15 mol NaCl // M (NaCl) = (1 x 23) + (1 x 35.5) = 58.5 g / mol

n = m = n x M = 0.15 mol x 58.5 m NaCl = 8.78 g

*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ 3 //: - :- H3PO4 ( 72 g ) . :- 0.75 mol Na3PO4 //

M H3PO4 = (3 x 1) + (1 x 31) + (4 x 16) = 98 g/mol //n = = = 7.357 mol

//M (Na3PO4) = (3 x 23) + (1 x 31) + (4 x 16) = 164 g / mol

n = m = n x M = 0.751 x 164 = 123

) ( )2 ( /

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Page 5: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

3( (M)

:- .

M = ( )

) (

m = M . V . M *-*-*-**-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*

5 //(0.1 M) 250 ml //

M ca(OH)2 = (1 x 40) + (2 x 16) + (2 x 1) M = 74 g / mol

m = M . V . M

m = 0.1 * * 74 = 1.85 g ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷

//(L) 1L = 1000 Cm3 1L = 1000 ml

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 //(15 g) 150 m

. //

M CH3 COOH = (2 x 12) + (2 x 16) + (4 x 1) M = 60 g/mol m = M . V . M

M = .

= = 0.5 M

//500 ml ) ( 500 ml (150 ml) .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5 //4g NaOH

( 0.05 mol / L ) . M = (1 x 23) + (1 x 16) + (1 x 1) = 40 g / mol

(NaOH) m = M . V . M

V = .

= .

= 2L

m = M . V . M

) ( )3 ( /

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Page 6: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

)4 (

( 53 g ) Na2CO3 (5 L) .

//0.1 M ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

4( ( NA )

6.023 x 1023 mol-1 ) = (x

NO . ( atoms or mol cules ) = n (mol) x NA =( 6.023 x 1023 )

+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ 6 //0.16 mol O2 //

( NO . molecules ) = n x NA = 0.16 x 6.023 x 1023 = 0.96 x 1022 nolesules

O2 )2 (O NO . atoms = 0.96 x 1022 x 2

= 1.82 x 1022 atoms ************************************************************************************************

6 ) // (0.1 mol H2 //6.023 x 1022 moleculs

12.046 x 1022 atoms ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

) ( )4 ( /

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Page 7: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

/

/

/

/

2013 – 2014

07807502408

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Page 8: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

" "

/07807502408

07808070009

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Page 9: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

: - .

:- 1- . 2- . 3- . 4- .

:- ( Joule ) ( J ) . J = 1 kg . m2 / s2

:- ( k ) .T ( K ) = t ( c ) + 273

:.

:. : . = +

: :-

. : -

. :- ). (

( Heat ) : ( q ) :

. ( T ) :.

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Page 10: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

( C ) :( m ) ( m ( g ) )

( J / C ) . C = q = q = C x T )(

( S ) :( 1 g ) ( J / g - c ) .

Q = . mx C = = . T x x m q = m =.T = ( Tf – Ti ) T =. )1 – 1 " // (: "

(870 g ) 5 C 95 C J / g . c0.45

// T = Tf – Ti

= 95 c - 5 c

= 90 c

. m . t q = q = 0.45 x 870 x 90 q = 35235 J

)1 – 1 " // (:" ( 10 g ) 25 c 45 c

( 119 J ) . //

T = Tf – Ti = 45 – 25 = 20 c

. m . t q = x 10 x 20 119 =

S = 0.595 J / g . c :

. : .

. :

. :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )2 ( /

= 0.595 =

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Page 11: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

:

. (H)

(H) H . :

. :

. 1- 2-

:- 2H2O + Energy 2H2 + O2

) (H H = Hp – HR = -

HR < Hp H

2Hg(-L) + O2 (g) 2HgO-s + Energy ) (H

HP < HR H :-

H2O(L-) + Energy H2O(g-) H =-

HR < Hp )( H2O(L) H2O(s) + Energy

H + = HP < HR ) (

//H ( 298 K , 1 atm ) H

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Page 12: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// "fH "

.

//1 ( ) ( , 2 ( ) . ( 3 (Hf .

H2O H2 + 1/2 O2

CO2 2 C + O

// // NO2 2) CO 3) CH4 4) NH3 )1

HBr 8) Fe2O3 )MgCl2 6) H3PO4 7 )5

// "CH " .

//1 ( . 2 (.

O2 + H2 + 1/2 O2 H2O + Energy

C + O2 CO2 + Energy 3 (

+ O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + Energy

C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + Energy ////

1) Fe 2) N2 3) C2H2 4) C6H12O2 5) C8H18 6) CO

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Page 13: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// "rH "

. // 1 ( Hf

= °

2 ( Hc = °

n ) ( // .

Hr = Hc = Hf :H2 + 1/2 O2 H2O

C + O2 CO2 //Hr Hf Hc :

1)C(gr) + O2 CO2 Hf

= Hr

HC = Hr

2) CO + 1/2 O2 CO2

Hf Hr

(CO) HC

= Hr

3) 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 Hf

Hr 2

HC Hr 4

2NH3 4)3H2 + N2 Hf

Hr Hf = ° HC

Hr 5) CO + NO2 CO2 + NO-

Hf Hr , )( .

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Page 14: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1 // :

) (

. "1-2 // "

( 3 g ) ( N2H4 ) ( 32 g / mol ) ( 1000 g ) )( 4.2 j / g . c°

)( 24.6 C° )(28.2C° KJ / mol

. //

T = Tf –Ti = 28.2 – 24.6 = 3.6 C° T . m . q =

q = 4.2 x 1000 x 3.6 n = =

q = 15120 j / mol = 0.094 mol

H = = .

= - 160851 J mol

H = - 161 KJ / mol -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 // Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R )

// n

( p ) Hc° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) ( R )

============================================================ :07807502408 :– 07808070009

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/

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Page 15: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

"1 – 3 "

( H2SO4 ) Hf )( -811 KJ / mol Hr° Hf ( H2SO4 )

// H2 + S + 2O2 H2SO4

0 0 0

Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hr° = 1 x -811 – 0 = -811 KJ / mol = Hf

--------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- "1 – 4 "

Hr° HF Hf° ( HF ) = -271 KJ

// H2 + F2 2HF

Hf°=0 Hf°=0 Hf° =-271 Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hr° = 2 x -271 – 0 Hr° = - 542 KJ / mol

"1 – 5 " : - 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

Hf° (Al2O3) = -233 KJ / mol //

Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hf Al = 0 Hr° = 2 x -233 – 0 Hf O2 = 0 Hr° = -466 KJ / mol

"1 – 6 " ( C3H8 ) Hc° (C3H8 ) = 2219 KJ / mol

//

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O (C3H8 ) = -2291 KJ / mol Hc°

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Page 16: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

A ((( Hvap) //. H2O(L) H2O(g) Hvap = 44 KJ / mol ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

B ((( Hcond) //.

H2O(g) H2O(L) Hcond = -44 KJ / mol Hcond - = Hvap

C ((( Hfus ) //.

H2O(S) H2O(L) Hfus = 6 KJ / mol D (( ) (( Hcryst) //

H2O(L) H2O(S) Hcryst = -6 KJ / mol

Hfus = - Hcryst //1 (. 2 ( . "1 – 7 "

(CH3COOH) (5.11 KJ / mol) .

// Hfus = - Hcryst

Hfus = 5.11 KJ / mol Hcryst = - 5.11 KJ / mol

// // ( 23 KJ / mol )

3 //

. // H .

+ =- :07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 17: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1 //Hf° CO :-

C(gr) + O2 (g) CO2 Hr° = - 393.5 KJ / mol 1) CO (g) + 1/2 O2(g) CO2(g) Hr° = - 283 KJ / m 2)

// )CO (

) (CO(gr) + 1/2O2(g) CO(g)

) (C(gr) + O2 (g) CO2(g) Hr° = - 393.5 KJ / mol CO (g) + 1/2 O2(g) Hr° = + 283 KJ / mol CO2(g)

Hr° = -110.5 KJ / mol C(gr) + 1/2O2 CO(g)

/ "1 – 7 //"CS2

:- C(gr) + O2 CO2 Hr° = - 394 KJ / mol 1)

2) S + O2 SO2 Hr° = - 296 KJ / mol 3) CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2 Hr° = - 1072 KJ / mol

// )2 (x 2 , )3 ( C(gr) + 2S CS2

C(gr) + O2 CO2 Hr° = - 394 KJ / mol 1)

2)2 S +2O2 2SO2 Hr° = - 592 KJ / mol ) CO2 + 2SO2 CS2 + 3O2 Hr° = + 1072 KJ / mol 3

C(gr) + 2S CS2 Hr° = +86 Kj / mol

"1 – 8 " :-

1)C(gr) + O2 CO2 Hr = -394 KJ / mol 2) H2 + 1/2O2 H2O Hr = -286 KJ / mol 3)2 C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O Hr = -2599 KJ / mol

// 2C(gr) + H2 C2H2

)3 ( )2 (, )1 (x )2 (

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Page 18: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1)2C(gr) + 2O2 2CO2 Hr = -788 KJ / mol

2) H2 + 1/2O2 H2O Hr = -286 KJ / mol 3) 2CO2 + H2O C2H2 + 5/2O2 Hr = + 1299.5 KJ / mol

2C(gr) + H2 C2H2 Hr = +225.5 KJ / mol

8 // ) ( 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(L)

Hr Hf (Al2O3) = - 1670 KJ / mol Hf (Fe2O3) = -822 KJ / mol Hf (Fe(L)) = 12 KJ / mol

// Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hr° = [ Hf°(Al2O3) + 2 Hf°(Fe(L) )] – [ Hf°(Al(s) + H° (Fe2O3(s) )] Hr° = [ -1670 + 2 x 12 ] – [ 2 x 0 + ( - 822 ) ] Hr° = - 824 KJ / mol

//Hf°(Fe(s) ) = 0 Hf°(Fe(L) ) 0

"1 – 9 // " (C6H6) CO2 Hr°

Hf°(C6H6(L) ) = 49 KJ / mol Hf°(CO2(S) ) = -394 KJ / mol Hf°(H2O(L) ) = -286 KJ / mol

// C6H6(L) + 15/2O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 3H2O(L)

Hc° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R ) Hc° = [ 6 Hf°( CO2) + 3 Hf°(H2O)] - [ Hf°(C6H6) + 15/2 Hf°(O2)]

Hc° = ( 6 x -394 + 3 x -286 ) - ( 49 + 15/2 x 0 ) Hc° = - 3273 KJ / mol

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 19: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

" // "

: N2 + 2O2 2NO2 Hr° = 67.6 KJ / mol 2NO + O2 2NO2 Hr° = -114 KJ / mol

Hf° ( CO , NO2 , CO2 ) ( -110 , -34 , -393 ) KJ / mol

Hr° CO + NO2 CO2 + NO

( - 158.2 KJ / mol ) / / /2013 //Hf CO

CO2 +394 Hr = -283 Kj CO + 1/2O2 CO2 // Hr = Hf ( P ) - Hf ( R )

Hr = [ Hf (CO2) ] – [ Hf (CO) + 1/2 Hf (O2) -283 = -394 - Hf (O2)

Hf (CO) = -394 + 283 = -111 Kj / mol

=- =- 394 Kj/ mol

}{ " "

. " " .

" ".

"S " .(S) .

//S " "S = Sf – SL- . :-

0 > S ) ( " " 0 < S ) ( ""

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------//

1( ) (0 > S . :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )11 ( /

CO2 ( Hf )

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Page 20: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2(

) (0 < S . 3 (Sg > SL > Ss 4 (0 > S 5 (0 < S 6 ( 7 ( 8 (

n ( R ) < n ( p ) 0 > S ) :(A + B 3C

)0 > S ( ) :( 4C A + B

)0 < S ( ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/ "1 – 9 " // S 1(// " " )0 < S . (

2 ( // " " )0 > S . ( 3 ( // " " )0 > S . ( 4 ( // " " )0 < S . (

_______________________________________________________ / "1 – 10 // "

1(// ) (0 < S . 2 ( // ) (0 < S . 3 (2H °8 C // ) (0 > S . 4 ( // ) (0 > S .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 21: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

"G "

"G " ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

G //0 > G° ) (. 0 < G° ) (. 0 =G°

°S, °G 1 ( S T - °H =°G 2 ( (R) °nS -(p) °nS =°rS

Gr° = n Gf° (P) - n Gf°(R)

------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- "1 – 11 // "

Sr° C° 25 1atm .

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2(s)O3 :

S° (O2) = 205 KJ / mol , S° (Fe2O3) = 87 j /K. mol S° (Fe) = 27 j /K. mol :-

R ) ( nS° P ) - ( Sr° = nS° (O2) ] Fe) + 3S°( Fe2O3)] – [ 4S° ( [2S° =Sr°

( 2 x 87 ) – ( 4 x 27 + 3 x 205 ) = Sr° = -549 J / k . mol Sr°

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // //Sr°

C° 25 1 atm 2CO + O2 2CO2 J / K .mol 214 =CO2)( (CO) = -198 J / K . mol , S° S°

(O2) = 205 J / k . mol S° --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 22: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

/ "1 – 12 // "

Gr° : 2NO + O2 2NO2

NO2) = 52 KJ / mol ( , Gf° KJ / mol 87 =NO) (Gf° //Gf° =

// Gr° = n Gf° (P) - n Gf°(R)

O2 ) ] (( NO ) + Gf° [ 2 Gf°(NO2) ] – [ 2 Gf° =Gr° [ 2 x 52 ] – [ 2 x 87 + 0 ] =Gf° KJ / mol 70- =Gf°

/ "1 – 13 // " Gr° KJ / mol 2020 - =J / K . mol , Hr° 347 =Sr°

C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O // S J KJ

// Sr° = = 0.374 KJ / mol . K

T = t + 273 = 25 + 273 = 298 K G° = H° - T S°

-2020 – ( 298 x 0.374 ) =G° - 2131.4 KJ / mol =G°

/ "1 – 14 // " HCOOH(L) CO(g) + H2O(L)

Hr° 16 kj / mol Sr° 234 j / k . mol )25 C° 1atm (

// Sr° kj / k . mol

= 0.234 KJ / k. mol =Sr°

T(k) = t(c° ) + 273 = 25 + 273 = 298 k Gr° = H° - T S°

x 0.234 ) 298 ( - 16 =Gr° .7 KJ / mol 53 - =Gr°

G

) ( )14 ( /

G

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Page 23: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//// " "

C2H5OH(L) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(L)

(j/mol.k) (kj/mol) S° Hf° C2H5OH -278 161

O2 0 205 CO2 -394 214 H2O -286 70

//1 (H° 2 (S° 3 (Gr° // Hr° = n Hf ( P ) - n Hf ( R )

= [ 2 Hf (CO2) + 3 Hf (H2O) ] – [ Hf (C2H5OH) + 3 Hf O2 ] Hr° = [ 2 (-394) + 3 (-286) ] – [ -287 + 3 x 0 ] Hr° = - 1368 KJ / mol Hr°

R ) ( nS° P ) - ( Sr° = nS° (H2O) ] – [ S (C2H5OH) + 3S (O2) ] = [ 2S (CO2) + 3S Sr°

= ( 2 x 214 + 3 x 70 ) – ( 161 + 3 x 205 ) Sr° = -138 J/K . mol =- 0.138 KJ / mol . k Sr°

Gr° = H° - T S° 298 x 0.138) (- = -1368 Gr°

= -1404.124 KJ / mol Gr° --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/ // // S C 25 2H2 + O2 2H2O

Hf =-242 KJ / mol Gf° =( - 229 KJ / mol ) /( - 0.087 KJ K . mol )

------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- / // //

2SO2 + O2 2SO3 ( - 5.7 KJ / mol ) 25C 1atm

S S(s) + 3/2O2(g) SO3(g) Hr = - 395 KJ / mol )1

S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) Hr = - 297 KJ / mol )2 /( - 0.64 KJ / k . mol )

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )51 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 24: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

S H G

+ +

G = H+ - T S+

– = +G

.

2HgO 2Hg + O2

H S G + +

+

G = H +– T S-

G = + +

G

3O2(g) 2O3(g)

H S G

+ -

- +

G = H- – T S+

G = - -

G = -

G

H S G – + -

2H2O2(L) 2H2O(L) + O2(g)

– –

– –

G = H S

+ - =G

H S G

NHg(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s

// 1 (, . 2 (, .

) ( )61 ( / Clic

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Page 25: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //

: - 1( .

// NH4Cl(s) NH4(aq)

+ + Cl(aq)-

S + = H + =

G = H+ - T S+ G = H+ - T S

H ( + ) G + =

T S ( - ) G = - . 2( . H + =G = H+ - T S+

S + = ) (G = + - G =- S

////

1( HgO . 2(

)) H vap (( . )) H cond

(( . )) H fus

((. )) H cryst

(( . Tm .

Tb . fus

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )71 ( /

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Page 26: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

( Tm = 0 C ) H2O(s) H2O(L) cryst

G = 0 G = H – T S H = T S

)tr ( Str =

vap

( Tb = 100 C ) H2O(L) H2O(g) K T = 100 + 273 = 373 cond

G = H – T S

G = 0 H = T S Str =

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

//( Svap) (85j/k. mol) .

// " "

) (H2O(s) H2O(g) Hsub

"1 – 13 " Hvap KJ/mol 69C

// Tb = t + 273 = 69 + 273 = 342 K

Svap =

85 = Hvap = 29070 J / mol . k

Hvap = 29.07 KJ / mol . k " /1 – 15 // "

H2O(L) H2O(g) Hvap = 44 KJ / mol =100C

Sfus =

Svap =

Svap = 85 =

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )81 ( /

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Page 27: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// Tb = t + 273 Tb = 100 + 273 = 373 K

Svap = = = 0.118 KJ / mol . K

1( :

//.

2( :) (

//.

3( : //.

4( : //

. 5( :

Hf //.

6( :

//.

7( : // ) ( ) (

. 8( :

:07807502408 :– 07807778337

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )19 ( /

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Page 28: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// 1 ( ) ( 2 (.

9 ( : //

. 10 ( : S ) (

//G = H – T S S ( - T S ) S G .

11 ( H //G = H – T S H G

.

12 ( :2HgO 2Hg + O2 S . L . g .

// H = + ) (S = +

G = +H – T +S G = +H – T S

) ( G = - S > H-

( T ) 13 ( :3O2 2O3

g . g . // H = +

) (S = - G = +H – T -S

G = +H + T S G = + .

14 ( : 2H2O2 2H2O + O2

L . L . g . //H = -

( L ) ( g ) S = +

G = -H – T +S G = -H – T S

G = - .

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )20 ( /

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Page 29: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

15 ( :NH3 + HCl NH4Cl g . g . S .

)) (( =====================================================

9 //360 g ( 86 J / C ) ..

//S C

(J / g . C ) x m (g) C (J / C ) =

( /( )

= ( /( )

(J / g . C ) =

= 0.24 J / g .C

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10 //6 g ,21C 124C .

( KJ ) ( 0.39 J / g . C ) //

T = ( Tf – Ti ) C = ( 124 – 21 ) C = 103 C

(T / g . C ) x m(g) x T (C ) q(J) = q(J) = 0.39 (J / g . C ) x 6 (g) x 103 (C ) = 241 J

J KJ q = = 0.241 KJ

11 //( KJ ) 350 g 77C 12 C .( 0.14 J / g . C )

) ( )21 ( / :07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 30: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

T = ( Tf – Ti ) C = ( 12 – 77 ) C = -65 C

(J / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q(J) =

q(J) = 0.4 (J / g . C ) x 350 (g) x (-65) (C ) = -3185

J KJ q = = - 3.2 KJ

*******************************************************************************

12 //34 g 25 C 79 C (2 . 44 J / g . C )

//

T = ( Tf – Ti ) C = ( 79 – 25 ) C = 54 C (T / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q (J) =

q (J) = 2.44 (J / g . C ) x 34 (g) x 54 (C ) = 4479 . 8 J

.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 13 //155 g 25 C 40 C ,

5700 J . .

//

T = ( Tf – Ti ) C = ( 40 – 25 ) C = 15 C

( j / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q (J) =

( )( ) ( )

(J) / g . C ) =

= ( )( ) ( )

= 2.45 J / g . C

=============================================================

14 //4.5 g 276 J , 25 C ,

0.13 J/g.c

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )22 ( /

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Page 31: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

(J / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q (J) =

T (C ) = ( )

. ( ) = ( )

. . . ( )

= 471.8 C

471.8 C = ( Tf – 25 ) C

Tf = 496.8 C

15 //:- 1) 2CH3OH(I) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(I)

Hr = 1453 KJ 2mol 2) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

H = -904 KJ 4mol 3) H2(g) + S(rhomloic) + 2O2(g) H2SO4(I)

H = -811 KJ 1mol =============================================================

16 // 2.4KJ 0.12 C . //

qp Hr = qp = (J / C ) x T (C )

Hr = 2.4 = ( KJ / C ) x 0.12 (C ) Hr = 0.288 KJ

17 //1.5 g CH3COOH ) =60 g / mol ( ,750 g )4.2 J / g . C . ( 24 C 28 C , . //T (C ) = ( Tf – TJ ) C = (28 – 24) C = 4C

(J / g . C ) x m (g) x T (C ) q(J) = q(J) = 4.2 (J / g . C ) x 750 (g) x 4 (C ) q(J) = 12600 J

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )23 ( /

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Page 32: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

( - 12600 J ) 1 mol : Mol n (mol) = ( )

( ) = . ( )

( ) = 0.025

) (1 mol :

q (J / mol) = ( )( )

= ( ). ( )

q (J / mol) = -504000 J / mol

18 // ( STP ) . // (298 K) 25 C 1 atm ( STP ) ( 273 K ) 0 C 1 atm .

******************************************************************************************* 19 // H (

C2H5OH ) ( CaCO3 ) Hf -1207 KJ / mole , -278 KJ / mole

// 2C(graphite) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) C2H5OH(I)

H ( C2H5OH(I) ) = -278 KJ / mol C(graphite) + Ca(s) + O2(g) CaCO9(s)

H ( CaCOq(s) ) = -1207 KJ / mol ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20 // Hf (Al2O3) Hc (Al) : 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) Hr = -3340 KJ // 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) Hr = -3340 KJ Hr (Al2O3) Hr Hr 1 mol Al2O3 ,2 mol 1 mol Al2O3 4Al(s) + O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )24 ( /

C2H5OH

CaCO3

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Page 33: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

Hf (Al2O3) = ( )( )

= ( ) = -1670 KJ / mol

H (Al) H H 1 mol Al ,4 mol 1 mol

Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3

H (Al) = ( )( )

= ( )( )

= -835 KJ / mol

============================================================= 21 //

25 C 1 atm 1) H2(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g) H = -185 KJ

2) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) H = -484 KJ H : -

H : - ? kJ 4HCl(g)+ O2(g) 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g) Hr =

:- )

. (

. 4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = ?

)1 (2X )2 ( 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) H = -484 KJ (2)

H = +370 KJ (3) 4HCl(g) 2H2(g) + 2H2(g) 4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g)

H = (-484 KJ) + (+370 KJ) = -114 KJ ………………………………………………………………………………..

22 //25 C 1 atm . 1) N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) H = 33 KJ 2) N2(g) + 2O2(g) N2O4(g) H = 11 KJ

H : 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)

// 2NO2(g) N2O4(g) H = ? KJ )1 (2X

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )25 ( /

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Page 34: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

)2 ( N2(g) + 2O2(g) N2O4(g) H = 11 KJ (2) 2NO2 N2(g) + 2O2(g) H = -66 KJ (3)

2NO2 N2O4(g) H = ( 11KJ ) + ( -66 KJ ) = -55 KJ

23 // 25 C 1 atm . 1) FeO(s) + H2(g) Fe(s) + H2O(g) H = 25 KJ

2)3FeO(s) + O2(g) Fe3O4(s) H = -318 KJ

3) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g) H = -242 KJ H :

3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) H2O(g) + 4H2(g) H = ? KJ //

)1 (X 3 , )3 (

3FeO(s) + O2(g) Fe3O4(s) H = -318 KJ

3Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) 3FeO(s) + 3H2(g) H = -75 KJ

H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) H = +242 Kj

3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2

-151 KJ =H = ( -318 KJ ) + ( -75 KJ ) + ( +242 KJ )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 24 //25 C 1 atm .

1) SCl2 O(1) + O2(g) SO2(g) + Cl2(g) H = 10 KJ

2) PCl3(I) + O2(g) PCl3O(I) H = -325 KJ

3) P(S) + Cl2(g) PCl3(I) H = -307 KJ H :

2P(s) + 2SO2(g) + 5Cl2(g) 2SCl2O(I) + 2PCl3O(I) H = ? KJ

//

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )26 ( /

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Page 35: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

)1 (2X ,)2 (2X ,)3 (2X

2SO2(g) + 2Cl2(g) 2SCl2O(I) + O2 H = -20 KJ

2PCl3(I) + O2(g) 2PCl3O H = -650 KJ

2P(S) + 3Cl2(g) 2PCl3(I) H = -614 KJ

2P(S) + 2SO2(g) + 5Cl2(g) 2SCl2O(I) + 2PCl3O

H = ( -20KJ ) + ( -650 KJ ) + ( -614 KJ )

H = - 1284 KJ

25 //H 25 C 1 atm .

2NH3(g) + 3O2(g) + 2CH4(g) 2HCN(I) + 6H2O(g)

:

Hf (NH3) = -80 KJ / mol , Hf (CH4) = -75 KJ / mol

Hf (HCN) = 135 KJ / mol , Hf (H2O) = -242 KJ / mol

//

2NH3(g) + 3O2 + 2CH4(g) 2HCN(I) + 6H2O(g)

Hf = Hf (products) - n Hf (reactauts)

Hf = [ 2x Hf (HCN) + 6 x Hf (H2O) ] -[ 2 x Hf (NH3) + 3 x Hf (O2) + 2 x Hf (CH4) ]

Hf = [ 2 x 135 KJ / mol ] + 6 x ( -242 KJ / mol ) ]

-[ 2 x ( -80 KJ / mol ) + 3 x ( 0KJ / mol ) + 2 x (-75 KJ / mol ) ]

Hf = - 872 KJ / mol

26 //HPO3(s) : P4O10(s) + 4HNO3(I) 4HPO3(I) + 2N2O5(g)

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )27 ( /

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Page 36: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

Hr = - 180 KJ Hf :

Hf (P4O10) = - 2984 KJ / mol Hf (HNO3) = - 174 KJ / mol , Hf (N2O5 ) = - 43 KJ / mol

// Hr :

P4O10 (S) + 4HNO3(I) 4HPO3(I) + 2N2O5 (g) Hr = n Hf (products) - n Hf (reactauts)

Hr = [ 4 x Hf (HPO3) + 2 x Hf (N2O5) ] – [ Hf (P4O10) + 4 x Hf (HNO3) ] Hr = [ 4 x Hf (HPO3) + ( 2 x -43mole ) ] – [ (-2984 KJ/mole) + [ 4 x (-174KJ/mol) ]

Hf(HPO3) = [( ) ( )] /

Hf(HPO3) = -943.5 KJ / mol ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

27 //Sr 25C 1atm .

:N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

S (N2) = 192 J/K.mol S (H2) = 131 J/K.mol S ( NH3 ) = 193 J/ K.mol

//N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

)Sr = nS ( products ) - nS ( Reactauts

Sr = [ 2 x S(NH3) ] – [ S(N2) + 3 x S(H2) ]

Sr = [ 2 x 193 J/k.mol ] – [ 192 J/k.mol + 3 x 13J/k.mol ]

Sr = 199 J/K.mol

===========================================================

28 // ..

// //

===========================================================

29 //:

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )28 ( /

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Page 37: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

( . ( .

(. ( .

// ( (

( ( ===========================================================

31 // ) (: ( .

( . (. (.

(. (.

// ( .

( . (. ( .

(.

(. ===========================================================

32 //Sr 25 C 1 atm . SiH4(g) + 2O2(g) SiO2(s) + 2H2O(i)

: S(SiH4) = 206 J/k.mol S(O2) = 205 J/k.mol S(SiO2) = 42 J/k.mol S(H2O) = 70 J/k.mol

//SiH4(g) + 2O2(g) SiO2(s) + 2H2O(i) Sr = nS(Products) - nS(Reactauts) Sr = [ S(SiO2) + 2 x S(H2O) ] – [ S(SiH4) + 2S(O2) ] Sr = [ 42 J/k.mol + 2 x 70 J/k.mol ] – [ 205 J/k.mol + 2 x 206 J/k.mol ] Sr = -435 J/k.mol

=========================================================== 33 //Sr 137 j/k.mol 25 C 1 atm S(O2) 206j/K,mol S O3

2O3(g) 3O2(g)

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )29 ( /

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Page 38: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// 2O3 3O2

Sr = nS ( products ) - nS ( reactauts ) Sr = [ 3 x S (O2) ] – [ 2 x S (O3) ]

137 j/k.mol = [ 3 x 206 j/k.mol ] – [ 2 x S (O3) ] (O3) = ( ) / . (O3) = 240.5 j/k.mol

====================================================

35 //Gr 25C 1 atm . 1)N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) 2) H2O(i) H2O(g) 3) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(i)

. Gf(NO) = 87 Kj / mol Gf(H2O(g)) = -229 Kj / mol Gf(H2O(i)) = -237 kj/mol Gf(C2H2(g)) = 209 Kj / mol

Gf(CO2) = -394 Kj/mol //Gr :

Gr = Gf (products) - Gf (Reactauts) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) Gr = [ 2 x Gf (NO) ] – [ Gf (N2) + Gf (O2) ]

= [ 2 x 87 KJ / mol ] – [ oKJ / mol + oKJ / mol ] Gr = 174 KJ / mol

Gr H2O(I) H2O(g)

Gr = [ Gf (H2O(g) ] – [ Gf (H2O(I)) ] = [ -229 KJ / mol ] – [ -237 KJ / mol ] = 8 KJ / mol

Gr 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(I)

Gr = [ 4x Gf (CO2) + 2 x Gf (H2O) ] – [2x Gf (C2H2) + 5x Gf (O2) ]

Gr = [ 4x (-394 KJ / mol) + 2x (-237 KJ / mol) ] – [ 2 x 209 KJ / mol +

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )30 ( /

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Page 39: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

5xoKJ / mol ] Gr = -2468 KJ / mol

Gr ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

36 //H ,S A //

S = -48 J/K . mol , H = -126 KJ / mol S = = - 0.048 KJ / K.mol

- - G = H - T S

- > + H > T S

-126 > T – 0.048 T <

. T < 2625 K

+ + B //G = H - T S H = 12 KJ / mol + < - S = 105 J/K . mol

12 < T 0.105 S = = 0.105 KJ / K . mol

T > .

T > 114 K

37 //H S 25C 1atm

A // S = 30 j/k.mol , H = 11 Kj / mol G = H - T S S = = 0.03 Kj / mol

G = 11 – (0.03 x 298 ) G = + 2.06 Kj / mol

+ +

G = H – T S - = + -

H T S 11 T 0.03

. T

K 366.7 T

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )31 ( /

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Page 40: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ B //S = 113 J /k .mol , H = 2 Kj / mol

G = H - T S S = G = 2 – (0.113 x 298 ) S = 0.113 Kj / K .mol G = 2 – 33.9 G = - 31.1 Kj / mol

25C ======================================================

38 // 1 –

G = - G = H+ - T S+ H = + - = + - S = +

) ( 2 –

G = + H = + S = + G = H+ - T S+

) (+ = + -

3 – G = - ) (G = H- - T S- H = - - = - + S = -

) ( )_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(

:07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )32 ( /

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Page 41: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

:07807502408 :– 07807778337

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 42: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

""

/07807502408

07808070009

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Page 43: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

) // (

:H2SO4( aq ) + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

// ) (:

CH3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

// .:

) (N2O4 2NO2 (g) (g)

) (Zn + S ZnS (s) (s) (s)

HCOOH + CH3OH HCOOCH3 + H2O (aq) (aq) (aq) (aq)

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ //

: CaCO3 CaO + CO2

(s) (s) (g) *-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*

} { Rf

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Rb

Rf Rb

Rf =Rb . Kf . Kb .

) ( )1 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 44: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

:- .

Rf Rb

+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ ))

((

=Keq ~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+

:- 1( ))KC ((

:Kf aA + bB gG + hH

Kb Rf = Kf [ A ]a [ B ]b Rb = Kb [ G ]g [ H ]h

Rf = Rb Kf [ A ]a [ B ]b = Kb [ G ]g [ H ]h

= [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]

KC KC = [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]

--------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- 2( ))Kp ((

:-

aA + bB gG + hH

Kp Kp = ( ) ( )( ) ( )

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

) ( )2 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 45: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

. (g) Kc , Kp (s) (L) (eq) Kc Kp

********************************************************************************* //Kp , Kc

1) 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (s) (s) (g) (g)

Kc = [ H2O ] [ CO2 ] Kp = PH2O PCO2

=================================== 2) CaCO3 CaO + CO2

(s) (s) (g) Kc = [ CO2 ]

Kp = PCO2 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

3) NO-2 + H2O HNO2 + OH-

(aq) (L) (aq) (aq)

Kc = [ ][ ]

[ ]

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ 4) 2Hg + O2 2HgO

(L) (g) (s)

Kc = [ ]

Kp =

*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ //))1 // (( N2 + 3H2 2NH3

(g) (g) (g) Kf =0.11 ,Kb =0.05 Keq

Keq = = ..

= 2.2 *-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-

"2 – 1 // " Keq =4.24 Kb =0.02 Kf

//

Keq = 4.24 = .

Kf = 0.0848

) ( )3 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 46: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

"2 – 2 // "

Kc Kp :-

1) 2CO2 2CO + O2 g. g. g.

Kc = [ ] [ ][ ]

Kp = 2) 3O2 2O3

g. g.

Kc = [ ][ ]

Kp =

3) CO + Cl2 COCl2 g. g. g.

Kc = [ ][ ][ ] Kp =

4) H2O + C CO + H2 g. S. g. g.

Kc = [ ] [ ]

[ ] Kp =

5) 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2 S. g. S. g.

Kc = [ ][ ]

Kp =

6) C6H5COOH C6H5COO- + H+ aq. aq. aq.

Kc = [ ] [ ]

[ ]

7) 2NO2 + 7H2 2NH3 + 4H2O g. g. g. L.

Kc = [ ][ ] [ ]

Kp =

==============================================================

) ( )4 ( /

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Page 47: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

Kc ,Kp 1 (:

3 – 2 " // "Keq 100 2NO2 N2O4

( g ) ( g ) 0.017 M = [ NO2 ] ,0.002 M = [ N2O4 ]

// Kc = Keq

Kc = [ ][ ]

Kc = ( . )( . )

= 6.92 / /2 – 4 //Keq

2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 :-

[ CH4 ] = 0.03 M , [ C2H2 ] = 0.05 M [ H2 ] = 0.143 M

2 (: N3 + 3H2 2NH3 A B O

- x -3x +2x A – X B – 3X 0 + 2X

// A , B N2 ,H2

( - X ) =N2 ( - 3X ) = H2 ( + 2X ) =NH3 NH3

( A – X ) =N2 N2 ( B – 3X ) =H2 H2 ( 0 + 2X ) =NH3 ) (

// ) (.

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

) ( )5 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 48: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

))5 // ((0.5 M H2 2

340 C 25 = Kc .

// H2 + 2 2H (g) (g) (g)

0 0.5 0.5 +2X -X -X

0 + 2X 0.5 – X 0.5 - X

Kc = [ ][ ][ ]

= [ ][ . ]

5 = .

25 = ( )

( . )

5 = .

2.5 – 5X = 2X 2.5 = 2X + 5X

2 . 5 = 7X X = 0.35 M

X [ H2 ] = 0.15 M , [ I2 ] = 0.15 M , [ HI ] = 0.7 M *-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*

"2 – 4 // " H2 + Br2 2HBr

0.4 mol Br2 , H2 425 C . 0.25 = Kc

// H2 + Br2 2HBr

0 0.4 0.4 -X -X +2X

0.4 – X 0.4 – X 0+2X

Kc = [ ][ ][ ]

Kc = 0.25 = ( )( . )

0.5 = .

2X = 0.2 – 0.5 X 2X + 0.5 X = 0.2

2.5 X = 0.2 X = 0.08 mol

) ( )6 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

M = = .

= 0.4 M

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Page 49: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

X

[ H2 ] = 0.32 mol , [ Br2 ] = 0.32 mol , [ HBr ] = 0.16 mol *+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+

))6 // ((( 0.625 mol ) N2O4 ( 5L ) :N2O4 2NO2

(g) (g) ( N2O4 ] 0.025 mol / L = ,

Kc //

N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g) 5L = V

M = 0 0.125 -X 0+2 X

0.125 – X 0+2 X M = . ( 0.025 ) ( 0.2 )

Kc = [ ][ ]

M = 0.125 mol / L 0.025 = N2O4

Kc = ( . )( . )

0.025 = 0.125 – X

Kc = ..

X = 0.1 mol / L

Kc = 1.6 +-+-+-+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+-+-+-+

"7 // "2SO3 2SO2 + O2 .SO3 =3 atm

4 atm ,Kp //2SO3 2SO2 + O2

0 0 3 +X +2X -2X

0+X 0+2X 3-2X =

PT = Pso3 + Pso2 + Po2 4 = ( 3 – 2 X ) + ( 2X ) + ( X ) 4 = 3 + X X = 1 atm

)X Pso3 = 3 – 2 X = 3 – 2 X 1 = 1 atm

) ( )7 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 50: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

Pso2 = 2 X = 2 atm PO2 = X = 1 atm

Kp = = ( ) ( )( )

Kp = 4

*-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-*-*-*-* -* -* -* -*-* 2 – 5 //2CO2 2CO + O2

(0.8 mol) CO2 ,Kc

2CO2 2CO + O2 ( V = 1L ) 0 0 0.8

+X +2X -2X (0+X) (0+2X) (0.8 – 2X)

0.2 0.4 0.4 CO2 =0.8 = =M 0.4 =0.4 = 2X

Kc = [ ] [ ][ ]

M 0.2 = X

Kc = ( . ) ( . )( . )

Kc = 0.2

********************************************************************************* "2 – 6 // "N2 + 3H2 2NH3

H2 ,N2 H2 =( 0.3 mol ) ( 0.2 mol ) = N2 H2 ,N2

Kc =200 //

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 A B 0

3X = 0.3 +2X -3X -X X = 0.1 M H2 2X B-3X A-X

0.2 B-(3*0.1) 0.2 0.2 B-0.3 0.2 A-X = 0.2

A – 0.1 = 0.2

Kc = [ ][ ][ ]

A = 0.3 M = [ N2 ]

200 = ( . )( . )( . )

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )8 ( / Clic

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Page 51: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

0.04 = 40 ( B – 0.3 )3

( B – 0.3 )3 = . ( B – 0.3 )3 = 0.001

B – 0.3 = 0.1 B = 0.4 M = [ H2 ]

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Kc ,Kp

} Kc = Kp ( RT ) – ng { { Kp = Kc ( RT ) ng } } ng = ng (p) - ng (R) {

ng = Kp = Kc ng = Kc < Kp ng = Kc > Kp

R = 0.082 (( T = tC + 273 ))

+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*++* "8 // " ( n = - 1 ) Kc = 4.1 227 C

Kp Kp = Kc ( RT ) ng T(k) = t (C ) + 273 T = 227 + 273 T = 500 K

Kp = 4.1 x ( 0.082 x 500 )-1 Kp = 0.1

-------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 ) //2013 // (( 300 K )

NH4HS NH3 + H2S (s) (g) (g) 0.3 atm ,Kc ,Kp

Kc = Kp (RT) – ng ( H2S ) Kp Kp = (PNH3) (PH2S)

Kp = ( 0.3 ) x ( 0.3 ) Kp = 0.09

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 52: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

ng = ng (p) - ng (R) ng = 2 – 0 ng = 2

Kc = Kp (RT) – ng Kc = 0.09 ( 0.082 x 300 ) –2 Kc = 1.5 x 10-4

+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ 2 – 7 /Kc 500 C Kp

1.5 x 10-5 3H2 + N2 2NH3 T = 500 + 273

g g g = 773 K Kc = Kp (RT) - ng ng = ng (p) - ng (R) Kc = 1.5 x 10-5 ( 0.082 x 773 ) – (-2) ng = 2 – 4 Kc = 1.5 x 10-5 ( 0.082 x 773 )2 ng = - 2 Kc = 6026.6 x 10-5 = 0.06

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 2 – 8 //Kc 1.6 1000 C

3C(s) + CO2 2CO CO (g) (g) CO2 ( 0.6 atm )

Kc = Kp (RT) – ng T = 1000 + 273 1.6 = Kp ( 0.082 x 1273 )-1 T = 1273 K 1.6 = Kp ( 104.3 )-1

ng = 2 – 1

1.6 = .

ng = 1 Kp = 1.6 x 104.3 Kp = 167

Kp = ( )( )

167 = ( ).

( Pco)2 = 100.2

Pco = 10 atm //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )10 ( / Clic

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Page 53: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ *

:- 1- . 2- .

+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ 1( :- A // ,

p. *-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*

B // ,.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ C // ,

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

// 1 >> Kc 1 << Kc 1 ~ Kc

****************************************************************************** 10 /: -

1) 2HF H2 + F2 Keq = 1 x 10-95 2) 2SO3 + O2 2SO3 Keq = 8 x 1025 3) 3H2 + N2 2NH3 Keq = 1.1

// 1( Keq =1 x 10-95

. 2( keq = 8 x 1025

) (.

3( Keq =1.1 .

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )11 ( / Clic

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Page 54: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

"2 – 9 // "Keq

1) 2H2O 2H2 + O2 Keq = 1.1 x 10-81 2) 2CO + Cl2 2COCl2 Keq = 0.99 3) H2 + Cl2 2HCl Keq = 4.4 x 1032

1 (Keq .

2 (Keq .

3 (Keq . ) ( . .

2 (. A ((:- Kc

H2 + Cl2 2HCl Kc 2HCl H2 + Cl2

=========================== B (( :- Kc .

H2 + Cl2 2HCl Kc 1/2 H2 + 1/2 Cl2 HCl ( Kc )1/2

=========================== C ((:- Kc .

Cs + 1/2O2 ( g ) CO(g) Kc1 CO(g) + 1/2O2 ( g ) CO2 (g) Kc2

Cs + O2 CO2 Kc1 x Kc2 .

Cs + 1/2O2 CO Kc1 = [ ]

[ ]

CO + 1/2O2 CO2 Kc2 = [ ]

[ ][ ]

Cs + O2 CO2 Kc3 = Kc1 x Kc2

Kc3 = [ ]

[ ] x [ ]

[ ][ ]

Kc3 = [ ][ ]

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )12 ( / Clic

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Page 55: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

"11 // "100 C =0.36

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

2NO2 N2O4 g. g.

N2O4 NO2 //g. g.

N2O4 2NO2 Kc1 = 0.36

.

= 2.8 =2NO2 N2O4 Kc2 =

N2O4 NO2 Kc3 = (KCl)1/2 =

Kc3 = . Kc3 = 0.6

+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ " 2 – 10 // "2NO2 N2O4

Kp = 0.39 227 C Kc N2O4 2NO2

//Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng T = 227 + 273

= 500 k Kc = 0.39 ( 0.082 x 500 ) –(-1) ng = 1 – 2 Kc = 16 ng = -1

Kc Kc = = = 0.0625 ==========================================================

"2 – 11 // "3H2 + N2 2NH3 . 0.02 M NH3 0.1 M N2

H2 Kc NH3 3/2H2 + 1/2N2 //3H2 + N2 2NH3

0.1 0.1 0.02

Kc = [ ][ ] [ ]

= ..

= 4 ×2/1

Kc2 = = = = 0.5

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )13 ( / Clic

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Page 56: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 – 12 ) /2013 // (

0.2 mol 2HBr H2 + Br2 HBr

(2 mol) //

=( 1L ) =

2HBr H2 + Br2 =X 0 0 1

0.2 = +X +X -2X X = 0.2 0+X 0+X 1-2X

0.2 0.2 0.6 [ HBr ]

X 1 – 2X = 1 – 2 (0.2)

= 0.6 Kc = [ ][ ][ ]

Kc = . .( . )

= ( . )( . )

= = 0.11

H2 + Br2 2HBr 0 2 2

= +2X -X -X 0+2X 2-X 2-X

)2.4) (0.8) (0.8 (

Kc = = 9

Kc = [ ][ ][ ]

9 = ( )( )

3 = X = 1.2 M

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

) ( )14 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 57: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 – 13 //2000 K

: Br2 + F2 BrF Kp = 150

Br2 + Fe BrF3 Kp = 2.5

Kc BrF3 BrF + F2

// )2 (

BrF3 Br2 + Fe Kp = .

Br2 + F2 BrF Kp = 150

BrF3 BrF + F2 Kp = .

x 150 Kc = Kp (RT) – ng Kp = 60 Kc = 60 (0.082 x 2000)-1 Kc = 0.366

*******************************************************************************************

))Q ((

))Q: ((- .

1( Q > Kc . 2( Q < Kc . 3( Q =Kc .

+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ "12 // "500 C (0.06)

mol / L 3H2 + N2 2NH3

[ H2 ] [ N2 ] [ NH3 ] 1) 0.002 0.00001 0.001 2) 0.354 0.000015 0.0002 3) 0.01 5.0 0.0001

//Q Kc .

1) Q = [ ][ ] [ ]

= ( . )( . ) ( . )

Kc = 0.06

.Q = 12.5 x 105 > Kc = 0.06 :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )15 ( / Clic

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Page 58: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷

2) Q = [ ][ ] [ ]

= ( . )( . ) ( . )

Q = 0.06 = Kc = 0.06

)(

3) Q = [ ][ ] [ ]

= ( . )( . ) ( )

Q = 0.002 < Kc = 0.06

. *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*

"2 – 14 // "3H2 + N2 2NH3 Kc 9.0 )1( 2.0 mol N2 ,H2 ,NH3

1.0 L )2( .

// 3H2 + N2 2NH3 2.0 2.0 2.0 Kc = 9.0

1) Q = [ ][ ] [ ]

= ( . )( . ) ( . )

= 0.25

Kc = Q 2) Kc = Q = 9

Q = [ ][ ] [ ]

9 = ( . )

( . ) ( . ) 9 =

9 = 9 =

V = 6 L .

)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_)_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(_(

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )16 ( /

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Page 59: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

"2 – 15 // "2L 1.4 mol HBr ,H2

,Br2 HBr H2 , Br2 Kp = 0.25

//

M = = . = 0.7 M = [ HBr ] = [ Br2 ] = [ H2 ]

H2 + Br2 HBr Kc Kc = Kp (RT) – ng

Kc = 0.25 ( 0.082 x T ) ng ng = 1 – 1 Kc = Kp = 0.25 ng = 0

H2 + Br2 2HBr Kc2 = ( Kc1 )2 = ( 0.25 )2 = 0.0625

H2 + Br2 2HBr

0.7 0.7 0.7 Q = ( . )( . )

+X +X -2X 0.7+X 0.7+X 0.7-2X Q = 1 0.933 0.933 0.234

Q > Kc

Kc = [ ][ ][ ]

0.0625 = ( . )( . )

0.25 = ..

[ HBr ] = 0.7 – 0.466 = 0.234 M

0.7 – 2X = 0.175 + 0.25 X [ H2 ] = [ Br2 ] = 0.7 + 233 0.7 – 0.175 = 0.25X + 2X = 0.933 M

0.525 = 2.25 X X = 0.233 mol

*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-* :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )17 ( / Clic

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Page 60: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

G Q

===================================================== aA + bB gG + hH

G ,

G = + RT Ln [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]

Q G = + RT LnQ

:G =(J ) . =

R =8.3 j / mol T =( K ) Q =

0 = G = - RT LnKeq

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ // .

÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷*÷ "13 // " CCl4 + H2 HCl + HCl3

L. g. g. L. ( - 104 KJ / mol ) 25 C ( 1 atm )

Keq 25 C ( 1 atm ) //

T = 25 + 273 = 298 K R = 8.3 J / mol

= - 104 KJ / mol = - 104 x 1000 = - 104000 J / mol

= - RT Ln Keq

104000 = - 8.3 x 298 Ln Keq Keq = 1.7 x 1018

Keq . :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )18 ( / Clic

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Page 61: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 – 16 //Kp 25 C 1atm 2H2O 1H2 + O2

L. g. g. f =-237 KJ / mol 25 C //

r = - f (p) - f (R) r = ( 0 + 0 ) – ( 2 x 237 ) r = + 474 KJ / mol r = RT Ln Kp

+ 474 x 1000 = - ( 8.314 x 298 ) Ln Kp lnKeq = -191.3 Kp = 1.2 x 10-84

*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*

} – { )) //

(( +÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷+÷

:- 1( .3 (. 2( .

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ :-

1( // //A A B

B

**--** --** --**--**--** --**--**--**--** --**--** --**--**--**--** --**--**--** --** --**-- 2( //

//C C D

D

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )19 ( /

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Page 62: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// ) (:- N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

1( ( H2 , N2 ) . )NH3 () .

– . ( 2 (( NH3 )

) (– . 3( ( N2 , H2 )

. 4( ( NH3)

. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

:- 1( )(

) (

)( 2( )(

) ( )

. ( ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷

//( ng = 0 ) . ( ng ) )1 - ( )( ( ng ) )1+ ( )(

+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ //2SO2 + O2 2SO3

g g g. // 22 32

) (. ====================================================

// ) (: - 2NO2 2NO + O2 g. g. g.

23 22 // ) (

. :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )20 ( / Clic

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Page 63: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

C + O2 CO2 s. g. g.

0 = ng )( *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*

//ng )1- ( -1 = ng ) (

. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

: - H + =

)( H = -

)( 1( ) ( )

( 2( ) ( )

( ******************************************************************************

// CaO + CO2 CaCO3 + s. s. g.

1( 2(

//

CaO + CO2 CaCO3 + s. g. s.

1 (:-

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )21 ( / Clic

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Page 64: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 (: -

. + -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+-+-+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+ -+-+-+

// 2CO + O2 2CO2 +

. *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*

Keq

. *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*

Keq .

.

1( Keq

2( Keq

Keq Keq = [ ][ ]

+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+ 14 // 2Hg + O2 2HgO , H -181 KJ

L. g. s. ( 298 K ) Kp 3.2 x 1020 Kp

(500K) ( 298 K ) // -181 KJ = H

Kp ( 500 K ) . :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )22 ( / Clic

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Page 65: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 – 17 //2BrF5 Br2 + 5F2 H =858 KJ

g. g. s. 1000 K Kp =7.4 x 10-18 Kp ( 1500 K )

( 1000 K ) //858 KJ = H

1000 K 1500 K –

Kp . +*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+

15 //: - N2F4(g) 2NF2(g) 38.5 Kj / mol = H

1 (. 2 (N2F4 . 3( . 4 ( .

//N2F4 2NF2

1 ( .

2 (N2F4 ) (N2F4 .

3 ( ) (. 4 (Keq R1 R2 .

=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*= "2 – 18 // "3O2 2O3 H = 428 kj/mol

1 ( 2 (O2 3 ( 4 (

//H = +428 3O2 2O3

1( ) (.

2 (O2 O2 .

3 ( .

) ( )23 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 66: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

4 (. &*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&

"2 – 19 // "C2H4 , H2 , C2H6 25C :-

C2H4 + H2 C2H6 + 137 kj / mol C2H6

//C2H4 + H2 C2H6

1( . 2( . 3( . 4( .

(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(**)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)

1 // 1 ( N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + 92 kj

. 2 (Kc 500 C 2 x 10-15

200 C 4 x 10-12 . 3 (CO + 2H2 CH3OH + 91 kj

. 4 (

. 5 (CO2(g) + C(s) 2CO(g)

CO2 . 6 (N2 + O2 + 180 kj 2NO

Kc . 7 ( N2 + O2 + 18 kj 2NO 8 ( Cl2 + H2 2HCl + HCl

. 9 (N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) Kp

=3 2NO 3 4O2N 3

) ( )24 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 67: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

Kp = 3 = ( ) x = 3 atm

10( 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(L) Kc =1028 ×1

11 (Kp Kc .

12 (Kc .

13 ( .

14 (Kc .

15 (( ng = -1 ) Kc .

16 (Kc = 4 .

17 (ng =0 .

18 ( .

19 ( .

20 (Kc = .

)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&)&*&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(&(

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )25 ( / Clic

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Page 68: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 //:-

1 (2SO2 + O2 2SO3 727 C 2 -10 ×4.17 ( 0.4 M ) SO3 ( 0.1 M ) O2

( 0.02 M ) SO2 :

- ) . ( - .

- . - .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2( CaCO3(s) CO2(g) + CaO(s)

CaCO3 :- - CO2 . - ) . ( - CaO . - .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 (2(g) + F2(g) 2 F(g) Kc 106 ×1

200 K ( 0.2 atm ) F ( 4 x 10-3 atm ) F2 2 :-

- 5 x 104 atm . - 1 x 10-5 atm ) . ( - 1 x 105 atm . - .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 (Kc Li + I2 Li 300 K )640.3 (g. g. g.

Kc :2Li 2Li + 2 : g. g. g.

- 25.3 - 41 x 104 - 15.6 x 105

- ) ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

) ( )26 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 69: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

5( K2CrO4 HCl

: 2CrO4

-2 + 2H+ Cr2O7-2 + H2O

aq aq aq L.

:- - .

- HCl ) . ( - K2 Cr2 O7 . - .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6( NaOH : - Cr2O7

-2 . - HCl .

- Cr2O7-2 ) . (

- . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

7( N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Kp 25 C 5.5 x 10-5 Kc :

- 22513.3 . - 9 x 104 .

- 0.03 ) . ( - .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Kf

8( Br2 2Br Kp 2558.4 4000 K g. Kb g.

Kf 1.56 Kb : - 0.2 .

- 20 . - 7.8 . - . ) (

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )27 ( / Clic

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Page 70: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

9( H2 + 2 2H Kp = 2

g. g. g. mol / L :

- 0.1 = H 0.05 = 2 0.05 = H2 - 0.4 = H 0.1 = 2 0.2 = H2 - 0.001 = H 0.0002 = 2 0.0025 = H2 - ) . (

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 //:-

1( ng Pr < ng Reat .

// 2A B

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2( A B + g. g.

/ ) ( .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3( .

//

Keq . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4( .

//.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5( Kc = 0.3 Q = 1

// Kc = 0.3 < Q = 1 A B

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )28 ( / Clic

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Page 71: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

6( Kc

// ) (Kc Kc

A B ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

7( Kc

(A B

) (Kc Kc .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8( ( ng = 1 )

/ ng = 1 A 2B

– ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

9( /

,

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10 ( SO2(g) + Cl2(g) + SO2Cl2(g)

SO2 . / SO2

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5 //.

// 1( A(s) 2B(s) . 2( 2A(L) B(L) . 3( A(s) B(g) ng = 1 – 0

. :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )29 ( / Clic

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Page 72: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

4( A(g) B(g) . 5( A(g) 2B(g) .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

6 //PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) =92.5 Kj / mol

1( /// -

Kc . 2( 2Cl ///

– Kc . 3( 3PCl ///

– Kc . 4( ///

– Kc . 5( /// Kc .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

7 //2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) =- 198 Kj

SO3 , O2 , SO2 :- 1( ///

. 2( ///

SO3 ( O2 , SO2 ) . 3( 2SO ///

( SO3 ). 4( /// .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8 //

//

. :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )30 ( / Clic

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Page 73: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

9 //:- 1( A 2B

//– . 2( 3C 2A

//– . 3( A B

//ng = 0 . 4(

//

.

10 // CaCO3(s) CO2(g) +CaO(s)

:-

1( ///– 2( CaO ///

. 3( CaCO3 ///

. 4( CO2 ///

– . 5( ///

– .

11 //NOCl 240 C 2NOCl 2NO + Cl2

g. g. g. ( 1 atm ) NOCl 0.64 atm :

1( NO , Cl2 . 2( Kc .

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )31 ( / Clic

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Page 74: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

2NOCl 2NO + Cl2 A 0 0

-2X +2X +X A-2X 2X X 0.64 2X X 0.64 0.24 0.12

PT = PNOCl + PNO + PCl2 1 = 0.64 + 2X + X 3X = 1 – 0.64 3X = 0.36 X = 0.12 atm = PCl2

PNO = 2 * 0.12 = 0.24 atm

Kp =

= ( . ) ( . )( . )

= 0.017

Kc = Kp ( RT ) – ng T = C + 273 = 0.017 ( 0.082 * 513 )-1 = 240 + 273

= ..

= 4 * 10-4 = 513 K ng = 3 – 2

= 1 *-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-* -* -*-*-*-*-*-*-* -*-*-*-*

12 //N2O4 2NO2

g. g. ( PN2O4 = 0.377 ) , ( PNO2 = 1.56 atm ) 100 C :-

1( Kc , Kp . 2( .

//T = C + 273 N2O4 2NO2 = 100 + 273 = 373

1( Kp =

Kp = Kc ( RT ) ng Kp = ( . )( . )

= 6.46

6.4 = Kc ( 0.082 x 377 )-1 ng = 2 – 1 Kc = 0.21 = 1

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )32 ( / Clic

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Page 75: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2(

. +-+-+-+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+-+-+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+-+-+-+

13 //A 2B ,Kc,Kp .

A ( mol / L ) B ( mol / L ) 1( 0.0125 0.843 200 2( 0.171 0.764 300 3( 0.250 0.724 400

// A 2B

1( Kc1 = [ ][ ]

Kc1 = Kp1 ( RT ) – ng Kc = ( . )( . )

= 56.85 56.8 = Kp1 ( 0.082 x ( 200 + 273 )) ng = 2 – 1 Kp1 = 2204.64 ng = 1

2( Kc2 = ( . )( . )

= 3.41

Kc2 = Kp2 ( RT ) – ng Kc 3.41 = Kp2 ( 0.082 x 573 )-1 Kp2 = 160.27

3( Kc3 = ( . )( . )

= 2.09

Kc3 = Kp3 ( RT ) ng 2.09 = Kp3 ( 0.082 x 673 )-1

Kp3 = 115.32

14 //N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) 377 C Kc 1.96 ..

- 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)

- N2(g) + H2(g) NH3(g)

- NH3(g) N2(g) + H2(g)

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )33 ( / Clic

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Page 76: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Kc1 = 1.96 1) 2NH3 N2 + 3H2 Kc = =

. = 0.51

2) N2 + H2 NH3 Kc = . = 1.4

3) NH3 N2 + H2 Kc = .

=0.7

15 //4.2 x 10-7 = Kc CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO-3

Kc 9-10 ×4.7 CaCO3(s) CO3-2 + Ca+2

Kc 11-10 ×4.8 HCO3- H+ + CO3

-2 Kc CO2 + CaCO3(s) + H2O Ca+2 + 2HCO-

3 //

CO2 + + H2O H+ + HCO-3 Kc1 = 4.2 x 10-7

CaCO3 Ca+2 + CO3-2 Kc2 = 4.7 x 10-9

CO3-2 + H+ HCO-

3 Kc3 = .

CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca+2 + 2HCO-

3 s.

Kc4 = Kc1 x Kc2 x Kc3

Kc4 = ( 4.2 x 10-7 ) x ( 4.7 x 10-9 ) x ( .

) Kc4 = 4.1 x 10-5

+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*++*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+*+* 16 //CO2 + H2O + 2NH3 2NH4

+ + CO3-2

g. L. g. Kc : -

1) NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- Kc = 2 x 10-5

g. L. 2) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Kc = 4 x 10-7

g. L. aq 3) H2O H+ + OH- Kc = 1 x 10-14

L. 4) H2CO3(aq) 2H+ + CO3

-2 Kc = 1 x 10-8 //)1 (Kc )3 (Kc ×2

1) 2NH3 + 2H2O 2NH4+ + 2OH- Kc1 = 4 x 10-10

2) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Kc2 = 4 x 10-7 3) 2H+ + 2OH- 2H2O Kc3 = 1 x 1028

) ( )34 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 77: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

4) H2CO3 2H+ + CO3

-2 Kc4 = 1 x 10-8

2NH3 + CO2 + H2O 2NH4+ + CO3 Kc4 = Kc1 x Kc2 x Kc3 x Kc4

Kc4 = 16 x 103 =============================================================

17 //Kc =19.9 2500 K Cl2 + F2 2ClF m) ( [ Cl2 ] = 0.2

( [ ClF ] = 1.2 M ) , ( [ F2 ] = 1M ) . //

Cl2 + F2 2ClF

0.2 1 1.2 Q = ( . ).

-X -X +2X

0.2-x 1-X 1.2 + 2X Q = 7.4 Kc > Q

******************************************************************************** 18 //A2 2A A2

STP 1% A2 Kc A 0.01 M A2

//A2 2A =1% A 0 1 =X -X +2X

1-X 2X 1-0.01 2x0.01 X = X 1 0.99 0.02 X = 0.01

Kc = [ ][ ]

= ( . )( . )

= 4 x 10-4

A2 2A

0.01 y Kc = [ ][ ]

4 x 10-4 = .

y2 = 4 x 10-6

y = 2 x 10-3 M [ A ]

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )35 ( / Clic

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Page 78: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

20 //NiOs. + COg. Nis. + CO2 g. 727 C

CO =304 Torr ( 1 atm ) Kc ( 1 atm = 760 Torr )

// NiOs. + COg. Nis. + CO2 g.

0.4 atm y

Pco = Pt = Pco + Pco2 1 = 0.4 + y Pco = 0.4 atm

y = 0.6 atm

Kp = = ..

= 1.5 Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng ng = 1 – 1

Kp = Kc = 1.5 = 0 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

21 //PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5 PCl3 Cl2

( 1 atm ) = Cl2 Kp ) =6/1 . (PCl3 , Cl2 .

// PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5

2y y 0 -X -X +X y – X = 1

2y-X y-X X 2y-(y-1) 1atm (y-1) X = y – 1

y + 1 1 y-1

Kp = ( ) Kp = = ( )( )

y + 1 = 6y – 6 5y = 7 y = 1.4 atm = Pcl2 2y = 2.8 atm = Ppcl3

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 22 //2HBr H2 + Br2

Br2 , H2 HBr ( 1 mol ) HBr 2 mol

Br2 2 mol H2 :- 1( 2 (Kc :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )36 ( / Clic

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Page 79: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

2HBr H2 + Br2 H = - y y 2y

-2X +X +X

y + X = 2 y = 2 – X (1)

2y – 2X = 1 )1( 2( 2 – X ) – 2X = 1 4 – 2X – X = 1 4 – 4 X = 1

4 X = 3 X = = 0.75 M

y = 2 – X = 2 – 0.75 = 1.25 = [ H2 ] = [ Br2 ] 2y = 2 X 1.25 = 2.5 M = [ HBr ]

Kc = [ ][ ][ ]

= ( )( )

= 4

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

23 //NO2 40 % 2NO2 2NO + O2

Kc g. g. g. //

2NO2 2NO + O2 40% 0 0 1 NO2 =2X -2X +2X +X

2X = %40 X 1 1-2X 2X X 2X = x 1 0.6 0.4 0.2 X = 0.2 M

Kc = [ ] [ ][ ]

Kc = ( . ) ( . )( . )

= . ..

= 0.09

2y 2X 1

y +X 2

y + X 2

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )37 ( / Clic

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Page 80: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

24 //CO2 + H2 CO + K2O j

H2 , CO2 2000 K 3 mol =

Kc 4 //

CO2 + H2 CO + H2O y y 0 0

-X -X +X +X y-x y-x X X

1.5-X 1.5-X X X

Kc = ( )( . )

( y – x ) + ( y – x ) + X + X = 3

y – X + y – X + X+ X = 3 4 = ( )( . )

2y = 3 y = 1.5

2 = .

3 – 2 X = X X = 1 [ CO2 ] = [ H2 ] = 1.5 – 1 = 0.5 M [ CO ] = [ H2O ] = 1 M

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 //CaO + CO2 CaCO3

S. g. S. 800 C CO2 0.235 atm Kc

//

CaO + CO2 CaCO3 =1 0.235 atm

Kp = = .

= 4.26

Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng ng = 0-1 Kc = 4.2 ( 0.082 x ( 800 + 273 ) – (- 1 ) = -1 Kc = 4.2 ( 0.082 x 1073 ) Kc = 374.8

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )38 ( / Clic

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Page 81: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

26 //4g HF )2 (27 C

2HF H2 + F2 Kp =1.21

HF 20 g/mol = //

// 2HF H2 + F2

0 0 2.46 n = = = 0.2 mol -2X +X +X PV = nRT 2.46-2X X X P x 2 = 0.2 x 0.082 x 300

Kp = ( )( . )

PHF = 2.46 atm

1.21 = ( )( . )

1.1 = .

X = 0.845 atm

PHF = 2.46 – 2X PHF = 2.46 – 2 X 0.845 PHF = 0.76 atm

27 //1 mol N2O4 NO2 20% 27 C

1 atm .Kp ) . / =

x 100%

// N2O4 2NO2

0.0 1 -X +2X 1-X 2X

20% = x 100% ( 1-0.2 ) ( 2x0.2 )

0.8 M 0.4 M 100 x = 20

Kc = [ ][ ]

100 x = 20

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )39 (/ Clic

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Page 82: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

Kc = ( . )

. = 0.2 X = = 0.2 M

Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng 0.2 = Kp ( 0.082 x 300 ) –(2-1) Kp = 0.2 x 24.6

= 4.92

28 //:- 490 C H2 + I2 2HI Kf = 0.6256

Kb = 0.0136 ( 872 K ) =59 HI :-

( H2 ( (I2 //Keq = = .

. = 46

490 C T = 490 + 273 763 K Keq = 46

T = 763 K 872 K Keq = 59 Keq .

H2 + I2 2HI

( HI HI .

( HI .

(I2 HI .

29 //Kp 1000 K :- 1) Cs + 1/2O2(g) CO(g) Kp = 2.9 x 1010 2) Cs + O2 CO2(g) Kp = 5 x 1020

Kc 2CO(g) + O2 2CO2(g) // )1 ( ×2 , )2 ( ×2

2CO(g) 2C(s) + O2(g) Kp1 = ( . ×

)2 = 0.1 x 10-14 2C(s) + 2O2 2CO2(g) Kp2 = ( 5 x 1020 )2 = 25 x 1040

2CO + O2 2CO2 Kp3 = Kp1 x Kp2

Kp3 = 2.97 x 1020 :07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )40 ( / Clic

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Page 83: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

Kc = Kp ( RT ) ng Kc = 2.97 x 1020 x (0.082 x 1000 )-(-1) ng= 2 – 3 = 1 Kc = 2.4 x 1022

30 //CO H2 , CO2 700 K

Kc 5.29 //Q CO + H2O CO2 + H2

1 1 1 1

Q = ( )( )

- x -x + x + x ( 1 - X ) ( 1 – X ) ( 1 + X ) ( 1 + X )

Kc = [ ][ ][ ][ ]

Q = 1

Kc = ( )( )

Q 1

( )( )

=5.29

2.3 = ( )( )

2.3 – 2.3 X = 1 + X 2.3 – 1 = X + 2.3 X

1.3 = 3.3 X x = 0.394 M [ CO ] = [ H2O ] = 1 – X = 1 – 0.39 = 0.66

[ CO2 ] = [ H2 ] = 1 + X = 1.394

31 //N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) Kc =6 x 10-3 ( 298 K ) 1.5 x 10-2 35 C

//298 K N2O4 2NO2 Kc1 = 6 x 10-3

308 K N2O4 2NO2 Kc2 = 1.5 x 10-2 ) (Kc

Kc

.

) ( )41 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 84: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

32 //2SO2 + O2 2SO3

:- [SO3] = 0.008 M , [SO2] = 0.02 M , ,[O2] = 0.01 M 10 C Kc 4

// 2SO2 + O2 2SO3

Kc = [ ][ ] [ ]

Kc1 = ( . )( . ) ( . )

= 16

Kc 4 Kc

33 //G G

// : - 25 C

1 atm . G : -

.

G = + RT Ln [ ][ ]

G =

. *~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

34 //25 C ( 1 atm ) 1 x 10-14 H2O H+ + OH-

L. aq aq //

= - RT Ln Kwater = - 8.3 x 298 Ln 1 x 10-14 = + 7988.75 J / mol

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

) ( )42 ( /

:07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 85: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

" "

/07807502408

07808070009

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Page 86: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

/

:

: - .

:- . : - .

:- . //

// : 1 (( .2 ((.

// //1 ( .2 (.

// 1( . 2( . 3( . 4( .

//)2013 (

//1 (. 2 (. 3 ( .

) ( )1 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 87: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

//. //

//. //

//. //

// . //

//.

(H3O+) (OH-) H2O(L) + H2O(L) H3O+(aq) + OH-

(aq)

H2O(L) H+(aq) + OH-

(aq) Kw

Kw = [ H+ ] [ OH- ] [ H+ ] = [ OH- ] = 1 x 10-7

Kw = [ H+ ] [ OH- ] = ( 1 x 10-7 ) x ( 1 x 10-7 ) = 1 x 10 -14

:- ( 1 m )

(PH) . 1) PH = - log [ H+ ] 4) [ H+ ] = 10 –PH 2) poH = - log [ OH- ] 5) [ OH- ] = 10 –poH 3) PH + POH = PKw = 14 6) [ H+ ] [ OH -] = Kw = 1 x 10-14

( pH )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 (pH 7 . 2 (pH 7 . 3 (pH =7 .

) ( )2 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 88: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1) log10x = X : log 1000 = log103 = 3

log10-5 = -5 , log0.1 = log10-1 = -1 2) log xy = y log x : log54 = 4log5 3) log = logx – logy : log = log9 – log13

4) log ( x . y ) = logx + logy : log(20) = log 4 x 5 = log4 + log5 5) log-(x) = 10x : log-(5) = 105 , log – (-3) = 10-3

*1 10 " " Log 1 = 0 log 2 = 0.3 log 3 = 0.47 Log 4 = 0.6 log 5 = 0.7 log 6 = 0.8

Log 7 = 0.85 log 8 = 0.9 log 9 = 0.95 log 10 = 1

1 //pH [ H+ ] 1) 0.3M 2) 1 M 3) 10 M 4) 10-5 M

// 1) pH = -log [ H+ ] = - log0.3 = -log 3 x 10-1 = - (0.47 – 1) = 0.53 2) pH = -log [H+] = -log1 = 0.0 3) pH = -log [ H+ ] = -log10 = -1 4) pH = -log [ H+ ] = -log10-5 = -(-5) = 5

2 //[ H+ ] pH 1) 2 2) 7 3) 5 //

1) [ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-2 M 2) [ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-7 M 3) [ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-5 M

//pH pH :

//[ H+ ] pH : 1) 9.7 2) 4.3 3) 10.3 4) 2.7 5) 5.3

// 1) pH = -log [ H+ ] 9.7 = -log [ H+ ]

log [ H+ ] = - 9.7 + 10 - 10 log [ H+ ] = 0.3 – 10 [ H+ ] = 2 x 10-10 M

) ( )3 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

[ H+ ] = 10-pH

= 10-9.7+10-10 = 100.3 * 10-10 = 2 * 10-10 M

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Page 89: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2) pH = -log [ H+ ] 4.3 = - log [ H+ ] Log [ H+ ] = -4.3 + 5 – 5 Log [ H+ ] = 0.7 – 5 [ H+ ] = 5 x 10-5 M 3) pH = -log [ H+ ] Log [ H+ ] = - 10.3 Log [ H+ ] = -10.3 + 11 – 11 Log [ H+ ] = 0.7 – 11 [ H+ ] = 5 x 10-11

1 / 4 /

2 / 5 / 3 / 6 /

7 / )(

(( 1( HCl 2 ( HI 3 ( HBr 4 ( HNO3

5 ( HClO4 6 ( HMnO4 7 ( H2SO4 8 ( H2CrO4

//– 1 (. 2 (. 3( ). (

.

[ H+ ] , pH :- A // :

) (.

) ( )4 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

[ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-4.3+5-5 = 100.7 * 10-5 = 5 * 10-5 M

[ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-10.3+11-11 = 100.7 * 10-11 = 5 * 10-11 M

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Page 90: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

HCl H+ + Cl-

0 0 y y y 0

[ H+ ] = [ ] = y pH = -log [ H+ ]

//pH (0.01M) . // HNO3 H+ + NO-

3 0.01 0 0

0.01 0.01 0 pH = -log [ H+ ]

= - log10-2 =2

// //[ H+ ] , pH 1( HCl (0.003M) . 2( HBr ( 1 M ) . B //:

) (. H2SO4 2H+ + SO4

-2 Y 0 0

0 2y y ] = 2y [ H+ ] = 2 [

Y = [ ]

//pH 0.1 M //H2SO4 H2SO4 2H+ + SO4

-2 0.1 0 0

0 2*0.1 0.1 [ H+ ] = 2[H2SO4] = 2 x 0.1 = 0.2 M pH = -log [ H+ ] = -log0.2 = 0.7

//pH ( 3 ) . //H2CrO4 H2Cr2O4 2H+ + CrO4

-2 Y 0 0 0 2y y

[ H+ ] = 10-ph = 10-3 M [ H+ ] = 2 x [ H2CrO4 ]

[ H2CrO4 ] = [ ] = = 0.5 x 10-3 M

) ( )5 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 91: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// 1 //pH ( 1 M ) . 2 //pH ( 0.3 ) .

//

1 / NaOH 2 / KOH 3 / RbOH 4 / Ca(OH)2 5 / Ba(OH)2

[OH-] , [H+] , pH , poH . A //:

KOH K+ + OH- Y 0 0 [OH-] = [KOH] = y

1 //pH ( 1 x 10-3 ) //NaOH Na+ + OH-

NaOH [OH-] = [NaOH] = 1 x 10-3 M poH = -log[OH-] = -log ( 1x 10-3 ) = 3 pH + poH = 14 pH = 14 – 3 = 11

2 /pH )9.( //

KoH pH + poH = 14 poH = 14 – 9 = 5 [ OH- ] 10-poH = 10-5 M [ KoH ] = [OH-] = 10-5 M

//3 /0.003 M

4 /[OH-] pH )13 (

) ( )6 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 92: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

B / Ca(OH)2 Ca+2 + 2OH

]Y 0 0 [OH-] = 2 x [ [ OH- ] = 2y

.

"1 // "pH 0.5M //Ba(OH)2 Ba+2 + 2OH-

Ba(OH)2 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 2*0.5

= 0.5 x 2 = 1 M [OH-] poH = -log[OH-] = -log1 = 0 pH + poH = 14 pH + 0 = 14 pH = 14

2 /pH )15( . //. . ] = 2 x [ [OH-]

pH = 15 pH + poH = 14 15 + poH = 14 poH = 14 – 15 = -1 [OH-] = 10-poH = 10-(-1) = 10 M [OH-] = 2 x [ ]

] = [ ] = = 5 M [

//3 /pH )12 ( 4 /(1M)

// "" ""

1 / HF 2 / HCOOH 3 / HCN 4 / CH3COOH 5 / C6H5OH 6 / H2C2O4 7 / H2S 8 / H3PO3

) ( )7 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 93: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

pH , [H+] ) (

( Ka ) [H+] , pH

H+ + A- HA

Ka = [ ][ ] 0 0 y x x y – x

Ka = ( )

)(

X [H+] pH .

1 /pH (0.04M) Ka = 1 x 10-10 ( log 2 = 0.3)

// HCN HCN H+ + CN-

0.04 0 0 0.04 – x x x

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

1 x 10-10 = ( )( . )

1 x 10-10 = .

X2 = 4 x 10-12 X = 2 x 10-6 M pH = -log[H+] = -log 2 x 10-6 pH = - 0.3 + 6 = 5.7

2 /Ka ( 0.1 ) pH )3 ( //CH3COOH

CH3COOH CH3COO + H+ 0.1 0 0

0.1 – x x x [H+] = 10-pH [H+] = 10-3 M = X

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

Ka = ×.

Ka = 10-5

) ( )8 ( /

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Page 94: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// X Ka ( 10-5)

( ..... 10-2 , 10-3 , 10-4 ) :- 3 //pH ( 0.01M)

(1 x 10-4) //HF

(Ka = 1 x 10-4) 10-5 HF H+ + F- 0.01 0.1 0.1

0.01 – x x x

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

1 x 10-4 = .

X2 = 1 x 10-6 – 1 x 10 -4 x x2 + 1 x 10-4 x – 1 x 0-6

x = ± )( a = x2

X = × ± ( × ) × ××

b = x

X = - 1 x 10-4 ± c = x = - 0.00104

X = 0.00189 = [ H+] pH = - log [H+]

pH = -log 0.00189 pH = 2.72

(H+) .

*H2C2O4 .H3PO4

* .

H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Ka1 = 7.11 x 10-3

H2PO4 H+ + HPO4= Ka2 = 6.32 x 10-8

HPO4 H+ + Ka3 = 4.8 x 10-13

:- Ka3 2Ka Ka1 " ":-

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )9 ( / Clic

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Page 95: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// .

// // Ka

Ka H2S Ka )HS- (

2 //

(Ka = 4.9 x 10-10) 0.2M)( //HCN

HCN H+ + CN- 0.2 0 0

0.2 – x X X

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

4.9 x 10-10 = .

... Ka 10-5 X X2 = 2 x 49 x 10-12 = 9.9 x 10-5

M = [ H+ ]

** 1 //1 x 10-5 , pH 0.1M

0.001M

2 //(4M) H+ 2 x 10-5 [H+] =3 x 10-5 M

// )( ))((

1( NH3 2( CH3NH2 3( C7H5N 4( C5H5N 5( C5H7N

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )10 ( /

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Page 96: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

6( C10H14N2

//[ OH- ] , poH , pH

// ) (Kb [OH-]

.

B+ +H2O BH+ + OH- 0 0 Y

Y – x x x )) () ((

Kb = [ ][ ][ ]

Kb =

// X (Kb) 10-5 .

1 //pH 0.2M Kb =2 x 10-5 //NH3

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

0.2 0 0 0.2 – x x x

Kb = [ ][ ]

Kb = .

2 x 10-5 = .

X2 = 4 x 10-6 X = 2 x 10-3 M = [ OH- ]

poH = -log [ OH- ] = - log 2 x 10-3 poH = 2.7 pH + poH = 14 pH = 11.3

2 //0.01 Kb 1 x 10-10 //Ka Kb [ H2O ]

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )11 ( /

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Page 97: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//.

) ( ) ( ) . (

) = (

) = ( x 100 %

) = (x 100 4 //C5H7N ( Kb = 3.8 x 10-10 )0.1 M

//C5H7N C5H7N + H2O C5H7NH + OH-

0.1 0 0 0.1 x x x

Kb = [ ][ ][ ]

3.8 x 10-10 = .

X2 = 3.8 x 10-11 X2 = 0.38 x 10-10

M X = 0.62 x 10-5

=

=. ×.

=6.2 x 10-5

********************************************************************** **

1 / //M1V1 = M2V2

2 / = //[ ][ ]

=

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )12 ( /

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Page 98: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1 //pH )1 (, 1

//H2SO4 H2SO4 2H+ + SO-2 [H+] = 2 [H2SO4]

1 /pH = 1 [H+] = 10pH = 10-1 M

[H2SO4] = [ ] = [ ] = 0.05 M

2 / [H+] = 10-pH = 10-2 M

pH = 1 + 1 = 2 [H2SO4] = [ ]

= 0.005 M =

=[ ][ ]

=..

=10

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 // (C6H5OH) (Ka

= 1.3 x 10-10) : A /0.2 M B /

//C2H5OH C6H5OH C6H5O- + H+ /A

0.2 0 0 0.2 – x x x

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

Ka = .

1.3 x 10-10 = .

X2 = 0.26 x 10-10

X = 0.51 x 10-5 M = [ H+ ]

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )13 ( /

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Page 99: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

B /

=[ ][ ]

]2 = [ ] [

. ]2 = [ [C2H5OH] = [ ]2 = 2 x 10-3 M

C6H5OH C6H5O- + H+ 2 x 10-3 0 0

2 x 10-3 – x x x

Ka =[ ][ ][ ]

1.3 x 10-10 = ×

X2 = 0.26 x 10-12 X = 0.51 x 10-6 M = [ H+ ]

// )(

// ) (

. //

//.

1 /

) ( HBr 0.25 M /A

//HBr HBr H+ + Br-

[ H+] = [HBr] = 0.25 M

[Br-] = [HBr] = 0.25 M B //KOH 0.055 M

//KOH

KOH- K+ + OH-

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )14 ( /

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Page 100: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

[K+] = [ KOH ] = 0.055 M [ OH- ] = [ KOH ] = 0.055 M

CaCl2 0.155 M //C // ) + (

CaCl2 Ca+2 + 2Cl- 0.155 0 0

0 0.155 0.155 x 2 [Ca+] = [CaCl2] = 0.155 M [Cl-] = [CaCl2] x 2 = 0.155 x 2 = 0.310 M

"2013 " // 5 / : -

A //0.01 M [H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14

[H+] = ×.

= 1 x 10-12 M

B //2.0 x 10-9 M [H+] [OH] = 1 x 10-14

[H+] = ×. ×

= 0.5 x 10-5 = 5 x 10-6 M

6 // )pH (: -

A //6.0 x 10-4 M // )(

HCl H+ + Cl-

[H+] = [HCl] = 6.0 x 10-4 M pH = -log [H+] = -log 6 x 10-4 pH = -0.8 + 4 = 3.22

0.03 M //B // ) (

H2SO4 2H+ + SO4-2

[H+] = 2 x [H2SO4] = 2 x 0.03 M = 0.06 M

pH = -log [H+] = -log 0.06 pH = -log 6 x 10-2

= - 0.8 + 2 = 1.22

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )15 ( /

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Page 101: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

7 /pH )3.32 ( // )(

HNO3 H+ + NO-3

[H+] = [HNO3] pH = -log [H+]

4 – 3.32 + 4-] = +log [ H = 0.68 – 4

[H+] = 4.8 x 10-4 M [HNO3] = [H+] = 4.8 x 10-4 M

9 /[H+] [pH] [OH-] poH Ca(OH2) 0.015 M

//Ca(OH)2 ) ( Ca(OH)2 Ca+2 + 2OH- [OH-] = 2 x [Ca(OH-)2] [OH-] = 2 x 0.015 = 0.03 M poH = -log[OH-] = -log 0.03

= -log 3 x 10-2 = -0.4 + 2 = 1.52

[H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14

[H+] = ××

= 3.3 x 10-13 M

pH = -log[H+] = -log 3.3 x 10-13 pH = 12.48

/8 / .pH poH

poH pH [ OH- ] [ H+ ] pH 7

pH poH =14 poH=13.18

pH=-log[H+] pH=0.82

[H+] [OH-] =1x10-14 [OH-] = 6.6x10-14

[H+] = [HI] =0.15 0.15M HI

pH 7

poH = 1.22 pH = log[H+] pH = 12.7

[OH-] = [RbOH] = 0.06 M

[H+] [HI] =1 x 10-14

[H+] = 1.6 x 10-13 0.06 M RbOH

pH 7

poH = 1.4 pH=12.6 [OH]=2[Ba(OH)2] [OH-] = 0.04 M

[H+] = 2.5 x 10-13 0.02M Ba(OH)2

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )16 ( /

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Page 102: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

pH 7

poH = 10.47 pH = 3.5 [OH-] =3.3x10-11 [H+] = 0.0003 0.0003 M HClO4

1 //(11) :-

Kb = 1 x 10-5 1 /. 2 /. 3 / .

//NH3 ).( NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Y 0 0 Y – x x x

pH = 11 poH + pH = 14

poH = 3 [OH] = 10-poH = 10-3 M = X

Kb = [ ][ ][ ]

1 x 10-5 = 1 x 10-5 = ( )

y = ×

= 1 x 10-1 M

=1 % 100 × ××

= = ×100

=- =0.1 M – 0.001 M

= 0.099 M 2 / //( % 2 ) Ka = 2 x 10-5

//CH3COOH )( CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

Y 0 0 Y – x x x

= ×100

% 2 = ×100 %

X = 0.02 y -----------1

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

2 x 10-5 =

)X )1 ( ( 2 x 10-5 =

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )17 ( /

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Page 103: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 x 10-5 = ( . )

2 x 10-5 =

Y = ××

= 0.05 M =

* 3 //1 / (Ba+2) (OH-) (0.03 M)

4 //3 /(0.1 M)

, (1.8 x 10-5) 5 //4 /(HF)

(Ka = 6.8 x 10-4) A /0.1 M B /0.01 M

6 //5 /(0.2 M) (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5)

7 //6 /H+ , OH- (0.05 M) 8 //7 /pH H+ (0.05 M) 9 //9 /[H+] , pH , [OH-] , poH

(0.015 M) 10 //pH (12)

( % 5 ) , 11 //( 5 x 10-3 ) pH (2.7) ,

pH (10-2) 14 //(4 M) [H+] (2 x 10-5)

[H+] (3 x 10-5) 15 //(Ka = 1 x 10-5) pH (0.1M) pH 100 16 //[H+] ( 0.5 M ) 17 // [OH-] (0.5M)

) ( )18 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 104: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

18 //(9) =4 x 10-5 ,

:- .

:-. :- .

:- . //– ,

.. :-

. B + H2O BH+ + OH- .

:- . H+ + X- HA

. //

//.

// // ) (

. //HCl

// HCl H+ + Cl-

// //

.NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

//

:- 1 // ). (

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )19 ( /

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Page 105: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 // ). ( 3 // ). ( 4 // . 1

. NaCl Na+ + Cl-

7 = poH = pH 1 x 10-7 = [OH-] = [H+] // ) (

//. // ) ( , pH ,

pH .

// //

. " ")) :((

1 //pH 2 // 3 //pH 7

//pH 0.1 M //pH = 7 ). (

2 // ) . ( .

//pH [OH-]

pH . CH3COON4 Na+ + H2O OH- +

CH3COOH OH- )( //

2013 / //

CH3COO- H+

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )20 ( /

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Page 106: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// ) (OH- .

" //"

1 //pH 2 //

1 //pH 7 2 //[H+] 10-7

3 // Kh =

4 //[H+] [OH-] = × [ H+ ] =

5 //pH pH = [pkw + pka + log c]

..................................................................................................... 10 /KCN Ka

(KCN) = 4.9 x 10-10 ) ((0.1 M) . //KCN

[H+] =

[H+] = × × . ×.

= × [H+] = 7 x 10-12

[OH-] = ××

= 1.43 x 10-3 M )( [H+] 1 x 10-7

3 // ) . ( .

//pH . .

H+ pH + NH4Cl CL-

H2O H+ +

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )21 ( /

NH4+

OH-

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Page 107: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

NH3 + H2O H+ ) ( //

//) (H+ .

//

1 // 2 //pH

1 //pH 7 2 //[ H+ ] 10-7

3 //Kh =

4 //[ H+ ] [ H+ ] = ×

5 //pH pH = [pkw – pkb – log c ]

1 //(0.001M) (6) : - 1 //. 2 ) //Kh ( .

//pH = 6 7 ).( = 10 –pH = 10 -6 M [H+]

[H+] =

10-6 = . × ×

10-12 = × Kb = 10-5

Kh = = ××

= 1 x 10-9

2 //pH (0.1 M) //pH = 7

NaCl ) (pH = 7

( NaCl ) pH . 11 // poH( pKb(NH3) = 4.74 ) ( 0.5 M )

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009 ) ( )22 ( /

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Page 108: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// ) ( pH = [ pKw – pKb – log c ]

pH = [ 14 – 4.74 – log 0.5 ]

pH = [ 14 – 4.74 + 0.3 ]

pH = [ 9.56 ]

pH = 4.78 7 pH + poH = 14 4.78 + poH = 14 poH = 9.22

4 // : :-

NH4CN CH3COONH4

//(NH4CN) ( Ka (HCN) = 1 x 10-10 ) ( Kb (NH3) = 1.8 x 10-5 ) .

//Kb = 1.8 x 10-5 Ka = 1 x 10-10 ... .

1 //Kh 10-9 (0.1 M) :- 1( 2( pH (0.1 M) .

// )( Kh =

1 x 10-9 = ×

Ka = 1 x 10-5 )(

[OH-] = ×

[OH-] = . × ××

[OH-] = × [OH-] = 1 x 10-5 M

poH = -log[OH-] = -log 1 x 10-5 = 5 HA H+ + A-

0.1 0 0

) ( )23 ( / : 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 109: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

) (0.1 – x x x

Ka = [ ][ ]

1 x 10-5 = ×.

X2 = 1 x 10-6 X = 1 x 10-3 = [ H+ ] pH = -log [ H+ ]

= -log 1 x 10-3 pH = 3 //1 /pH .

2 /pH . 2 //(0.5 L ) [OH-] ( 1 x 10-9 )

(2 x 10-5) . //[OH-] = 1 x 10-9 M

[ H+ ][OH-] = 1 x 10-14

[H+] = ×

= 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-7

) + .([H+] = ×

1 x 10-5 = × ××

1 x 10-10 = C x 0.5 x 10-9

C = ××

= 0.2 M

M = ( )

0.2 = .

n = 0.1 mol

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 // =4 =1 x 10-16 (

// pH = 4 7

[H+] = 10-pH = 10-4 M

Kh =

1 x 10-6 = ×

Kb = 1 x 10-8

[H+] = ×

1 x 10-8 = × ××

1 x 10-8 = C x 1 x 10-6

) ( )24 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 110: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

) (C = ××

= 1 x 10-2 = 0.01 M

// 2// 1//

Kh = Kh =

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 111: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

)) ((

(Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 x 10-5) (Kw = 1 x 10-14) .

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH (0.01 M) 25C (Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 x 10-5) .

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH(0.2 M) (Kb(NH3) = 1.8 x 10-5) .

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 //(0.5 L) pH

(2) . (Kb(NH3) = 2 x 10-5) . ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 //pH (1 M)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 //pH (0.5 mol) (Ca(OH)2) (0.5 L)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 // (10 ml) pH

(Kb(NH3) = 1 x 10-5) . // pH = 7

pH pH = 7 – 1 = 6 [H+] [H+] = 10-pH = 10-6 M

... [H+] = ×

1 x 10-6 = × ××

1 x 10-12 = C x 1 x 10-9

) (C = ××

= 1 x 10-3 M ) (M1V1 = M2V2

M1 x = 1 x 10-3 x (0.5 + ) M1 x 0.01 = 1 x 10-3 x 0.51

M1 = 0.051 M

) ( )25 ( /

4 /10

5 /11

6 /12

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 112: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//1 /pH .

2 /pH . =======================================================================================

11 // pH (0.2 m) pH (0.1 m)

)3. ( // CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

pH 0.1 0 0 0.1 – x x x

(Ka) pH = 3 [H+] = 1 x 10-pH = 10-3 m = x

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

Ka = ×.

Ka = ( × ).

= 1 x 10-5

[OH-] = ×

[OH-] = . × ××

[OH-] = × = 1 x 10-5 M poH = -log[OH-] = -log 1 x 10-5 = 5 pH + poH = 14 pH = 14 – 5 = 9 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

) ( )26 ( /

............

07807502408

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 113: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

12 //

(0.2 mol) pH (2.7) pH (0.2 m )

// CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ 0.2 0 0 0.2 – x x x M =

( )

= . = 0.2 M

pH = -log [H+] -2.7 = log [H+]

-2.7 + 3 – 3 = log [H+] 0.3 – 3 = log [H+]

[H+] = 2 x 10-3 = X Ka =

.

Ka = ( × ).

= 2 x 10-5

[OH-] = ×

[OH-] = . × ××

= ×

[OH-] = 1 x 10-5 poH = -log 1 x 10-5 = 5 pH = 9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13 //pH (0.02 mol)Ka )(1 x 10-10 (4L)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 //KCN pH (4)

(Ka(HCN)=5 x 10-10) (65 g / mol) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---15 // (HA) (0.2 m) (%1) .(NaA) (0.2 m) , pH , pH

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------

) ( )27 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 114: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

.

:-.

:- 1( +

CH3COOH + H+

CH3COOK +K+

2( + NH3+H2O +OH-

NH4CL +CL-

)) (( 3( +

[ H+ ] HCN +CN- HCL +CL-

4( +

[ OH- ] NH3+ H2O NH4+ +

KOH K+ +

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //PH :-

HA H+ + A-

.

NaA Na+ + A-

pH . // // pH ))((.

) ( )28 ( /

CH3COO- CH3COO-

NH4+

NH4+

H+

H+

OH- OH-

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 115: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

13 (8.2 g) 0.1 mol) () CH3COONa(

( 0.1 mol /L ) H+ C ) 25 ( ka ( CH3COOH ) = 1.8 x 10-5

// CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

Y 0.0 0.0 Y – x x x

[H+] Ka=[ ][ ]

[ ]

1.8 x 10-5 = .

X2 = 1.8 x 10-6

X = 1.3 x 10-3 M = [H+] .

CH3COO- CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

Y 0 0 Y_X X X

CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na + 0.1 0.1 0.1

( CH3COONa)

m = M.V.M M =

( ) = . = 0.1 M M = .

× = 0.1 M

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 = [ . ].

1.8 x10-6 = 0.1 X X = 1.8 X 10-5 M = [H+]

1.8 x 10-3 M = [H+] = 1.8 x 10-5 M [H+]

) ( )29 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07807778337

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Page 116: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

12 ) //2013 ( )mol 0.5 ()y 26.75 (

)m 0.1 ((kb = 1.8 x 10-5) M )53.5 g/mol (

//H2O ) ( NH3 NH4

+ + OH- 0.1 0.0 0.0

0.1-X X X

Kb = [ ][ ]

1.8 x 10-5 = . ( )

X2 = 1.8 x 10-6

X = 1.3 x 10-3 M )(

=

=..

=1.3 x 10-2

( NH4CL ) H2O

NH3 NH4+ + OH-

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 – x x x

NH4CL NH4+ + CL-

0.5 0.5 0.5 M =

( ) = . = 0.5 M m = M.V.M

M = ..

=0.5 M

Kb = [ ]

1.8 x 10-5 = ( . )( ).

1.8 x 10-5 = 5X X = 3.6 x 10-6 M = [OH-] )(

=

) ( )30 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 117: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

=. ×.

=3.6 x 10-5

..

= 360 .

// 1( [H+] 2( [OH-] 3(

1 // PH (0.01 M ) 6 (0.04 M )

.(0.02 M ) PH

:- )( :-

(PH) .

)( : -

1( + H2O

NH3 NH4+ + OH-

NH4CL NH4+ + CL-

base ) (POH = PKb + Log [ ]

[ ]

salt )( :- .[ OH- ] = Kb x [ ]

[ ]

2( + CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+

salt ) ( acid )( PH = Pka + log [ ]

[ ]

[ H+ ] = Ka x [ ][ ]

) ( )31 ( /

:- .

:- .

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Page 118: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

3 - 13 ) //2013 (

(PH) NH3 0.15 mol / L NH4CL 0.3mol/ L PH 0.15 M pkb =

4.74 . //H2O

) (NH3 NH4+ + OH-

NH4CL NH4+ + CL-

POH = pkb + log [ ]

[ ]

POH = 4.74 + log ..

POH = 4.74 + log 2

POH = 4.74 + 0.3 = 5.04 PH + POH = PKW = 14 PH = 14-5.04 PH = 8.96

(NH4) H2O

NH3 NH4+ + OH-

Y 0.0 0.0 y-x x x

pkb = - log kb 4.74 = - log kb kb = 1.8 x 10-5

Kb = [ ][ ]

1.8 x 10-5 = . ( )

X2 = 2.7 x 10-6 X = 1.6 x 10-3 M = [OH-] POH = - log [OH-] = - log 1.6 x 10-3 = - 0.2 + 3 = 2.8

PH+POH = pkw PH + 2.8 = 14 PH = 11.2

:- PH =11.2 PH =8.96 PH (NH4CL)

[OH-] ) (PH .

) ( )32 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 119: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

))3 – 14// (( 0.3 mol / L

PH 4.31 ka = 1.8 x 10-5 //CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ ) (CH3COONA CH3COO- + NA+

) +( Pka = -log ka = -log 1.8 x 10-5 = -0.26 + 5 = 4.74 PH = pka + log [ ]

[ ]

4.31 = 4.74 + log .[ ]

-0.43 = log .[ ]

-0.43 + 1 – 1 = log .[ ]

0.57 – 1 = log .[ ]

log log 3.7 x 10-1 = .[ ]

[acid] = ..

= 0.81 M

"" 14 //1 //

H+ pH (0.1 M) (0.2 M) Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 //(5.04 , 9x10-6)

15 //2 // (Pkb = 4.74)

0.1 M pH 9.0 3 //

0.07 M (NaF) (Kh = 14 x 10-2) pH (0.14 M) (HF) (log7 = 0.85)

4 //

(0.01M) (0.04 M) pH (Kb = 4 x 10-10) pH (0.01 M)

) ( )33 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 120: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

:- H+ .

//PH

//PH .

//PH uPH .

//H+ PH

H+ PH .

//NaOH PH PH

)) //((

} PH POH { ) (PH

.

)1( +

PH = pka + log [ ][ ]

A (( HCN H+ +CN-

CN- + NaCN Na+

CL- + HCL H+

) (

PH = pka + log [ ][ ]

) ( )34 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 121: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

* PH

[salt] =

[acid] =

M.V ) = ( n = B((

HCN H+ + CN-

NaCN Na+ + CN- KOH K+ + OH-

)(

PH = pka + log [ ]

[ ]

) + ( .

[salt] =

[acid] =

2 (( +

POH = pkb + log [ ][ ]

A ((

H2O NH3 NH4

+ + CL- NH4 CL NH4

+ + CL-

H+ + CL-

) ( )35 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 122: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

POH = pkb + log [ ]

[ ]

[salt] =

[base] =

B ((

H2O NH3 NH4

+ + OH- NH4CL NH4

+ + CL-

NaOH NA+ + OH-

POH = Pkb + log [ ]

[ ]

.

[salt] =

[base] =

:-

1( n = M.V

2( )ml ()L. ( 3( (M1V1 = M2V2)

.

) ( )36 ( /

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Page 123: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

16 //

(PH) (1ml) (10m) (0.1m)

(0.1m) ( pka = 4.74 ) // CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ .

+ CH3COONA CH3COO- + NA+ HCL H+ + CL- .

PH = pka + log [ ][ ]

[salt] =

[salt] = ( ) ( )( )

[salt] = ( . ) ( )

( )

[salt] = . .( )

= 0.09 M

[acid] =

[acid] = ( . ) ( )

( )

[acid] = . . = 0.11M

PH = pka + log [ ][ ]

PH = 4.74 + log ..

PH = 4.74 + log 9 – log 11 PH = 4.74 + 0.95 – 1.05 = 4.65

) ( )37 ( /

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Page 124: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

15 //

(PH)

( (0.1M) (0.01M) ( (2ml) (5m)

PH . (Pka = 4.74)

//CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

CH3COONA CH3COO- + NA+ ) +(

PH = pka + log [ ][ ]

pH = PKa + log ..

PH = 4.74 + log 1

PH = 4.74 + 0 = 4.74 ) (

CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

CH3 COONa CH3 COO- + Na+

. NaOH Na+ + OH-

PH = pka + log [ ][ ]

[salt] =

[salt] = ( . ) ( )

( ) = 0.1 + 0.01 = 0.11 M

) ( )38 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 125: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

[acid] =

[acid] = ( . ) ( )

( ) = 0.1 – 0.01

[acid] = 0.09 M

PH = pka + log [ ][ ]

PH = 4.74 + log ..

PH = 4.74 + log 11 – log 9 PH = 4.74 + 1.05 – 0.95 PH = 4.84

:- PH = 4.74 PH = 4.84

PH PH

//

0.2 M (0.1M) PH (10 ml) (10 M)

(pkb (NH3) = 4.74 )

//(HI)

) ( )39 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 126: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

H2O

.NH3 NH4+ + OH-

NH4CL NH4+ + CL-

. HI H+ + I

POH = pkb + log [ ][ ]

[salt] =

[salt] = .

( ) = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 M

[base] =

= ( . × )–( × )

= 0.1 M

POH = pka + log [ ][ ]

POH = 4.74 + log .

.

POH = 4.74 + log 2 POH = 4.74 + 0.3 = 5.04 PH + POH = pkw = 14 PH = 14 – 5.04 = 8.96

)) (( : 1 //(0.1M) (0.2M)

PH (0.1M) (pka = 4.1) . 2 //(4 g) NaOH (0.3 M)

PH (ka = 2 x 10-5) (40 g/mol).

3 // =25 x 10-12 POH = 6 1 (

PH )4 (. 2 (PH (1 ml) 5M .

)( )40 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 127: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

:- ): (-

) : , ,

, , , (PH .

:-

1( + 2( + 3( + 4( + 5( +

:- 1( . 2( .(ml)

) (. 3( (ml) (L) ) (

=

1( +:

A(((PH= 7)). B([H+]

[OH-] - [H+] =)( [H+] . C([OH-]

- [H+] [OH-] =[OH-] //PH 20ml 0.01M 10mL0.02 M //

HCL H+ + CL M.V 0.01 x 20 = 0.2 mmol NaOH NA+ + OH- M.V 0.2 x 10 = 0.2 mmol

0.2 x 10 = 0.2 mmol =

[OH-] =[H+] pH = 7

) ( )41 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 128: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//PH (0.02 M ) (0.01M)

// )– (

=(1L) HI H+ + I- 0.02 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.02 0.02 NaOH Na+ + OH-

> 0.01 0.01 0.01 [H+] < [OH-]

[OH-] - [H+] =[H+] 0.02 – 0.01 = 0.01M +[H+]

PH = - log [H+] = - log 0.01 = -log 1 x 10-1 = 1 ))((

50mol 0.1M 100ml 0.1M PH .

2( + PH

:- A(

PH KOH + HCN KCN + H2O 0.1mol 0.1mol 0.1mol

[KOH] = [HCN] = [KCN]

PH

[OH] = PH = [pkw + pka + log C]

B(

KOH + HCN KCN + H2O 0.1mol 0.2mol 0.0 0.0

..

..

..

) ( )42 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 129: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

PH ) + (

PH = Pka + log [ ][ ]

/ /2012 //250ml 0.1M 250ml

0.4M [H+] KA = 1 x 10-5 3( +

PH : -

A( =PH

H2O NH3 + HCL NH4CL + H2O

0.3mol 0.3mol 0.3mol [NH3] = [HCL] = [NH4CL]

PH

[H+] = PH = [pkw = pkb – log c]

B( )( 4( +

HCL + NaCN HCN + NaCL )(

A( PH

B(

PH ) +( 5( +

NaOH + NH4CL NH3 + NaCL + H2O A( PH

. B(

PH ) +(

) ( )43 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 130: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

) (.CaCO3 Ca+2 + CO3

-2

) ( )(

:- )S . (

"Ksp " ) (

. AgCl Ag+ + Cl-

S S )(

AgCl Keq = [ ][ ]

=1 Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]

Ksp = S x S = S2 Ca3(PO4)2 3Ca+2 + 2PO4

- 3S 2S

Ksp = [Ca+2]3 [ PO4 ]2 = ( 3S )3 x ( 2S )2 Ksp = 108 S2

// //

//

//.

// :-

1 //BaSO4 3 //Zn(OH)2 5 //Fe(OH)3

2 //PbSO4 4 //CaF2 6 //AgCrO4

) ( )44 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 131: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

( mol / L ) .

( g / l ) . :

= = S . M

"" ) , ,

,. (

17 //206 // ( g / l ) ( M = 143.5 g / mol )

Ksp(AgCl) = 1.8 x 10-10 //AgCl Ag+ + Cl-

S S Ksp = [ Ag+ ] [ Cl- ] Ksp = S x S 1.8 x 10-10 = S2 S = 1.34 x 10-5 M

= S x M (g/L) = 1.34 x 10-5 x 143.5 ( g / L )

= 1.93 x 10-3 g / L 16 //206 //Ag2CrO4

( M = 332 g / mole ) (0.0215 g) . //Ag2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO4

-2

S ( M ) = ( )

S ( M ) = .

( 0.0215 g ) = 6.47 x 10-5 mol / L Ksp = [Ag+]2 x [CrO4

-2] ( 2S )2 x ( S ) =

Ksp = ( 2 x 6.47 x 10-5 )2 x ( 6.47 x 10-5 ) = 1.1 x 10-12

) ( )45 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 132: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

18 / //

Ksp ( 0.0025 g ) ( BaSO4 )

// // CaF2 32 x 10-12 :-

1 // 2 // ( M CaF2 = 78 g / mol )

:- .

.

1 // Ksp )( 2 // =Ksp ) ( 3 // Ksp ) (

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //AgI (10-8 M)

Ag+ ,I- (10- M ) //Ag Ag+ + I-

S S 10-8 10-8

Ksp = [ Ag+ ] [ I- ] = 10-8 x 10-8 = 10-16

[ Ag+] [ I- ] = 1 x 10-9 * 1 x 10-9

= 1 x 10-18

"" Ksp

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

) ( )46 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 133: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

18 /207 //( pH ) ) (

( 2 x 10-10 M ) ) (( Ksp = 5 x 10-38 ) .

// Fe(OH)3 Fe+3 + 3OH- [ Fe+3 ] [ OH - ]3 = Ksp = 5 x 10-38

( 2 x 10-10 ) * [ OH- ]3 = 5 x 10-38 [ OH- ] = 6.3 x 10-10 [ H+ ] x [ OH- ] = 1 x 10-10

[ H+ ] = ×. ×

[ H+ ] = 1.587 x 10-5 m ) pH = -log 1.5 x 10-5 = 4.799 Ksp (

19 //(F-) (2 x 10-2 m )

CaF2 (Ksp = 4.9 x 10-11 ) . //CaF2 Ca+2 + 2F-

Ksp = [ Ca+ ] x [ 2F- ] 4.9 x 10-11 = [ Ca+2 ] x [ 2 x 10-2 ]2

[ Ca+2 ] = . ××

) ( [ Ca+2 ] = 1.2 x 10-7

) ( ( Ksp )

1997 / /1 // S-2 (NiS) Ni(NO3)2 ( 2 x 10-3 m )

(Nis) ( 1 x 10-12 ) . 2012 / /2 //

SO4-2 (1 L ) (10-4 mol ) (BaCl2)

(BaSO4) . BaSO4 ( 10-5 m ) .

) ( )47 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 134: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1 //:- //

// .

2 //:- –

.

//CaF2 NaF //

// Ba(IO3)2 Ba+2 + 2IO3

- KIO3 K+ + IO3

- (IO3

-) – Ba(IO3)2 .

3 //BaSO4 (0.012 m) NaSO4 (1 x 10-8) (BaSO4)

BaSO4 (233 g / mol) . // BaSO4 Ba+2 + SO4

-2 Na2SO4 2Na+2 + SO4

-2

)Ksp = [ Ba+2 ] [ SO4-2 ] = 1 x 10-8 (1 x 10-8 + 0.01

Ksp = 1 x 10-10 BaSO4 Ba+2 + SO4

-2 S S

Ksp = [ Ba+2 ] [ SO4-2 ]

10-10 = S2 S = 10-5 M m = M . v . M

= 10-5 * 1 * 233 = 233 * 10-5 g 4 /19 //

(MgF2) (Ksp = 6.5 x 10-9) . 1 //. 2 //NaF ) (

(0.1 m )

) ( )48 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 135: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//MgF2 Mg+2 + 2F-

S 2S Ksp = [ Mg+2 ] [ F- ] 2 6.5 x 10-9 = 4S3

) (S = 1.8 x 10-3 M MgF2 Mg+2 + 2F-

Y 2y NaF Na+ + F-

0.1 0.1 Ksp = [ Mg+ ] [ F- ] 6.5 x 10-9 = [Mg+]2 [ 2y + 0.1]2

6.5 x 10-9 = [ Mg+2 ] ( 0.1 )2 6.5 x 10-9 = y ( 0.1 )2

) (Y = 6.5 x 10-7 m

. 1 //20 // //

Ba(IO3)2 (Ksp = 1.57 x 10-9) . 1 // 2 //KIO3 (0.02 mol / L )

2 //AgCl (1 x 10-9 M) (0.1 M ) ,

3 //(0.02) M ,(KI) pbI2 ,pbI2 (0.01) ,

3 //:- pH . // Mg(OH)2 pH [ H+ ]

Mg(OH)2 Mg+2 + 2OH- // pH [ H+ ] H+ OH-

OH- Mg(OH)2 . //Zn(OH)2 pH

Zn(OH)2 Zn+2 + 2OH- //pH [ H+ ] [ OH- ] [ OH- ]

Zn(OH)2 .

) ( )49 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 136: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

20 //2013 //

: 1( pH = 6 2 ( pH = 9

( Ksp(Zn(OH)2) = 1.2 x 10-17 ) //1 //

[H+] = 10-PH = 10-6M [OH-] [H+] = 1 x 10-14

[OH-] = = 1 x 10-8 M Zn (OH)2 Zn+2 + 2OH-

1 x 10-8 Ksp = [Zn+2] [OH-]2 1.2 x 10-17 = [Zn+2] (1 x 10-8)2

[Zn+2] = . [Zn+2] = 1.2 x 10-1 = 0.12 M

2 //PH = 9 [H+] = 10-PH = 10-9 m [H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14

[OH-] = = 1 x 10-5 m Zn(OH)2 Zn+2 + 2OH-

1 x 10-5 Ksp = [Zn2+] [OH-]2 1.2 x 10-17 = [Zn2+] (1 x 10-5)2

[Zn+2] = . [Zn+2] = 1.2 x 10-7 M

// PH (PH = 6) (PH = 9) .

"" 21 // //)11-(ksp = 1.8 x 10

(PH = 10.5) //PH H2SO4 3.7 ,Pb

(pbSO4) . ( ksp = 1 x 10-8 ) pb (207 g/mol)

) ( )50 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 137: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1 //:

H2O

H3O OH-

H+ /H+ H+ /H+

/

/

// H+ H3O+

H+

OH-

2 // : 2H2O(1) H3O+

(aq) + OH-(aq)

. - 25C .

:1x10-14 //A) ( B) (kw = 10-14 [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7

3 // , ) ( NH4CL ,)( Na2SO4 ,)( CH3COOK )( CAF2 ) (MgSO4 )( KCL .

// (A) NH4CL

(B) NA2SO4

(C) CH3COOK

)D ( CaF2

(E) MgSO4

(F) KCL

) ( )51 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 138: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

4 // ( ). ( ) (

HNO3(aq) + H2O(I) H3O+(aq) + NO3

-(aq)

CH3NH2(aq) + H2O(I) CH3NH3+

(aq) + OH-(aq)

NH4CL(s) + H2O(I) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) + CL-

(aq)

HNO2(aq) + H2O(I) H3O+(aq) + NO-

2(aq) Ba(OH)2(S) Ba+2

(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

5 //: 1. M = 487 g/mol)(ksp = 1.57 x 10-9

150 mL ) : (34.4 mg ,)(44.4 ,) (53.4 mg.

2. Na+ SO42- 0.4

M ) :(] = 0.4 M [SO42 [Na+] = 0.4 , )( ] = 0.4 42- [SO [Na+] = 0.2 M

)( [SO 4 2-] 0.4M [Na+] = 0.8 M

3. PH POH 0.05 M ) : (PH=1.3 POH=12.7

)(pH = 7.0 poH = 7.0 ) (pH = 12.7 poH = 1.3 .

4. poH 0.5 ) (7.00 ) (9.22 ) (4.78 . 5 .) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) //1 (- 53.4 mg )2 (- [Na+] = 0.8M . [SO4

-2] 0.4 M )3 (- PH = 12.7 )4 (- POH = 9.22 )5 (- 6 //

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. poH .

) ( )52 ( /

3.6 x 10-11

[H+]

[OH-]

5 x 10-9

[H+]

[OH-]

1 x 10-2

[H+]

[OH-]

2 x 10-1

[H+]

[OH-]

8.8 x 10-1

[H+]

[OH-]

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 139: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// 6

[H+]= 3.6* 10-11 [H+] = 5 * 10-9 [H+] = 10-7 [H+] = 2 * 10-5 [H+] = 8.8 * 10-1 pH = 10.44

pH = 8.3

pH = 7

pH = 3.7

pH = 0.06

[OH-] = 2.7-4 [OH-] = 2 * 10-6 [OH-] = 10-7 [OH-] = 5 *10-11 [OH-]=1.3*10-14

poH = 3.56 poH = 5.7 poH = 7 poH = 10.3 poH = 13.9 7 //: -

[H3O+] [OH-] PH poH 0.15 M HI

0.15 M HF 0.06 M RbOH

0.05 M Ca(OH)2 0.75 M NH4OH

// [H3O+] [OH-] PH poH

0.15 M HI 0.15 6.6 * 10-14 0.8 13.18 0.15 M HF 9.7 * 10-3 1.02 * 10-12 2 12 0.06 M RbOH 1.6 * 10-13 0.06 12.7 1.22

0.05 M Ca(OH)2 10-13 0.1 13 1 0.75 M NH4OH 2.7 * 10-12 3.6 * 10-3 11.5 2.44

8 //:- poH [OH-] pH [H3O+]

1 3.84 2 12.61 3 2.90 4 9.47

// poH [OH-] pH [H3O+]

1 10.16 6.9 * 10-11 3.8 1.5 * 10-4

2 1.4 4 * 10-2 12.6 2.5 * 10-13

3 2.9 1.3 * 10-3 11.1 7.9 * 10-12

4 9.5 3.4 * 10-10 4.5 2.9 * 10-5

9 //: - Ksp PKsp Ag2S (mole/l) 6.0 x 10-50

MgC2O4 (g/l) 4.06 Sb2S3 1.35 x10-19 (mole/l) ZnSO4 0.02 (g/l)

)( )53 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 140: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

10 //Ka C2H5COOH 1.3 x 10-5 ,

0.65 M :0.45 % //C2H5COOH C2H5COO- + H+

0.65 0 0 0.65 – x x x

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

Ka =

1.3 * 10-5 = .

X2 = 8.4 * 10-6 X = 2.9 * 10-3 m

% 100 * =

%100 * . ×.

= = %0.45 11 /[NH3] 0.01 M =[NH4

+] = = 1.2 x 10-5 M [OH-] :6.67 x 10-2 M

//NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH+

Kb = [ ][ ][ ]

1.8 x 10-5 = .

Y = ..

= 6.6 * 10-2 m

12 //(M=82 g / mole) 0.125 M pH 4.47 ) :

.( // m = M.V.M

M ) (pH = PKa + log [ ][ ]

. log[ ].

+ 4.74 = 4.74

Ksp PKsp Ag2S 3.9 * 10-17 M 6 x 10-50 49.2

MgC2O4 1.05 g/L 8.7 * 10-5 4 Sb2S3 1.35 * 10-19 M 3.22 * 10-94 93.5 ZnSO4 0.02 (g/L) 1.5 * 10-8 7.8

)( )54 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 141: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

log )0 ()1 (4.74 – 4.74 = log [ ]

.

0 = log [ ].

1 = [ ].

[salt] = 0.125 M

m= M . V . M m = 0.125 * 1 * 82 m = 10.25 g

13 /2013 / // /Ka(HNO2) = 4.5 x 10-4(HNO2)

0.12 M NaNO2 0.15 M /pH 1.0 g (M=40g/mole)

: 3.45 5.19 // / ) (

pKa = -logKa = -log4.5 x 10-4 = -(0.65 – 4 ) = 3.35 pH = pKa + log[ ]

]

pH = 3.35 + log ..

pH = 3.35 + log5 – log4 pH = 3.35 + 0.7 – 0.6 = 3.45

/NaOH pH HNO2 H+ + NO2

- NaNo2 Na+ + NO2

-

pH = pKa + log [ ][ ]

[salt] = = . = . . = 0.175 M

[acid] = = . = . . = 0.095 M

pH = pKa + log [ ]

[ ] = 3.35 + log .

.

pH = 3.35 + log 1.8 = 3.35 + 0.26 = 3.61

) ( )55 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

( NaOH ) n = = = 0.025 mol

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Page 142: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

14 //9.0 = pH NH3 NH4Cl .

[ ] :1.82 //poH = 14 – pH

poH = 14 – 9 = 5 poH = pKb + log [ ]

[ ]

5 = 4.74 + log [ ][ ]

5 – 4.74 = log [ ][ ]

log )0.26 ) = (1.8 ([ ][ ]

= 1.8 0.26 = log[ ][ ]

15 //HA HA(aq) + H+

(aq) + A(aq) 0.049 M =[HA] [H+] = [A-] =8.4x10-4 M :1.44 x 10-5

//HA H+ + A- 0.09 8.4*10-4 8.4*10-4

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

Ka = ( . ) = 1.5 * 10-5

16 //pH [OH- ] 1 (0.1 M NaCN 2 (0.25 M NH4NO3 3 ( 0.5 M NANO3 Ka ( HCN ) = 4.9 x 10-10 , 1.8 x 10-5

// 1 (0.1 M NaCN

[H+] =

= ×

= 7 * 10-12 M [H+]

[H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14 [OH-] = ××

= 0.14 x 10-2 M PH = -log [ H+ ] = - log 7 * 10-12 = - ( 0.8 – 12 ) = 11.2

2 ( 0.25 M NH4NO3

[ H+ ] =

) ( )56 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

Ka

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Page 143: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

= ..

= .

= .

x 10-5 [ H+ ] = 1.1 x 10-5 M

[H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14 [OH-] = ×. ×

= 0.09 x 10-8 pH = -log [ H+ ]

= - log 11 x 10-6 = - ( 1.05 – 6 ) = 4.95

3 (0.5 M NaNO3 ) (

pH = 7 [ H+ ] = 10-7 M [ OH- ] = 10-7 M

17 //0.01 M 4.2 . %. //CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

0.01 0 0 0.01 – x x x

X %100 *

= . 100 X = 4.2 * 10-2

X = 4.2 * 10-4 M Ka =

Ka = ( . )

Ka = . Ka = 1.8 * 10-5

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )57 ( /

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Page 144: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

18 // ( M = 53.5 g / mole ) 500 ml

0.15 M pH 9.0 :7.22 //

m = M . V . M M poH = 14 – pH

= 14 – 9 = 5 ) +( poH = pKb + log [ ]

[ ]

5 = 4.7 t . log [ ].

5 – 4.7 = log [ ].

0.3 = log [ ].

2 = [ ].

[ salt ] = 0.3 M

m= M . V . M m = 0.3 x x 53.5 = 7.22 g

19 //(mole / L ) ( g / L ) Ag2SO4 ( pKsp = 4.92 , M = 314 g / mole ) ) ( ,) (0.15 M k2SO4

) // (Ag2SO4 2Ag+ + SO4-2

Ksp = 10-pKsp = 10-4.92 + 5 – 5

= 100.08 * 10-5 = 1.2 * 10-5

Ksp = [ Ag+ ]2 [SO4-2]

= ( 2 S )2 ( S ) 1.2 x 10-5 = 4 S3

S3 = × = 3 x 10-6 S = 1.4 x 10-2 M

=M x S 314 x 1.4 x 10-2 = 4.39 g / L =

&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&

) ( )58 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 145: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

) //(Ag2SO4 2Ag+ + SO4

-2 K2SO4 2K+ + SO4

-2 0.15 0 0

0 0.3 0.15 Ksp = [ Ag+ ]2 [ SO-2

4 ] + 0.15 ) y ( 2= ( 2y ) 5-1.2 * 10

(SO4-1) 1.2 x 10-5 = 4y2 x 0.15

y2 = ×× ×

= 0.2 x 10-4 Y = 4 x 10-5 M

= y x M = 4 x 10-5 x 314 = 1.26 x 10-2 g / L

20 //Ag2CrO4 (M=332 g / mole ) 100 ml Ksp = 1.1 x 10-12 :2.161 x 10-3 g

//Ag2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO4-2

2S S Ksp = [Ag+]2 [CrO4

-2] Ksp = (2S)2 (S) 1.1 x 10-12 = 4S3

S3 = . × = 0.275 x 10-12 S = 6.51 x 10-3 M

m= M . V . M m = 6.51 x 10-5 x x 332 m = 2.161 x 10-3 g

21 //BaCrO4 BaCL2 ) (0.1 M Ksp (BaCrO4) = 1.2 x 10-10 :1.2 x 10-9 M

// )y ( BaCrO4 Ba+2 + CrO4

-2 y y

BaCl2 Ba+2 + 2Cl- 0.1 0.1 0.2 Ksp = [Ba+2] [CrO4

-2 ] ) ( y ) y = (0.1 + 10-1.2 x 10

Y = . × = 1.2 x 10-9 M

) ( )59 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 146: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

22 //pH 20 mL 0.2 M NaOH

50 mL 0.1 M CH3COOH Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 x 10-5

// ) + (

// ) ( )ml /L ( )(

NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O M.V M.V

0.2 x 20 mL 0.1 x 50 mL 4 mmol 5 mmol 0.0 0.0

-4 -4 +4 +4 0.0 1 mmol 4 mmol 4 mmol

)( =

( ) = 0.014 M M cH3COOH =

( )

M CH3COONa = = ( ) 0.057 M

pH = pKa + log [ ][ ]

pH = 4.74 + log ..

pH = 4.74 + log 4 pH = 4.74 + 0.6 = 5.34

23 //25 ml 0.2 M NaOH 50 ml 0.1 M ,

// ) + ( :-

.. . NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O M . V M . V

0.2 x 25 mL 0.1 x 50 mL 5 mmol 5 mmol 0.0 0.0

-5 -5 +5 +5 0.0 0.0 5 mmol 5 mmol

)( M CH3CHOONa = = ( ) = 0.066 M = 6.6 x 10-2

pH = [ 14 + 4.74 + log 6.6 x 10-2 ]

pH = [ 18.74 + (- 1.18045 ) ]

pH = [ 17.56 ] pH = 8.7

) ( )60 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

:-

= = M

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Page 147: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

24 //pH 26 mL 0.2 M 50 mL

0.1 M :11.42 // ) + (

:- .. . NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

M . V M . V 0.2 x 26 mL 0.1 x 50 mL

5.2 mmol 5 mmol 0.0 0.0 -5 -5 +5 +5

0.2 mmol 0.0 5 mmol )pH (

pH M NaOH = = .

( ) = 2.6 x 10-3 M [ NaOH ] = [ OH- ] = 2.6 x 10-3 M

poH = - log [ OH- ]

poH = - log 2.6 x 10-3 poH = - ( 0.42 – 3 ) poH = 2.58 pH + poH = 14 pH = 14 – 2.58 pH = 11.42

25 //( M = 56 g / mole ) 200 mL pH 11 //KOH

KOH K+ + OH- pH = 11 [ H+ ] = 10-pH = 10-11 M [ H+ ] [ OH- ] = Kw

[ OH- ] = ××

= 1 x 10-3 M [ KOH ] = [ OH- ] = 10 -3 M

m= M . V . M

m = 1 x 10-3 x x 56 m = 0.0112 g

) ( )61 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 148: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

26 //0.1 M HCN 0.01 %

:1 x 10-9 //HCN HCN H+ + CN-

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 – x x x

% 100 x = %

% 100 x .

= % 0.01 X = 10-5 M = [ H+ ]

Ka = [ ][ ][ ]

=

Ka = ( ).

= 1 x 10-9

27 //S )(g / L) Zn(OH)2 (M = 99.4 g / mol )

Ksp (Zn(OH)2 ) = 1.2 x 10-17 :1.3 x 10-13 //Zn(OH)2 Zn+2 + 2OH-

S 2S Ksp = [ Zn+2 ] [ OH-]2 1.2 x 10-17 = S x (2S)2 1.2 x 10-17 = 4S3

S3 = × = 3 x 10-18 S = 1.19 x 10-6 M

M x = = 1.19 x 10-6 x 99.4

= 0.00012 g / L ( g / L ) 28 //1 ml 13.6 M

. :1.866 //HCl ) ) ( (

M1 V1 = M2 V2 13.6 x = M2 x 1 M2(HCl) = 0.0136 M

HCL H+ + Cl- [HCl] = [H+] = 0.0136 M

pH = - log [ H+ ] = - log 0.0136 pH = 1.866

) ( )62 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 149: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

29 //( M = 40 g / mole ) 0.1 g / L

1 x 10-7 ( pKsp = 8.64 )CaC2O4 :

// )Ksp ( CaC2O4 Ca+2 + C2O4

-2

[ Ca+2 ] = = . = 0.0025 M = 2.5 x 10-3 [ Ca+2 ] [ C2O4

-2 ] = 2.5 x 10-3 x 10-7 =

2.5 x 10-10 = pKsp = - logKsp

-8.64 + 9 – 9 = log Ksp 0.36 – 9 = log Ksp

2.5 x 10-19 = Ksp Ksp

2.5 x 10-10 2.5 x 10-9

) ( )63 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

: - ................

07807502408

//

2013

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Page 150: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

""

/07807502408

07808070009

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Page 151: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1 ( ) ( .

:Na .Be .H2 .O2 . P4 . 2 (.

Li+ . Fe3+ . O2- . Na+ . 3 (.

Li+ . Na+ . k+ . Rb+ . Ag+ . H+ . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I- . CL- . Br- . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Ni2+ . CO2+ . Zn2+ . Cu2+ . Pb2+ . Mg2+ Fe2+ . Cd2+ . Hg2+ . Hg2

2+ . Sn2+ . Mn2+ Be2+ . Ca2+ . Ba2+

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ AL3+ . Fe3+ . Cr3+ . Au3+

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sn4+

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

K2 Cr2 O7 Cr3+ (+1) + 2+2 x +7(-2) = 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Na IO3 I5+ (+1) + x + 3 (-2) = 0 X = +5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Mn Ou1- Mn Ou Mn7+ X + 4 (-2) = -1 X = +7

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

X = +6

) ( )1 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 152: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

H2SO4 S6+ 2(+1) + X + 4 (-2) = 0 X = +6 H2Co3 H2Co3 C4+

2(+1)+X+3(-2) = 0 X = +4 HPO4

2- HPO4 P7+ (+1) + X + 4 (-2) = 2- X = 7+

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

,

.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :-

,

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

)– – (

:- .

:- ) ( . : - .

Zn Zn2+ + 2e-

)( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

)– – ( :

. :.

:- . Cu2+ + 2e- Cu

)(

) ( )2 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 153: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// :

1( (Zn) (Cu) ) (Zn Zn2+ + 2e ) (Cu2+ + 2e Cu

Zu + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu (NI) (Cd)

) (Ni Ni2+ + 2e ) (Cd2+ + 2e Cd

Ni + Cd2+ Ni2+ + Cd ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2 // .

1( Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu )(

)(

) ( Zn Zn2+ + 2e- ) (Cu+2 + 2e- Cu Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2( Mg + 2H+CL- Mg+2CL- + H2

) (

)( ) ( Mg Mg2+ + 2e- ) (2H+ + 2e- H2 Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2

) ( )3 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 154: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

3 //:

1( 2C + O2 2C+2O-2 )(

) (

) (2C C+2 + 4e- ) ( 2O2- O2 + 4e- 2( Mg + CL2 Mg2+ + C-L2

) (

)( ) (Mg Mg2+ + 2e ) (CL2 + 2e 2CL-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe

)(

)( ) (2e +Mg Mg2+ ) (Fe2+ + 2e Fe

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //

. 1( CL2 + 2I- 2CL- + I2 2( Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //:-

1( Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu 2( Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3) + 2Ag

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

) ( )4 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 155: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

:-

. :-

1( )( 2( .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- )

( ). ( Zn Zn2+ + 2e- E anode =0.76 V

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu E cathod = 0.34 V cell = E cathod + E anode

= 0.76 + 0.34 = 1.1V

. : - U

K2SO4 * KNO3 * KCL

1( . 2( .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :-

.

:- . :- .

:- . :- .

) ( )5 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 156: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1( 2( 3(

: - .(Ecell) .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

cell = E anode + E cathod " " / 25C ) 1 atm (

(1 M ) . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

( S H E ) H2 (1 atm )

(1 M ) ( 25 C ) .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //

// . /

//. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

// //1 ( .

2(. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

// //

//

//.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

) ( )6 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 157: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1( = 2(

: Cu2+ 0.34 V

- 0.34 V 3( . 4(

. 5( ) , , ,(Br2 * CL2) 6( ) , , ,H2 ( 7( + =- =G 8( =- = +G 9( .

10( ) , , , ,(.......

11( , , , ( .........

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5 //(Cd)

(1 M) Cr ( 1 M )

Cr2+ / Cr = - 0.74 V . ECd+2 / Cd = - 0.40 V //

) (Cd2+ / Cd = -0.40 Cd )(

Cr2+ / Cr = - 0.74 Cr Cr2+ + 2e- E anod = +0.74 V Cd2+ + 2e Cd E cathod = -0.40 V Cr + Cd2+ Cr2+ + Cd

cell = E anod + E cathod cell = 0.74 + (-0.40) cell = + 0.34 V

) ( )7 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 158: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

6 //

Ni2+ / Ni = -0.25 V . E CO2+ / CO = -0.28 V Au3+ / Au = +1.50 V . E Fe2+ / Fe = -0.44 V

Ni(s) + CO2+(aq) Ni2+

(aq) + Co(s)

) ( )(

3Fe(s) + 2Au3+(aq) 3Fe2+

(aq) + 2Au(s) )(

)( Ni Ni2+ + 2e- E anod = +0.25 V

Co2+ + 2e- Co E cathod = -0.28 V

Ni + Co2+ Ni2+ + Co cell = E anod + E cathod cell = 0.25 + -0.28 = -0.63 V

3 x Fe Fe2+ + 2e- E = +0.44 V 2 x Au3+ + 3e- Au E = +1.50 V

3Fe 3Fe2+ + 6e- E = +0.44 V

2Au3+ + 6e- 2Au E = +1.50 V

3Fe + 2Au3+ 3Fe2+ + 2Au cell = Eanod + E cathod = 0.44 + 1.50

= 1.94 V ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1( : - .

. : -

2( ): (-

.( F+3 . F+2 ) .

) ( )8 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 159: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

1(

Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu IM IM

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2(

Pt Pt ) ((M) (M) )(

Pt H2 H+ CL- CL2 Pt

(1 atm) (IM) (IM) (1 atm) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3 ( Pt . . Pt

(M) (M) (M) (M)

Pt Fe2+ . Fe3+ Sn4+ . Sn2+ Pt

(IM) (IM) (IM) (IM)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7 //

2CL- + 2Ag+(aq) CL2(g) + 2Ag(s)

. //2CL- + 2Ag+ CL2 + 2Ag

)(

)( 2CL- CL2 + 2e- E anod

2Ag+ + 2e- Ag E cathod

) ( )9 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 160: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

Pt CL2 CL- Ag+ Ag 1 atm IM IM

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8 //HCL

Ag+ (IM) , Ag+ / Ag = +0.8 V

Ag Ag+ H+ H2 Pt (IM) (IM) (1 atm)

:- 2Ag 2Ag+ + 2e- E anod = -0.80 V

2H+ + 2e H2 E cathod = 0.0 V 2Ag + 2H+ 2Ag+ + H2

cell = E anod + E cathod cell = -0.80 + 0.0 cell = -0.80 V

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

/1 / Mg + 2HCL MgCL2 + H2

Mg2+ / Mg = - 2.37 V ) ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2 /(IM) Ni2+ / Ni = - 0.25 V

Cu2+ / Cu = + 0.34 V // )(

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 / H2

(IM) Zn2+ / Zn = -0.76 V /

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 /5 //

E zn2+ / zn = -0.76 V , E cu

2+ / cu = +0.34 V

) ( )01 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 161: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

5 /6 //

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Ecell

GKeq

1( G = -nFEcell 2( = -nFE cell

G E

n ) ( F 96500 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3 ( 4( 5(25C

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9 //

(25C ) 3Hg2

2+ + 2Cr 6Hg + 2Cr3+

Hg+ / Hg = + 0.85 V Cr

3+ / Cr = -0.74V ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3Hg22+ + 2Cr 6Hg + 2Cr3+

:- 2Cr 2Cr3+ + 6e- Eanod = 0.74 3Hg2

2+ + 6e- 6Hg Ecathod = 0.85 2Cr + 3Hg2+ 2Cr3+ + 6Hg

) ( )11 ( /

G = -RT LnKeq

E = LnKeq

E = . LnKeq

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 162: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = 0.74 + 0.85 E cell = + 1.59 V

G = -nFE G = - 6 x 96500 x 1.59 = - 920610 J/mol

10 / 25C 2Fe3+ + 2I- 2Fe2+ + I2

E I2 / I- = + 0.53 V E Fe3+ / Fe2+ = + 0.77

:- 1( . 2( . 3( .

:- 2I- I2 + 2e- Eanod = - 0.54

2Fe3+ + 2e 2Fe2+ Ecathod = 0.77 V 2I- + 2Fe3+ I2 + 2Fe2+ E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = - 0.54 + 0.77 E cell = + 0.23 V

= - nFE G = - 2 x 96500 x 0.23 G = - 44390 J / mol

25C E cell = LnKeq

E cell = . LnKeq

0.23 = . LnKeq

17.6 = LnKeq Keq = 1 x 10-7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

/ 1 // 25C

Ag1+ / Ag = + 0.80 V Sn+2 / Sn = - 0.14 Sn + 2Ag+1 Sn+2 + 2Ag

) ( )12 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 163: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 // // :

Co + 2Ag+ Co2+ + 2Ag

Co2+ / Co = - 0.28 * Ag+ / Ag = + 0.8 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3 // // 25C Ni + 2H+ Ni2+ + H2 (0.25 V) .

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4 //7 //// 2Ag+ + Pb 2Ag + Pb+2

G Keq 25 C E pb

2+ / pb = -0.13 V , E Ag+ / Ag = +0.80 V

(Ecell) (E cell)

.

25C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4-11 / ) .178 ( (Ecell) 0.45 V 25C .[Zn2+] = 0.1M

(1 atm) H+ . E Zn2+ / Zn = - 0.76 V

:- Zn Zn2+ + 2e- E anode = 0.76

2H+ + 2e H2 E cathod = 0.0 Zn + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2 E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = 0.76 + 0.0 = 0.76 V

Ecell = Ecell – . Ln [ ][ ]

0.45 = 0.76 – . Ln .[ ]

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )31 ( /

Ecell = E cell - LnQ

Ecell = E cell – . LnQ

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Page 164: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

0.45 – 0.76 = - 0.013 Ln .

[ ]

-0.31 = -0.013 Ln .[ ]

..

= Ln .[ ]

23.8 = Ln .[ ]

[H+] = 0.1 M

G . Ecell . Ecell //12

Mg Mg+2 (0.05 M) Sn+2 (0.04 M) Sn

Sn+2 Sn = - 0.14 V Mg+2 Mg = - 2.37 V //

Mg Mg+2 + 2e- Eanode = +2.37 V Sn+2 + 2e- Sn Ecathod = -0.14 V

______________________________________ Mg + Sn2+ Mg2+ + Sn

E cell = E anode + E cathod E cell = + 2.37 + (-0.14) = 2.23 V

Ecell = E cell - .

Ln [ ][ ]

Ecell = 2.23 - . Ln

.

.

Ecell = 2.227 V G = -nFEcell G = -2 x 96500 x2.227

= -424600 J / mol 1 /25C

Cu2+ + Mg Cu + Mg2+ G 0.001M 0.01M

Cu2+ / Cu = 0.34 V * Mg2+ / Mg = - 2.37 V

/(511604.4-) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

) ( )14 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 80700097778337

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Page 165: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 //8 ) /2013 (

Ecell 25C 2Ag+ + Cu 2Ag + Cu2+

[Cu2+] = 0.01 M = 0.01 M [Ag+ ]

E Cu2+

/ Cu = +0.34 V E Ag+

/ Ag = +0.80 V

/

/ :-

. / 1 (

2( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

/ 1( 2( .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

:- .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :-

.

1)Q ( Mol . e- ) = Q ( c ) = * t

( A ) . t ( S ) .

* =60 s =3600 s

) ( )15 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 166: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2) Q ( Mol . e- ) = n . e-

n = M . V

n =

n =

n =

STP n = ( ). ( )

n =

3) Q ( |Mol . e- ) =

NA = 6.023 * 1023 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

13 / 3AuCL 200S (3g) )197 (

:- n =

n = = 0.015 Mol

Au3+ + 3e- Au 3Mol e- Au

Q (MoL e-) = n x e- Q (MoL e-) = 0.015 x 3 = 0.045 MoL e-

Q =

0.045 =

I = 21.7 A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

) ( )16 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 167: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

14 / 2013 //4CuSo 0.2M 600 Ml

96.5 A,0.03 MoL . :- n = M . V

n = 0.2 x = 0.12 MOL

=– n (MOL) = 0.12 – 0.03 = 0.09 MOL

(Cu+2 - So4

-2) Cu+2 + 2e Cu

2MOL . e- 1Mol Cu Q = n x e- Q = 0.09 x 2 = 0.18 MoL . e-

Q =

0.18 = . × t = 180 S

9 // // Mg2+ + 2e Mg : (25 A)

(1hr) 24 .

:- .

: - 1( :- . 2( : - . 1 /

Pb + SO4-2 PbSO4 + 2e-

PbO2 + 4H+ + SO4-2 + 2e- Pb SO4 + 2H2O

Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O (2V)

H2SO4 g/ml ) 1.2 1.3 g/ml . ( (6 V) (12 V)

) ( )17 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 168: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

:-

H2SO4 .

H2SO4 PbO2 Pb PbSO4 .

:- 1 ((6 V) (12 V) 2 ( 3 (

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 ( )– (

:- MnO2 NH4CL

Zn + 2OH- Zn(OH)2 + 2e-

: - MnO2 2MnO2 + 2H2O + 2e- 2MnO(OH) + 2OH-

Zn + 2MnO2 + 2H2O Zn (OH)2 + Mn2O + 2MnO (OH) :- 1 ((1.48 V ) 2 ( 3 (

) ( )18 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

............

07807502408

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Page 169: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2 / : (F)

= × =F

F = NA (MoL) x e- (C) F = 6.013 x 1023 x 1.9 x 10-19 F = 96478 C /MoL

96500 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3 / .E Br2 / Br

- = +1.07 V E Au3+

/ Au = +1.50 V E Ag+

/ Ag = +0.80 V E cd

2+ / cd = -0.40 V E Cr

3+ / Cr = -0.74 V

( Br2 Au3+ ( H2 Ag+

(Cd2+ Cr3+ :

- Au3+ =1.5 V 1.07 = Br+ Au3+ Br2 .

Au3+ + 3e Au ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- +0.80 = Ag+ 0.0V = H2 Ag+

Ag+ + 1e Ag ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- -0.4V = Cd2+ =0.74 Cd2+

Cd2+ + 2e Cd ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5 /25C 1 atm Ce4+ Ce3+ Fe3+ Fe2+ G Keq .

E Ce4+

/ Ce3+ = +1.61 V E Fe

3+ / Fe

2+ = +0.77 V . : 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )19 ( / Clic

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Page 170: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

:- ) () (

Fe2+ Fe3+ + le E anod = -0.7 +1.61V = Ce4+ + le- Ce 3+ E cathode

Fe2+ + Ce4+ Fe3+ + Ce3+ E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = - 0.7 + 1.61 E cell = +0.84 V

G = -nFE G = -1 x 96500 x 0.84 G = - 81060 J/MoL

E = . LnKeq

0.84 = . LnKeq 14Keq = 1.1 x 10

7 /E cell Ecell G Mg(s) + Sn2+

(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Sn(s)

[Sn2+] = 0.04 M [Mg2+] = 0.05M 3Zn(s) + 2Cr3+

(aq) 3Zn2+(aq) + 2Cr(s)

[Zn2+] = 0.001 M [Cr3+] = 0.01 M 2+ / Mg = -2.37 V E Mg E Sn

2+ / Sn = -0.14 V

E Zn2+

/ Zn = -0.76 V E Cr3+

/ Cr = -0.74 V . // Mg Mg2+ + 2e- E anode = +2.37

Sn2+ + 2e- Sn E cathod = -0.14 Mg + Sn2+ Mg2+ + Sn

E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = (+2.37) + (-0.14) = 2.23 V

Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]

Ecell = 2.23 – . Ln [ . ]( . )

Ecell = 2.23 – 0.013 Ln

Ecell = 2.227 V G = -nFEcell G = -2 x 96500 x 2.227 = - 429811 J / mol

) ( )20 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 171: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

3Zn + 2Cr3+ 3Zn2+ + 2Cr

3Zn 3Zn2+ + 6e- E = + 0.76 V 2Cr3+ + 6e- 2Cr E = -0.74 V 3Zn + 2Cr3+ 3Zn2+ + 2Cr E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = (+0.76) + (-0.74) = 0.02 V

Ecell = E cell – . LnQ

Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]

Ecell = 0.02 – . Ln ( . )( . )

Ecell = 0.07 V G = -nFEcell

G = -6 x 96500 x 0.07 G = -4053 J / mol

8 /E cell Zn / Zn2+ SHE .Ecell [H+] = 1.8M . PH2 = 1 atm . [Zn2+] = 0.45 M .

E Zn2+

/ Zn = -0.76 V :

SHE = + 0.76 V Zn Zn2+ + 2e- E anod

E cathod = 0.00 V 2H+ + 2e- H2 Zn + 2H+ Zn+2 + H2

E cell = E anode + E chtaod = + 0.76 + 0.00 = + 0.76 V

Ecell

Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]

= 0.76 – . Ln ( . )( . )

= 0.76 – (0.013) * - 1.98) = 0.76 + 0.025 = 0.79 V

) ( )21 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 172: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

9 / ) (.

:

1( 1 (

2( G= - 2 (G = +

3( .3 (. 4( 4 () (

. .

5( 5 ( ) ( ..

10 / :

2H2O(I) O2(g) + 4H(aq)+ + 4e-

: 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e-

PV = nRT P = = 0.99 atm

n =

= . ..

= 0.003 mol

Q = n * e- = 0.003 * 4e- = 0.012 mol . e-

) Q ( 11 /3.75 hr ,

AgNO3 ,CuCL2 .2g .

( ( .

:n nAg = = = 0.02 mol Ag+1 + le Ag Q = n * e-

= 0.02 * 1 = 0.02 mol . e-

) ( )2 2 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 173: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

// Q Cu+2 + 2e- Cu

Q = n * e-

n = = . = 0.01 MoL

Cu n = m = n * M = 0.01 63.5 = 0.64 g

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ //

t(s) = 3.75 * 3600 = 13500 S Q (moL . e-) =

0.02 =

I = . = 0.14 A

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 12 /

Au+3 / Au = +1.50 V E Al

+3/ Al = -1.66 V

:

2AL 2AL+3 + 6e * 2 Eanod = + 1.66 V

0.00 V = 6H+ + 6e- 3H2 * 3 E cathod ______________________________

2AL + 6H+ 2AL+3 + 3H2 E cell = E anod + E cathod

= + 1.66 + 0 = + 1.66 V E

)( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

) ( )23 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 174: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

13 /

E Fe3+

/ Fe2+ = +0.77 V E Br2 / Br = +1.07 V

Pt Fe3+ (1M) , Fe2+ (1M) Br- (1M) Br2 (1 atm) Pt :

-0.77 V =2 Fe+2 2 Fe+3 + 2e- E anode Br2 + 2e- 2Br- E cathod = + 1.07

Fe+2 + Br2 2Fe+3 + 2Br- 2

E cell = E anode + E cathod = - 0.77 + 1.07 = + 0.3 V

E

14 / ,: 2K + Br2 2K+ + 2Br-

: 2K + Br2 2K+ + 2Br-

)( )(

K )0 1( + Br )0 1- (

2K 2K+ + 2e Br2 + 2e- 2Br-

2K + Br2 2K+ + 2Br-

15 / : AgNO2 + CL2 + 2KOH AgNO3 + 2KCL + H2O

: AgNo2 + CL2 + 2KOH AgNo3 + 2KCL + H2O

AgNo2 CL2

N )0 1- ( )3 +5( +

) ( )24 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 175: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

16 /

E cu+ / cu = +0.34 V E Na

+/ Na = -2.70 V

: )– ( Cu Cu2+ + 2e- E anod = -0.34 V

2Na+ + 2e- 2Na E cathod = -2.7 V

Cu + 2Na+ Cu2+ + 2Na E cell = E anode + E cathod

-0.34 + (- 2.7 ) = = - 3.04 V

)( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 17 / CuSO4

E Cu2+

/ Cu = +0.34 V E Ni2+

/ Ni = -0.24 V . :

:- )– ( .

Ni Ni2+ + 2e- E anode = 0.24 V Cu +1 + 2e - Cu E cathod = 0.34 V

Ni + Cu+2 Ni+2 + Cu E cell = E anode + E cathod

= 0.24 + 0.34 = + 0.58 V

.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

) ( 25 ) ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 176: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

18 /

:

) ( Ecell

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 19 /

. :

(MnO2) (NH4CL) ) (.

Zn(S) + 2OH- Zn(OH)2 + 2e- 2MnO2(3) + 2H2O(L) + 2e- 2MnO(S) (OH) + 2OH- + 2MnO(S) (OH) Zn(S) + 2MnO(S) + 2H(L)2O Zn(OH)(S)2 + Mn(S)2O3 +

: - 1( 1.48 V 2( 3(

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 20 / :-

G G =. G G Ecell E cell

G = -nFE cell G = -nFEcell

(E cell , Ecell) (+)G G )-. ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

21 /(-0.82 V) E Zn

2+ / Zn = -0.76 V .

:

) ( 26 ) ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 177: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

:-

Zn2+ + 2e- Zn E = -0.76 V E = E - . LnQ

-0.82 = -0.76 – . Ln [ ]

[Zn2+] = 0.01M

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 22 /( 0.1M )

( 0.01 M ) 25C ( 1.10 V ) //Zn Zn+2 + 2e- E anode

Cu+2 + 2e- Cu E cathode Zn + Cu+2 Zn+2 + Cu E Cell = 1.10 V

Ecell = E cell – . ln [ ][ ]

= 1.10 – . ln ..

= 1.10 – 0.013 * 2.303 = 1.10 – 0.03 = 1.07 v

23 /– : 1) Al2O3 + 3HCL 2ACL3 + 3H2O 2) 2Na + CL2 2NaCL 3) 2KCLO3 2KCL + 3O2 4) SiBr4 + 3H2O H2SiO3 + 4HBr 5) Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

: 1) Al2+3O3

-2 + 6H+CL-1 2Al+3Cl3-1 + 3H+2O-2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( 27 ) ( / Clic

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Page 178: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

2) 2Na + Cl 2 2Na+Cl-

) (2Na 2Na+ + 2e- ) (Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl-

– 2Na + Cl2 2Na+ + 2Cl-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3) 2K+ (ClO3)- 2KCl + 3O2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4) Si4+Br4 + 3H+2O-2 H2

+ Si4+O32- + 4H+Br-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5) Zn + Cu2+So4 Zn2+ So4 + Cu

)( )(

) (Zn Zn2+ + 2e- ) (Cu2+ + 2e Cu

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 24 /25C .

Cu2+(aq) (0.01 M) + Cd(s) Cu(S) + Cd2+

(aq) (0.1 M) ( +0.74 V ) . :-131252 j / mol

// Cu2+ + Cd Cu + Cd2+

0.01 m 0.1M )(

)( Cd Cd 2+ + 2e E anode Cu2+ + 2e Cu E cathod

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( 28 ) ( / Clic

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Page 179: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

Cd + Cu2+ Cd2+ + Cu

Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]

Ecell 0.74 – . Ln ( . )( . )

Ecell = 0.74 – 0.013 * 2.303 = 0.71 V G = -nFEcell G = -2 x 96500 x 0.71 = -137030 J/MoL

25 / 25C Mg Mg2+ (1 M) Br- (0.1 M) Br2 (1 atm) Pt

: Mg Mg+2 + 2e E anode = +2.37

Br2 + 2e 2Br- Ecathod = +1.07

Mg + Br2 Mg+2 + 2Br- E cell = E anod + E cathod E = 2.3 + 1.07 = 3.44 V

Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ]

Ecell = 3.44 – . Ln (1) x (0.1)2

Ecell = 3.44 – 0.013 Ln 0.01 Ecell = 3.50 V

G = -nFEcell G = -2 x 96500 x 3.5 G = -675500 J / mol ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

26 / 25C Keq = 1 x 1010 :

2H+(aq) (1 M) + Pd(s) H2(g) + Pb2+

(aq) (0.01 M)(s) 2H+ + (1 M) + Pb H2 + Pb2+ (0.01 M)

)( )(

:-

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( 29 ) ( / Clic

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Page 180: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

//

= Pb Pb2+ + 2e- E anode 2H+ + 2e H2 E cathod =

Pb + 2H+ Pb2+ + H2 E cell = . LnKeq

E = . Ln 1 x 1010

E = 0.013 x 2.3 x 10 = 0.299 = 0.3 V G = -nFE G = -2 x 96500 x 030 G = -57900 g / MoL

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 27 /25C : Sn2+

(aq) + Ni(s) Sn(s) + Ni2+(aq)

(+0.17 V) .Ni2+ , E Sn

2+ / Sn = 0.14 V E Ni

2+ / Ni = 0.25V .

// Sn2+ + Ni Sn + Ni2+

Ni Ni2+ + 2e- E anod = + 0.25 V

Sn2+ + 2e Sn E cathod = -0.14 V ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Ni + Sn2+ Ni2+ + Sn E cell = E anod + E cathod E cell = 0.25 + -0.14

= 0.11 V

E = E - . Ln [ ][ ]

0.17 = 0.11 - . Ln [ ]( )

0.17 – 0.11 = - 0.013 Ln [Ni2+] 0.06 = - 0.013 Ln [Ni2+]

- ..

= Ln [Ni2+]

[Ni2+] = 1 x 10-2 M ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( 30) ( / Clic

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Page 181: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

28 /:

Al Al3+ (1M) Cd2+ (1M) Cd (1.26 V)

E cd2+ / Cd = -0.40 V

: = ? 2Al 2Al3+ + 6e- E anod

3Cd2+ + 6e- Cd E cathod = -0.4 V

2Al + 3Cd2+ 2Al3+ + 3Cd E cell = E anode + Ecathod

+ 1.23 = E anode + (- 0.40) E anode = 1.23 + 0.40 = 1.63 V

E = -1.63

29 /25C 1 atm 0.01 M (pH)

-49 KJ / mol -0.25 V

: Ni Ni2+ + 2e- E anod = +0.25 V 2H+ + 2e- H 2 E cathod = 0.0 V

Ni + 2H+ Ni2+ + H2 E cell = E anod + E cathod Ecell = 0.25 + 0.0 = 0.25 V

G = -nFE -49 kJ / mol x 1000 = -2 x 96500 x Ecell 49000 J/MoL = -193000 Ecell

Ecell = = 0.25 V

Ecell = E cell - . Ln [ ]

[ ]

0.25 = 0.25 – . Ln .[ ]

0.25 – 0.25 = - 0.013 Ln .[ ]

) ( 31 ) ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 182: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

0 = Ln .

[ ]

Ln 1 = Ln .[ ]

[ H+ ]2 = 0.01 [ H+ ] = 0.1 M

pH = - Log [ H+ ] pH = - Log 10-1 pH = 1

30/ : Sn Sn2+ (? M) Ag+ (1 M) Ag

25 C 0.9992 .(Sn2+) E sn

2+ / sn = -0.14 V

E Ag+

/ Ag = +0.80 V . :

+ 2e- E anode = +0.14 V Sn Sn2+

+ 2e- 2Ag Ecathod = +0.8 V 2Ag+

Sn + 2Ag+ Sn+2 + 2Ag E cell = E anode + E cathod

= 0.14 + 0.8 = +0.94 V

Ecell = E cell – . Ln [ ][ ]

0.9992 = 0.94 – . Ln [ ]( )

0.9992 - 0.9400 = -0.013 Ln [Sn+2] 0.0592 = - 0.013 Ln [Sn+2]

Ln [Sn+2] = ..

Ln [Sn+2] = -4.5 [ Sn+2 ] = 10-2 M

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( 32 ) ( / Clic

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Page 183: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

31 /10 A 965 s =63 : Cu+2 + 2e- Cu

Q (mol . e-) =

= = 0.1 MoL . e-

Q (MoL . e-) = n . e-

n = = . = 0.05 MoL

n =

m = n . M = 0.05 * 63 = 3.15 g

n =

n * = = 0.05 * 6.023 * 1023

= 3 * 1022 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

32 /0.648 g 3A 3 min 13 s .

: Q (MoL . e- = t = 3 * 60 + 13

= 180 + 13 = 193 s

= = 0.006 mol . e- ) (

Q = n . e-

n = = . = 0.006 MoL

n =

M = = ..

= 108 g / MoL

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( 33 ) ( / Clic

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Page 184: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

33 /STP :2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e-

n=

= ..

= 2 mol

Q = n . e- = 2 * 4 = 8 mol . e-

Q =

= Q * = 8 * 6.023 * 1023 = 48.16 * 1023 e-

====================================================== 34 /2 hr 520 s 36.12 x 1021 : H2O 2H2 + O2

H2 O2 X = O2

2X = H2 X + 2x = 36.12 * 1021 3 X = 36.12 * 1021

X = . = 12.04 * 1021

n = = ..

= 0.02 mol

2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e- Q mol . e- = n * e-

= 0.02 * 4 = 0.08 mol . e- t = 2 * 3600 + 520

= 7720 s

Q =

0.08 = I = . = 1 A

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : 07807502408 :– 07808070009

) ( )34 ( /

:

STP 22.4 L

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Page 185: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

35 /10A

,9.65 s 75 % =197 .

: Q (mol . e-) =

Q (mol . e-) = . = 0.001 (mol . e-)

75 % )( Q (mol.e-) = Q x

Q (mol.e-) = 0.001 x = 0.00075 (mol.e-)

Au3+(aq) + 3e- Au(s)

Q (mol.e-) = n x e-

n = = . = 0.0003 mol

n =

m = n x M m = 0.0003 x 197 = 0.06 g

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

36 /0.2 mol.e- 0.488 L STP . =63 .

: 2H+ + 2e- H2

n = .

= ..

= 0.02 mol

Q = n . e- = 0.02 * 2 = 0.04 mol.e-

QH2 - Q =Qcu

= 0.2 – 0.04 = 0.16 mol – e- Cu+2 + 2e- Cu Q = n * e-

) ( )35 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 186: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

n = = . = 0.08 mol

n =

m = n . M = 0.08 * 63 = 5.04 g

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 37 //( A ) 5g

(+3) . MAu = 197 g / mol //

n = = = 0.025 mol

Au+3 + 3e- Au Q (mol . e-) = n * e-

= 0.025 x 3 = 0.075 mol.e-

t = 1 * 3600

= 3600 s

Q =

0.075 =

I = . = 2.14 A

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 38 / :2Cr(s) + 3Zn2+

(aq) Sn2+(aq) + Pb(s)

E Sn2+

/ Sn = -0.14 V E pb2+

/ pb = -0.13 V . :

Sn + Pb+2 Sn+2 + Pb

Sn Sn+2 + 2e- E anode = + 0.14 V Pb+2 + 2e- Pb E cathod = -0.13 V

_____________________________________ Sn + Pb+2 Sn+2 + Pb

) ( )36 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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Page 187: احسن ملزمة كيمياء للسادس العلمي انصح بها

E cell = E anode + E cathod

= 0.14 + ( -0.13 ) = 0.01 V

0.013 0.01 = . Ln Ke

Ln Ke = ..

= 0.76 Ke = 2.2

39 //. 2Cr(s) + 3Zn2+

(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Zn(S)

E Cr3+

/ Cr = -0.74 V , E Zn2+

/ Zn = -0.76 V // 2Cr + 3Zn2+

2Cr3+ + 3Zn

Cr Cr+3 + 3e- E anode = + 0.76 V Zn+2 + 2e- Zn E cathod = -0.76 V

E cell = E anode + E cathod = ( + 0.74 ) + ( -0.76 )

E cell = - 0.02 v

40 // ( 298 K ) : Fe2+

(aq) + Co(s) Fe(s) + Co2+(aq)

E fe2+

/ fe = -0.44 V , E Co2+

/Co = -0.28 V //Fe+2 + Co Fe + Co+2

Co Co2+ + 2e- E anode = 0.28 Fe+2 + 2e- Fe E cathod = -0.44 V

Co + Fe+2 Co+2 + Fe

E cell = E anode + E cathod = 0.28 + ( - 0.44 ) = - 0.16 V

) ( )37 ( /

: 07807502408 :– 07808070009

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