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1 Bain-Template (Detailed) ation is confidential and was prepared by Bain & Company solely for the use of our client; it is not to be relied on by any 3rd party without Bain's prior writt BOS 产产产产产产产产产产产产产产产产产产产产产 产产产产产产产产产产产产 [email protected] 产产产产产产产 产产产产产产

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政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学. 产品建构的变化与中国制造业竞争力的持续提升 跨越中国版本的模块化陷阱 宋磊 [email protected]. 政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学. 导入 : 林路之争的本质或 ” 自主创新 ” 政策的技术基础 林毅夫教授的早期主张 : 中国的奇迹 : 发展战略与经济改革 (1994) 关键词:资源禀赋 路风教授的早期主张 : 发展我国自主知识产权汽车工业的政策选择等 ( 2005)       关键词:企业能力 建构革新   . 政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学

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产品建构的变化与中国制造业竞争力的持续提升

跨越中国版本的模块化陷阱

宋磊[email protected]

政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学

Page 2: 政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学

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导入 : 林路之争的本质或”自主创新”政策的技术基础

林毅夫教授的早期主张 :

中国的奇迹 : 发展战略与经济改革 (1994)

         关键词:资源禀赋

路风教授的早期主张 :

发展我国自主知识产权汽车工业的政策选择等(2005)

      关键词:企业能力 建构革新   

政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学

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导入 : 林路之争的本质或”自主创新”政策的技术基础

林毅夫教授的主张的扩展 :

经济发展三论 (2004a, 2004b, 2005c)

         关键词:自生能力 工序革新

路风教授的主张的扩展 :

关于大飞机项目的研究 (2006)

      关键词:产品平台    

政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学

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导入 : 林路之争的本质或”自主创新”政策的技术基础  关于”自主创新”政策论争的缺失或林路之争的核心问题:            对技术的理解 林毅夫教授 : 工序技术对后进国的重要性 技术进步受制于投资 ( 资源禀赋 )

(science-based industries)

路风教授 :  技术进步的渐进性 , 组织依赖性和  产品平台依赖性   

政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学

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林毅夫教授与路风教授对技术的理解的共同点     (1) 回到技术本身 , 但不彻底 ;

     前者更倾向于认为技术变化的原因在于其自身逻辑 (science-based industries) ,后者更强调“技术的社会构成”

(2) 将各产业的技术特征视为均质的 (3) 分析集中在产品层次,对世界经济体系的变化不够重视 但是产品内贸易和垂直不统合已经 成为重要的经济现象      一个小问题 : 80 年代的世界经济中的 A 国和 B 国 (Lester, R. 2000)

    小结 : 基于上述主流认识的技术政策缺乏真正意义上的 技术基础 , 这一现象广泛存在与关于我过经济成长 的经济学或管理学分析之中 .

政治经济学作坊 中国人民大学

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1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (1):数据

  

  

Source: Uni, Song and Yang, 2004a,b

出口产品 国内最终消费产品

日本 1975-80

1980-85

6.9

4.4

2.8

2.3

韩国 1985-90

1990-95

6.8

13.8

6.1

4.7

中国 1992-97

1997-02

18.5

11.7

8.6

17.1

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1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (1):数据

  

  

Appendix Procedure and data for measuring labour productivity and wage rate

The productivity growth and the wage growth of the export goods and the nontradable goods were estimated in the following way (Details are in Uni (1995)).

X is a column vector in which each entry shows the total amount of output of each commodity.

Y is a column vector in which each entry shows the total final demand for each commodity. It is the sum of domestic final demand (denoted by D) and exports (denoted by F).

A is the input coefficient matrix in which entries in each column show the amount of domestic commodity used by the industry to obtain one unit of output.

a is a row vector in which each entry shows the amount of labour directly required to obtain one unit of output in each industry (persons engaged in production).

L is a scalar to denote the total labour force (persons engaged in production).

The following two equations show the quantity system in a country.

(I-A)X=Y

aX=L

We obtain from these equations,

a(I-A)-1Y=L (1)

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1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (1):数据

  

  

Appendix Procedure and data for measuring labour productivity and wage rate

If we define a(I-A) -1 = v (v is a row vector in which each entry shows the amount of labour directly and indirectly required to produce one physical unit of each commodity, that is, "the vertically integrated labour input coefficient". ),

vY=v(D+F)=L (2)

Column vector D are products of the total domestic final demand (denoted asΣD) and the share of each commodities in this total (denoted as column vector d). Therefore,

D=dΣD (3)

Similarly,

F=fΣF (4)

We obtain,

v(dΣD+fΣF)=vdΣD+vfΣF=L

vd and vf are scalars. vd is the quantity of labour directly and indirectly required to obtain one physical unit of domestic final demand, that is, "the vertically integrated labour input coefficient of the nontradable goods". And vf is "the vertically integrated labour input coefficient of the export goods". The decrease rates of these two coefficients can be regarded as the growth rates of labour productivity of the nontradable goods and the export goods.

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1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (1):数据

  

  

Appendix Procedure and data for measuring labour productivity and wage rate

Persons engaged in production consist of employees and self-employed persons. Regarding self-employed persons, wage income does not separate from profit income. Therefore, 'compensation for employees' in the Input-Output Tables does not contain 'wage income' for self-employed persons. To measure wage cost, we have to estimate 'wage income' for self-employed persons. We adapted employees' wage rates in each industry to self-employed persons as follows.

Wage costs in the i th industry = {('compensation for employees' in the i th industry) / (the number of employees in the i th industry)} x (the number of persons engaged in production in the i th industry)

If W denotes a row vector in which each entry shows wage costs in each industry calculated by the above ways, W(I-A) -1 = w is a row vector in which each entry shows wage costs directly and indirectly required to produce one unit of each commodity. The wage rate regarding the labour directly and indirectly required to produce each commodity is derived by dividing each entry of w by each entry of v. If ω denotes a row vector composed of such wage rates, its weighted averageωd andωf show the wage rate of the nontradable goods and the export goods.

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1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (1):数据

  

  

中国制造业的快速成长是一个特殊现象

后进国家经济发展或技术转移的一般规律:

( Amamatsu, 1961 ; Vernon, R. 1966)

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1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (1):数据

  

  

中国制造业的快速成长是一个特殊现象

中国制造业的扩张

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  日本 (1975-85) 中国 (1992- 现在 )

出口主导型成长出现的时期

内需主导型成长出现之后 内需主导型成长没有完结之前

reason of gap between actual rate and natural rate

strong dollar policy under Reagan Administration discretionary control of exchange rate

export-biased productivity growthand its reasons

early introduction of ME technology FDI ;competition on enlarging domestic and international markets

reasons of wage repression loose labor market; conservative swing of labor movement

nonexistence of independent labor union; change of income distribution

objective of export-led growth cultivation of international market after domestic durable durables were fully diffused

complementing regional and structural biased domestic demand;

limits of export-led growth trade deficit and hollowing out in Partner countries

trade deficit and hollowing out in Partner countries; worsening employment issues; pressure

Source: (Uni, Song and Yang, 2004a,b)

1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (2):时期

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組織ルーチン

Source: Song (2001)

预期之外的良性循环 (1980s-1990s 中期 )

成长模式的转化

(1990s 中期之后 )

市场 买方市场与卖方市场的共存 买方市场

劳动 - 工资关系 vs.

金融体制

近似的劳动者管理的企业 经营者管理的企业

成本 间歇性的通货膨胀 ;

不良债权的累积

持续的通货紧缩 ;

改革的正当性问题

1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (3):制度背景

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中国制造业企业的利润率 (1)

总成本利润率 (1995-2004) %

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

制造业全体 3.81 3.05 3.17 2.35 3.42

信息通信产业与电子产业 5.75 5.49 6.83 5.00 5.79

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

制造业全体 5.56 5.35 5.62 6.25 6.52

信息通信产业与电子产业 7.16 5.40 4.44 4.03 3.99

Source: Chinese Statistics Yearbook 1996-2005.

1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (4):收益

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中国制造业企业的利润率 (2)

计算机产业总成本利润率 (1998-2004) %

Source: Chinese Statistics Yearbook of Electronic Industry 1999-2004;

Chinese Statistics Yearbook of Information Industry 2005.

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

计算机产业全体 5.56 5.81 7.02 5.36 3.46 2.64 2.26

组装企业 4.99 4.42 5.34 4.83 3.54 2.59 1.75

周边设施生产企业 6.62 6.67 5.94 4.10 3.33 2.36 2.76

1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (4):收益

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中国制造业企业的利润率 (3)

视听设备产业的总成本利润率 (2003-2004) %

Source: Chinese Statistics Yearbook of Electronic Industry 2004; Chinese Statistics Yearbook of Information Industry 2005

2003 2004

Industrial total 3.13 0.88

Visual eqipment 3.06 0.28

Audio equipment 3.44 2.61

1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (4):收益

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两个问题 :

(1) 为什么中国在 90年代之后经历了如此之高的劳动生产率上升率 ?

-- 国际生产网络 ( FDI)?

-- 但是为什么中国得以参与国际生产网络 , 为什么有如此之

多的 FDI进入中国 ?

(2) 为什么如此之高的劳动生产率生产率没有给中国企业带来高利润 ?

如果说技术革新与组织革新是劳动生产率生产率的源泉的 , 那么为什

么这些革新没有给中国企业带来高利润 ?

1 中国劳动生产率上升之谜 (5):问题

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2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

工作假说

模块化使中国企业得以作为同质的生产者进入产品建构发生了明显变化的产业并在其中迅速形成生产能力,但是模块化限定了中国企业技术革新的轨道并将其锁定在“中国版本的模块化陷阱”之中 .

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工作假说的展开 (1): 产品建构的定义产品建构的概念 建构这一范畴来源于设计工程学。在最本源的意义上,建构指产品功能与产品部件的连接方式或关于产品部件间的连接方式的设计思想( Ulrich, 1995; 藤本 , 2004 ) .

依据这一定义,产品建构主要可以区分为模块型建构和集成型建构两种。如下图所示,在模块型建构中 , 产品功能与产品部件之间存在一一对应关系,而在集成型建构中 , 产品功能与产品部件之间的对应关系则往往是复数的。在模块型建构中,即使不对部件的相对关系进行协调,产品的功能也可以充分实现;在集成型建构中,如果不对各部件之间的相对关系进行细微的调整,产品的功能就无法达到最优。 模块型

集成型

产品结构 产品功能 产品结构 产品功能 S1 F1 S1 F1

S2 F2 S2 F2

S3 F3 S3 F3

2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

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基于建构的产品分类的扩展 : 从产品结构到产品工序

模块型 集成型

产品结构 产品功能 产品结构 产品功能 S1 F1 S1 F1

S2 F2 S2 F2

S3 F3 S3 F3 模块型 集成型

产品工序 产品功能 产品工序 产品功能 P1 F1 P1 F1

P2 F2 P2 F2

P3 F3 P3 F3

( 建筑用钢材 ) ( 汽车用钢材 )

2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

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产品建构的图示

2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

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产品建构的阶层性

2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

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产品建构的严格定义在此基础上,如果引入部件是否只适用于特定企业( firm specific)这一视角的话,产品建构则可以进一步划分为封闭集成型建构,开放集成型建构,封闭模块型建构和开放模块型建构 .

部件与机能间关系 复数对应 一一对应

特部 殊件的通用 通性 用

乘用车,摩托车,游戏软件,高级家电

等(封闭集成型建构)

大型通用计算机机床,玩具等

(封闭模块建构)

(开放集成型建构)

个人电脑,自行车,普通家电等

(开放模块建构)

建构的类型与基于建构的产品分类

2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

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    产品建构的变化 

Source: Shintaku and (2005)

集成型 模块型

 

大型计算机 ________________________笔记本电脑 台式计算机

 

显现管电视 ____________________________数字电视

传统的携带电话 新型携带电话

VCR________DVD

传统照相机 ___________数码照相机

____________________________________________

1960s 1970s 1990s 2000

 

2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

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2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

模块化对制造业的后来者意味着什么 ?

(1)复杂产品被分解为复数的组成部分

(2)关键部件可以在国际市场购买

(3)生产过程变为 : 购买关键部件并进行组装

模块化使中国企业得以作为同质的生产者进入产品建构发生了明显变化的产业并在其中迅速形成生产能力

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工作假说的扩展 (2): 基于产品建构的革新类型

变化

 

产品建构

 

不变

变化 不变

部件 source: Henderson and Clark (1990)

建构革新 激进革新

渐进革新 模块革新

2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

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集成—模块 

集成型陷阱

集成

模块 模块— 集成 

模块型陷阱

集成

 

对革新源泉的

事前预期

  模块

模块 集成 对革新源泉的事后确认

source: Chesbrough and Kusunoki (2001), Ghesbrough (2003)

工作假说的展开 (3):什么是模块化陷阱及其中国版本

2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

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模块化陷阱的先进国家版本和中国版本的区别

模块化时代中国际市场中先进国家企业和中国企业地位的不同 :

设计规则的设计者 vs. 设计规则的接受者关键部件的提供者 vs. 关键部件的购买者

先进国家企业和中国企业落入模块化陷阱的原因不同 :

产品建构的变化 vs. 关键部件建构的变化 , 产品建构的变化 , 商业模型的变化

2 产品建构的变化与中国制造业的技术革新 : 关于电子产业的工作假说

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3 模块化陷阱的中国版本的起源和类型

    一共有几种建构 ?

产品建构 产品层次的建构 互补性 关键部件层次的建构

组织建构

互补性

商业模式建构

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视听装置产业

3 模块化陷阱的中国版本的起源和类型

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中国版本的模块化陷阱 : 类型一 ( 电视机产业 )

产品层次的建构 : 向模块化方向变动

关键部件层次的建构 : 向集成化方向变动

3 模块化陷阱的中国版本的起源和类型

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中国版本的模块化陷阱 : 类型二 (MP3播放机 )

产品建构在向模块化变动的过程中向集成型回归

3 模块化陷阱的中国版本的起源和类型

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商业模型建构

加工过程与关键部件 ‘系统集成’ 专利费 利润来源

 

3 模块化陷阱的中国版本的起源和类型

中国版本的模块化陷阱 : 类型三 (DVD-VCD播放机产业 )

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关键部件 , 技术解决方案 , 模具的共享与产品同质量化及利润率下降问题 : 以 VCD-DVD产业为例

4 案例分析 : 中国版本的模块化陷阱的具体形态

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细节请参照原文

4 案例分析 : 中国版本的模块化陷阱的具体形态

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5 小结

基于产业建构变化的中国企业能力变迁

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跨越陷阱 ?:

(1) 海外并购 M&A

(2) 基于对本土市场理解的产品建构革新与系统集成

填平陷阱 ?:

关键部件技术是中国版本的模块化陷阱产生的根本原因      资源禀赋的变化

研发联盟 长期的研发体制 ( 长期的资金投入与长期的劳动契          约 , 企业间与部门间的长期协调 )

5 小结

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References

Aojima, Y and Takeishi, A. (2000) Akitekutya toiu kanngaekata, in Fujimoto, T., Takeishi, A and Aojima, Y (eds.) Bizenis Akitekutya, Yuhikaku.Baldwin, C and Clark, K. (1997) Managing in an Age of Modularity, Harvard Business Review, Sep/Oct. pp. 84-93.Baldwin, C and Clark, K. (2000) Design Rules: The Power of Modularity, MIT Press.Best, M.(2001) The New Competitive Advantage: The Renewal of American Industry, Oxford University Press.Best, M. (2003) The Geography of Systems Integration, in Prencipe, A. Davis, A and Hobday, M. (eds.) The Business of Systems Integration, Oxford University Press.Chesbrough, H. and Kusunoki, K. (2001) “The Modularity Trap: Innovation, Technology Phases Shifts and the Resulting Limits of Virtual Organization”, in Nonaka, I. And Teece, D. (eds.) Managing Industrial Knowledge, Sage Press.  Chesbrough, H. (2003) Towards a Dynamics of Modularity: A Cyclical Model of Technical Advance, in Prencipe, A. Davies, A and Hobday, M. (eds.) The Business Integration, Oxford University Press.Fujimoto, T. (2004) Nihhon no Monodukuri Testugaku, Nihonn Keizai Sinnbunnsya.

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References

Garud, R. Kumaraswamy, A and Langlois, R. (eds.) (2003) Managing in the Modular Age, Blackwell Publishing.Handerson and Clark(1990) Architectural Innovation : The Reconfiguration of Exisitng Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms , Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 9-30.Hobday, M. (1995) Innovation in East Asia, Edward Elgar.Liang, Qi. (2003) Chanye Jizhu Lun, Shangwu Press.Lin, Mindun and Cai, Yongzhi (2005) Zhongguo Jiage Tansuo, Zhongguo Gongye Jingji, 2005(9): 34-41.Lu, F and Mu, L. (2003) Bentu Chuangxin, Nengli Fazhan he Jingzheng Youshi, Guanli Shijie, 2003(12): 57-82.Nobeoka, K. (2006) MOT Gijyutsu Kei Nyuumonn, Nihonn Keizai Sinnbunnsya.Rodrik, D. (2006) What is so special about China’s exports? http://ksghome.harvard.edu/^drodrik/Chinaexports.pdfSako, Mari. (2003) Modularity and Outsourcing: The Nature of Co-evolution of Product Architecture and Organization Architecture in the Global Automobile Industry, in Prencipe, A. Davis, A and Hobday, M. (eds.) The Business of Systems Integration, Oxford University Press.Shintaku, J and Zennmoto, T. (2005) Hikari Desuku no hyoujyunnka ni yoru Kokusai Kyousou to Kokusai Kyoutyou Sennryaku, University of Tokyo, MMRC Discussion Paper No. 53.

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References

新宅純二郎・小川紘一・善本哲夫 (2006) 「光ディスク産業の競争と国際的協業 モデル:擦り合わせ要素のカプセル化によるモジュラー化の進展」 東京大学 MMRC-J-68. Simon, H. A. (1962) The Science of the Artificial, MIT Press.Song, Lei (2002) The limit of Gradual Reform without Long-term Perspectives, Keizai kagaku 50(1): 65-84.Song, L. (2004) Rennto no Yunyou, Renntou Siijunngu Kosuto to Tyuugoku no Sanngyou Seisaku, Hikakukeizaitaisei, 11: 45-64.Ulrich, K. (1995) The Role of Product Architecture in the Manufacturing Firm, Research Policy, 24. pp.419-40.UNCTAD (2002) Trade and Development Report 2002, Geneva.Uni, H., Song, L and Yang, J-H. (2003a) Kannkoku to Tyuugoku no Yusyutsu Syudougata Seityou, Keizai ronnsyu, 174(5/6): 1-15.Uni, H., Song, L and Yang, J-H. (2003b) Kannkoku to Tyuugoku no Yusyutsu Syudougata Seityou, Keizai ronnsyu, 175(1): 1-16.Wang, Jisi.(2004) Chuangxin de Kongjian, Peking Unversity Press.WTO (2002) Annual Report 2002, Geneva.Wu, Xuehua and Yang, Huixin (2004) Zhongguo Zhizaoye Chanyejiju de Shizhengyanjiu, China Industrial Economy, 2004(10): 36-43.