УСКОРИТЕЛИ В ФИЗИКЕ ВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙ И.Н.Мешков VI-я Зимняя школа по Теоретической Физике

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УСКОРИТЕЛИ В ФИЗИКЕ

ВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙИ.Н.Мешков

VI-я Зимняя школа по Теоретической Физике

"Введение в Теорию Фундаментальных Взаимодействий"

Дубна, 26 января – 5 февраля 2008 г.

Лекция III

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Содержание

12. Физика спина

13. “Confinement” и “comressed barion matter”

14. Масса нейтрино

15. Перспективы развития ускорительной

техники и “Новая физика”

16. И ещё раз о космических лучах

Заключение

26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP

The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna



10. The remaining problems and accelerators

SPS, Main Injector (Fermilab), J-PARCLHC, ILC, muon collider,

“plasma wake field accelerators”



12. Spin Physics

Hadron-Electron Ring Accumulator (HERA)Parameters:

Circumference 6336 m

Energy 30 GeV (e+or e-) x 820(p)

GeV

Luminosity 3.81031 cm-2s-1

HERA: The first

"hint" on quark-

gluon structure of

nucleon spin

The HERA facility will be shut down this year (?)

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12. Spin Physics

Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility

(Jefferson National Laboratory)Electrons of 12 GeV energy are used

as an electromagnetic/weak

interacting probe of nucleon structure



Fixed target experiment

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12. Spin Physics



Nuclotron (JINR)

d 4 (6 - project) GeV/amu

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12. Spin Physics



Cooler-Synchrotron (COSY)

Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany

d 2 GeV/amu

electron cooling

stochastic cooling

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12. Spin Physics



U70 (Protvino)

p, d 35 GeV/amu

(concept)

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12. Spin Physics



Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (BNL)

pp 2x250 GeV, 11032 cm-2s-1

pp 2x250 GeV, 11032 cm-2s-1 ?

ii 2x100 GeV/u, 3.21027 cm-

2s-1

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13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion

matter”



Experiment NA-49

208Pb82+ 158 GeV/u

208Pb fixed target

Search forquark-gluon

plasma

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Electron cooling 91027 cm-2s-1



13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”

RHIC in Ion Mode

197Au79+ x 197Au97+

100 GeV/u s = 202 GeV/u

Lpeak = 3.21027 cm-2s-1

_




Novel Ideas from Dubna

A.Sisakian, A.Sorin, V.Toneev:Search for The Mixed Phase




Evolution of collision region in Nucleus-Nucleus

Interaction

QGP andhydrodynamic

expansion

Hadronisation,hadronic phase

& chemical freeze-out

“Chemical freeze-out” – finish of inelastic interactions;“Kinetic freeze-out” – finish of elastic interactions._______________________________________________________

*) freeze-out – here means “to get rid” (отделаться, англ. слэнг)

Start of the collision

pre-equilibrium

Hadronic phase &kinetic freeze-out




Novel Ideas from Dubna:

_ The Mixed Phase can be formed in collisions of heavy and neutron rich ions at s ~ 7 10

GeV/u.

The project of ion collider in this energy range




The second possible detector

Nuclotron

Krion & Linac

Booster

ColliderC = 251.2 m

Averaged luminosity 1.31027 cm-2s-1

(238U92+ x 238U92+)

Existing beam lines(solid target exp-s)

Project of Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility

s ~ 4 10 GeV/u_




What do think others?

Reacted immediately!




RHIC – reflecting of collision energy decreasy

What is the FAIR?

U-70 – considering ion acceleration

CERN… too busy with LHC, but…

FAIR…

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_



Facility for Antiproton and Ion ResearchGSI (Darmstadt, Germany)

SIS100, SIS300 – superconducting proton (ion) synchrotrons

CR – Cooler storage Ring

RESR – cooler storage ring

NESR – “New ESR”

HESR – High Energy Storage Ring

FLAIR - Facility for Low-energy Antiproton and Ion Research

E[GeV/u] 0.3· (Z/A)·(B)[T·m]

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Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research

Compressed Barion Matter experiment at FAIR


complimentary to NICA/MPD

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TerraWatt Accumulator Facility at ITEP (Moscow)


complimentary to FAIR and NICA/MPD

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TerraWatt Accumulator Facility at ITEP (Moscow)Two-ring accelerator complex:

The goal => accumulation

of

1 1012 C6+

ions

The ion beam energy

3.8 kJ/pulse

Beam pulse duration 50 ns

Beam power 77 GW

Acceleration up to 700 MeV

gives 270 GW

The goal: inertial

fusion

U10

UK Booster

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14. Neutrino Mass

First experimental observation: 1998, The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration

The detector, named KamiokaNDE for Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment, was a tank 16.0m in height and 15.6m in width, containing 3,000 tons of pure water and about 1,000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs).

Super-Kamiokande: 15 timeslarger the water volume and 10 times as many PMTs as Kamiokande.

Bruno Pontecorovo: neutrino oscillations

Is neutrino massless particle? If not

First evidence: cosmic neutrinos from Supernova SN



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CERN

Accelerator

Chain

25 July – 5 August 2005 The VIIIth International School-Seminar at "Golden Sands“, Gomel

14. Neutrino Mass (Contnd)


CNGS

730 km

14. Neutrino Mass (Contnd)SPS (CERN) CNGS1 (OPERA) A search

for - oscillations in the CNGS beam;

CNGS2 (ICARUS) A search of

-oscillations with the

ICARUS detector

CNGS: CERN Neutrino to Grand

Sasso

730 km

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14. Neutrino Mass (Contnd)

Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS)


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14. Neutrino Mass (Contnd)K2K and J-PARCJ-PARC

Tokyo

K-to-K: KEK to KamiokandeK2K - Long-baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment



J-PARC: Japaneze Proton AcceleRator Complex

Linac: H- , 600 (400) MeV

RCS 3 GeV proton synchrotron, 25 Hz repetition rate

MR (Main Ring) 50 Gev, <Ip> = 15 A 0.931013 p/s,

<Pbeam> = 750 kW, repetition rate 0.3 Hz

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14. Neutrino Mass

Accelerators and neutrino oscillations

Neutrino Generators SPS (CERN) 450 GeV, 21012 p/s Main Injector (Fermilab) 120 GeV, 1.31013 p/s

J-PARC (Japan) 50 Gev, 9.31012 p/s U-70 (Russia) 70 GeV, 1.51012 p/s

and 3 experiments: OPERA (CERN) 730 km

MINOS (Fermilab) 730 km K2K (KEK, Japan) ~ 300 km



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15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies

and

New Physics



1.International (e+ e-) Linear Collider (ILC - “TESLA technology”)

2. CERN (e+ e-) Linear Collider (CLIC –"CLIC technology”)

3. Muon Collider

4. Plasma & Wake-field accelerators

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15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)



First idea – VLEPP:

Встречные Линейные Электрон-Позитронные

Пучки

i.e.

e+ e- Linear Collider

V.E.Balakin, G.I.Budker, A.N.Skrinsky

INP Novosibirsk

1978

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First ideaWhy should they be

linear?

To avoid SR problem!

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First

proposal

Layout of the VLEPP facility(1974-1977)

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ILC Scheme

~30 km

e+ undulator @ 150 GeV (~1.2km)x2R = 955m

E = 5 GeV

RTML ~1.6km

ML ~10km (G = 31.5MV/m)20mr

2mrBDS 5km

2 х 250 GeV, 15 + 15 km

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“TESLA Technology”

35 MV/m 60 MeV / m

ILC Tunnel

2 x 250 GeV

15 x 15 km

ILC

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International Linear Collider (ILC) – A Fabric of Higgs Bosons Main advantage of a e+e- collider

e-e+

H

Z0

LHC pp collisions:

ILC e+e- collisions:

Z0

H

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LHC will allow to find Higgs-boson and "roughly" defind its mass

ILC will make possible high precision measurements of Higgs-boson parameters

ILC

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International Linear Collider (ILC) – A Fabric of Higgs Bosons

«Three elefants of» ILC

Energy

2x250 2x500

GeV

Polarization

P 0.8

Luminosity

500 fb-1/4 years

21034 cm-2s-1

ILC

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GDE Structure and Organization




Global Design Effort – - Всемирное Усилие по Созданию

Проекта

Executive Committee for Baseline Configuration

– GDE Director B.Barish (SLAC)– Regional Directors

G. Dugan – Americas (Cornell Univ.) B. Foster – Europe (Oxford

Univ.,RAL) Takasaki – Asia (KEK)

– Accelerator LeadersRaubenheimer – Americas (?)N. Walker – Europe (?)K. Yokoya – Asia (KEK)

GDEExecutiveCommittee

G.Shirkov (JINR)

ILC

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Почём хиггсы для народа?

ILC

ILC = $ 6.5 6.7 Billion

(15?)

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1. Fermilab2. Japan

3. CERN

4.DESY5. Dubna

Where to build ILC?ILC

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ILC at Dubna

Cosmic Communication Station

ILC

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ILC The GDE Plan and Schedule

2005

Global Design Effort Project

globally coordinated

Baseline configuration

Reference Design

ILC R&D Program

Technical Design

FALC International Mgmt

expression of interestsamples

regionial coord-n

ICFA / ILCSC

Funding

Hosting

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

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ILC Recent disappointment:

USA, GB shortened funding of the Project

works!

SSC, ILC,… what follows?

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CERN (e+ e-) LInear Collider

CLIC – Alternative Technology:

“Two beam acceleration”

Status: R & D

150 MV/m

The Decision “After LHC” (i.e. 2007)

Now - 2009 !

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Muon Collider

Proton Injector~100 GeV

targets

decay channels

Ionization cooling and -bunches formation

accelerator

+ - collider

Principle limitation –

ultrarelativistic energy :

life = , 2.2 s, 100

+ -

Status: R & D



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Muon Collider

Key technology: “muon cooling”

Initial idea A.A.Kolomensky (1968):

G.Budker & A.Skrinsky ( beginning of the 70th)

muon cooling and +- collider concept

Test facility under construction:

Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment MICE at Rutherford Appleton Lab., UK



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Muon Collider“muon

cooling”

Regions of ionization cooling

no cooling

/mc2

0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100

d/dx

Good, but… …does not work for hadrons due to strong interaction with nuclei!



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Plasma & Wake-field accelerators

Status: R & D

Acceleration rate ~ a few GeV/m

Driver bunch

“Witness bunch”

Principle of “The Wake Field Acceleration”

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The principle:A short ultrarelativistic electron bunch (or a few bunches), or short laser pulse passes through plasma and excites with its electric field plasma oscillations. Heavy ions remain to stay at their initial places, but light electrons begin to oscillate around equilibrium position. Separation of plasma charges produces electric field, which can accelerate particle coming into oscillating plasma at appropriate phase. Rough estimate:Phase velocity of the plasma wave coincides with the driver bunch velocity.

m

en4 2p

p

+ - + -+ - + -

+ - + - + - + - + - + -

+ -+ -

+ - + - + -

- + -- + -

- + - - + - - + -

+ -+ -

+ - + - + -

E

~ /2

Plasma oscillation p

pppc

en2~en2~E

2pmcn2~E



That is Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (PWFA)

Typical parameters: Plasma density np ~ 1015 cm-3

Plasma frequency p = (4npe2/m)1/2 ~ 2·1012 s-1

Bunch size Lb ~ p/4 ~ c/p ~ 0.2 mm

Electric field E (4npmc2)1/2 = pmc/e ~3 GV/m !

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That is Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (PWFA)

Typical parameters: Plasma density np ~ 1015 cm-3

Plasma frequency p = (4npe2/m)1/2 ~ 2·1012 s-1

Bunch size Lb ~ p/4 ~ c/p ~ 0.2 mm

Electric field E (4npmc2)1/2 = pmc/e ~3 GV/m !



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List of Experiments on Wake Field AccelerationLaboratory Year Bunch Particle Energy Acceleration number energy gain rate

MeV MeV MeV/m

Argonne Nat. Lab. 1988-90 2 15 - 21 200 5

1998-… 1-2 15.6 11 140

KEK 1990-93 6 250-500 30

Kharkov Inst. for Physics and Technique

1991-94 6000 2 0.5 0.25

SLAC 2000-... 30 GeV 4 GeV 40

GeV/m

BNL 2003-… 1 60 0.6 35

LANL 2001-.., 5 7.4 MeV 7.5 0.2 in gas jet

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16. Cosmic Rays – once again



Eprimary 1020 eV !

Energy limitation: GZK effect

(Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin)

Disadvantage: Poor intensity and no

control!Main aplication (today): Astrophysics

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For conclusion:

What do and can we expect "soon"?

2008 (2009?) LHC

2012 (?) FAIR, NICA

2015 (??) ILC

2025 (?) Muon collider

2030 (?) Wake Field Accelerator



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The Goals:

GUT (Grand Unification Theory) ~ 1023 eV

Tevatron 1.8·1012 eV

LHC 1.4·1013 eV

Wake Field Collider 6·1014 eV (2x100 km)

The Hopes:

For conclusion: What do and can we expect ?





Documents

УСКОРИТЕЛИ В ФИЗИКЕ ВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙ И.Н.Мешков VI-я Зимняя школа по Теоретической Физике