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11 22 ( v1 v2 ):z1+p1/ g+ v12/(2g)= z2+p2/ g + v22/(2g)+hw z1-z2 =H ( ) c v12/(2g), c v22/(2g), H= v22/(2g)+hw..., , hw=(l/d+Sx)* v2/2g. ( 2 v )H= v2/2g (1+ l/d+Sx).

, z1+p1/ g+ v12/(2g)= z2+p2/ g + v22/(2g)+hw v12/(2g) v22/(2g), z1 z2 = H, H= h w =v2/2g ( l/d+Sx), v . h, :h=( v1-v2)2/2g v2=0, h=v2/2g =x(v2/2g), x=1., - x=1, :H= v2/2g (1+ l/d+Sx).

: H=h = l/d *v2/2g .. , -. , , d = 4R, i=h /l.

v= * , = , v= * . :Q=vw=wC .

wC , Q=K . , . , . 1/K2 = . h=AlQ2=lQ2/K2.

. 1 . (d), (L), (Q) (). H= v2/2g (1+ l/d+Sx). v v=4Q/pd2, =16Q2/(2p2d4g)* (1+ l/d+Sx).

2 . , .

=16Q2/(2p2d4g)* (1+ l/d+Sx). Q, Q=pd2/4*/(1+ l/d+Sx)=mw

m=1/.

3 . , , . d =16Q2/(2p2d4g)* (1+ l/d+Sx). c . , . , , , d. , , d .

1 , . , , , (2 ) 3 , , , . , , , . , , . , , . . = Shw. , n . Q=K = K , hw=Q2/K2*l. H= Q2(l1 /K12+ l2 /K22 +l3 /K32 ++ ln /Kn2).

. .. A , . l1, l2,... ln+1 d1, d2,... dn+1. H=hw, , ; , . , : hw = Q 12 l1 /K12 hw = Q 22l2 /K22 n- hw = Q n2 ln /Kn2 n , c n+1 , n hw. , . . .Q=Q1 +Q2 ++Qn n+1 , .

Q1/Q2=K1/K2 =.

Q2=Q1 ,Qn=Q1 ,Q1=Q/(1+ ++ ).

: , , ( ), . , , , . . , .. , , H=Q02l/(3K2)=AlQ02/3, Q0 , . Q, c Q0, = l /K2*(Q2 - QQ0 +Q02/3) , Q Q= Q+ Q0

, ., l, , 2 3, D , . Q2 Q3 H Q2 Q3. . 1 2 , H=H1+H2. 1 3 AD H=H1+H3. H= AlQ2, : H=A1l1Q12+A2l2Q22; (1)H=A1l1Q12+A3l3Q32. (2) , A2l2Q22=A3l3Q32. (3 ) 2 3 , D , , 2 3 , Q1=Q2+Q3. ( ) (3) , Q3=Q2.(4) (Q1=Q2+Q3), Q1=Q2 (1+ ) (1) Q2, , Q3 (4)

, D , :za z = A1l1Q12+A2l2Q22,za zD =A1l1Q12+A3l3Q32.z +A2l2Q22= zD +A3l3Q32. , Q1=Q2+Q3. , Q2 Q3. . Q1, Q2 Q=Q1+Q2 . . , , , , .

, . , , . , .h2 + h3 = h4. () 5% . , , , , . . , D. Q2 Q3, , . , , D. , , D, 2 Q=Q2+Q3, D , Q1=Q2Q3. . , . , . D, , , , , .

11 22, 00, 22:H+p/rg+ v12/(2g)= 0+ p/rg + v22/(2g)+hw. ,

H= hw= v2/2g*(1+ S*l /d+Sx ) v ; , . ,

S *l /d = l/d, l . H= v2/2g*(1+ l/d+Sx ), Sx

Sx =x+x+2x.

: , v (Q), d, . . .

, , . 11 x-x 00

H+p/rg + v12/(2g)= +z+px/rg + v22/(2g)+hw .

v1=0, (p px)/rg = z +v2/(2g) +( l/d+Sx)*v2/(2g).

h= (p px)/rg, h= z +(1+ l/d+Sx)*v2/(2g), v ; z , l xx , Sx - xx. Sx =x+x. , h , z, v .

P P , . , 1-1 2-2, 0-0 :p/rg = z + p2/rg + v2/(2g) +( l/d+Sx)*v2/(2g), z , . , , .. z, , , ( ) . :h= (p p2)/rg= z + v2/(2g) +( l/d+Sx)*v2/(2g). , , .

, (, ) 50% . ( ) , = 0 + at, 0 , , ( ); , , t ; a , , /. . . ( .. .. ) - .

, / , 0,005-0,055 , 3 /0,055-0,18 30 /, 0,18-0,40 ( 500-700 /), 0,40-0,60 , 0,6-0,1

, , . 1898 . . . . . >0 ,

. . , 3 , , 2 v. , .. 1. nn. . , nn v ; nn; p+p. . c. , . , , p+p. .

. . , . , , .. nn . .

. , v. , . n-n , , , , nn .

. , , p, .. p . , v .

n-n l w. (m) t, l:mv=rw lv. pwt. nn p + p. . w , w l t. pwt=rw lv.p=r lv/t, v l/t c, p=r v. .. .

, 6 , , , . .. .c=

r ; d , d ; E (/2), . , 0=E/r, 0 (0=1425 /) :=1425/ , .. tT , p . p=r v(T/t)= , t=T .

:

.., .. .. . .: , 1990. 400 . .., .. . .- .: , 1993. 448.: . .. , , . .: , 2000. 397 .. : .-.: , 2004. 640.