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第九章 传染与免疫. 第一节 感染的一般概念 第二节 宿主的非特异性免疫 第三节 宿主的特异性免疫 第四节 免疫病理 第五节 免疫学的实际应用. 第一节 感染的一般概念. 病原微生物 (Pathogenic microorganism) ,或 病原体 (pathogen) : 寄生于生物 ( 包括人 ) 机体并引起疾病的微生物 感染 (infection) ,又称传染 : 机体与病原体在一定条件下相互作用而引起的病理过程。(感染不是疾病的同义词!) 传染病: 由有生命力的病原体引起的疾病,与由其它致病因素引起的疾病在本质上是有区别的。. 一、感染的途径和方式 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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(Pathogenic microorganism)(pathogen)()(infection)
1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
()()
1.
2. a b() c() ()
1. (opportunistic pathogen)
pathogenicity 1(invasiveness)
1 Vibrio Shigella ddysenteriae Streptococcus haemolyticus
2 hyaluronidase:spreading factor,Streptococcus()Staphylococcus() Clostridium
(streptokinase)fibrinolysin,Streptococcus haemolyticus()lecithinase:C.perfringens
3abcd
2(toxin) 1exotoxin
toxoidantitoxin 0.3-0.4%
(tetanospamin)(tetanolysin)
2endotoxin (LPS)
*1mg22000100%1mg1001mg1000
LPS*
limulus assaylimulus amoebocyte lysate test,LAL test 335Limulus polyphemus()Tachypleustridentatus()100300mLlectinG LPS)
2. cytocidal infection steady state infection integrated infection
3. (1)(2)
(3) (4)
4. A
5
Mary Malone71500
1 2 3 1complement system 2interferonIFN 3lysozyme 1phagocytes 2natural killer cellsNK
(non specific immunity) (innate immunity)
112
2 1 23
3
1.complement system
----
LPS
2.interferonIFN abg
3.lysozyme 14.7KD
(-lysin) C
1.(phagocytes)
2
3.(Natural killer cells, NK) NKNK(perforin)(TNF)NKNK
inflammatory 5-
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1 . 2.(immene system) 1(antigen ,Ag ) 2antibody AbB 1T 2T 3
T 1T 2CD8T 3CD4T
1.specific immunity ,
2.(immune system)1A.1.a.bone marrow(multipotential stem cell),:(myeloid stem cell),;,,()TB,
b.(ThymusThymus gland):,,,T.T (Thymosin)(Thymopoietin).c.(bursa of Fabricius),,,.B,.
B.(peripheral immune organ) .TB,,,,.
2) (multipotential stem cell,-hemopoietic stem cell).,5TB
(immunologically competent cell):,,,,TB.,.
B BB B
TT
TTB
TTBT
TT
BT
3:BTBCRTCR
:()()(),
1.AntigenAg: immunogenicity immunoreactivity: reactinogenicity complete antigen immunogen incomplete antigen hapten
antign determinantepitope
2.antibody Abantiantibody
IgGIgAIgMIgDIgE
Y
IgGIgAIgMIgDIgE
Fab
IgGIgDIgEY IgAIgAIgA IgM5Y
B TB
T
B
BBBmIgB T T
1T TCD5BITITITIAg LPSBTIAgBBmIgBTIAgBIgMBmIgAg
2T TCD5B2TDBmIgTDMHCBTHTHMHC+CD40LBCD40TCD40BTCK
3 primary responseTDsecondary responseIgMIgG
T
1T a. b. TCR
2CD8T TTCTLTcMHCCD8TCTLpeforinC9CTL
3CD4T TTMHCCD4TTDAPCMHCTc
1 2 3 4B 1 2. 3
1 2 1 2 3 4
hypersensitivity
1 2 3 4B
1 transplantation antigen,TAg,histocompatibility antigen,HAg2 3
1 2
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
12345
.
1896Widal1900LandsteinerABO1930
1897Kmus
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()()