::

May 13, 2011

()

NSC962420H1940082E961201 981130 NSC992420H1940962E3990601 1020531

:

: ()

:

1.

1.1 (sign language) (1)

1.

2.

3.

1.1 (2)19601960(Klima and Bellugi 1979, Stokoe et.al. 1965)

1.1 (3) (design features): (duality of patterning), (arbitrariness), (discreteness), etc.. (Hockett 1960): (duality of patterning), (iconicity), (gradience), etc..

1.1 (4)12 (duality of patterning3456lateralizationMeier 2002

1.2 (gesture) (1)(Goldin-Meadow 2003a, Kendon 2004, McNeill 1992, 2005) (Kita (ed.) 2003, McNeill 1992, Slobin 1996)(Duncan 2005, Emmorey 1999, Liddell 2003, Liddell & Metzger 1998)

1.2 (2):(iconic gestures)(metaphoric gestures)(deictic gestures) (beats)(cohesive gestures) (Kendon 2004, McNeill 1992, 2005)

:

1.2 (3) (facial gesture) (body gesture and body-part gesture) (manual gesture)

1.2 (4): (pointing) (pantomiming) (Tomasello 2008)

, (resilient properties of language)(home-sign)(Goldin-Meadow 2003b)

(Gullberg 1998, Stam 2006)

1.3 (1) (logographic writing) (syllabic writing) (consonantal alphabet writing) (alphabetic writing)(Defrancis1989, Sampson 1985)

1.3 (2) (alphabetic writing)finger-spelling)initialization (logographic writing)

1.3 (3) .1991 X Y Z

1.3 (4) (phonological awareness) : (Li, Tan, Bates, and Tzeng (eds.) 2006)

2.

DNA

2. 1. 2. (FOX-P2)Mirror Neurons) (Arbib 2006, Rizzolatti & Craighero 2004)

(1)Corballis 2002, Chapter 5: Becoming HumanFrom protolanguage toward a more sophisticated grammatical language

(2)Corballis (1992) (H. habilis) (H. sapiens)

(3)(Corballis 2002:98-99):

(4)CorballisTomasello (2008) (shared intentionality) (theory of mind)

Tomasello (2008): Imperative (requesting)Declarative-informative Declarative-expressive (sharing)

96-98% (imperative) 2-4%

References (1)Arbib, M. 2006, Action to language via the mirror neuron system. Cambridge University Press Corballis, M. 1992. On the evolution of language and generativity. Cognition 44, 197-226.Corballis, M. 2002. From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language. Princeton University Press Duncan, S. 2005. Gesture in signing: a case study from Taiwan Sign Language. Language and Linguistics 6(2), 279-318.Emmorey, K. 1999. Do signers gesture? In L. S. Messing and R. Campbell (eds.), Gesture, Speech and Sign, 133-159. New York: Oxford University Press.Goldin-Meadow, S. 2003a. Hearing Gesture: How Our Hands Help Us Think. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Goldin-Meadow, S. 2003b. The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children Can Tell Us about How All Children Learn Language. New York: Psychology Press.Gullberg, M. Gesture as a communication strategy in second language discourse. A study of learners of French and Swedish. Lund: Lund University Press.Hockett, C. F. 1960. The origin of speech. Scientific American, 203, 8996.Kendon, A. 2004. Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kita, S. (ed.) 2003. Pointing: Where Language, Culture, and Cognition Meet. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

References (2)Klima, E and U. Bellugi. 1979. The signs of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Li, P, L. H. Tan, E. Bates, and J. L. Tzeng (eds). The Handbook of East Asian Psycholinguistics, vol. 1: Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Liddell S. 2003. Grammar, gesture, and meaning in American Sign Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Liddell, S and M. Metzger. 1998. Gesture in Sign Language Discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 30, 657697.McNeill, D. 1992. Hand and Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.McNeill, D. 2005. Gesture and Thought. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Meier, R. 2002. Why different, why the same? Explaining effects and non-effects of modality upon linguistic structure in sign and speech. In R. Meier, K. Cormier, and D. Quinto-Pozos (Eds.), Modality and structure in signed and spoken languages, 1-26. Cambridge University Press.Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. 2004. The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience 27(1), 169192.Slobin, D. I. 1996. From thought and language to thinking for speaking. In Rethinking Linguistic Relativity, ed. by John J. Gumperz and Stephen C. Levinson, 70-96. Cambridge University Press.Stam, G. 2006. Thinking for Speaking about motion: L1 and L2 speech and gesture. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 44(2), 143169.Tomasello, M. 2008. Origins of human communication. Bradford Books. . 1991. . .

* free of hands for manufacture, art, and other activities. It would also have allowed people to explain techniques verbally while demonstrating manually, leading to a sophisticated pedagogy

shared intensionality (mutually assumed cooperative communicative motives) theory of mind (mutually assumed common conceptual ground)