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Η ελληνική παρουσία στις χρηματοδοτούμενες διευρωπαϊκές συνεργασίες στην περιοχή των Τεχνολογιών της Κοινωνίας της Πληροφορίας: Ένα ελληνικό παράδοξο μέσα στο ευρωπαϊκό παράδοξο;

Γιάννης Καλογήρου, Αιμιλία Πρωτόγερου, Ευάγγελος Σιώκας

Ομάδα για την Τεχνολογική, Οικονομική και Στρατηγική Ανάπτυξη της Κοινωνίας της Πληροφορίας του

Εργαστηρίου Βιομηχανικής και Ενεργειακής Οικονομίας του ΕΜΠ

Τα Σεμινάρια της Ερμούπολης 2008Ερμούπολη, 10-13 Ιουλίου 2008

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The context The relationship between scientific research

and its industrial exploitation is a matter of intense debate both within the scientific community and policy-shaping circles of Europe

Regardless of the existence or the extent of the ‘European Paradox’ phenomenon and its implications on European Research and Innovation Policy, European collaboration in RTD resulting in increased networking is a reality which should be further explored and better understood.

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Aim of the presentation To examine the relationship between

the presence and role of Greek actors in EU policy-driven ICT networks and the innovation performance of the Greek ICT system.

In particular we focus on the study of the research collaboration networks formed under the 4th, 5th and 6th EU Framework Programmes during the period 1994-2006 in the area of Information Society Technologies (IST).

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A mismatch observed There is a strong mismatch between the active

participation of Greece in EU-funded technological collaboration networks and the transformation of research results into viable products and services.

Furthermore, there is a particular type of mismatch between the intense and central role of Greece in these networks and the innovation performance of the Greek ICT system.

This mismatch occurs in an ‘economic and knowledge’ national environment which during the last 15 years is characterized by high economic growth rates, but slow progress in transforming the Greek economy into a knowledge-based economy.

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The RJV-IST type of networks Composition: These networks are

comprised of firms, universities, research institutes and other organizations that get connected by cooperative contractual agreements.

Nature: “Pre-competitive” exploratory research networks.

Type: Policy-driven, publicly funded (on a competitive base) networks vs. other knowledge networks studied through patent citations and technology partnerships.

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Very active Greek participation in the RJV – IST networks

Country Participations % participations Entities %

entities Prime

Contractor % prime

contractors Germany 5639 15.8 2160 14.9 780 17.4 France 4559 12.8 1705 11.8 677 15.1 United Kingdom 4392 12.3 1760 12.1 610 13.6 Italy 4171 11.7 1575 10.9 569 12.7 Spain 2676 7.5 1140 7.9 421 9.4 Greece 2053 5.7 621 4.3 287 6.4 Netherlands 1550 4.3 646 4.5 225 5.0 Belgium 1485 4.2 566 3.9 248 5.5 Sweden 1049 2.9 461 3.2 94 2.1 Switzerland 950 2.7 326 2.2 20 0.4 Austria 933 2.6 399 2.8 96 2.1 Finland 834 2.3 370 2.6 62 1.4 Portugal 687 1.9 317 2.2 44 1.0 Denmark 587 1.6 288 2.0 65 1.5 Norway 571 1.6 268 1.8 64 1.4 Ireland 562 1.6 233 1.6 66 1.5 Poland 389 1.1 183 1.3 24 0.5 Israel 331 0.9 171 1.2 46 1.0 Hungary 288 0.8 137 0.9 13 0.3 Czech Republic 235 0.7 127 0.9 11 0.2 Slovenia 169 0.5 76 0.5 6 0.1 Bulgaria 137 0.4 80 0.6 1 0.0 Romania 130 0.4 84 0.6 3 0.1 United States 111 0.3 70 0.5 0 0.0 Cyprus 110 0.3 48 0.3 3 0.1 Luxembourg 94 0.3 56 0.4 15 0.3 Other 1014 2.8 638 4.4 31 0.7 Total 35706 14505 4481

The geography of Greek presence is highly concentrated Participation of the Attica region>70%

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Region Entities

% of Entitie

s

Participations

% of Participatio

ns

Prime contracto

r

% of PC

Attica 391 71,70% 1418 71,30% 198 74,20%Thessaloniki

54 9,90% 211 10,60% 25 9,40%

Patra 22 4,00% 133 6,70% 17 6,40%Crete 19 3,50% 139 7,00% 17 6,40%Aegean 18 3,30% 19 1,00% 1 0,40%Macedonia 10 1,80% 12 0,60% 0,00%Ipeiros 10 1,80% 27 1,40% 6 2,20%Sterea Ellada

7 1,30% 13 0,70% 3 1,10%

Thessalia 4 0,70% 5 0,30% 0,00%Peloponissos

4 0,70% 4 0,20% 0,00%

Thrake 3 0,60% 4 0,20% 0,00%Ionian 3 0,60% 3 0,20% 0,00%Total 545 100% 1988 100% 267 100%

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Participation by organization type in the RJV-IST network: the participation of universities and research centers is increasing in time

Centrality index Degree

how well connected; direct influence Closeness

how far from all others how long information takes to arrive

Betweenness brokerage, gatekeeping, control of info

Eigenvector being connected to the well connected (a popularity

& power measure)

Data courtesy of David Krackhardt

Degree

Closeness

Betweenness

Eigenvector

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Greece has a central role in the RJV-IST network, based on the composite 4-dimension centrality index

Network of top 1% most central actors

Network of top 5% most central actors Country

Participations % of total

Entities % of total

Participations % of total

Entities % of total

Germany 1223 21.7 24 1.1 2196 38.9 122 5.6 France 843 18.5 14 0.8 1760 38.6 103 6.0 Italy 682 16.4 17 1.1 1500 36.0 104 6.6 United kingdom 618 14.1 18 1.0 1604 36.5 112 6.4

Greece 502 24.5 11 1.8 863 42.0 44 7.1 Spain 416 15.5 9 0.8 742 27.7 42 3.7 Belgium 367 24.7 5 0.9 552 37.2 22 3.9 Netherlands 260 16.8 8 1.2 567 36.6 35 5.4 Sweden 138 13.2 3 0.7 364 34.7 27 5.9 Austria 133 14.3 3 0.8 282 30.2 16 4.0 Finland 102 12.2 3 0.8 314 37.6 24 6.5 Portugal 54 7.9 2 0.6 212 30.9 19 6.0 Denmark 23 3.9 1 0.3 141 24.0 13 4.5 Ireland 16 2.8 1 0.4 168 29.9 18 7.7 Luxembourg 0 0 0 0.0 11 11.7 1 1.8

The majority of Greek actors with a central role in the RJV-IST network originate from the Attica region

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Region Top 1 %  Top 5 % 

Attica 6 54,50% 31 70,50%

Crete 2 18,20% 4 9,10%

Thessaloniki 2 18,20% 5 11,40%

Patra 1 9,10% 4 9,10%

Other 0 0% 0 0%

TOTAL 11 100% 44 100%

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The ten most central Greek actors: 9 out of 10 are Universities and Research Centres -->Greek central role is mainly “Education & Research” based

Organization name Region TypeParticipation

sNo of

PC

National Technical University of Athens Attica Education 177 21

Intracom S.A. Attica Industry 107 29

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

Attica Education 74 6

Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas

Crete Research 68 13

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Education 58 1

University of Patras Patra Education 52 7

National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos"

Attica Research 50 11

Centre for Research and Technology Hellas Thessaloniki Research 49 13

Athens University of Economics and Business

Attica Education 24 3

Technical University of Crete Crete Education 22 1

Visualization of the top 1% most central actors in the RJV-IST network

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Visualization of the connections among Greek actors (the sub-network created by the connections among Greek actors)

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The critical role of certain central actors for the connectivity of the Greek sub network and in consequence for the presence and role of less central actors in the RJV-IST network

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 Nodes 547 542 520Edges 2965 2320 1504Density (x100) 0,81 0,61 0,36No of Components 101 141 207Giant Component (Size)

418 354 211

% 76,40% 65,30% 40,00%Characteristic path length

3,201 3,931 6,314

Clustering coefficient

0,724 0,66 0,566

Mean degree 4,42 3,28 1,89

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The impact of FP-driven research networks on innovation in Greece: Evidence from case studies Mainly intangible benefits.

The direct network impact, i.e. commercial deployment, was assessed as generally less intensive or significant compared to the indirect impact (i.e. improvement of skills and new knowledge diffusion, relations and trust built between partners, access to complementary knowledge and expertise). Nevertheless indirect impact is important and could be further exploited.

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AUSTRIA

BELGIUM

FINLAND

FRANCE

GERMANY

GREECE

IRELAND

SPAIN

SWEDEN

DENMARK

ITALY

LUXEMBOURG

NETHERLANDS

PORTUGAL

UNITED KINGDOM

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Intensity of Participation

Net

wor

k R

eadi

ness

Network readiness index vs. intensity of participation in RJV-IST networks (EU-15)High participation, but low propensity of Greece to leverage ICT based opportunities for development

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Science & technology endowment vs. intensity of participation in RJV-IST network (EU-15) High participation, but low R&D input and

technologically weak industrial structure

BELGIUM

DENMARK

IRELAND

GREECE

SPAIN

ITALY

LUXEMBOURG

NETHERLANDS

AUSTRIA

PORTUGAL

FINLANDSWEDEN

GERMANY

FRANCE

UNITED KINGDOM

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Intensity of Participation

Sci

ence

& T

ech

no

log

y E

nd

ow

men

t

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Importance of the ICT sector in the structurally adjusted R&D indicator of a country compared across countries (Source: Europe INNOVA, 2007)

-.2

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of n

atio

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Old Memberstates

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EU

-ave

rage

*

BG CY CZ EE HU LT LV PL RO SI SK

New Memberstates

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Importance of the ICT sector in the structurally adjusted indicator the share of sales due to market novelties of a country compared across countries (Source: Europe INNOVA, 2007)

-.2

0.2

.4D

evia

tion

of n

atio

nal S

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om c

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EU

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*

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Old Memberstates

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-ave

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BG CY CZ EE HU LT LV PL RO SK

New Memberstates

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Importance of the ICT sector in the structurally adjusted indicator for labour productivity growth of a country compared across countries (Source: Europe Innova, 2007)

-.2

0.2

.4.6

Dev

iatio

n of

nat

iona

l Sec

tor

from

cor

resp

ondi

ng E

U-a

vera

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AT BE DE DK ES FI FR GR IT LU NL PT SE UK

Old Memberstates

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Dev

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CY CZ EE HU LT LV MT PL SI SK

New Memberstates

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Deviation of Greek ICT sector from EU average, based on aggregate innovation measures

Greek ICT sector is deviating from EU average in all three variables measured (R&D intensity, share of market novelties in turnover, contribution to the labour productivity growth).

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Why this mismatch? The size and nature of Greek ICT firms. The creators of technological knowledge in

Greece do not generally think in terms of market opportunities exploitation.

There is a lack of a critical mass of demanding users

There is no early involvement of users The Greek environment operates in a

rather disorganized and ‘anarchic’ manner

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Why this mismatch? The purchasing practices of i.e. the Public

sector- a major buyer- do not fit with the concept of intelligent customer.

The nature and the quality of entrepreneurship as measured by the educational level of new entrepreneurs and the type and knowledge intensity of ventures undertaken (Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring, 2003-2006).

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How this mismatch can be overcome? System of policies

“activating knowledge” throughout the knowledge generation and diffusion value chain, and

promoting Knowledge-based entrepreneurship as a mechanism to convert research outputs into viable products.

Not just policies providing incentives for SMEs. Promote intelligent customer practices in ICT

procurement within the Public Sector. Enhancing human capital for the promotion of

technology-based entrepreneurship: Target specific groups (engineers and scientists) by enriching and broadening the engineering education curriculum (coupling “technical thinking and engineering feeling” with “market and business understanding” and managerial skills).